THE MARINE FISHERIES INFORMATION SERVICE: Technical and Extension Series envisages the rapid dissemination of information on marine and brackish water fishery resources and allied data available with the Fishery Data Centre and the Research Divisions of the Institute, results of proven researches for transfer of technology to the fish farmers and industry and of other relevant information needed for Research and Development efforts in the marine fisheries sector.
. Abbreviation—Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T & E Ser., No. 44: 1982. CONTENTS
1. Cyclone devastation along Saurashtra coast of Gujarat in November 1982. 2. Trawl fishery of South Kanara with special reference to prawns and by- catches 3. Induced spawning and larval development of Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston) in the laboratory 4. Destruction of eggs of catfish Tachysurus tenuispinis by purse seiners at Karwar 5. Scientific, common and local names of commercially important marine fishes and shell fishes of Maharashtra and Gujarat coasts. 6. News-India and overseas.
Cover photo: Damaged and grounded boats at Madhwad in Gujarat. CYCLONE DEVASTATION ALONG SAURASHTRA COAST OF GUJARAT IN NOVEMBER 1982 G.Sudhakara Rao and K.K. Datta.
A severe cyclonic storm with a wind velocity of The course of the cyclone was monitored pre 150 km per hour swept throu^ the coastal districts cisely by the Colaba Observatory since 5th Novem of Junagadh, Amreli and Bhavnagar of Saurashtra ber. The storm developed in the Arabian sea was (Fig.l) on the afternoon of 8th November 1982 to touch Bombay on 6th November. But it had leaving behind a trail of destruction atong its path. changed its course by 6th evening and it was pre It is reported to be the worst of its kind in the living dicted that it would touch South Gujarat. A further memory of the local people and has taken a toll of change in the course indicated that it was picking 550 human lives and 2 lakhs heads of livestock. up momentum and would cross the land somew About 2 lakh huts were completely damaged and here along the Saurashtra coast by 8th November about an equal number of pucca houses were eit with wind velocity of 150-200 km per hour. By 8th her partly damaged or destroyed. Thousands of morning it was certain that the ^torrn would cross trees were uprooted and electric and telecommuni between Diu and Veraval by the forenoon of the cation poles got twisted. Communication was same day. As predicted the cycbne touched the totalh; Erupted and tfie three districts were plun land at Madhwad, a fishing village about 50 km ged mto darkness. Amreli district was the worst hit from Veraval, with a wind speed of 150 km and pas with a (kath toll of 265. The cyclone played havoc sed through Kodinar, Amreli and Bhavnagar. Its with the garden crops like banana, coconut and full force was felt between Jaffrabad and Veraval sugarcane. While the cycbnk; winds and incessant along the coast. The whole area had been expe rains infKcted heavy dam^^ along the coast, flood riencing intermittent heavy rains since 6th evening ing tA bwlying areas due to overflowing and bre and the intensity increased by 8th noon. The entire aching of dams devastated the inland villages taking town of Veraval was flooded with rain water and in a heavy toll of human beings and livestock. some places as much as 5 feet of water was flowing
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Fi9. 1. Map showing the fishing villages affected by the cyclone along Gujarat coast. 1 Table.l. Districtwise extent of hss and damage to small scale fisheries along the coast of Gujarat (Value in '000 Rs.)
Loss of Damages to Damages to District human houses Loss of boats boats Loss pf nets Loss of fish Total lives materials loss No. Value No. Value No. Value No. Value (Value) (Value)
JUNAGADH 3 3210 5363 40 1213 433 1852 817 784 11082 20294
AMRELI ' 15 365 571 11 310 112 783 949 312 — 1976
DIU 6 330 230 10 383 59 204 5 32 80 929
Total 24 3905 6164 61 1906 604 2839 1771 1128 11162 23199 on the roads. Veraval had 23 cm rain fall on the 600 boats, mostly country crafts fitted with outbo 8th of November. The coastal areas had a sigh of ard engines or inboard engines, were damaged relief by dusk as the wind subsided while the inland inflicting a loss of about Rs.47 lakhs. Gears, mostly areas of Amreli and Bhavnagar districts continued gillnets and dol nets accounted for a loss of about to have rough weather in the night. Rs.ll lakhs. About 3900 huts were either blown off or damaged, the extent of damage being about Government machinery was geared up to meet Rs.62 lakhs. Processed fish material-dry fish, fish the eventuality. By 8th morning radio broadcast meal, prawns and squids-worth Rs.ll2 lakhs was and local announcements were given to keep the spoiled because of godown collapses and power people on the alert. The army and airforce were breakdown. also informally alerted to stand by in the rescue and relief operations. In spite of all the precauti Madhwad, a fishing village in Amreli district, onary measures, there was extensive damage to about 50 km south of Veraval, was the worst hit public and private properties due to the cyclone with 14 lives lost and damages to fishing boats and and the toss was estimated at Rs.260 crores. The fishermen houses. About 25 houses were comple loss to crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry alone tely washed away because of tidal action. Some of would be to the tune of 150 crores. the persons who ventured out of the villages to reach safer elevated places were swept away by There was extensive damage at Veraval as tidal water and gales. Almost all the houses were many of the houses collapsed and all conununica- damaged and the boats which were moored in the tions got cut off. Port department suffered a bay were let loose by the tidal action and drifted damage of Rs.40 lakhs. Nine of the barges drifted helter-skelter. Those that drifted to inland areas to high seas and sank and heavy damages were ran aground when the tidal water receded after the caused to godowns and machinery. World Bank fury of the cyclone. The total loss was estimated at fishery harbour project lost about Rs.40 lakhs as 45 Rs.lO lakhs. cm of western break-waters and 90 m of eastern break-waters were washed away because of wave Mul-Dwarka, another fishing village in Amreli action. The coffer dams built to facilitate dredging district about 40 km south of Veraval also suffered in the inner basin were breached. The auction hall extensive damage with an estimated loss of Rs.5 and gear mending hall built under the scheme were lakhs. About 20 houses in the sea front were swept heavily damaged. away along with the betonging of the fishermen because of erosion due to tidal action. About 790 Damages in fishing villages (Figs 2-13) pieces of gill net were also swept away. The fisheries sector is one of the worst affec ted in the cyclone especially in the districts of Union territory of Diu also had severe damage. Amreli and Junagadh and the Union territory of A trawler with 3 crew drifted into the sea, resulting Diu. Thie districtwise details of the damages are in the toss of all of them. Another boat, a dolnet- given in Table 1. The fish landing centres affected ter, drifted with 3 crew and sank, killing all the are shown in figure 1. 