DOCSLIB.ORG

Sturgeons of the Caspian Sea and Ural River

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Photo and image credits: Front Cover: Top left, beluga sturgeon (Huso huso); Top Right: Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii); Bottom: stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus); Todd Stailey, Tennessee Aquarium. Back Cover: “FISH IS OUR TREASURE”, Phaedra Doukakis, Ph. D. IOCS; Page 1: Shannon Crownover, The Nature Conservancy; Page 6, 9, 10, 11: Phaedra Doukakis, Ph. D., IOCS; Page 4, 5, 7 designed by Grace Lewis. Brochure content was developed by Alison Ormsby, Ph.D. and Phaedra Doukakis, Ph. D. with editorial review by Yael Wyner, Ph. D. Layout was designed by Grace Lewis. The brochure was developed under a generous grant from Agip KCO. Agip KCO Tel.: international line: 1, K. Smagulov Street +39 02 9138 3300 Atyrau, 06002 Tel: local lines: Republic of Kazakhstan (+7) 7122 92 3300 Fax: (+7) 7122 92 3310 Designed and printed in Kazakhstan www.agipkco.com Sturgeons of the Caspian Sea and Ural River www.oceanconservationscience.org A Unique and Precious Resource What are Sturgeon? River, other rivers off the Caspian Sea are used by sturgeons for With bony plates called scutes on their bodies and ancestors that reproduction, including the Volga River in Russia and the Kura date to the time of dinosaurs, sturgeons are unusual fish. Unlike River in Azerbaijan. However, dams on the Volga and Kura have other types of fish, sturgeons have scutes instead of scales. blocked sturgeons from being able to migrate upriver, and have changed the quality of the rivers so they are no longer able to support sturgeon reproduction. Reproduction: For sturgeon, the process of mixing female eggs and male sperm to create a fertilized egg that hatches into a baby sturgeon. Caviar is unfertilized sturgeon eggs. Migration: Movement from one area to another area for a purpose such as feeding or reproduction. For example, sturgeon migrate up the Ural River to reproduce. Stellate, beluga and Russian sturgeon. The scutes are the ridges along the back and side of the fish. In addition to blocking migration, dams cause changes in river There are 25 different kinds, or species, of sturgeons in the world. shape and qualities. Some of these changes affect the sturgeons’ Sturgeons live throughout the Northern Hemisphere, including in ability to know where and when to reproduce. The cues or signals the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, Lake Baikal, and the Mississippi River, that sturgeons rely upon to tell them that the conditions are right USA. Six species of sturgeon can be found in the Caspian Sea. for reproduction include river temperature, speed of the flow of the The beluga (scientific name Huso huso) is the largest and most river, and river bottom characteristics. valuable species. All six species use the Ural River, and five of the six species are captured for meat and caviar (sturgeon eggs). One For species like beluga sturgeon, 90% of the natural spawning species, the ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris), is protected. grounds have disappeared. The Ural River is now the only river off the Caspian Sea that does not have a dam that blocks the The River-Sea Connection migration of beluga and other sturgeons. Therefore, the Ural River All sturgeons on earth depend upon freshwater for their survival. is very important, being one of the last great places for Caspian Sea Sturgeons reproduce in freshwater. In addition to the Ural sturgeons and the best hope for the future. 2 3 These are the main steps in the life cycle of a sturgeon in the = town Ural River. N = dam Orenburg 0 200 km 1. Adult sturgeon first must find the right place in the Ural River for reproduction. Baby sturgeon will begin their lives here as eggs. Ural River 2. The eggs settle to the bottom where they hatch into very small V sturgeon after a few days. olga River Atyrau KAZAKHSTAN RUSSIA 1 UZBEKISTAN Caspian Sea GEORGIA 4 2 Kura River ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN 3 TURKMENISTAN IRAN 3. Within a few months, the tiny sturgeon develop into “fingerlings,” drifting and swimming downstream towards the river mouth. Main rivers of the Caspian Sea for beluga sturgeon 4. The young sturgeon gather in the mouth or delta of the Ural The Sturgeon Life Cycle River to eat and grow larger. As they develop into adults, they move There are several stages in the life of a typical sturgeon. Taken as a offshore into coastal waters. After many years in the sea, the adults whole, this process is called the sturgeon life cycle. migrate far up the Ural River to have their young. 