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Prohlašuji, Že Jsem Bakalářskou Práci Vypracovala Samostatně a Při Jejím

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Prohlašuji, Že Jsem Bakalářskou Práci Vypracovala Samostatně a Při Jejím MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Obor Evropská studia Řecká občanská válka, její kontext a demografické dopady Bakalářská práce Lukáš Argiriu Vedoucí práce: Doc. Vít Hloušek, Ph.D. UČO: 274558 Obor: MV-ES Imatrikulační ročník: 2007 Brno, 2010 Poděkování Na tomto místě bych velmi rád poděkoval panu docentu PhDr. Vítu Hlouškovi, Ph.D. za odborné vedení bakalářské práce, trpělivost, podnětné připomínky a čas, který mi věnoval. 2 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, ţe jsem bakalářskou práci „Řecká občanská válka, její kontext a demografické dopady“ vypracoval samostatně pouze na základě uvedených pramenů. V Brně, dne 15. 12. 2010 …………………………. Lukáš Argiriu 3 Obsah: Úvod ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Interpretace „revolučních ambicí?“ .................................................................................................................... 7 Kontext počátku 20. století ................................................................................................................................. 11 Řecko v druhé světové válce ............................................................................................................................... 14 Intervence nacistického Německa a počátky okupace ...................................................................................... 16 Trojí okupace, dvě vlády, jeden odboj .............................................................................................................. 19 Intervence Spojenců, konec okupace a počátky občanské války .................................................................... 23 Kapitulace Itálie, rozbroje mezi partyzány ~ „První kolo“ občanské války? .................................................... 24 Třetí „řecká“ vláda, antifašistický blok na sklonku okupace a osvobození ...................................................... 26 Bitva o Athény a „druhé kolo“ občanské války ................................................................................................ 29 KKE do sklonku roku 1945, volby v roce 1946 a Řecko na hraně války ........................................................ 32 Léta 1946–1947 na Balkáně a politizace konfliktu ........................................................................................... 34 Roky 1947 a 1948 a sílící mezinárodní rozměr řecké občanské války ............................................................ 36 Zlom v konfliktu, fáze totální války a konec povstalců .................................................................................... 40 Bilance války, emigrace a „nové životy“ v socialistických satelitech .............................................................. 44 Závěr .................................................................................................................................................................... 47 Seznam zkratek ................................................................................................................................................... 49 Použité zdroje ...................................................................................................................................................... 50 Edice pramenů................................................................................................................................................... 50 Monografie ........................................................................................................................................................ 50 Publikace v odborných časopisech .................................................................................................................... 51 Internetové zdroje ............................................................................................................................................. 