61 boats were lost and about occupants. The total losses at the four fishing cen- tres of Diu, namely Diu, Ghoghakla, Seemar and a fringe of the fury of the present cyclone and esca Venakbara are to the tune of Rs.9 lakhs. ped with minor damages. At Porbandar a trawler sank in the sea and the crew managed to escape. The dol net fishing zone mainly consisting of About 5 boats were damaged. The loss was esti the three landing centres Jaffrabad, Rajpara and mated at Rs.2 lakhs. At Mangrol about 70 boats Nawabunder in Junagadh district has also suffered were damaged incurring a loss of Rs.l lakh. extensive damages, the loss being estimated at Rs.58 lakhs. Five boats and 84 dol nets were lost. Loss due to suspension of fishing About 2400 huts were blown away by the wind, Assuming that the catch trend during the exposing dry fish stock worth Rs.31 lakhs and period when fishing was suspended due to the resulting in their spoilage. cyclone remained the same as in few days prior to the havoc, the expected catches of fish were wor Damages in fishing harbours ked out for each district. The loss was estimated The full fury of the cyclone was felt at Veraval at Rs.442 lakhs (Table.3.) where waves of 3-4 m hight lashed the coast tos sing the fishing vessels in the harbour. Thirteen Table. 3. Expected loss due to suspension of canoes were lost and 31 trawlers sank in the har fishing after Cyclone bour due to a breach in the cofferdam and subse quent gushing of flood waters into the harbour. Name of the No.of days Expected Loss in However all the 31 trawlers were refloated with the District fishing quantity lost Value help of cranes and manual dewatering. About 131 suspended (in tonnes) ('000 Rs) boats were damaged inflicting a loss of Rs.9 lakhs to the industry. Unlike the 1981 cyclone, this year JUNAGADH 15 13170 36676 the brunt of the fury was felt by the fishing indu AMRELI 22 1914 4124 stry. Almost all the buildings and sheds of fish DIU 12 1428 3416 freezing plants, fish meal factories and dryfish tra ders were heavily damaged at Veraval with an esti Total — 16260 44216 mated Rs.l23 lakhs loss to the industry (Table .2). Buildings, machinery and freezing material worth Rs.63 lakhs were lost. A number of fish meal facto Relief measures ries were damaged cind the loss was estimated at 44 lakhs. Worst affected are the dryfish traders who The Government of Gujarat has taken prompt lost all their godowns, sheds and dryfish, the loss relief measures to rehabilitate the displaced per estimated at Rs.l7 lakhs. sons, to provide essential commodities and to resume power supply. Prompt action was taken in The fishing industry at Porbandar and Mangrol clearing the roctds to provide communication sys which was greatly affected in 1981 cyclone felt only tem and to supply essentia goods to the affected persons. Fresh water was supplied by tankers in Tabie^.Losses to the fishing Industry at Veraval towns and villages. About 48 towns and 2,000 villa (Value in '000 Rs) ges were in darkness for days together. Due to prompt action power supply has been restored to Freezing Fish meal Dry fish 38 towns and 1,343 villages within a fortnight. Item Plants/ factoriesTraders Total Power generators were pressed into service in Ice factory remote towns to run flour mills and other essential units to avoid inconvenience to the public. Howe Buiklings 1304 1759 365 3428 ver, it would take same more time to restore the Machinery 327 262 — 589 normal power system as the damages were exten Frozen mateiial 4417 — — 4417 sive. Medicd teams were sent to all the eureas to Dry fish — — 1274 1274 prevent spreading of epidemics. About 2 iakh Dry fish for doses of anticholereis vaccine have been despat fish meal — 1350 — 1350 ched to the affected areas. Fish meal — 917 — 917 Others 243 78 38 359 Government agencies have distributed Rs.3.5 lakhs as cash assistance to the families of the per Total 6291 4366 1677 12334 sons killed in the calamity and Rs.50 lakhs have been distributed as assistance in kind. Central •iZ •->'•?
Fig. 2. Fury of the cyclone-bent electric poles. Fig. 3. Road in Veraval after flood water receded.
Fig. 4. Damaged Municipal market of Veraval. Fig. 5. Damaged roadside shops in Veraval.
Fig. 6. Boats damaged in Veraval fisheries harbour. Fig, 7. Lifting sunken trawlers by crane at Veraval.
4 Fig. 8. Uprooted coconut trees. Fig. 9. Gear mending Hall in Fishery Harbour Projfect
Fig.lO. Damaged building of a freezing plant. Fig.ll. Houses in heaps.
Fig. 12. Boats among huts at Madhwad. Fig.13. Grounded boats. severe cyclone may Cyclonic storm hit Bombay Kxpreat Kem Strvlee servatory, the severe storm will heading for PUME, JiOv 6 start adversely aSecting the coast severe eychmic storm Is from Monday morning. It Is still fecingly sdvsnciiiK towards not clear which part of the coast 'West Coast from the Ara- it will strike, since stomas tend Sea, and Bombay faUs in to b^ave to the erratic manner. S. Gujarat Storm toll 487 The ralnfaU *«*. «»"f'' "S* the intluence. of '•fve^a cy.ioii storm which was s'tuateaat^ 76 still missing MO tans 'X'^^^-^^JL^^ By Ov SWa BepMier ernnient had ao iar disbursed Tie activities in coastal G/VNDrilJVAGAH, INOV 18 its 4U to tis i'i laicns as L4sa ages and towns of the The death toll in last week's doles and a£her reliels to cne S Gujarat came to :lone in the Stat* rose to cyclone victims. Mr Raval said afterpoon. t this morning. tnat the Central teajn to assess TstanditiU this even- Fishermen in ooastol vlUaSB Itatinir this hprr today. the cyclone damage was likeiy fnllowing impending of south Gujarat and Saurasl Nature'«i^<^ S • s furil y haunt...«""—H s- ... Amreli.r^. r -,.r..- v»/.n warned againagaew. r S.UAAt DASaVftA qwcw Ktma iJerrUe ViURSU. Nay It cyclone-'victims of Amreli know which of the two > final blow — the cyclone the neck-high sheet o* mt gushed out of the ri- a they know is that they Idenly exposed to tlie tv- ' nature rai the fateful the walls of their hoiuies •umbUnjr And the battle Id for survival. Madha of Wankta villase iy braced up for the fiirht Id to pull out his fanulv through the roof, le the > Jammed eliut by the im- le wJ.Td. The familv of Quivering on a raised nade by stacking sacks a ver a huae metal trunk Is a nlshed his task before 'oU save in. He broke ^Ukely to rooden plaak that sue roof by banging hi' •t It. Oi)'- ' aainaS® yclone two TocajA »^^*i SiVi 8 forget tne :L.,.V has oc^'.. fv,an ns" t^prbeen railways -' BOMBAY- *"^ , MOi. ^^^-- .1« to ro««s tS Goven^"?,*,? wMibUsK- gauge ^^^.J^ » .•^«C^^ ^orK, ;^' dki! *'•«» ^i^./^J A-'-'"'*'" ,St factory ft -f^esj it U^^^* t^^fl t..^'? fo:tlJ-0001'mv -constn-cifmages, ac- "aSr-*X n£'-[; "V • s:^orr''-,..,^Ae ^ ^«^ij?