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Age-Related Chronic Diseases and Alzheimer's Disease in Texas: A

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Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease Reports 5 (2021) 121–133 121 DOI 10.3233/ADR-200277 IOS Press Review Age-Related Chronic Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease in Texas: A Hispanic Focused Study Shyam Sheladiaa and P. Hemachandra Reddya,b,c,d,e,∗ aDepartment of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA bNeuroscience & Pharmacology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA cNeurology, Department of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA dPublic Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA eDepartment of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School of Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA Accepted 20 January 2021 Pre-press 10 February 2021 Abstract. The emergence of age-related chronic diseases within the United States has led to the direct increase of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as well as other neurological diseases which ultimately contribute to the development of dementia within the general population. To be specific, age-related chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, high cholesterol, diabetes, and kidney disease contribute greatly to the advancement and rapid progression of dementia. Furthermore, unmodifiable risk factors such as advancing age and genetics as well as modifiable risk factors such as socioeconomic status, educational attainment, exercise, and diet further contribute to the development of dementia. Current statistics and research show that minority populations such as Hispanic Americans in the United States face the greatest burden of dementia due to the increase in the prevalence of overall population age, predisposing genetics, age-related chronic diseases, low socioeconomic status, as well as poor lifestyle choices and habits. Additionally, Hispanic Americans living within Texas and the rural areas of West Texas face the added challenge of finding appropriate healthcare services. This article will focus upon the research associated with AD as well as the prevalence of AD within the Hispanic American population of Texas and rural West Texas. Furthermore, this article will also discuss the prevalence of age-related chronic diseases, unmodifiable risk factors, and modifiable risk factors which lead to the progression and development of AD within the Hispanic American population of the United States, Texas, and rural West Texas. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, chronic diseases, dementia, Hispanic Americans, risk factors, Texas INTRODUCTION ∗Correspondence to: P. Hemachandra Reddy, PhD, Professor of Internal Medicine, Neuroscience & Pharmacology, Neurology, Age-related chronic diseases are the major con- Public Health and Speech Language and Hearing Sciences Depart- tributing factors for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in the ments, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street/Mail Stop: 9410/4B 207, Lubbock, TX 79430-6222, USA. United States and elsewhere. AD is generally char- Tel.: +1 806 743 3194; E-mail: [email protected]. acterized by significant impairment to an individual’s ISSN 2542-4823 © 2021 – The authors. Published by IOS Press. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (CC BY-NC 4.0). 122 S. Sheladia and P.H. Reddy / Age-Related Chronic Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease memory and attention, as well as communication and Patients exhibit typical signs of AD as they are unable reasoning skills. to complete daily tasks without assistance such as Furthermore, racial disparities with regards to the tying their shoes, forgetting recent events, having development of age-related chronic diseases as well difficulty in naming close family relatives, asking as various risk factors shows that the future burden repeating questions, often getting lost, and often of AD lies upon individuals of specific racial back- misplacing common household items such as car grounds such as Hispanic or Latino Americans. keys [4]. In fact, current projections predict that Hispanic Americans will face the largest increase in burden Risk factors/age-related chronic diseases causing with regards to AD due to their rapid population Alzheimer’s disease growth within the United States [1]. To be specific, the state of Texas has seen a steady increase in the Unmodifiable risk factors with regards to the devel- population growth of Hispanic Americans; especially opment of AD include age, genetics, family history, the counties of West Texas. As of 2018, Hispanics or and disorders such as Huntington’s disease, Down’s Latinos comprise 40.2% of the total Texas popula- syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann- tion [2]. The purpose of this article is to determine Straussler-Scheinker¨ syndrome, and fatal familial the molecular links between age-related chronic dis- insomnia [5]. eases/risk factors and cognitive decline within the Modifiable risk factors contributing to the devel- Hispanic American population of Texas. opment of AD include socioeconomic status, educa- tional attainment, exercise, and diet [5]. Chronic diseases causing dementia Age-related chronic diseases contributing to the advancement and rapid progression of AD include Although several diseases and conditions can cause high cholesterol, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, dementia, AD is the leading cause of dementia kidney disease, and cognitive impairment due to brain accounting for between 60% to 80% of cases world- injury [5, 6]. wide [3]. Additionally, other common causes of With regards to unmodifiable risk factors, modi- dementia are Lewy body disease, cerebrovascular fiable risk factors, and age-related chronic diseases, disease, fronto-temporal lobar degeneration, Parkin- advancing age is the most prominent and greatest risk son’s disease, hippocampal sclerosis, and traumatic factor in the development of AD. brain injury, as well as dementia caused by mixed pathologies [3]. Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States Symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease According to the 2020 Alzheimer’s Disease Facts The normal aging process can often start as early as and Figures report, data from the Chicago Health and the age of 30 causing a decline in the density of bones, Aging Project (CHAP) showed that approximately loss of strength within muscles, loss of elasticity 5.8 million Americans age 65 and older were diag- within skin, hardening of blood vessels and arteries, nosed with AD dementia in 2020 [3]. Furthermore, as well as changes in vision such as far-sightedness this number is projected to increase within the United [4]. Furthermore, individuals naturally experience a States to reach 7.1 million Americans by the year decline in memory and overall cognitive ability as 2025 and 13.8 million Americans by the year 2050 they age causing a drop-in processing speeds as well given that no significant medical developments occur as finding difficulties in multitasking [4]. However, with regards to curing or delaying the progression of memory loss and cognitive decline causing signifi- AD [3]. cant disruptions within daily life cannot be classified Due to differences in pre-existing medical con- as part of the normal aging process. ditions, social behaviors, and socioeconomic status, Diseases such as AD often begin to develop over minority populations such as Hispanic Americans 20 years earlier than when symptoms such as demen- face a higher risk of AD dementia and other dementias tia are first seen [3]. As the brain gradually changes when compared to the non-Hispanic white popula- in such an abnormal manner within aging patients, tion [3]. noticeable symptoms such as memory loss, confu- Various socioeconomic characteristics such as sion, and communication issues begin to appear. lower income level as well as poor education and S. Sheladia and P.H. Reddy / Age-Related Chronic Diseases and Alzheimer’s Disease 123 quality of life with regards to racial minorities such During the American Civil War (1861–1865), as Hispanics can increase the risk of developing Texas became a state under the Confederate States age-related chronic diseases causing AD [3]. Fur- of America [7]. However, after the conclusion of the thermore, health conditions such as diabetes, high Civil War and readmission into the Union, there was a cholesterol, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, surge in the population and development of the Texas and kidney disease are more prevalent in racial minor- economy [7]. The plains of West Texas became the ity groups leading to an increased risk in developing new home to the cattle industry while farming spread AD [3]. A low socioeconomic status in turn con- swiftly through the central areas of Texas [7]. Fur- tributes to the increase in the prevalence of such health thermore, the developments made in manufacturing conditions thereby further increasing the risk of AD and technology during the Civil War as well as the in racial minority groups. construction of massive railroads throughout the state This article specifically focuses on the prevalence bolstered the Texas economy [7]. However, the single of AD within the Hispanic population of Texas. greatest discovery of oil in 1901 opened up the state Therefore, this article will further explore the his- to prosperity for the next century [7]. torical development, physical landscape, economics, and migration patterns of Texas from 1800 onwards. PHYSICAL LANDSCAPE OF TEXAS Thereafter, the current demographics
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