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Exotic Species in the Aegean, Marmara, Black, Azov and Caspian Seas

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Exotic Species in the Aegean, Marmara, Black, Azov and Caspian Seas EXOTIC SPECIES IN THE AEGEAN, MARMARA, BLACK, AZOV AND CASPIAN SEAS Edited by Yuvenaly ZAITSEV and Bayram ÖZTÜRK EXOTIC SPECIES IN THE AEGEAN, MARMARA, BLACK, AZOV AND CASPIAN SEAS All rights are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means without the prior permission from the Turkish Marine Research Foundation (TÜDAV) Copyright :Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (Turkish Marine Research Foundation) ISBN :975-97132-2-5 This publication should be cited as follows: Zaitsev Yu. and Öztürk B.(Eds) Exotic Species in the Aegean, Marmara, Black, Azov and Caspian Seas. Published by Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul, TURKEY, 2001, 267 pp. Türk Deniz Araştırmaları Vakfı (TÜDAV) P.K 10 Beykoz-İSTANBUL-TURKEY Tel:0216 424 07 72 Fax:0216 424 07 71 E-mail :[email protected] http://www.tudav.org Printed by Ofis Grafik Matbaa A.Ş. / İstanbul -Tel: 0212 266 54 56 Contributors Prof. Abdul Guseinali Kasymov, Caspian Biological Station, Institute of Zoology, Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences. Baku, Azerbaijan Dr. Ahmet Kıdeys, Middle East Technical University, Erdemli.İçel, Turkey Dr. Ahmet . N. Tarkan, University of Istanbul, Faculty of Fisheries. Istanbul, Turkey. Prof. Bayram Ozturk, University of Istanbul, Faculty of Fisheries and Turkish Marine Research Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey. Dr. Boris Alexandrov, Odessa Branch, Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, National Academy of Ukraine. Odessa, Ukraine. Dr. Firdauz Shakirova, National Institute of Deserts, Flora and Fauna, Ministry of Nature Use and Environmental Protection of Turkmenistan. Ashgabat, Turkmenistan. Dr. Galina Minicheva, Odessa Branch, Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, National Academy of Ukraine. Odessa, Ukraine. Mrs. Ludmila Terenko, Odessa Branch, Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, National Academy of Ukraine. Odessa, Ukraine. Dr. Ludmila Vorobyova, Odessa Branch, Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, National Academy of Ukraine. Odessa, Ukraine. Dr. Nuri Basusta, Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Fisheries . Hatay, Turkey. Dr. Veysel Aysel, Aegean University, Science Faculty. İzmir, Turkey. Prof. Yuvenaly Zaitsev, Odessa Branch, Institute of Biology of Southern Seas, National Academy of Ukraine. Odessa, Ukraine. Acknowledgments We are very grateful to all our colleagues and friends, marine biologists, whose materials have been used in this book. We are grateful to Dr. Ayaka Amaha Öztürk for her valuable comments and to Ann Alexandrova for the coloured cover page. C O N T E N T S Page Executive Summary ……………………………………………………. 6 Introduction and General Remarks …………………………………….. 9 Chapter 1. The Aegean Sea …………………………………………… Physical Geography, Biology, Ecology ……………………………… 10 Exotic species…………………………………………………………… 13 Plants Achanthophora muscoides ……………………………………………… 13 Caulerpa racemosa …………………………………………………….. 14 Codium fragile ………………………………………………………. ... 16 Ganonema farinosum ………………………………………………...... 17 Laurencia intermedia ………………………………………………….. 19 Invertebrates Callinectes sapidus ……………………………………………………… 20 Mnemiopsis leidyi ………………………………………………….……. 21 Rapana thomasiana …………………………………………………….. 23 Fishes Alepes djeddaba ………………………………………………………… 24 Atherinamorus lacunosus ………………………………………….…… 26 Gambusia affinis holbrooki …………………………………………….. 27 Hemiramphus far ……………………………………………………….. 29 Lagocephalus spadiceus ……………………………………………….. 30 Leiognathus klunzingeri ……………………………………………….. 32 Liza carinata …………………………………………………………… 33 Mugil soiuy …………………………………………………………….. 35 Parexocoetus mento …………………………………………………….. 36 Pempheris vanicolensis ………………………………………………… 38 Sargocentron rubrum …………………………………………………… 39 Saurida undosquamis …………………………………………………… 41 Scomberomorus commerson ……………………………………………. 42 Siganus luridus ………………………………………………………… 44 Siganus rivulatus ……………………………………………………….. 46 Sphyraena chrysotaenia ……………………………………………….. 47 Stephanolepis diaspros ………………………………………………… 49 Upeneus moluccensis ………………………………………………….. 50 Additional Information to Chapter 1 …………………………………... 53 Chapter 2. The Sea of Marmara .......................................................... Physical Geography, Biology, Ecology ………………………………. 57 Exotic species…………………………………………………………... 60 2 Page Plants Rhizosolenia calcar-avis ……………………………………………. 60 Invertebrates Anadara inaequivalvis ……………………………………………… 61 Mya arenaria………………………………………………………… 62 Marsupenaeus japonicus …………………………………………… 63 Mnemiopsis leidyi ………………………………………………….. 64 Rapana thomasiana ……………………………………………….. 66 Sirpus zariqieyi …………………………………………………….. 67 Teredo navalis ………………………………………….…………. 67 Fishes Gambusia affinis holbrooki ………………………………………… 69 Mugil soiuy …………………………………………………………. 