=g^~^a^«5'lit , who is c '/. m the area. mic to Uie Government has already sanctioned Rs.20 crores to the boats anchored in the harbour. The dama as relief advance to the state. Several social orga ges to the fishing harbour at Veraval were estima nisations and individuals have been distributing ted to be about Rs.80 lakhs. The loss at Porbander utensils, clothes, blankets and foodgrains in the and Mangrol worked out to Rs.3 lakhs. Thus the affected areas. total loss to the marine fishery sector due to the cyclone is estimated at Rs.889 lakhs. The state announced that fishermen who lost their boats will get a subsidy to the extent Rs.1/3 of About 13,000 fishermen engaged in fishing in the price of a boat upto a maximum of Rs.8,000/-. Saurashtra coast were rendered jobless for a period Those whose boats have been damaged will get a of 15 days. Another 1,500 persons engaged in subsidy of 1/3 of the damage with a ceiling of allied activities like transportation of ice and marke Rs.2,500/-. Higher anwunts were given to replace ting of fish also could not take up any work during /repair trawlers. the same period. Moreover, these fishermen are not in general benefited by institutional credit agen Low interest loans are being provided to reha cies. They take advances from traders and sell bilitate cyclone affected industrial units by Gujarat their catches to them. The traders charge heavy State Finance Corporation and Gujarat Industrial interest through purchasing the fishes at rates Investment Corporation. The latter has decided to much less than the open market price. The fisher open depots at Veraval, Junagadh and Amreli to men generally repay their loans during the season. supply cement and galvanised iron sheets to the But due to the cyclone and the subsequent lay off it affected units. Government has also decided to was impossible for them to clear off their debts. In defer the recovery of sales tax and electricity tariff addition, these fishermen took advances for repai from the affected units for one year period. Alre ring their boats and huts damaged, by which their ady about 36 affected units have received loans debts are further getting accumulated resulting in over Rs.4 lakhs. Under the special scheme, loans of their bondage to those traders. This will have social upto Rs.25,000 at 4.5% interest would be granted to repercussions. the small units affected. The loan requirements between Rs.25,000 and Rs.50,000 carrying an inte After cyclone it is reported that there was a rest of 9% would be financed by the State Finance decrease in catches. This has brought ill-luck not Corporation. Loans exceeding Rs.50,000 upto 5 only to the fishermen but also to others involved in lakhs would also be financed to the needy units but fishing industry like merchants, traders and owners at normal rate. Moreover, the State Government of freezing plants. In Saurashtra coast, most of the has formulated a proposal that Banks should freezing plants run below capacity but after cyclone extend loans of upto Rs.50,000 which would be this un - utilization further increased and aggravated guaranteed by the Government. the unemployment problem. Overall effects of Cyclone The boats that got damaged during cyclone The marine catches of Saurashtra coast com period were attended by a heavy influx of carpen prise mainly Bombay duck.sciaenids, pomfrets, cla- ters, mechanics and other labour force from the smobranchs, clupeoids, seer fish, cat fish, ribbon mainland. This has accelerated the repair works. fish and prawns. For about 15 days immediately The Government is doing its best to rehabili after the cyclone, no fish was landed due to tate the victims. While the fishing operations are suspension of fishing consequent to the cyclone fast reaching normalcy it would take a few more havoc, resulting in an estimated loss of Rs.442 months before the freezing plants and fish meal fac lakhs. The loss due to damages to crafts, gears, tories would be able to process fish at the normal fish materials and houses in the fishing villages of level. Inspite of the will and determination on the Junagadh, Amreli and Diu districts was estimated part of fishermen, fishing industry, government and at Rs.232 lakhs. The fishing industry at Veraval suf social organisations, it would take at least another fered a loss of about Rs.l23 lakhs. In addition Rs.9 three months to put the system back on the lakhs were estimated to be the loss due to damages wheels. TRAWL FISHERY OF SOUTH KANARA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PRAWNS AND BY-CATCHES* Introduction Malpe during the fishing seasons 1980-81 and 1981-82. Mechanised trawling for prawns has assumed great significance in recent years due to the incre Craft and gear asing demand for prawns from export industry. Boats of varying lengths from 6.7 m to 10.97 m Prawns are also caught in traditional gears like cast fitted with 20 to 96 H.P. engine using otter trawl net, kanthabale (bottom set gill net) and kairampani with head rope length of varying lengths are opera net (shore seine) during monsoon months, but con ted from this area. A few large vessels (13.2 m) fit tributing to negligible quantities. Hence, although ted with 120 H.P. engine are pressed into service prawns form less than 15 percent of the trawl cat during peak seasons. ches, the export oriented industry is largely depen dent on trawl fishery. Around 1500 trawl units are operating along this coast. Of this, 1161 units are in South Kanara Karnataka contributes around 2.1 percent of alone, and most of them are centred around Man- the total prawn landings in our country amounting galore (425 boats), Malpe (342 boats) and Gangoli to 3863 t (based on the average for 1971-80). (219 boats) mainly due to the infrastructural facili By way of by-catch large quantities of fishes ties (storage, transport, market etc.) available consisting of both cheap trash fish and quality fis there. In addition, some boats are operated from hes are landed from shrimp trawling. The total Padubidri (33 units), Polippu (40 units), Hangar- by-catch forms as high as 85 percent of the trawl katta (94 units) and Tarapathy (8 units) (Fig.l). landings. Fishins season Karnataka has got a coast line of 300 km. An Normally the trawling starts in September after appraisal of the trawl fishery is being attempted the south west monsoon and lasts till May end or based on the data collected from Mangafore and early June. With the onset of monsoon the fishing 14' with mechanised vessels is suspended and the indi genous fishery takes over. Fishing operations. TARAPATHY Generally the trawl units set out for fishing at GANGOLI dawn and return around mid-day. Sometimes, the landings are continued upto 2-3 p.m. at Mangalore, whereas, at Malpe, this is continued till late in the evening during peak seasons. HANGARKATTA UJ The smaller boats (6.7 m to 9.75 m) usually fish CO MALPE in 10-25 m depth. During January to April, the lar ger boats go for 1-2 days' night fishing. These z POLIPPU units generally operate the net upto a depth of 40 < m for catching larger varieties of prawns which are m PADUBIDRI brought to the landing centre in large ice boxes. A < few big vessels after 3-4days' fishing bring the catch in their fish-holds in crushed ice. 13' The number of hauls made by each unit vary MAN6AL0RE from 1 to 1-3 per day with an average of 2 hauls, each lasting normally 2-3 hours. KM Fishing grounds lie within 15 km from- the Scale: lb ^0 shore. 