52 4 Úvod Jen těţko si lze představit něco horšího, neţ je bratrovraţedná válka, taková válka, ve které příslušníci jednoho národa, jedné krve, bojují se svými sousedy, lidmi, se kterými vyrůstali a celé své ţivoty ţili, vypalují jejich domy, ničí jejich majetek a především nesmyslně maří jejich ţivoty. Toto příšerné schéma ovšem není pouhou nepředstavitelnou a nikdy neuskutečněnou tragédií, nýbrţ realitou jakékoliv občanské války, která skutečně překročila rovinu pouličních nepokojů a překlenula se do otevřeného boje. Jednou z takových válek byl i konflikt, který poznamenal vývoj Řecka a zejména názory a postoje řeckého obyvatelstva na delší polovinu 20. století. Řeč není o ničem jiném neţ o občanské válce, která se odehrála na území Řecka ve 40. letech minulého století. Řecká občanská válka je bezesporu jednou z nejtragičtějších událostí, které poznamenaly 20. století, a přestoţe některé faktory zůstávají nejasné (zejména v otázce, ve kterém okamţiku přesně válka vypukla, a kdo byl jejím skutečným viníkem, se odborníci rozcházejí), je jisté, jakým směrem se konflikt ubíral, a také jak tato dějinná událost skončila. Tato bakalářská práce se bude zabývat problematikou pozice Řecka v mezinárodním prostředí ve 20. století, katastrofou druhé světové války, a následnou Řeckou občanskou válkou, která byla později některými vnímána jako první bojiště takzvané Studené války. Práce bude rozdělena na dvě hlavní části, respektive budou dominovat dvě úrovně analýzy. Přestoţe chronologicky se jedná o kompaktní výzkum, události vnitropolitického charakteru budou analyzovány spolu vlivem politiky externích aktérů a s děním, jenţ jejich působení v Řecku a na Balkáně znamenalo. Tyto dvě části se budou pokud moţno logicky a plynule překrývat. Co do chronologického rozdělení, je moţno práci uchopit na dvě části. První část práce krátce nastíní historický a kulturně-politický kontext počátku 20. století, kdy si Řecko teprve zvykalo na svou dlouho potlačovanou národní suverenitu, také politickou situaci před první světovou válkou, meziválečné období a Metaxasovu diktaturu. Dále plynule přejde na události od počátku okupace, kdy bylo Řecko napadeno nejprve italskými a posléze německými vojsky Hlavní myšlenka první části je směřována k pozici Řecka, potaţmo i ostatních balkánských zemí, na průsečíku mocenských vlivů Osy a Spojenců a popisuje násilné vtaţení Řecka do druhé světové války, vznik okupace a zrod antifašistických nálad s ní souvisejících. Tato část práce končí spolu s ukončením nacistické okupace a s událostmi v zimě 1944. Druhá část práce se zaměří na sílící vliv zahraničních aktérů a jejich mocenské politiky, kterými byli nejprve Británie v čele s Winstonem Churchillem a následně od roku 1947 5 Spojené státy Americké v čele s prezidentem Trumanem. Bude popsán vývoj vnitropolitické situace a dopad angaţování se Spojenců na fungování Řecka, jeţ mělo ve druhé polovině 40. let jen pramalou podobu se zemí, v níţ jde cítit úletu po skončení katastrofy světového rozsahu. Dále budou popsány události od roku 1946, kdy vypukla – podle některých – samotná občanská válka, podle jiných její 3. kolo. Volební preference obyvatelstva, legitimita národních voleb a ostatní faktory ovlivňující vnitropolitickou situaci, vliv politiky Velké Británie, USA a Sovětského svazu, stejně tak jako vlivy v regionu, podpora komunistického povstání v zemi po skončení druhé světové války, či „mocenské vakuum“, které v Řecku vzniklo po ukončení okupace; všechny tyto i další aspekty, které mohly na bratrovraţedné finále boje o demokracii mít vliv, se tato práce pokusí analyzovat a zasadit do kontextu 40. let. Závěrem budou také nastíněny socio-politické dopady války na obyvatelstvo v zemi a v regionu obecně a bude začleněna i kapitola o technických aspektech výzkumu tohoto tématu a zpracování řecké občanské války v literatuře. Hlavním úkolem práce bude odpovědět při bádání na tři stěţejní výzkumné otázky. 1. Byla Velká Británie efektivní ve své roli „mediátora“ v průběhu 2. světové války? 2. Jaký byl faktický vliv Velké Británie a Spojených států na poválečné demografické změny v oblasti? 3. Jakou úlohu měli „Spojenci“ na poválečné vnitropolitické situaci? 6 Interpretace „revolučních ambicí?“ Na tomto místě bych rád nastínil některé problémy, se kterými jsem se při zpracovávání tohoto tématu setkal. Citlivá témata, mezi něţ (nejen z hlediska politologického) řecká občanská válka bezpochyby patří, často do jisté míry dávají prostor k fabulacím a polopravdám1, které mohou být ve výsledném efektu značně matoucí. Obzvlášť kdyţ si (pokud moţno nestranný) pozorovatel pečlivě zapisuje poznatky, porovnává jednotlivé výklady a výpovědi a snaţí se všechny informace dále analyzovat a přijít tak, spíše neţ s deskriptivní historizující prezentací, do jisté míry s „originálním výzkumem“. V této chvíli si nemohu odpustit poznámku o tom, jak zaujatě a zkresleně mohou různé interpretace stejných faktů (jako například prezentace totoţných historických událostí v jednom období různými autory) působit. Autor, pravděpodobně příslušník americké armády, ve svém textu prezentuje události z konce okupace velice svérázným stylem: [As the Germans withdrew swiftly to the north, they were harrassed by the resistance. EDES conducted operations in the spirit of the Caeserta Agreement and had some success against the retreating Germans. ELAS, on the other hand seemed to hold back. What little they did against the receding Axis seemed more for the purpose of capturing weapons, ammunition and supplies than inflicting damage on the enemy.
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