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United Nations UNEP/GEF South China Sea Global Environment Environment Programme Project Facility NATIONAL REPORT on Mangroves in South China Sea INDONESIA Mr. Nyoto Santoso Focal Point for Mangroves Indonesian of Institute Mangrove Research and Development Multi Piranti Graha It 3 JL. Radin Inten II No. 2 Jakarta 13440, Indonesia NATIONAL REPORT ON MANGROVES IN SOUTH CHINA SEA – INDONESIA Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 2. MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN 13 PROVINCES SURROUNDING THE SOUTH CHINA SEA .... 1 2.1 EXTEND OF MANGROVE FOREST ................................................................................................ 1 2.2 MANGROVE FORESTS FOR FORESTRY EXPLOITATION .................................................................. 1 2.3 MANGROVE FOREST TO BE REHABILITATED ................................................................................. 1 3. MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM CONDITION SURROUNDING THE SCS ......................................... 4 3.1 CHARACTERISTICS ..................................................................................................................... 4 3.1.1 Mangrove Zonation........................................................................................................ 4 3.1.2 Habitats.......................................................................................................................... 4 3.1.3 Physical Charatristics .................................................................................................... 5 3.1.4 Environmental Classes of Mangrove Forest ................................................................. 6 3.2 BIODIVERSITY ............................................................................................................................ 6 3.2.1 Flora............................................................................................................................... 6 3.2.2 Fauna............................................................................................................................. 6 3.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC OF SOCIETIES ................................................................................................ 7 3.4 UTILIZATION OF MANGROVE FORESTS......................................................................................... 7 3.5 PROBLEMS ................................................................................................................................9 REFFERENCES...................................................................................................................................... 9 List of Tables, Figures and Annexes Table 1 Extent, Distribution and Number of Changed Mangrove Forest Area in the South China Sea (at 13 provinces in Indonesia) in 1982–1999 Figure 1 Map of Mangrove Distribution in Indonesia Annex 1 List Species of Mangrove of Indonesia Mangrove Ecosystem in the South China Sea Annex 2 List Species of Mammals in Indonesia Mangrove Ecosystem in the South China Sea Annex 3 List Species of Reptile of Indonesia Mangrove Ecosystem in the South China Sea Annex 4 List Species of Birds of Indonesia Mangrove Ecosystem in the South China Sea Annex 5 List Species of Fish of Indonesia Mangrove Ecosystem in the South China Sea Annex 6 List Species of Crustacean of Indonesia Mangrove Ecosystem in the South China Sea Annex 7 List Species of Gastropods of Indonesia Mangrove Ecosystem in the South China Sea Annex 8 List Species of Bivalve of Indonesia Mangrove Ecosystem in the South China Sea Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in The South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand NATIONAL REPORT ON MANGROVES IN SOUTH CHINA SEA – INDONESIA 1 1. INTRODUCTION In Indonesia, 13 provinces has been identified bordering directly with the SCS viz. Riau, Jambi, South Sumatra, Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Banten, DKI Jakarta, West Java, Central Java, East Java, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan, and South Kalimantan. Data collected from all 13 provinces consists of secondary and primary data. The secondary data will includes distribution areas of mangroves, geographical information (position, topography, total area of region and mangrove forest, and land- uses), biological information (flora, fauna, and aquatic biota), utilization, and socio-economic and socio-cultural aspects. Based on the evaluation of secondary data, primary data will be collected from selected provinces at the priority sites, e.g., West Kalimantan, DKI Jakarta and Bengkalis. Primary data will consist of biological, physical and socio-cultural information’s, and utilization. Sources of secondary data will be collected from Faculty of Forestry, Faculty of Fisheries of the Bogor Agricultural University (BAU) Bogor, the Centre for Marine and Coastal Resources Studies, BAU Bogor, LPPM Bogor, Birdlife International, Wetland International-Indonesia program, LIPI, Department of Forestry, Department of Home Affairs, Department of Marine and Fisheries and State Ministry of Environment. 2. MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN 13 PROVINCES SURROUNDING THE SOUTH CHINA SEA 2.1 Extend of Mangrove Forest Data on total area of mangrove forest in Indonesia are very varies from 3,177,700 ha (Bina Program Kehutanan 1973), 3,707,100ha (UNESCO 1979), 4,251,011 ha (Bina program Kehutanan 1982) to 4,355,553ha (Intag Departemen Kehutanan 1993). This is due to the facts that estimated value of mangrove forest are differentiated from one to another along with their different definition of the border zone they used.In 1989 to 1996, the Department of Forestry (1999) by using Landsat Imagery estimated that the total area of mangroves in Indonesia amounted to be 3,533,660 ha, consisting of protected forests (424,800ha), Nature Reserve and Recreation Forest (674,600ha), Natural Forest Production (583,600ha), Production Forest (372,400ha), Production Forest for Conversion (928,900ha) and Other Forest Land-use (449,300ha). Inventory of degraded mangrove forest conducted by the Department of Forestry (1999) shows that the mangrove forests in Indonesia covers an area of about 9,248,039 ha, consisting of state forest land (3,720,187ha) and non-state forest land (5,527,852ha). From the above figure, about 5,579,116.53ha (60.32% of the total mangrove forest in Indonesia, and 1,877,605.51ha and 3,701,511.02ha belong to state and non-state forest areas, respectively) is found in the provinces at surrounding the South China Sea (SCS). 2.2 Mangrove Forests for Forestry Exploitation The area of mangrove forest managed by Indonesian forest concessions (HPH, and HPHTI) at the surrounding SCS in 1982 amounted to be 226,000ha, and in 2000 it will be 172,143ha and managed by 9 companies. The mangrove forests managed by HPH used to be exploited for their wood as a raw material for chip industry. In some locations of West Kalimantan, the holders of HPH concession having less performance and their permission are terminated by the recent government policy (No log export regulation). 2.3 Mangrove Forest to be rehabilitated Rehabilitation activity for mangrove forests commencing since the early of 1960 in Java and conducted by Perum Perhuani (The State Forestry Corporation). In connection with conserving of the mangrove forest and referring to needs of the people for agricultural lands, Perum Perhutani has developed a tambak tumpang sari system or tambak empang parit, call as silvo-fisheries. It was reported that about 20,000ha of degraded mangrove forests in the northern coast of Java have been rehabilitated successfully with Rhizophora spp. and Avicennia spp. For Segara Anakan, 105ha of degraded mangrove forests have been rehabilitated too, with Rhizophora sp. and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. DitJen RLPS of the Department of Forestry have been rehabilitating the degraded mangrove forests in 12 provinces with a total area of 15,830ha. Table 1 shows Extent, Distribution and Number of Changed Mangrove Forest Area in the South China Sea (at 13 provinces in Indonesia) during 1982–1999. Also, Figure 1 illustrates the Map of Mangrove Distribution in Indonesia. Reversing Environmental Degradation Trends in the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand 2 NATIONAL REPORT ON MANGROVES IN SOUTH CHINA SEA – INDONESIA Table 1 Extent, Distribution and Number of Changed Mangrove Forest Area in the South China Sea (at 13 provinces in Indonesia) in 1982–1999. EXTENT (Ha) NON STATE MUMBER OF CHANGED 1982 – 1999 (%) STATE FOREST (SF) No. PROVINCE FOREST (NSF) BIPRAN PHPA-AWB INTAG RePPPRoT GIESEN RLPS (1999) RLPS (1999) (3) – (5) (5) – (8) (3) – (8) (1982) (1987) (1993) 1985-1989 (1993) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) 1. Riau 276,000 470,000 221,050 239,900 184,400 551,747.79 603,373.68 -19.91 +149.6 +99.91 2. Jambi 65,000 50,000 13,450 18,00 4,050 36,703.50 226,645.51 -79.31 +172.9 -43.53 3. South Sumatera 195,000* 110,000* 363,430* 240,700* 231,025* 458,562.29 429,811.55 +86.37 +61.8 +201.48 4. Bangka Belitung 0 0 0 0 0 129,317.42 29,205.23 tak hingga tak hingga Tak hingga 5. Lampung 17,000 3,000 49,440 31,800 11,000 10,762.07 7,607.91 +190.82 -78.2 -36.69 West Java & DKI 6. 28,608** 5,700** 8,200** 8,200** 55,000** 32,314.40 66,844.41 -71.34 +308.0 +16.94 Jakarta 7. Banten 0 0 0 0 0 1,139.31 27,999.14 tak hingga tak hingga Tak hingga 8. Central Java 13,576 1,000 18,700 18,700 13,570 18,931.67 76,406.35 +37.74 +1.2 +39.45 9. East Java 7,750 500 6,900 6,900 500 42.22 97,669.98 -10.97 -99.4 -99.46 10. West Kalimantan 40,000 60,000 194,300 205,400 40,000
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