74" 75« Fig. 1. South Kanara map showing the important trawler lan •Prepared by K.K.Sukumaran, K.Y.Telang and O.Thippe- ding centres. swamy. Table.l. Estimated month wise landings (in tonnes) of the important groups by trawl nets at Mangalore during 1980-81 & 1981-82. Categories September October November December January 80-81 81-82 80-81 81 -82 80-81 81-82 80-81 81-82 80-81 81-82 Prawns 79.7 8.4 0.2 0.3 2.2 120.2 78.6 152.9 127.9 61.2 Fishes 27.8 20.0 — 1.5 31.2 677.9 263.8 377.0 241.3 271.7 Stomatopods — — — — 9.5 147.3 383.8 326.1 441.2 362.2 Crabs 0.2 21.3 8.7 20.5 14.5 Cephalopods — — — — 0.8 3.8 1.8 14.2 1.4 5.2 Total 107.5 28.4 0.2 1.8 43.7 949.4 749.3 878.9 832.3 714.8 February March April May June Grand Total 80-81 81-82 80-81 81-82 80-81 81-82 80-81 81-82 80-81 81-82 80-81 81-82 89.6 140.1 47.7 168.2 117.0 148.7 132.8 183.7 0.9 675.7 984.6 456.0 326.8 334.6 954.4 617.3 546.3 528.2 898.7 - 11.9 2500.2 4086.2 500.2 272.2 163.5 627.3 220.3 758.2 168.7 80.8 - 4.2 1887.2 2578.3 31.4 19.0 19.8 24.2 26.5 20.1 28.5 7.8 - 0.4 148.0 94.9 3.3 2.6 1.6 21.7 0.8 7.8 0.9 5.2 - 0.1 10.6 60.6 1080.5 760.7 567.2 1795.8 981.9 1481.1 859.1 1176.2 - 17.5 5221.7 7804.6 Catch and catch composition The annual landings at Mangalore was estima ted at 5221.7 t (1%.7 kg/boat day) and 7804 t (228.2 kg/boat day) during 1980-81, 1981-82 respectively. At Malpe, it was 5256.0 t (212.1 kg/boat day) during 1981-82 (Table 1 and 2). Though the trawling season is spread from Septem I. ber to May, the bulk of the catch was realised during the latter half January-May. The landings, generally low during October-November, increased to a peak during February-March and thereafter, declined marginally during the following months (Fig.2). The trawls being primarily operated for pra wns, the catches could be broadly grouped into prawns and by-catches, including 1) fishes 2)sto- SOHOJFHAH SONDJFHAMJ SONDJFHAMJ matopods 3) crabs and 4) cephalopods. l««0-SI ltSI-12 itai-«t MANGALORE MALPE On an average, around 50% of the catch was contributed by fishes, 13% by prawns, 34.5 % by Fig. 2. Monthwise trawl landings and effort in boat days stomatopods, 2% by crabs and the rest by cephal during 1980 81 and 1981-82 at Mangalore and opoda (0.5%) (Fig.3). during 1981-82 at Malpe. Tablets. Estimated monthwise landings (in tonnes) of the important groups by trawl nets at Malpe during 1981 -82 Categories September October November December January Prawns 9.2 0.2 150.6 87.7 21.2 Fishes 9.5 135.3 379.8 235.3 123.4 Stomatopods — — 313.3 475.4 118.0 Crabs — — 1.4 0.3 16.6 Cephalopods — — 1.1 20.0 3.2 Total 18.7 135.5 846.2 818.7 282.4 February March April May June Grand total 79.8 69.6 98.6 46.9 5.3 569.4 314.9 403.0 375.8 676.9 18.9 2672.8 249.8 505.4 189.9 15.0 2.1 1868.9 54.0 10.5 11.6 9.4 0.8 104.6 1.8 12.0 2.2 — — 40.3 700.3 1000.5 678.4 748.2 27.1 5256.0 It may be seen that generally October-Novem UANajtLORC ber is the lean period for prawns. The landings were fairly high during the latter half of the season particularly during May at Mangalore and during November at Malpe (Fig.5). M.dobsoni.locally known as 'Poovalan', formed 53.5% of the prawn catch (361.4 t) during 1980-81 at Mangalore. In the following season, the landings •I PIIJIVNt 1^ n«M 0 tTQHATOrODS 0 CM** d CtMALOPOM decreased by 19.3% and accounted for only 29.6% (291.5 t) at the same centrcAt Malpe, it contribu Fig. 3. Distribution pattern of the major categories in the ted 20.5% (116.0 t). Landings were generally high shrimp trawlers at Mangalore (1980 81 & 1981-82) and Malpe (1981 82). Prawns The prawns are represented by Mefapenaeus dobsoni, M.affinis M.monoceros, Parapenaeopsis stylifera, Penaeus indicus and P.morwjdon. Among them, P.stiilifera and M.dobsoni were the dominant species contributing around 80-85% of the annual prawn catch (Fig.4). The estimated landing of prawns was 675.7 t and 984.6 t respectively during Fig. 4. Species composition of prawns landed by shrimp the two seasons at Mangalore. At Malpe, it was trawlers at Mangalore (1980-81 &1981-82) and 569.4 t during 1981-82. Malpe (1981-82) 10 Parapenaeus hngipes, although growing to comparatively smaller size, is potential resource occuring during April-May and the annual catch was 2.7 t during 1980-81 at Mangalore. Acetes indicus was seldom caught in trawl nets in large quantities. The landings were fairly high during November 1981 forming 4.3 % of the annual average prawn catch (42.2 t) at Mangalore and, 20.5% (116.2 t) at Malpe. By-catches NOJFMAH SONOJFHAMJ s o H 0 4 r Fishes HANSALORC Fishes, contributing to about 50% of the trawl catches, are represented by a number of groups of Fig. 5. Monthwise prawn catch and catch rate during 1980-81 species. Their abundance vary from season to and 1981-82 at Malpc. season and month to month. Fig.6 shows the per during September and January- May at both the centage composition of the important fish groups centres. during 1981-82 at Mangafore and Malpe. The catches of M.affinis (brown shrimp) were very poor during 1980-81 forming 0.9% of the i*ai-u annual prawn catch (6.3 t) at Mangalore. However, in the following season, the catches were better and amounted to 46.2 t (4.7 %). At Malpe, it for med 5.2% (29.6 t). The best catches were obtained during February at both the centres. M.motmceros, also known as brown shrimp, contributed to 5.9% of the annual prawn catch (40.2 t) during 1980-81 at Mangalore. The landings 3ILVEII KLLItS 1^1 SaAENIOS Q SOUCS H VERCHCS improved considerably during the following season @ WHITE FISH S CMANSIOS @ HIUOH FISHES ^ LIZMD FISH forming 12.2 % (120.3 t). It formed 16.7% (94.5 t) at • C*T FISHES rH OTHEIIS K5 TRASH FISHES Malpe. Landings were fairly good during March at Fig. 6 Distribution pattern of the important category of fishes Mangalore and in December at Malpe. during 1980-81 and 1981-82 at Mangalore and P.sfy/i/era, bcally known as 'karikadi*, contri 1981 82 at Malpe (Others- includes all those variety of fishes which contributed less Ihi. 1 percent. buted to 33.3% during 1980-81 (225.3 t) at Manga lore. The catches improved,in the following year Silver bellies, are the dominant group among and formed 44.2% (434.9 t). It contributed to 32.0% fishes, contributing to 31.2% and 24.5% at Manga (181.7 t) at Maiie during 1981-82. The catches lore and Malpe respectively during 1981-82. were generally high during April-May at both the Though a number of species of Leiognathus and a centres. single species of Gazza occur regularly in trawl The catches of P.indicus (white shrimp) was catch, Gazza minuta, Leiognathus splendens, 35.2 t (5.2%) and 49.3 t (4.1%) respectively during L.bindus and Secutor insidiator are the abundant the two seasons at Mangabre. At Mal|3e, it formed species, maximum catch was recorded during 4.3% (24.6 t). March-May seems to be the best September- October. season for this prawn. Sciaenids, popularly known as 'Jew fishes', are P.monodon (Tiger shrimp) is very important generally caught in shrimp trawls throughout the from the commercial point of view as it grows to year in varying quantities. In the annual fish catch, very large size. However, it formed only 1 % or it formed 11.6% and 15.1% respectively at Manga less of the annual average landings at Mangalore lore and Malpe during 1981-82. Though this group and Malpe. The catches amounted to 4.6 t and 9.2 t is represented by several species, Otolithoides respectively during the two seasons at Mangalore cuuieri together with a few species of the genus and, it was 4.6 t at Malpe. Jt^ntus formed the bulk of the sciaenid catch. 11 Soles occurred round the year and contributed and 20.0% respectively at Mangalore and Malpe. 