4 5 Depending on the kind of Compared with other fish, sturgeons can live sturgeon, it takes 7 to as long a long time and grow to an impressive size. as 20 years for the animals The beluga is considered one of the largest to become old enough to freshwater fish on earth, with the biggest reproduce. During this individual fish recorded at over 6 meters time, the animals live in the in length, nearly 1,300 kg and 118 years Caspian Sea–in the north in old! Beluga need to be at least 12 years old the warmer months and in the before they are able to reproduce, and they 6 m south in colder winter months. do not have young every year. Depending on the species of Sturgeon fingerlings sturgeon, the adult fish return Sturgeons are valued around to the rivers every 2 to 5 years to reproduce. The beluga sturgeon the world for their meat and reproduces only in the upper Ural River at sites 500 to 800 eggs. Caviar is the unfertilized 1.8 m kilometers from the river mouth. eggs of sturgeon. Individual female fish must be killed for A Unique Natural Wonder their caviar. The group of fishes including the sturgeons has a long history. These fishes first appeared over 150 million years ago in the When females are taken for their caviar or males are removed as Jurassic geologic period during the time of the dinosaurs. they enter the Ural River, these fish have not yet had a chance to reproduce. If many The Uses of Sturgeon sturgeons are harvested over In addition to caviar and meat, many parts of sturgeon have a short time, eventually there uses. Glue, also known as isinglass, is made from sturgeon. will be fewer older sturgeon Sturgeon skin can be dried for leather products such as belts and handbags. Parts of sturgeon are thought to have medical and fewer young. properties in treating arthritis and cancer. Sturgeon fishing has a long Sturgeons are unusual fish for many reasons, not just because they history. Some historians are ancient fish that need both river and sea environments to grow trace the origin of caviar to and reproduce. Batu Khan, the grandson of 6 7 Ghengis Kahn, in 1240 AD. Through history, fishing for sturgeon illegal fishing, and the occurred in the Caspian and Black Sea regions, western Europe trade in caviar. In some and North America. In the late 1800s to early 1900s, the east coast areas of the world, of North America was an important center of sturgeon fishing and sturgeon fishing is no caviar production. In this case, too much fishing caused there longer allowed. Illegal to be few sturgeon left to support fishermen. Fishing eventually fishing is still a problem stopped and the species were protected. The focus then shifted to in many areas. Better the Caspian Sea, which had the highest concentration of sturgeon control of fishing and ever recorded for any body of water. international trade can ensure that sturgeons The sturgeon plays survive into the future. a central role in Kazkakhstani society and In the Caspian Sea and culture, with meat and Ural River, scientists caviar served at special and fishermen have events and celebrations. noticed that there are Scientists and guards on the Ural River with In addition, caviar can be not as many sturgeon beluga sturgeon an important part of the as there once were. diet, thought to be very There are currently efforts to control fishing and protect important nutritious especially for sturgeon habitat. Sturgeons are being raised in special places young children. called hatcheries to be released into the Ural River and Caspian Sea. While hatcheries can help, they cannot be the only place Saving Sturgeons where sturgeons reproduce. Reproduction in the natural habitat of In many parts of the world, the Ural River is still very important. there are so few sturgeon left that they may be close to extinction. This Habitat: The place that contains the food, water, shelter is because of pollution, and space necessary for an animal to survive. Visitors at the Fishermen’s Day Festival in river dams, legal and Atyrau celebrating sturgeon 8 9 Remaining Mysteries Where do sturgeons go There are still many to reproduce within the unanswered questions about Ural River? By tracking the life of sturgeons. As the movements of fish in described below, a team of the river, we can find and Kazakhstani and American protect the habitats used researchers has been studying for reproduction. key mysteries of Ural River sturgeons. One important Do individual sturgeon method that is used is marking return to the river where or “tagging” a fish and tracking they were born to its movements. reproduce? It is not known whether sturgeons born Where do sturgeons go once in the Ural River return to they leave the Ural River? It reproduce or if they travel Beluga sturgeon with tag can be very hard to understand to other rivers such as the Researcher puts tag in sturgeon fingerling the habits of aquatic animals in the hatchery Volga or Kura.
Recommended publications
  • The Holocene Occurrence of Acipenser Spp. in the Southern North Sea: the Archaeological Record

