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Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used Against Onchocerciasis in the Far North Region of Cameroon

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Ethnobotanical Study of Plants Used Against Onchocerciasis in the Far North Region of Cameroon Vol. 14(9), pp. 496-508, September, 2020 DOI: 10.5897/JMPR2020.7009 Article Number: 8BD4B9564589 ISSN 1996-0875 Copyright © 2020 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article Journal of Medicinal Plants Research http://www.academicjournals.org/JMPR Full Length Research Paper Ethnobotanical study of plants used against onchocerciasis in the far north region of Cameroon Amina Mamat1,2, Zambou Zebaze Leïla1, Ndjib Rosette Christelle1*, Nguezeye Yvette1, Kenne Meli Phalone1, Okah-Nnane Ndode Herman3, Bitja Nyom Roger Arnold2 and Ndjonka Dieudonne2 1Centre for Medicinal Plants Research and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, P. O. Box 13033 Yaounde, Cameroon. 2Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, P. O. Box 454 Ngaoundere, Cameroon. 3Wakwa Regional Center, Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, P. O. Box 65 Ngaoundere, Cameroon. Received 30 June, 2020; Accepted 10 August, 2020 Despite the multitude of studies which have shown the use of medicinal plants in the management of parasitic diseases, little data was available on the plants used against onchocerciasis. Ethnobotanical surveys were carried out among traditional healers in the Far North region of Cameroon. Studies were conducted from July 2017 to May 2018 through direct interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire taking into consideration the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents as well as their knowledge in the art of onchocerciasis and parasitic infections treatment using plant recipes. A total of one hundred people were interviewed in villages found in the Far North region of Cameroon: 43 were females and 57 males, among which, 71 were recognized as traditional healers. Adults were the most represented (71 respondents). The study identified 96 plant species belonging to 49 genera divided into 29 families among which the most represented was the Fabaceae (20 quotes). The most represented biotope was savannah (98%) and trees (51) were the most used followed by shrub (41). The leaves (40) are the organs which are mostly demanded and the main preparation method is a decoction (69) and 36 diseases and / or symptoms related to onchocerciasis and helminthiases were recorded. The medicinal plants identified, constitute an undeniable asset and a good database for the biological screening of plant-based antiparasitic molecules, which can lead to the manufacture of improved traditional medicines. Key words: Onchocerciasis, medicinal plants, ethnobotanical surveys, filariasis, Cameroon. INTRODUCTION Parasitic diseases are a significant source of threat to caused by parasitic nematode worms also called human and animal health and, these include helminthiasis helminths. These nematodes are a major public health *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected]. Author(s) agree that this article remain permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Mamat et al. 497 problem in developing countries and affecting resistance as well as a re-invasion of the microfilariae in approximately two billion people worldwide (WHO, 2017). the treated patients (Kamgno et al., 2008; Tanya et al., These infestations are prevalent mainly in deprived areas 2013). To face problems of chemoresistance of parasites, of the globe, especially in tropical and intertropical areas limited innovations in onchocerciasis therapy, low (Molyneux et al., 2003). They promote growth of poverty therapeutic coverage and hotspots, limited funding in the rate, thereby compromising child survival and weakening fight, the need to develop new effective and well tolerated the working population (WHO, 2015). Among these anthelmintics is not only important but urgent. helminthiases are, filariasis which are parasitic infections Fortunately, traditional medicine could serve as a support caused by nematodes. They constitute significant given since 75 to 80% of the populations of the obstacles to the development of underdeveloped and developing countries depend closely on the preparations developing countries, in the tropics and particularly in based on local medicinal plants (Adjanohoun, 2000; sub-Saharan Africa (Fenwick, 2012). These neglected Dibong et al., 2015); on the other hand, at least 25% of tropical diseases do not receive as much attention as modern medicines derive directly or indirectly from other endemic diseases, yet they have afflicted mankind medicinal plants, mainly thanks to the application of for centuries (WHO, 2017). An estimated 1 billion people modern technologies to traditional knowledge (Biyiti et al., are