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Studies in Native American Languages VI DOCUMENT RESUME ED 353 800 FL 020 572 AUTHOR Lee, In, Ed.; Schiefelbein, Scott, Ed. TITLE Studies in Native American Languages VI. INSTITUTION Kansas Univ., Lawrence. Linguistics Graduate Student Association. PUB DATE 90 NOTE 170p.; For selected individual papers, see FL 020 573-579. AVAILABLE FROMLinguistic Graduate Student Association, University of Kansas, Dept. of Linguistics, Lawrence, KS 66045. PUB TYPE Collected Works Serials (022) JOURNAL CIT Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics; v15 n2 1990 EDRS PRICE MF01/PC07 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *American Indian Languages; Bilingual Education; Case (Grammar); Elementary Secondary Education; Language Classification; *Language Research; Literacy; Quechua; Spelling; *Structural Analysis (Linguistics); Uncommonly Taught Languages; Verbs IDENTIFIERS Chiwere; Clauses; Comanche (Language); Deixis; Ixil; Lakota (Language); Proto Algonquian ABSTRACT This serial is intended as a forum for the presentation, in print, of the latest original research by the faculty and students of the Department of Linguistics and other related departments at the University of Kansas. Papers are as follows: "Interpreting St. Clair's Comanche Texts: Objective Case Marking and 'Same Subject' Dependent Clauses" (James Armagost); "Reflexive and Reciprocal Elements in Ixil" (Glenn Ayre); "Native American Languages and Literacy: Issues of Orthography Choice and Bilingual Education" (Christina Biava); "Spatial Deixis in Chiwere" (Jill Hopkins); "The Historical-Comparative Classification of Colombian Inga (Quechua)" (Roger Parks); "Proto-Algonquian Verb Inflection" (Paul Proulix); and "A Supplementary Bibliography of Lakota Language and Linguistics (1887-1990)." (JL) ********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** U.S. DEPAIRTMENT Of EDUCATION "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS Office of Educational Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION MATERIAL H S BEEN GRANTED BY CENTER (ERIC) oocumenthasbeen reproduced as 41flre?egvedtrom the person or organization originating it 0 Min Or changes have been made to improve ZklittarSV reproduction Quality Points of new or opinions staled i nthrsdOcu ment do not necoSsanly represent dhow TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES OERI position or ool.cy INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." 1) BEST COPY MAME Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics is a regularpublication of the Linguistics Graduate Student Association,Department of Linguistics, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045. Linguistics Graduate Association executive committeemembers, 1989-1990: President: Scott Schiefelbein Vice President: Mubeccel Taneri Treasurer: Mary S. Linn Secretary: Marcel lino Berardo Aim: Kansas Working Papers inLinguistics (KWPL) is intended as a forum for the presentation,in print, of the latest original research by the faculty and students of theDepartment of Linguistics and other related departments at the Universityof Kansas.Papers contributed by persons not associated with theUniversity of Kansas are also welcome.The papers published in KWPL may not be reproduced without written permission fromthe Linguistics Graduate Student Association. Send all manuscripts and inquiries to: Editors, KWPL Department of Linguistics University of Kansas Lawrence, KS 66045 USA Requests for individual volumes shouldbe addressed to Linguistics Graduate Student Association at the aboveaddress.Institutions producing a similar publication may request areciprocal agreement. The cost per issue for Volume 1through 6 and Volume 8, Number 1 is US$4.50 postpaid. The cost forVolume 10, Number 1 and Volume 11 is US$7.50 postpaid. The costfor Volume 14, Number 2 is US$8.50. The cost for Volume 7, Volume 8,Number 1, Volume 9 and Volume 10, Number 2, Volumes 12 and 13,and Volume 14, Number 1 is US$10.00 postpaid. Reprints of individualarticles may be requested for US$2.50 postpaid.For orders outside the United States and Canada, please add US$2.00 per volume tohelp defray the costs of postage ( a cumulative index tovolumes 1-14 is available upon request). We would like to thank the facultyof the Linguistics Department and the Graduate Student Councilfor their continuing encouragement and support. We would also like toacknowledge the help of Sarah Schiefelbein, who helped design the cover forthis volume. tJ Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics edited by In Lee Scott Schiefelbein Partial funding for this journal is provided by the Graduate Student Council from the Student Activity Fee. © Linguistics Graduate Student Association University of Kansas, 1990 Volume 15 Stuff Number 2 1990 Native American