17.5% and 15.0% respectively at Mangalore and Malpe. This group is mainly represented by a sin Stomatopods gle species Cvnoglossus semifaciatus and mostly This group is represented by a single species, consisted of smaller sizes 8-12 cm. Oratosquilla nepa. The catches amounted to 1887.2 t and 2578.3 t during 1980-81 and 1981-82 Perches formed 5.0% at Mangalore and 8.6% at respectively forming 36.1% and 33.0% of the annual Malpe during 1981-82. Nemipterus japonicus con trawl landings at Mangalore. At Malpe, the catch tributed to the bulk of the catch. Maximum catch was to the tune of 1868.9 t forming 35.5% during was recorded during May. 1981-82. The landings were very high during Feb White fish Lactarius lactarius is one of the ruary-April. quality fishes caught in small quantities round the Crabs year. It formed 3.2% and 3.8% respectively at these centres. The size ranging from 7 to 18 cm generally Though this group is represented by a number supported the fishery. of species abng this coast, Portunus sanguinolen- tus and P.pelagicus are only commercially impor Carangids occur throughout the year and for tant. These species together formed around 2% of med 1.2% and 2.0% respectively at these centres. It the annual average catch by trawls. The estimated is represented by several species of Cararvc and landings amounted to 148.0 t (1980-81) and 94.9 t allied forms. Of these, Selar calla is the chief spe (1981-82). At Malpe, it was 104.6 t during cies contributing to around 80-90% of the carangid 1981-82. Landings were generally good during catch. February-March at both the centres. Ribbon fishes, represented by two species Cephalopods Trichiurus lepturus and T.savala, formed 2.1% Squids (Loligo duuacelli) and cuttle fish (Sepia respectively at Mangalore and Malpe. Bulk of the aculeata, Sepiella inermis and Sepia pharaonis) catch was obtained during April-May and represent this group in the order of their abun September - October. dance. Cephalopods contributed less than 1% in the Lizard liaii Saurida tumbil formed 1.9''o and annual trawl landings at both the centres. The 3.0".> respti lively at these centre. Catches were annual catch was 10.6 t and 60.6 t at Mangalore fairly gooti during March-May. and 40.3 t at Malpe. Better catches were obtained during December-March. Cat fishes occured fairly in good quantities during March-May and contributed to 1.4% and Marketing and disposal. 1.8% respectively at Mangalore and Malpe. Arius To facilitate auctioning, different category of tenuispinus (size ranging from 15 to 35 cm) was the prawns, quality fishes, crabs etc. are sorted out on abundant species. board before arriving at the landing site. The cat ches, immediately on arrival, are taken out for dis Among fishes, pomfrets are more in demand posal. If the boats are financed by Government and hence highly priced. It occured as stray num agencies, auctioning is conducted by South bers and formed less than 1 percent. It is repre Kananra Co-operative Fish Marketing Federation sented by Apolectus niger (black pomfret) and and 50% of the amount realised is adjusted towards Pampus argenteus (silver pomfret). the repayment of the loan, provided the prawn cat Anchovies are caught in small quantities during ches are heavy. Instead, if the prawn catches are April-May and contributed less than 1 percent. low, only 5% of the return is taken as commission Stolephorus battaviensis was the most common by Federation. Auctioning is generally done to fix species. the price of prawns (per kg) landed by different boats, separately. This is done since the quality Elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates) and and size of prawns vary from boat to boat. Even clupieds (Anadontos^oma chacunda, Dussumieria the rates of a single species differ from boat to boat acuta, Hilsa ilisha and Sardinella longiceps) occur in a day. The monthly average auctioning rates "for in stray numbers regularly. different category of prawns are presented in In addition, several species of trash fishes of Table 3. It is seen that the rate ranged from Rs.5 demersal and mid-pelagic nature, are landed in to 14 for P.stylifera. and from Rs.l7 to 71 in the large quantities round the year and formed 22.6% case of P.indicus/P.monodon. 12 Table.3. The average auctioning rates (in Rupees) of different category of prawns at Mangalore during 1980-81 and 1981-82 M.dobsoni M.affinis M.monoceros P.stylifera P.indicus P.monodon September 1980-81 10.96 — — — 36.94 — '81-82 16.00 — — — — — October '80-81 — — — — — — '81-82 — — — — — — November '80-81 — — — — — — '81-82 13.55 27.70 27.70 13.30 32.50 42.50 December '80-81 10.90 — — 11.80 17.00 — '81-82 11.75 28.75 28.75 10.75 37.00 45.60 January '80-81 12.10 23.00 23.00 10.60 25.00 — '81-82 13.00 28.00 28.00 11.00 40.00 55.00 February '80-81 14.20 29.00 18.80 12.80 39.45 48.35 '81-82 16.00 29.00 29.00 14.00 42.00 58.00 March '80-81 13.20 25.50 26.45 12.65 39.80 44.50 '81-82 13.00 26.00 26.00 10.50 43.00 55.00 April '80-81 14.35 25.00 26.40 12.95 40.00 — '81-82 13.50 30.00 30.75 10.25 57.75 — May '80-81 12.00 — — 5.00 38.00 — '81-82 16.40 38.00 — 10.00 71.00 — June '80-81 — — — — — — '81-82 16.50 — — 9.40 •— ~ In addition, there are a good number of boats selling them to fish meal plants/as manure at a owned by private parties (In Mangalore, more than premium. 100 units are private and at Maipe, except a few, all Similarly, cephalopods are purchased by agents the boats are owned by private agencies). Prawn directly from the boats and supplied to processing catches of these units are booked by agents by units. financing huge sums. Normally, they take the prawn catch at a reduced rate. Later, the prawns are sold to local freezing plants at higher prices by some agents, while others send them to Cochin by train in crushed ice in bamboo baskets reinforced i on sides by coconut leaves/mats made of palmyra leaves. 1 . IMO-(> i: Crabs and quality fishes are- auctioned by 1i h IMI-M Federation/fishermen in the landing centre itself ! immediately on arrival. Generally a few baskets are taken out and auctioned as a lot. These fishes » tTOMMorOOt ; • eim»uii»oot /crabs are purchased by fisherwomen/merchants 9- riwii /cycle venders etc., who in turn take them to the nearby markets or transport them in crushed ice to interior markets for immediate consumption. If the n catches are heavy, some of the fishes like silver bel 1t I 4 > t s « s lies, soles, Lactarius, carangids, cat fish, anchovies M*N(*LORr MALPE etc., are salted and dried/sun dried for future sale. The stomtopods are purchased by agents who Fig. 7. Value of the major categories Inded by shrimp traw supply them to fish meal plants nearby. At Malpe, lers during 1980-81 & 1981-82 at Mangalore and this is sundried and packed in gunny bags before 1981-82 at Malpe. 