    The Holocene Occurrence of Acipenser Spp. in the Southern North Sea: the Archaeological Record

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lirias Journal of Fish Biology (2016) doi:10.1111/jfb.13094, available online at wileyonlinelibrary.com The Holocene occurrence of Acipenser spp. in the southern North Sea: the archaeological record E. Thieren*†, A. Ervynck‡, D. Brinkhuizen§, A. Locker‖ and W. Van Neer*¶ *Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Vautierstraat 29, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium, †Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, KU Leuven, Ch. Debériotstraat 32, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium, ‡Flanders Heritage, Koning Albert II-laan 19 box 5, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium , §Koninginnelaan 18A, 9717 BT, Groningen, The Netherlands and ‖Edifici L’Ingla, Atic 1a, 58 Avenguda del Pessebre, Escaldes-Engordany, AD700, Andorra (Received 3 June 2015, Accepted 23 June 2016) Archaeological sturgeon remains from the southern North Sea basin used to be automatically attributed to Acipenser sturio, since this was the only acipenserid species believed to occur there. These species identifications, however, were in need of revision after a growing number of indications were foundfor the historical presence of Acipenser oxyrinchus in western Europe. In this study, morphological and genetic data on sturgeon remains from archaeological sites along the southern North Sea are revised. A large number of Dutch, Belgian, British and some French archaeological sturgeon remains, dating from the Mesolithic up to Late Modern times, are morphologically examined and fish sizes are reconstructed. This study of >7000 acipenserid bones proves the sympatric occurrence of European sturgeon A. sturio and Atlantic sturgeon A. oxyrinchus in the southern North Sea at least since the Neolithic (fourth millennium BC onwards), with A.
  • Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov

    Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov Selected Works of Chokan Valikhanov

    SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV CHOKAN OF WORKS SELECTED SELECTED WORKS OF CHOKAN VALIKHANOV Pioneering Ethnographer and Historian of the Great Steppe When Chokan Valikhanov died of tuberculosis in 1865, aged only 29, the Russian academician Nikolai Veselovsky described his short life as ‘a meteor flashing across the field of oriental studies’. Set against his remarkable output of official reports, articles and research into the history, culture and ethnology of Central Asia, and more important, his Kazakh people, it remains an entirely appropriate accolade. Born in 1835 into a wealthy and powerful Kazakh clan, he was one of the first ‘people of the steppe’ to receive a Russian education and military training. Soon after graduating from Siberian Cadet Corps at Omsk, he was taking part in reconnaissance missions deep into regions of Central Asia that had seldom been visited by outsiders. His famous mission to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, which began in June 1858 and lasted for more than a year, saw him in disguise as a Tashkent mer- chant, risking his life to gather vital information not just on current events, but also on the ethnic make-up, geography, flora and fauna of this unknown region. Journeys to Kuldzha, to Issyk-Kol and to other remote and unmapped places quickly established his reputation, even though he al- ways remained inorodets – an outsider to the Russian establishment. Nonetheless, he was elected to membership of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society and spent time in St Petersburg, where he was given a private audience by the Tsar. Wherever he went he made his mark, striking up strong and lasting friendships with the likes of the great Russian explorer and geographer Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tian-Shansky and the writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky.
  • Sport-Fish-Identification.Pdf