Languages Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics Volume 15, No. 2, 1990 Studies in Native American Languages Comanche Text: Objective Case Marking and 'Same Subject' Dependent Clauses James L. Armagost 1 Reflexives and Reciprocal Elements in Ixil Glenn Ayre 18 Native American Languages and Literacy: Issues of Orthography Choice and Bilingual Education Christina Biava 45 Spatial Deixis in Chiwere Jill D. Hopkins 60 The Historical-Comparative Classification of Columbian Inga (Quechua) Roger Parks 73 Proto-Algonquian Verb Inflection Paul Proulix 100 A Supplementary Bibliography of Lakota Languages and Linguistics (1887- 1990) Willem J. de Reuse 146 ti IHTEkPRETING ST. CLAIR'S COMANCHE TEXTS: Objective Case Marking and 'Same Subject' Dependent Clauses James L. Arinagost Abstract: St. Clair's Comanche texts. collected in 1902. appear to exhibit a very uncharacteristic form of objective case marking along with 'same subject' dependent clause types unknown elsewhere in the language. Proper interpretation of the materials and the circumstances in which they were transcribed leads to an analysis in which turn-of-the-century Comanche was unremarkable. at least in the matters considered here. Introduction As a student under Boas, Harry Hull St. Clair collected nineteen Comanche texts while in Oklahoma Territory in 1902. His retranscription of original field notebooks comprises some 948 Comanche lines. with a roughly accurate interlinear English translation (St. Clair 1902). The texts vary greatly in length. the longest running 177 Comanche lines while the shortest is a mere eight. The subject matter is almost exclusively Coyote stories; in addition there is one personal reminiscence and one humorous story about losing a horse. At least three speakers contributed to the collection, but unfortunately the name of the Person(s) responsible for half of the stories is not recorded. The breakdown is as follows: Masi. OA! story; Esikona. three stories; Isakona. six stories; unattributed. nine stories. These materials constitute the earliest examples of extended texts in Comanche. The fact that they were recorded by a student trained in phonetic transcription makes them even more valuable.1 They contain much information on matters of phonology. morphology, syntax and discourse, both from a diachronic and from a synchronic perspective. In addition. St. Clair's experimental wax cylinder recordings are among the earliest attempts to use the phonograph in a field setting (Stocking 1974:460). These cylinders have been preserved and. once they become available to the Kansas Working Papers in Linguistics,1990, Vol. 15, No. 2,pp. 1-17. 2 bat0A.4., 1.4.41W *1/41144%.4.1:WIILACIllo. 44:, 1;Alt, srft.s.rea,:s4"41:1411.4:1 14:;',13 1.144.4 14$9.4:rtur; svv;-3 A.-tat 1 *a., I.:tn.:44- sr ktti t-144 S GA, u"...e.", 1.4 .4"4.4, urt-2.. 316~;,1 Aga" LA.Zz.c r 4.0.44.0 24 tar t. tot."1 tkr wa--414- 7Jet....341 Cu" 41:7474:4 r=46, 1.41 Car 1,4," %rt.%U. 8 Let.L.44- d.4.4.144~ %Az. 04. ^4, Vta.t.; 3ff,4_ 9 -*,44.1.; (al Figure 1. The story attributed to Wesi (line numbers added) 3 scholarly world, should provide information beyond that recorded in the manuscripts themselves.2 As an example of the overall appearance of the texts, Figure 1 shows the single very short story attributed t?.;) Yesi.3 Although a few minor transcription questions remain, it can be seen that St. Clair's cursive form is quite easily read even if one has AO great familiarity with loasian notation. Superscripts, such as Cu] in lines 4 and 7, represent voiceless vowels, a common feature of Comanche phonetics. Spaces between transcription clusters largely correspond to word or phrase boundaries. The fact that boundaries are 'ecorded in this way suggests a relatively word-by-word dictation style by the narrator. This does not mean that each word is pronounced carefully or with clarity, i.e. so as to exhibit distinctions fully. Jut itis important because of a particular feature of Comanche Pronunciation known as inorganic devoicing, by which a short unstressed prepausal vowel is optionally devoiced. At a relatively shallow level all Comanche words end in a glottal stop or a vowel (monophthong or diphthong). The number of consonants falling before a space in Figure 1 suggests the extent to which short final vowels are not recorded by St. Clair, either because he failed to perceive their voiceless quality or possibly because the speakers deleted rather than devoicing them.4 St. Clair's materials contain various cases of what appears to be syntactic oddity when compared both to what must have been the case before Comanche's recent separation from Yind River Shoshoni, and to what we know of the language in the period since the nineteen forties. IP these cases cannot be explained in SOMA satisfactory way, we are left with a very
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