at risk of contracting filariasis and about 120 million 2004). This interest in traditional medicine and more individuals are infected with filariasis in 73 countries, specifically in medicinal plants has led to ethnobotanical predominantly in African countries (Marlieke et al., 2006; investigations which have proven to be one of the most Hartman et al., 2011). Among these filariasis, there is reliable approaches for the discovery of new drugs onchocerciasis, a disease to which more than 90 million (Koné, 2009). Through ethnobotanical studies, many people are exposed (Turner et al., 2010). Onchocerciasis plants have been identified around the world as being is a filariasis caused by Onchocerca volvulus, a parasitic useful against onchocerciasis and helminthiasis nematode of the family Onchocercidae (Despommier et (Benlamdini et al., 2014; Ndjonka et al., 2018). In al., 1995; Magdi, 2006). It is transmitted by the bite of a Cameroon, although the flora is rich in medicinal plant blood-sucking black fly belonging to the genus Simulium species, very few investigations to record the use of which lives near fast-flowing rivers (Basanez et al., 2008; plants against onchocerciasis have been carried out so WHO, 2017). Over 120 million people worldwide are at far (Ndjonka et al., 2018). The treatment of risk of onchocerciasis, approximately 37 million are onchocerciasis remains a big challenge, however, the infected, 270,000 who are blind and 6.5 million suffer secondary metabolites of plants have shown a greater from skin damage (Eze and Malau, 2011; WHO, 2017). and more rapid action than generic drugs in the treatment In Cameroon, onchocerciasis is endemic in the ten of many parasitic diseases in general and onchocerciasis regions with variable endemicity rates (Zoure et al., in particular (Sereme et al., 2008; Ndjonka et al., 2018). 2014). An estimated 10 million people are at risk and 7 The present study aimed to identify the plants and million case were reported in which 32,000 are blind and recipes used against onchocerciasis by the population of 1.5 million suffer from complications due to the disease the far north region of Cameroon. (Eze and Malau, 2011). The treatment of onchocerciasis is compromised by the multiple resistances to reference anthelmintics. In recent decades, onchocerciasis has MATERIALS AND METHODS caused economic losses of more than $ 30 million a year Study site due to the abdication of cultivated land in the fertile valleys and the unavailability or absence of work (WHO, Figure 1 indicates the region covered in this study. Several factors 2015). In fact, due to the nuisance of flies and disease, contributed to the choice of the syrupy sites in the Far North region populations are obliged to desert endemic areas which which is the most populated region, border of Chad and Nigeria are generally areas with high agricultural potential. The with an area of 34,263 km², it has 6 departments, Diamaré, Logone- et-Chari, Mayo-Danay, Mayo-Kani, MayoSava, Mayo-Tsanaga with main consequence of this migration is a shortfall in the a population of 3.993 million with a density of 91 inhabitants/km. national economy through a weakening of the agricultural The study was carried out in the Sudano Sahelian zone with sector. As a result, several means of control have been reported high endemicity of onchocerciasis and filariaris (WHO, considered in order to eradicate this disease, such as 2016). Another reason for the choice of the study area is the vector control, nodulectomy and chemotherapy. distribution of the vector of the disease that lives around the rivers, Currently, Levamisole® and Ivermectin® are the only this disease is also called river blindness (Demanou et al., 2003). conventional drugs to control onchocerciasis. ® Unfortunately, Ivermectin is only microfilaricide and as Survey methods the numerous harmful side effects such as asthenia, ataxia, abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, The ethnobotanical survey was carried out with practitioners of nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, dizziness, tremors and traditional medicine in the Far North region of Cameroon. They were made by direct interviews using a semi structured leukopenia (Borsboom et al., 2003). In addition, after questionnaire. The interviewees were to give all the information several years of treatment, there is an emergence of related to medicinal plants directed against parasitic infections in 498 J. Med. Plants Res. Figure 1. Map showing covered 11° 0'0 "N and 14° 30'0" E in DMS or 11 and 14.5 in decimal degrees: Far North Cameroon (Gounoue-Kamkumo et al., 2015). general and onchocerciasis in particular. These surveys were in the bush. These samples were kept in a control herbarium prospective and cross-sectional study; they were conducted from according to the techniques and methods
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