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Background Guide MONTREAL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE BACKGROUND GUIDE United Nations Security Council 1 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR Dear Delegates, My name is Alex and I will be your chair for the 2020 MUNC UNSC Crisis Simulation. A little about me before we start: In 2017, I started my Model UN career as a wee delegate attending my first conference: MUNC’s International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). For the first day or two, I was extremely quiet; I did not raise my placard to speak and definitely did not believe in my abilities as a delegate. However, as time went on and I realised the chairs do not bite as hard as I perceived them to, I began to participate with more regularity. I spoke frequently, passed notes, and spoke as much as I could. For many, this will be your first dabble into the world of Model UN. Let this be a forum to express your interest in world affairs and to showcase your bright ideas for the future. Please do not be intimidated by the others in the room and give it your all! I and the rest of my team will do the best we can to make you feel as comfortable as possible, even if it may only be from behind our screens. The United Nations Security Council is by far the most powerful branch of the United Nations. Use this to your advantage to solve the crisis playing out throughout the weekend. The conflict we have in store for you is one rarely spoken about today, yet still continues on in 2020. You will now have the opportunity to go back in time and try to reach a peaceful and effective solution for both sides. Nationalism, perceptions, and imagined divisions between fellow human beings has caused war for centuries, and your role on the UNSC should hopefully be one that aims to reverse this trend. This is quite a sensitive topic to this day, and I trust you will all handle these matters with the upmost seriousness and rigour. Along with my Assistant Chair Kessy Simbi, Crisis Director and Staff Paul Firobond, Zach Fortier and Jose Moro Gutierrez, best of luck to you all in your preparation, I am looking forward to our virtual meet-up in November! Please do not hesitate to reach out with any questions or difficulties you may be facing leading up to the conference. All the Best, Alex Rona Chair, United Nations Security Council 2 COMMITTEE OVERVIEW Notice: The following UNSC simulation begins on November 21st, 1991, and as such, this guide will not include any information pertaining to events or actions taken past the aforementioned date. About the United Nations Founded in 1945, The United Nations and its 193 member states have worked extremely hard to bring peace, dignity and equality for a healthy planet1. Their founding document, entitled the United Nations Charter, is a navigation guide for all member states.2 For the past 70 years, the United Nations has promoted sustainable development, the protection of human rights, international peace and security, as well as providing humanitarian aid3. The members of this organization work together in the resolution of international conflicts harmoniously and diplomatically. The United Nations is an organization that is working toward creating and promoting the future its founding member have been striving for4. UNSC Membership In order to create a better world, the UN has separate bodies working on specific topics. The one which is important to this committee is the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The Security Council conducted its first conference at Church Hall in Westminster, England, on the 17th of January 19465. Now located at the UN Headquarters in New York, the security council works mainly on ensuring international peace and security6. The UNSC is composed of 10 elected members that serve 2-year terms, as well as 5 permanent members: The United States, China, France, The Russian Federation and The United Kingdom. Along with being permanent members, they hold veto power which allows them to refuse any decisions made by the council’s majority7. The 10 elected members are chosen on a geographical basis: five for African and Asian states, one for the Eastern European States, two for Latin American and the Caribbean States, and two for Western European and other nations.8 The presidency alternates between each member every month. 1 “About the UN.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 2, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/about-un/. 2 “Charter of the United Nations.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 2, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html. 3 “What We Do.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 2, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/sections/what-we- do/index.html. 4 “About the UN.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 2, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/about-un/. 5 “What Is the Security Council? Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/what-security-council. 6 What Is the Security Council? Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/what-security-council. 7 “Security Council Members Security Council,” United Nations (United Nations), accessed July 5, 2020, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/security-council-members. 8 “FAQ Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/faq. 3 UNSC Governance The meetings of the council are conducted at the president’s request at any time he deems it necessary, however the gap between meetings cannot exceed fourteen days9. According to Rule 40 of the provisional rules of proceeding, voting is done in compliance with the appropriate articles of the Charter and the Statute of the International Court of Justice10. Formal Security Council discussions involve both open and closed meetings. Closed meetings are not available to the public, and no verbatim record of statements are kept, but instead, a Communiqué is issued by the Security Council in accordance with Rule 55 of its provisional rules of procedure11. The UNSC has subsidiary bodies which support the Security Council in more intricate topics. An example of this is the 1540 Committee on the threats arising from the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or the counter-terrorism committee12. The Security Council and its subsidiary organs are funded by the general budget of the United Nations to which each member state contributes depending on the donor country’s income.13 Mandate The Security Council has four main goals. These are: to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate in solving international problems in promoting respect for human rights, and to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. While upholding their 4 main purposes, the UNSC has for mandate the resolution of conflicts. When a dispute that disturbs the peace and security arises, the first response of the council is to help the parties reach an agreement. In the case that the conflict grows in animosity, the council has the mandate to end conflict by sending ceasefire directives or dispatching their peacekeeping force. The council is also able to enforce measures such as economic sanctions, arms embargoes, travel bans or military actions. The security council unlike the other bodies of the United Nations has the power to pass binding resolutions that must be followed by the member states14. Conclusion The United Security Council has the role of concentrating attention on those responsible for the policies or activities rejected by the international community while mitigating the effect of the actions taken on other areas of the population and economy.15 9“FAQ Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/faq. 10 “Provisional Rules of Procedure Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/rop/chapter-7 11 “Provisional Rules of Procedure Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/rop/chapter-9. 12 “Security Council Affairs Division Security Council,” United Nations (United Nations), accessed July 5, 2020, https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/structure. 13 John McArthur and Krista Rasmussen, “Who Actually Funds the UN and Other Multilaterals?,” Brookings (The Brookings Institution, January 12, 2018), https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2018/01/09/who- actually-funds-the-un-and-other-multilaterals/. 14 What Is the Security Council? Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/what-security-council. 15 What Is the Security Council? Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/what-security-council. 4 Bibliography “About the UN.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 2, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/about-un/. “Charter of the United Nations.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 2, 2020. https://www.un.org/en/charter-united-nations/index.html. “FAQ Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/faq. “Provisional Rules of Procedure Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/rop/chapter-7. “Provisional Rules of Procedure Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/rop/chapter-9. “Security Council Affairs Division Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/structure. “Security Council Members Security Council.” United Nations. United Nations. Accessed July 5, 2020. https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/content/security-council-members.
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