    Sport-Fish-Identification.Pdf

    Walleye Walleye have two distinct fins on their back, the first with large spines. Lake Sturgeon They have a yellow-olive back, brassy, silvery sides with yellow spots, a white underside, and white on the lower lobe of the tail. Dusky vertical Lake Sturgeon are a Threatened Species due to population size and bars are often found on the body as well. concerns with viability. Lake Sturgeon have a large brown or grey body covered with tough, leather- like tissue and five rows of bony plates. They have a shark-like, upturned tail and a pointed snout with four barbels. Sauger Lake Whitefish are olive-green to blue on the back, with silvery sides.They Sauger are a Threatened Species due to hybridization, habitat Lakehave a small Whitefish mouth below a rounded snout, and a deeply forked tail. degradation and overharvest. Sauger are golden olive on the back with silver-yellow sides and a white underside. They also have a large spiny dorsal fin, distinct rows of spots on the dorsal fins and three or four dusky vertical bars on the body. Mountain Whitefish have large scales, no spots and small mouths with no Burbot Mountainteeth. Their general Whitefish body colour is a bronze-white or greenish white. Burbot have a slim, brownish black body with smooth skin, a flattened head, and a fin that stretches along the back half of the body. Distinctive barbels hang from the lower jaw and nostrils. Goldeye Northern Pike Goldeye have prominent eyes with bright yellow pupils, a blunt head, and Northern Pike are a long, slender fish with duck-like jaws and a long, flat a deep, compressed body.
  • Pan-European Action Plan for Sturgeons

    Pan-European Action Plan for Sturgeons

    Strasbourg, 30 November 2018 T-PVS/Inf(2018)6 [Inf06e_2018.docx] CONVENTION ON THE CONSERVATION OF EUROPEAN WILDLIFE AND NATURAL HABITATS Standing Committee 38th meeting Strasbourg, 27-30 November 2018 PAN-EUROPEAN ACTION PLAN FOR STURGEONS Document prepared by the World Sturgeon Conservation Society and WWF This document will not be distributed at the meeting. Please bring this copy. Ce document ne sera plus distribué en réunion. Prière de vous munir de cet exemplaire. T-PVS/Inf(2018)6 - 2 - Pan-European Action Plan for Sturgeons Multi Species Action Plan for the: Russian sturgeon complex (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, A. persicus-colchicus), Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii), Ship sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris), Atlantic/Baltic sturgeon, (Acipenser oxyrinchus), Sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), Stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus), European/Common sturgeon (Acipenser sturio), and Beluga (Huso huso). Geographical Scope: European Union and neighbouring countries with shared basins such as the Black Sea, Mediterranean, North Eastern Atlantic Ocean, North Sea and Baltic Sea Intended Lifespan of Plan: 2019 – 2029 Russian Sturgeon Adriatic Sturgeon Ship Sturgeon Atlantic or Baltic complex Sturgeon Sterlet Stellate Sturgeon Beluga European/Common Sturgeon © M. Roggo f. A. sturio; © Thomas Friedrich for all others Supported by - 3 - T-PVS/Inf(2018)6 GEOGRAPHICAL SCOPE: The Action Plan in general addresses the entire Bern Convention scope (51 Contracting Parties, including the European Union) and in particular the countries with shared sturgeon waters in Europe. As such, it focuses primarily on the sea basins in Europe: Black Sea, Mediterranean, North-East Atlantic, North Sea, Baltic Sea, and the main rivers with relevant current or historic sturgeon populations (see Table 2).
  • THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A

    THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A

    s l a m m a y t T i M S N v I i A e G t A n i p E S r a A C a C E H n T M i THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity The Humane Society of the United State s/ World Society for the Protection of Animals 2009 1 1 1 2 0 A M , n o t s o g B r o . 1 a 0 s 2 u - e a t i p s u S w , t e e r t S h t u o S 9 8 THE CASE AGAINST Marine Mammals in Captivity Authors: Naomi A. Rose, E.C.M. Parsons, and Richard Farinato, 4th edition Editors: Naomi A. Rose and Debra Firmani, 4th edition ©2009 The Humane Society of the United States and the World Society for the Protection of Animals. All rights reserved. ©2008 The HSUS. All rights reserved. Printed on recycled paper, acid free and elemental chlorine free, with soy-based ink. Cover: ©iStockphoto.com/Ying Ying Wong Overview n the debate over marine mammals in captivity, the of the natural environment. The truth is that marine mammals have evolved physically and behaviorally to survive these rigors. public display industry maintains that marine mammal For example, nearly every kind of marine mammal, from sea lion Iexhibits serve a valuable conservation function, people to dolphin, travels large distances daily in a search for food. In learn important information from seeing live animals, and captivity, natural feeding and foraging patterns are completely lost.
  • Diet and Growth of 1+ Siberian Sturgeon, Acipenser Baerii in Alternative Pond Culture