70 Additional Information to Chapter 2 ………………………………. 72 Chapter 3. The Black Sea ................................................................. Physical Geography, Biology, Ecology …………………………… 73 Exotic species……………………………………………… 79 Plants Alexandrium monilatum …………………………………………… 79 Desmarestia viridis ………………………………………………… 81 Gymnodinium uberrimum ………………………………………….. 82 Mantoniella squamata ……………………………………………… 84 Phaeocystis pouchettii ……………………………………………… 86 Rhizosolenia calcar-avis …………………………………………… 88 Invertebrates Acartia tonsa ……………………………………………………….. 89 Anadara inaequivalvis …………………………………………….. 92 Balanus eburneus ………………………………………………….. 93 Balanus improvisus ………………………………………………… 95 Beroe cucumis ……………………………………………………… 98 Blackfordia virginica ……………………………………………….. 101 Callinectes sapidus ………………………………………………… 103 Crassostrea gigas …………………………………………………. 104 Doridella obscura ………………………………………………….. 106 Eriocheir sinensis …………………………………………………. 108 Hesionides arenarius ……………………………………………… 109 Mercierella enigmatica ……………………………………………. 111 Mnemiopsis leidyi …………………………………………………. 113 Mya arenaria ………………………………………………………. 117 Perigonimus megas ……………………………………………….. 119 3 Page Potamopyrgus jenkinsi ……………………………………………… 121 Rapana thomasiana ………………………………………………… 122 Rithropanopaeus harrisii tridentata ………………………………. 125 Teredo navalis ……………………………………………………… 126 Urnatella gracilis …………………………………………………. 128 Fishes Gambusia affinis holbrooki ……………………………………….. 130 Hypophthalmichthys molytrix …………………………………….. 131 Lepomis gibbosus …………………………………………………. 132 Mugil soiuy ………………………………………………………… 134 Additional Information to Chapter 3 ………………………………. 136 Chapter 4. The Sea of Azov.............................................................. Physical Geography, Biology, Ecology ………………………….. 139 Exotic species………………………………………………………. 143 Plants Rhizosolenia calcar-avis …………………………………………… 143 Invertebrates Anadara inaequivalvis ……………………………………………… 145 Balanus improvisus …………………………………………………. 146 Beroe cucumis ……………………………………………………… 148 Callinectes sapidus …………………………………………………. 149 Doridella obscura ………………………………………………….. 150 Mercierella enigmatica …………………………………………….. 152 Mnemiopsis leidyi …………………………………………………. 153 Mya arenaria ………………………………………………………. 155 Perigonimus megas ………………………………………………... 156 Rapana thomasiana ………………………………………………… 158 Rithropanopaeus harrisii tridentatus ………………………………. 159 Teredo navalis ………………………………………………………. 161 Urnatella gracilis ………………………………………………….. 162 Fishes Mugil soiuy ………………………………………………………… 163 Additional Information to Chapter 4 ………………………………. 165 Chapter 5. The Caspian Sea.......................................................... 167 Physical Geography, Biology, Ecology …………………………. 167 Exotic species……………………………………………………… 171 Plants Rhizosolenia calcar-avis …………………………………………… 171 Invertebrates Acartia clausi ………………………………………………………. 171 Balanus eburneus …………………………………………………… 173 4 Page Balanus improvisus ………………………………………………… 175 Barentsia benedeni ………………………………………………… 177 Blackfordia virginica ………………………………………………. 178 Conopeum seurati …………………………………………………. 180 Corrophium volutator ……………………………………………… 182 Hypanis colorata …………………………………………………… 183 Mercierella enigmatica …………………………………………….. 185 Moerizia maeotica …………………………………………………. 186 Mytillaster lineatus ………………………………………………… 188 Nereis diversicolor …………………………………………………. 190 Palaemon adspersus ……………………………………………….. 193 Palaemon elegans ………………………………………………….. 194 Pentacoelum caspicum …………………………………………….. 196 Perigonimus megas ………………………………………………... 197 Pleopis polyphemoides …………………………………………….. 199 Rithropanopaeus harrisii tridentatus ………………………………. 201 Tenellia adspersa …………………………………………………... 203 Fishes Liza aurata …………………………………………………………. 204 Liza saliens …………………………………………………………. 206 Additional Information to Chapter 5 ……………………………….. 208 Discussion …………………………………………………………. 210 Glossary …………………………………………………………… 232 Index ………………………………………………………………. References………………………………………………………….. 5 Executive Summary The geographic chain of intercontinental Eurasian seas, namely the Aegean Sea, the Sea of Marmara, the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, and the Caspian Sea (the abbreviation AMBACS for this system of seas is proposed), bordering on one side the South-Eastern Europe, on the other side the Asia Minor and the Middle Asia, was investigated in the aspect of man-induced exotic (non-native) species. Some part of these species (the most of them) were introduced accidentally by ships or other kinds of human activities, and others were purposely released commercially important species. The majority of the Aegean Sea exotics are originated from the Indo- Pacific-and penetrated into the Eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Aegean Sea through the Suez Canal. Since it is an artificial canal, the species migrating by this way are considered as accidentally man-induced organisms. The Sea of Marmara is under a strong
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