13 Based on the average price, the total estimated two-fold increse in fishing effort within a decade. value realised in rupees was 12.5 million during The heavy expbitation of prawn resources is conti 1980-81 at Mangalore. During 1981-82, the total nuing and although there has not been any serious amount realised was 21.3 million which was 70.3% depletion of the resources, considerable strain on more than that obtained during the previous season the exploited stock is evident, resulting in wide (Fig.7). This was due to enhanced catches of fluctuations in the catches. However, prawns being prawns and other fish groups resulting in better an annual stock, it may be possible for the resource returns. At Maipe, the total value realised was 12.4 to recover by the strength of the new recruits every million rupees. In the total value, prawns alone year despite heavy fishing. The breeding migration contributed upto 75% at Mangalore and 72.3% at of females of prawns, annual forced closure of the Malpe. The next important group was fishes fet fishing during the period of the south west mon ching around 20% of the total value followed by sto- soon and the limited period of the fishing season matopods, crabs and cephalopods. (December-May) together with the restricted ope rations of trawls within 40 m depth are some of the General Remarks biological and fishery controlled factors favourable It is interesting to note that prawns alone con for the resources to replenish its stock. In view of tributed around 70-75% of the total value realised, all these, although there has been fluctuation of the although it formed only 13% of the annual average catches, showing very low returns in some years, it trawl catch. Due to the ever-increasing demand may not lead to any serious depletion of the resour for prawns from the processing industry, there has ces, atleast in the near future, necessitating any been a tendency to increase the number of trawl urgent conservatory measures. However, a close units since the beginning of seventies resulting in a monitoring of the situation is essential. INDUCED SPAWNING AND LARVAL REARING OF CRASSOSTREA MADRASENSIS (PRESTON) IN THE LABORATORY* The technology of culturing the edible oyster (a mixed culture of diatoms and Chlorella). The Crassostrea madrasensis by rack-and-tray oysters are then transferred to water at tempera method has been developed by the Central Marine ture above ambient level i.e., 30°C-32°C. When Fisheries Research Institute at Tuticorin. For car so treated the oysters usually spawn. To ensure rying out oyster culture more effectively it is neces spawning in females, sperm suspension from a ripe sary that hatchery techniques are evolved so that male is provided in the medium as an additional sti oyster seed could be adequately produced and sup mulus. The spawning process is generally over plied for a continuous culture system. within 5 to 20 minutes which depends on the condi tion of the gonad. The gametes are transferred to Investigations on induced spawning and rearing a 10 -1 beaker containing seawater specially filtered of the oyster have been taken up at the Institute's through cartridges. The fertilised eggs settle at the hatchery laboratory at Tuticorin. For the first time bottom and undergo further development. in India spat of Crassostrea madraser^sis have been produced on a large scale in August, 1982 in the Larval rearin3:The first cleavage of the egg fol laboratory. lows immediately after the appearance of the second polar body and successive divisions occur Spawning: Oysters selected for spawning are quickly. At the end of 3J4 hours the morula stage is conditioned for 24 to 48 hours at temperatures of 20°C to 22°C in an air-conditioned room. During 'Prepared by K.Nagappan Nayar, M.E.Rajapandian,- A.Dei- this period the oysters arc fed with phytoplankters vendra Gandhi and C.P.Gopinathan. 14 ''•If. •' *#;*,''*»'^:9$| ".•'/* A H i I • i - ,( < • t ,-!'• I-',,! i •' ,•,,,' :J • M reached. After further development, the straight- yu and 310/u along DVM and between 250/U and 275 - hinge or 'D' shell larval stage is reached at the yU along APM. On the 18th day the larva starts end of 20 hours (Fig.lA). The larva is semi-tra crawling with the foot and becomes pediveliger nsparent with the velum creating a strong ciliary (Fig.ID). The larva measures 350 ^l along DVM current which directs minute particles of food into and 310 yu along APM. Subsequently the pediveli- the stomodaeum. On an average the larva measu gers settle to lead a sessile life. The velum totally res 50 ,u along DVM (dorsoventral measurement) disappears and the labial palps and gills start appe and 66 la along APM (anteroposterior measure aring. This is known as plantigrade stage. Thereaf ment) on the first day. On the 3rd day the larva ter the larvae develop the characteristic adult becomes slightly oval in shape and measures 95 u features and metamorphose into spat (Fig.IE). The along DVM and 100 yu along APM. On the 7th day young spat measures 450 /u along DVM. On the the larva attains the umbone stage and measures whole, the development is completed within 19 days more along DVM than APM and the shell grows by after fertilisation. addition of ridges. The larva measures on an aver age 150 u along DVM and 110 « along APM at this The larvae from straight-hinge stage were fed stage (Fig.IB). with hochrysis ga/bana cultured in the laboratory under controlled temperature. Further work is in The larva attains eyed stage on the 17th day. progress to standardise methods for producing oys The foot is slightly developed with a tuft of cilia at ter spat on a large scale. the tip (Fig.lC). The larva measures between 295 DESTRUCTION OF EGGS OF CATFISHJACHYSURUS TENUISPINIS BY PURSE SEINERS AT KARWAR* The unwarranted destruction of huge quanti ties of eggs of catfish, Tachysurus tenuispinis by Date Catch of Eggs purse seiners in 1980 at Mangalore, Malpe and T.tenuispinis (kg) Gangoli of Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka Adults (kg) and its grave consequences was highlighted earlier in these columns (Mar. Fish. Infor. Serv. T&E 22nd September 1982 200 — S> 1 Ser,24 1980). In view of this, it was expected that 23rd 4,000 175 due care would be exercised in the fishery by purse 24th )» * 3,500 120 It » seiners, especially during September and October 25th 9,000 775 >i > which happens to be the spawning season for T.te- 26th 61,000 2,050 9> > nuispinis. But this year also the same catastrophe is 27th 5,000 175 being repeated. There seems to be no regulation 29th )> > 14,000 575 » f on the purse seine fleet operating in Uttar Kannada 30th 14,000 — region in order to avoid indiscriminate fishing. 8th October 2,000 225 9th )) » 1,000 110 During September 1982 these seiners operating 10th 91 9 7,100 525 from Karwar landed catfish T.tenuispinis aking with nth >> J 7,200 550 eggs in large quantities. The eggs landed amounted 14th l> » 100 15 to 3.9 tonnes between 23rd and 29th September 21st 8,000 850 and again weighing 2.3 tonnes from 8th to 21st October. The catch details arc given below: Total 1.36,100 6,145 These fishes were caught in the region 45-50 'Prepared by M.H.Dhulkhed, S.Hanumantharaya and N.Chan- km north and south, almost equidistant from nappa Gowda. 16 Fig. 1. Catch of catfish T.tenuispinis with incubating eggs Fig. 2. Eggs of T.tenuispinis in baskets for disposal. landed by purse seiner at Karwar. Karwar in the depth range of 20-30 m. The total seines during the operations. It was the first time length ranged frgm 210 mm to 390 mm with modes that eggs in mouth incubating condition in such at 310 mm, 330 mm and 350 mm, about 3,000 nos huge quantities were landed at Karwar (Fig.2). weighing 1 tonne (Fig.l). The price varied from There being no demand for these eggs, their Rs.22 to Rs.50 per 100 nos. The fishermen had disposal posed a problem and this was solved easily better financial returns initially. Later the prices by discarding them either on the wharf or dumping slumped because of catch of other fishes. As there them into the Baithkal cove. is a limited local market for consumption in fresh condition, practically all the catches were packed in ice and transported by lorries to Mangalore and It was estimated that 4.3 million eggs were further south. Some found their way to Bombay destroyed in this process, and the enormity of the markets also. destruction to the resource could very well be ima gined. In view of this, it is felt that the indiscrimi Almost all the catch consisted of males, most nate fishing of these catfishes with incubating eggs of them carrying eggs in their mouth. The should be curbed without any further delay, in maximum number of eggs counted in the mouth of order to save the resource from complete deple a single fish was as high as 46, with diameter tion. Steps may have to be taken on priority basit varying from 10 to 12 mm. The estimated catch of in educating the fishermen about the adverse eggs amounted to 4.5% of the total catch of effects this sort of indiscriminate destruction oi T.tenuispinis. It is likely that large quantities of mature fishes and incubating eggs might have on eggs must have escaped through the meshes of the the resource. 