    Diet and Growth of 1+ Siberian Sturgeon, Acipenser Baerii in Alternative Pond Culture

    Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 7: 153-160 (2007) Diet and Growth of 1+ Siberian Sturgeon, Acipenser baerii in Alternative Pond Culture Zdeněk Adámek1,*, Miroslav Prokeš2, Vlastimil Baruš2, Ivo Sukop3 1 Research Inst. of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, University of South Bohemia, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic. 2 Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Květná 8, 603 65 Brno, Czech Republic. 3 Department of Zoology, Fisheries, Hydrobiology and Apiculture, Mendel University of Agriculture and Forestry, Nejdecká 600, 691 44 Lednice na Moravě, Czech Republic. * Corresponding Author: Tel: +420 543 422 523; Fax: +420 543 211 346; Received 16 July 2007 E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 20 September 2007 Abstract The culture of 1+ Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) was performed in concrete storage ponds with natural water temperature regime during the growing season. Fish were separated into two groups – with supplementary feeding using trout -1 pellets (FF) and control variant (CF). Specific growth rates in FF and CF were 0.26 and 0.16%.day in length and 0.53 and 0.18%.day-1 in weight, respectively. The average indices of weight condition rose from initial 0.377 and 0.372 to final values of 0.393 and 0.322 in FF and CF, respectively. Fish diet consisted of 25 food items. Chironomid larvae, cladocerans (Daphnia sp.) and detritus prevailed in fish guts with 40.4 – 52.8, 19.1 - 28.8 and 16.3 – 19.4%, respectively. Pelleted feed occurred in 8.7% proportion in one third of examined FF fish.
  • The Beluga in Alaska, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration

    The Beluga in Alaska, Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration

    STATE OF ALASKA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME JUNEAU, ALASKA STATE OF ALASKA William A. Egan, Governor DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME Walter Kirkness, Commissioner DIVISION OF GAME James W, Brooks, Director Don H, Strode, Federal Aid Coordinator THE BELUGA WHALE IN ALASKA by Edward G. Klinkhart Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Project Report covering investigations completed by December 31, 1965. Volume VII: Projects W-6-R and W-14-R. Scientists or other members of the public are free to use information in these reports. Because most reports treat only part of continuing studies, persons intending to use this material extensively in other publications are urged to contact the Department of Fish and Game for more recent data. Tentative conclusions should be identified as such in quota- tions. Credit would be appreciated. Cover by: R. T. Wallen November, 1966 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page General Description ...... 1 Range and Movements ...... 2 Abundance ........... 3 Population Dynamics ...... 3 Food Habits .......... 4 Parasites and Predators .... 4 Underwater Sound ....... 5 Utilization .......... 6 Control ............ 7 Future Research and Management 7 Bibliography ......... 9 THE BELUGA WINE IN ALASKA The beluga, or white whale, Del hina terus leucas, is a common inhabitant in the waters of Alaska from Cook-+--"%r- In et to t e Arctic. There is, however, a dearth of factual biological data available on the animals. elu ups have. been studied since 1954, but these investigations have dealt primarily with food habits and with methods of controlling depredations on commercially valuable salmon. Knowledge of life history aid ecology in Alaska is there- fore incomplete.
  • Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region

    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region

    Water Resources Lifeblood of the Region 68 Central Asia Atlas of Natural Resources ater has long been the fundamental helped the region flourish; on the other, water, concern of Central Asia’s air, land, and biodiversity have been degraded. peoples. Few parts of the region are naturally water endowed, In this chapter, major river basins, inland seas, Wand it is unevenly distributed geographically. lakes, and reservoirs of Central Asia are presented. This scarcity has caused people to adapt in both The substantial economic and ecological benefits positive and negative ways. Vast power projects they provide are described, along with the threats and irrigation schemes have diverted most of facing them—and consequently the threats the water flow, transforming terrain, ecology, facing the economies and ecology of the country and even climate. On the one hand, powerful themselves—as a result of human activities. electrical grids and rich agricultural areas have The Amu Darya River in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan, with a canal (left) taking water to irrigate cotton fields.Upper right: Irrigation lifeline, Dostyk main canal in Makktaaral Rayon in South Kasakhstan Oblast, Kazakhstan. Lower right: The Charyn River in the Balkhash Lake basin, Kazakhstan. Water Resources 69 55°0'E 75°0'E 70 1:10 000 000 Central AsiaAtlas ofNaturalResources Major River Basins in Central Asia 200100 0 200 N Kilometers RUSSIAN FEDERATION 50°0'N Irty sh im 50°0'N Ish ASTANA N ura a b m Lake Zaisan E U r a KAZAKHSTAN l u s y r a S Lake Balkhash PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC Ili OF CHINA Chui Aral Sea National capital 1 International boundary S y r D a r Rivers and canals y a River basins Lake Caspian Sea BISHKEK Issyk-Kul Amu Darya UZBEKISTAN Balkhash-Alakol 40°0'N ryn KYRGYZ Na Ob-Irtysh TASHKENT REPUBLIC Syr Darya 40°0'N Ural 1 Chui-Talas AZERBAIJAN 2 Zarafshan TURKMENISTAN 2 Boundaries are not necessarily authoritative.
  • The Key Threats to Sturgeons and Measures for Their Protection in the Lower Danube Region

    The Key Threats to Sturgeons and Measures for Their Protection in the Lower Danube Region

    THE KEY THREATS TO STURGEONS AND MEASURES FOR THEIR PROTECTION IN THE LOWER DANUBE REGION MIRJANA LENHARDT* Institute for Biological Research, Serbia IVAN JARIĆ, GORČIN CVIJANOVIĆ AND MARIJA SMEDEREVAC-LALIĆ Center for Multidisciplinary Studies, Serbia Abstract The six native sturgeon species have been commercially harvested in the Danube Basin for more than 2,000 years, with rapid decrease in catch by mid 19th century. Addi- tional negative effect on sturgeon populations in the Danube River was river regulation in Djerdap region, due to navigation in the late 19th century, as well as dam construction in the second half of 20th century that blocked sturgeon spawning migrations. Beside over- fishing and habitat loss, illegal trade, life history characteristics of sturgeon, lack of effective management (due to lack of transboundary cooperation and change in political situa- tion in Lower Danube Region countries) and pollution all pose serious threats on sturgeon populations in Lower Danube Region. International measures established by the Conven- tion on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) in late 20th century, listing of beluga (Huso huso) as an endangered species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act, as well as development of Action plan for conservation of sturgeons in the Danube River Basin, had significant impact on activities related to sturgeon protection at beginning of 21st century. These actions were aimed towards diminishment of pressure on natural sturgeon populations and aquaculture development in countries of Lower Danube Region. The main goal of the Action Plan was to raise public awareness and to create a common framework for implementation of urgent measures.
  • Review the Legacy of Nomadic Empires in Steppe Landscapes Of

    Review the Legacy of Nomadic Empires in Steppe Landscapes Of

    ISSN 10193316, Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2009, Vol. 79, No. 5, pp. 473–479. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2009. Original Russian Text © A.A. Chibilev, S.V. Bogdanov, 2009, published in Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk, 2009, Vol. 79, No. 9, pp. 823–830. Review Information about the impact of nomadic peoples on the landscapes of the steppe zone of northern Eurasia in the 18th–19th centuries is generalized against a wide historical–geographical background, and the objec tives of a new scientific discipline, historical steppe studies, are substantiated. DOI: 10.1134/S1019331609050104 The Legacy of Nomadic Empires in Steppe Landscapes of Northern Eurasia A. A. Chibilev and S. V. Bogdanov* The steppe landscape zone covering more than settlements with groundbased or earthsheltered 8000 km from east to west has played an important role homes were situated close to fishing areas, watering in the history of Russia and, ultimately, the Old World places, and migration paths of wild ungulates. Steppe for many centuries. The ethnogenesis of many peoples bioresources were used extremely selectively. of northern Eurasia is associated with the historical– Nomadic peoples affected the steppe everywhere. The geographical space of the steppes. The continent’s nomadic, as opposed to semisedentary, lifestyle steppe and forest–steppe vistas became the cradle of implies a higher development of the territory. The nomadic cattle breeding in the early Bronze Age (from zone of economic use includes the whole nomadic the 5th through the early 2nd millennium B.C.). By area. Owing to this, nomads had an original classifica the 4th millennium B.C., horses and cattle were pre tion of its parts with regard to their suitability for set dominantly bred in northern Eurasia.
  • Kazakhstan Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Kazakhstan