17 SCIENTIFIC. COMMON AND LOCAL NAMES OF COMMERCIALLY IMPORTANT MARINE FISHES AND SHELL FISHES OF MAHARASHTRA AND GUJARAT COASTS* Very often many fishery entrepreneurs and and molluscs commonly occurring in the Maharash workers seek information on the scientific, popular tra and Gujarat regions. It is felt that the present and local names of commercially important fishes in account would meet the long felt need and fill up the different regions in connection with their trade the gaps in the information available to the indu or studies. Kulkarni (Jour. Bomb. Nat. Hist. Soc. stry. The scientific names of fishes are mostly as 51, 1953) gave an account of these names of fishes given in F.A.O. identification sheets (1974). The of Maharashtra and Gujarat rigion. Since then, species listed below eure given in the alphabetical with the advent of mechanisation of crafts and order, under 28 major groups. The author is gre gear, the fishing operations have extended to atly thankful to cdl his colleagues at the Bombay deeper and distant waters which have added many Research Centre for their co-operation in prepa species of fishes to those already recorded. This ring this list. He is also deeply thankful to the has necessitated preparation of a fresh account Director, CMFR Institute, Cochin for his encou incorporating the latest scientific names and widely ragement, valuable suggestions and guidance in the used popular and local names of fishes, crustaceans preparation of this article. GROUP SL. SCIENTIFIC POPULAR NAME LOCAL NAME/NAMES NO,. NAME MARATHI GUJARATI I ELASMO- 1. Chilosci/lHum Ridge-back BRANCHS mdicum cat-shark Mushi Musia a. Sharks 2. Carcharhinus Black finned shark/ melanopterus Black tip shark Mori Mossikhada 3. Galeocerdo cuvieri Tiger-shark Waghbeer Pattari 4. Rhincodon typus Whale - shark Massa Barrel 5. Scoliodon laticau- Sharp nosed shark/Sonmushi Sandho dus Yellow dog-shark 6. Rhizoprionodon Grey dog-shark Balda/Pisori Pisori acutus 7. Sph}^rna zyqaena Round-headed Kan mushi/ Kan moosi/ hammer head shark Kaner/Kaneri Kaner 8. Stegostoma Zebra shark Mushi/shinavale Musia fasciatum b.Skates 9. Anoxi/pristis Pointed saw-fish Nali/Win Chhurio/veher cuspidata 10. Rhynchobatus Guitar fish/white Ranja/Lanj/Pok Bhuther/ djiddensis spotted shovelnose Dhons ray 11. Rhinobatus -do- Granulated shovel — -do- granulatus nose ray C.Rays 12. Aetobatus narinari Spotted eagle ray Wagali Wagaliu 13. Aetomj^laeus Bat ray Bolad Wagaliu maculatus 14. Himantura uarnak Marbled sting ray Whaghya pakat Tarabla/Boor/ Warkhol Patari 15. Himantura bleekeri Whip-tail sting ray -do- -do- 16. Mobula diabolus Devil ray Karaj Warala/ Warabo •Prepared by J.P.Karbhari 18 EELS 17. Congresox Common eel/Indian Wam Wam talabonoides pike-conger 18. Gymnothorax Black eel Kilis Kalas/Naro pseudothyrsoidea Ill CATFISHES 19. Batrachocephalus Frog headed cat Shingala Khagadi mine fish 20. Tachysurus sona Dusky catfish Shingala KhagEv/Shingada 21. Tachysurus jella Small eye catfish Shingala Dharawa 22. Tachysurus Marine catfish Shingati Shingati dussumieri IV CLUPEOIDS a.Wolf Herring 23. Chirocentrus dorab Silver bar/Dorab Datali/Karli Dai/Lapadi wolf - herring b.Oil Sardine 24. Sardinella /ongiceps Indian oil sardine Tarali/ Heud/ Kanat Tarali c.Other 25. Sardinella fimbriata Fringe-Scale Pedwa Pedvi- Sardines sardine d.Hilsa shad 26. Hilsa ilisha Indian shad/ Palla/Pala Chakshi/ Hilsa shad Chaski e.Other shads 27. Hika toli Giant herring/ Bhing Modar/Palwa Toli shad f.Anchovies 28. Coilia dussumieri Golden anchovy Mandeli Mandeli 29. Stolephorus Batavian anchovy/ Katali Phansti batauiensis White bait 30. Thryssa mystax Mustached anchovy/Kati Palli Mustached thryssa 31. Thryssa rrialabarica Malabar anchovy/ Kati Palli Malabar thryssa g.Other 32. Escualosa thora- White sardine Bhiljee Motwa/Bhanjee Clupeoids cata 33. Ilisha blongata Slender Shad/ Katali/Kati Phansti/Palee Elongate ilisha 34. Ilisha megaloptera Jewelled shad/ Kati Kati/Paturdo Bigeye ilisha 35. Opisthopterus Long-finned her Kati Kati tardoore ring/Tardoore 36. Pellona ditchela Indian pelk>na Kati Kati V BOMBAY 37. Harpodon neher— Bombay duck Bombil Bumla/Gulchi DUCK eus VI LIZARD 38. Saurida tumbil Greater Lizard/ Chor Bombil Chor Bumla FISHES -fish VII HALF BEAKS 39. Rhyr\chorhamphus Half beak gar fish Sumb/Tol Tolj/Kagada/ & FULL gcorgii Kunga BEAKS 40. Strongylura Full beak gar fish -do- -do- strongylura vni FLYING 41. Cypselurus coma— Flying fish Kathala Jira FISHES ius 42 Exocoetus v 19 46. Promicrops Giant grouper -do- -do- lanceolatus b.Snappers 47. Lutianus johni Snapper Chavari tamb Gurka tamb 48. Lutianus Red snapper Tambusa Ratado argentimaculatus c.Pig-face Bre-49. Lethrinus frenatus Bridled pig-face Dhamil Dhamil/ ams (Emperors) bream Chuncha d.Threadfin 50. Nemipterus Japanese threadfin Rani/Bamni Rani breams japonicus bream e.Other 51. Argyrops spinifer Long-spined red Kishi/Lal Kishi/Chayo Perches bream Kishi 52. Drepane punctata Moon-fish/Spotted Chand Chand bat - fish 53. Ephippus orbis Spade fish Vada Vada 54. Lates calcarifer Cock-up/Giant Fitadar/Khajura Bekti/Gariyu sea perch 55. Lobotes surinamensiisTripl e tail Katkola Katkola 56. M^lio berda Black sea bream/ Khadak palu/ Kharapla/ picnic sea bream Kali kishi Kali Kishi 57. Pomadasys Spotted grunter Karkara Karkara maculatus 58. Pomadasi/s hasta Lined silver grunter Karkara Karkara 59. Scatophagus argus Spotted butter fish Kaski Kaski Therapon 60. Therapon jarbua Crescent perch/ Naveri hajam Naida/ Tiger-perch Garangeta X GOATFISHES 61. Upeneus sulphur— Yellow goat-fish Chiri/Rana Chiri eus Indian Salmon/Four Rawas Rawas XI THREADFINS 62. Eleutheronema tetradact^lum thread tassel fish 63. Poli;nemus indicus Monk fish/Giant Dara/Darha Dara/Dadha threadfin 64. Polvnemus Seven thread Shende Shiri heptadact^lus tassel fish XU CROAKERS 65. Johnieops sina Drab jew fish Dhoma/Dhomi Dhoma (DRUMS) 66. Johnieops Jew fish Dhoma/Dhomi Dhoma macrorhynus 67. Johnius dussumieri1 Croaker Dhoma/Dhomi Dhoma 68. Johnius uogleri Croaker Dhoma/Dhomi Dhoma 69. Otolithes cuuieri Lesser tiger tooth- Dhoma/Dhomi Dhoma ed croaker 70. Otolithoides Dori/Bronze Koth Koth biauritus croaker 71. Protonibea Jew-fish/Spotted Ghol Ghol diacanthus croaker XUl RIBBONFISHES 72. Lepturacanthus Sliver ribbon fish/ Wagti/Bala Patti/Ribbon (HAIRTAILS) savala small headed hairtail 73. Trichiurus lepturui; Grey ribbon fish/ Baga Baga lepturus Large headed hair tail XIV