    Kazakhstan Regulatory and Procedural Barriers to Trade in Kazakhstan

    UNECE UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Regulatory and procedural barriers to trade in Kazakhstan Regulatory and procedural barriers to trade in Kazakhstan - Needs Needs Assessment Assessment Information Service United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Palais des Nations UNITED NA CH - 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Telephone: +41(0)22 917 44 44 Fax: +41(0)22 917 05 05 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.unece.org TIONS Printed at United Nations, Geneva GE.14-22004–May 2014–150 UNITED NATIONS ECE/TRADE/407 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE Regulatory and procedural barriers to trade in Kazakhstan Needs Assessment United Nations New York and Geneva, 2014 2 Regulatory and procedural barriers to trade in Kazakhstan Needs Assessment Note The designation employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the ex- pression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers of boundaries. This study is issued in English and Russian. ECE/TRADE/407 Copyright © 2014 United Nations and International Trade Centre All rights reserved Foreword 3 Foreword The International Trade Center (ITC) and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) are pleased to present the needs assessment study of regulatory and procedural barriers to trade in the Republic of Kazakhstan. We would also like to express our appreciation to Kazakhstan’s Centre for Trade Policy Development under the Ministry of Economic Development, which cooperated with both ITC and UNECE in preparing the study.
  • 2012 Wildearth Guardians and Friends of Animals Petition to List

    2012 Wildearth Guardians and Friends of Animals Petition to List

    PETITION TO LIST Fifteen Species of Sturgeon UNDER THE U.S. ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Submitted to the U.S. Secretary of Commerce, Acting through the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the National Marine Fisheries Service March 8, 2012 Petitioners WildEarth Guardians Friends of Animals 1536 Wynkoop Street, Suite 301 777 Post Road, Suite 205 Denver, Colorado 80202 Darien, Connecticut 06820 303.573.4898 203.656.1522 INTRODUCTION WildEarth Guardians and Friends of Animals hereby petitions the Secretary of Commerce, acting through the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)1 and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (hereinafter referred as the Secretary), to list fifteen critically endangered sturgeon species as “threatened” or “endangered” under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.). The fifteen petitioned sturgeon species, grouped by geographic region, are: I. Western Europe (1) Acipenser naccarii (Adriatic Sturgeon) (2) Acipenser sturio (Atlantic Sturgeon/Baltic Sturgeon/Common Sturgeon) II. Caspian Sea/Black Sea/Sea of Azov (3) Acipenser gueldenstaedtii (Russian Sturgeon) (4) Acipenser nudiventris (Ship Sturgeon/Bastard Sturgeon/Fringebarbel Sturgeon/Spiny Sturgeon/Thorn Sturgeon) (5) Acipenser persicus (Persian Sturgeon) (6) Acipenser stellatus (Stellate Sturgeon/Star Sturgeon) III. Aral Sea and Tributaries (endemics) (7) Pseudoscaphirhynchus fedtschenkoi (Syr-darya Shovelnose Sturgeon/Syr Darya Sturgeon) (8) Pseudoscaphirhynchus hermanni (Dwarf Sturgeon/Little Amu-Darya Shovelnose/Little Shovelnose Sturgeon/Small Amu-dar Shovelnose Sturgeon) (9) Pseudoscaphirhynchus kaufmanni (False Shovelnose Sturgeon/Amu Darya Shovelnose Sturgeon/Amu Darya Sturgeon/Big Amu Darya Shovelnose/Large Amu-dar Shovelnose Sturgeon/Shovelfish) IV. Amur River Basin/Sea of Japan/Sea of Okhotsk (10) Acipenser mikadoi (Sakhalin Sturgeon) (11) Acipenser schrenckii (Amur Sturgeon) (12) Huso dauricus (Kaluga) V.