CARANGIDS 74. Megalaspis cord^/la Horse mackerel/ Kati bangada Khadwo/Kati a. Horse Torpedo trevally/. bangada mackerel Hardtail scad b.Scads 75. Decapterus russelli Russell's scad Pilla bangada Pira bangada c.Leather-Jac;-76 . Scomberoides /ysan Port-hole fish/ Dagol/ Falai Sug/Chabia kets (Queenfish) leather skin 20 d.Other 77. Alepes djeddaba Djeddaba scad Kakari bangada Khadwo Carangids bangada 78. Alepes Kalla Golden scad Lalbi-Shitap Lai bangada 79. Atropus atr<^us Kuweh trevally Zhat bangada Khadwo bangada 80. Coryphaena Dolphin-fish Himra massa Himra machhi hippurus 81. Caranx sex/ascia— Six banded trevally/Kala bangada Kala bangada tus Dusky jack 82. Rachycentron Black king-fish Sakla/Muddus Modasa canadus 83. Selar Big-eye scad Karaba bangada Karaba crumenopthalmus bangada XV SILVERBELLI-84. Leiognathus Splendid ponyfish Katali/Kappi Kataii ES (PONY splendens FISHES) XVI BIG-JAWED 85. Lactarius lactarius Big-jawed jumper/ Saundala Dhangari/Katii JUMPER (FA False trevally/white LSE TREVA- fish LLY) XVII POMFRETS 86. Apolectus niger Black pomfret Hakva Halwa/Adadio a.Black Pomfret b.Silver Pomfret87. Pampus argenteus Silver pomfret Saranga/Paplet VichudVPaplet C.Chinese 88. Pampus chirxensis Chinese pomfret Kalwad/Kafri Pathu/Kafri Pomfret xvm MACKERELS 89. Rastrelliger Indian mackerel Bangada Bangada kanagurta XIX SEER FISHES a.Narrow-Bar- 90. Scomberomorus Barred seer fish Surmai/ Towar/ Surmai/Chhapri red Spanish commerson Anjari mackerel b.Indo-Pacific 91. Scomberomorus Spotted seer fish -do -do- Spanish guttatus mackerel c.Streaked 92. Scomberomorus Streaked seer fish do- -do- Spanish lineolatus mackerel XX TUNNIES a.Little Tuna 93. Euthynrxus affinis Little tuna/Mack— Bugudi/Kuppa/ Gedara erel tuna Gedar b.Frigate and 94. Auxis thazard Frigate mackerel -do- -do- Bullet Mackerel c.Skipjack Tuna95. Katsuwonus Skipjack tuna/ -do- -do- Pelamis Striped tuna d.Othcr Tunnies96. Thunrxus albacares Yellow-fin tuna -do- -do- XXI BILLFISHES 97. /sftop/iorus gladius Indian sail fish Tadmasa Kunga/ Tadmachhi 98. Xiphias gladius Sword fish -do- -do- XXII BARRACUDA 99. Sphyraerxa jello Banded Barracuda/ Badri/Ghalse . Bhungar Sea pike XXIII MULLETS 100 . Mugil cephalus Flathead Grey Boita/Sherto/ Boi/Bhomat/ mullet Boi/Pilas Gandhia 101 . Valamugil speigleri Speiglar's Grey Mangin/Boir Mangan/Boi mullet 21 XXIV UNICORN 102. Bregmaceros Unicorn cod/ Tenali/ Netali Chirii COD Macclellendii Indian cod XXV FLATFISHES a. Halibut 103. Psettodes erumei Indian turbot/ Zhipali/Bhakas Hario/Dataro Indian halibut b.Flounders 104. Pseudorhombus Largetooth Lepti/Lep/ Jipti/Jeebhti arsius flounder Jeebhti c.Soles 105. Ci^noglossus dubius Tongue sole Gipti/Lep/Shivra Gipti/Jeebhti 106. Ci>noglossus Malabar tongue Shivra/Lep Gipti/Jeeb macrostamus sole XXVI GOBIES AND 107. Awaous stamineus Scribbled goby Kharbi/Nevta Nevta/Lepta MUDSKIPPERS 108. Boleophthalmus Mud skipper Nivti Levti dussumieri 109. Boleophthalmus -do- -do- -do- boddaerti 110. Parachoetuhchthys Gobies Kharbi/Nevta Nevta/Lepta ocellatus XXVII CRUSTACEANS a.Penaeid Pra 111. Metapenaeus Indian prawn Chamari/Kapsi Chamari/Kapsi wns; Littoral monoceros species 112. Metapenaeus affinis Indian prawn Medium Kolabi Medium Samadi 113. Metapenaeus Yellow prawn -do- -do- brevicornis 114. Metapenaeus Kutch prawn -do- Kutchii zhinga kutchensis (Confined to Gujarat only) 115. Parapenaeopsis Spear prawn Kolbi Kolami hardwickii 116. Parapenaeopsis Rainbow prawn -do- -do- sculptilis 117. Parapenaeopsis Kiddi prawn Karkari Karkari sts/lifera 118. Penaeus indicus Indian white prawn Zinga/Safet Jimbo 119. Penaeus monodon Tiger prawn Tiger Tiger 120. Penaeus japonicus Kuruma prawn/ Kuruma kolabi Kuruma kolami Flower 121. Solenocera Coastal mud Goinar Goinar crassicornis prawn b.Non Penaeid 122. Acetes indicus Paste shrimp Jawala (Kutta) Jawala (Kuto) Prawns 123. Hippolvsmata Hunter shrimp/ Ghobi Ghobi ensirostris pink prawn 124. Palaemon tenuipes Shrimp Ambadi/ Kardi Ambadi/Karadi 125. Palaemon stylifera Shrimp -do- -do- c.Lobsters; Li -126. Panulirus Rock lobster/ Shevand Titan ttoral species poliiphagus Spiny lobster 127. Thenus orientalis Sand lobster Phatphati Kako d.Crabs 128. Chari>bdis cruciata Cross crab Ghodi/Khekhada Sandaria/ - Karachia 129. Portunus pelagicus Reticulate crab/ -do- -do- Blue crab 130. Portunus Spotted crab -do- -do- sanguinolentus 22 131. Sc\jlla serrata Stone crab/Giant Chimbori Karachli green crab e.Stomatopods 132. Oratosquilla nepa Mantis shrimp Hijada Hijara XXVlll MOLLUSCS a.Bivalves 133. Crassostrea Edible loyster Kalaw Kalu grvphoides 134. Crassostrea -do- -do- -do CNcu//afa 135. Crassostrea -do- -do- -do- discoidea 136. Meretrix meretrix Clams Shivali/Tigri Chhipla 137. Paphia malabarica -do- -do- -do 138. Tapes spp. -do- -do- -do b.Cephalopods 139. Loligo duvauceli Squid Nala/Makul Narsinga/ Ranga 140. Sepia aculeata Cuttle fish Makul/Bahi Narsinga/ Rangara 141. Sepia pharaonis ^do~ -do- -do 142. Sepiella inermis Cuttle fish Makali Dedaki NEWS-INDIA AND OVERSEAS Age determination of shrimp by measuring cel this would be of far reaching consequence as it lular garbage would be useful in assessing the stocks and resour Scientists have long sought a foolproof method ces of shrimps including the potential krill resour for determining the age of insects and crustaceans. ces of Antarctica. A possible solution has been reported by an Fishing harbour development in Tamil Nadu Australian Zoologist, Dr.George Ettershank from Monash University in Melbourne. He has developed Government of Tamil Nadu has approved the a new technique for determining the age of animals construction of a fishing harbour at Chinnamuttam as diverse as fleas and shrimps. It involves measu in Kanyakumari district with berthing facilities for ring the level of some fluorescent pigments called 240 mechanised boats and 10 trawlers at a cost ol lipofuscins, which gather in the cells of the animals Rs.23.4 million and another at Valinokkam in as a byproduct of metabolic processes. In other Ramanathapuram district with landing facilities for words lipofuscins are the "cellular garbage" that 150 mechanised boats costing Rs.7.7 million. These collects in the cells of aging animals. projects are expected to be completed in 1985 and 1983 respectively. The lipofuscins in an insect or a crustacean tis sue could easily be extracted by solvents and Proposals have also been made to construct a measured by a spectrofluorimeter. The level of this fishing harbour at Pazhayar in Thanjavur district at would indicate the physiological age of the animal. a cost of Rs.6 million and another at Thondi in Thus, according to Dr. Ettershank, whose research Ramanathapuram district at a cost of about Rs,9 was sponsored by the Victorian Economic Develop million. Plans to acquire more mechanised fishing ment Corporation, an age old problem of insect age boats, in view of the possibilities of increasing the determination has been solved by choosing the exploitation and production from the marine sector, level of lipofuscins as a metabolic marker. The are under con'sideration. technique is equally applicable to crustaceans and Compiled and prepared by M.J.Georgc, G.Subbaraju and S.K.Dharmaraja. Published by Dr.M.J.George, Senior Scientist on behalf of the Director,Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Cochin-682 018. Phototypeset and printed at PAICO, Cochin 31.