DOCSLIB.ORG

UNITED STATES PATENT Office 2,146,976 METHOD of MAKING DUPLICATE COPIES George G

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
UNITED STATES PATENT Office 2,146,976 METHOD of MAKING DUPLICATE COPIES George G Patented Feb. 14, 1939 2,146,976 UNITED STATES PATENT office 2,146,976 METHOD of MAKING DUPLICATE COPIES George G. Neidich, New York, N.Y. No Drawing. Application February 23, 193, Serial No. 127,169 10 Claims, (C. 4-31.5) This invention relates to improvements in In still another process, use is made of a method methods of making duplicate copies, and more known to the art as spirit duplication. In this particularly to improvements in offset duplica process, a master copy in strong soluble basic -tion methods of making duplicate copies of type anilin dyestuff is produced by typewriter, Writ s Eten matter, hand Written matter, and the ing or drawing, as in the case of the gelatin e. processes, except that the typewriting, Writing, Heretofore several methods have been em or drawing is in mirror reverse. Ordinarily, ployed for producing copies of matter of the use is made of a special carbon paper whose foregoing character, all of which methods re active surface is placed in contact with one side 10 sult in the production of duplicate copies of of the master sheet on which the original type O master images, which copies are usuially produced Writing, writing, or drawing is imposed. When On paper contacted in Some manner with a master the image to be reproduced is imposed on One having thereon an image of the work to be dupli surface of this master sheet, the other Surface cated, which master contains material quantities thereof, which is in contact with the carbon 15 of strong dyestuff adapted to be transferred to paper, acquires a deposit of the coating material s the copies in the steps followed in the different of the carbon paper according to the lines of proCeSSes. impress on the blank surface thereof. Thus a In one method, use is made of what is known mirror reverse copy of the matter to be repro to the art as a hectograph pan. In this method duced is formed on one surface of the master 20 a gelatin compound is disposed in a pan. A sheet by the transfer of the coating material normal master sheet is typewritten, Written, or from the carbon paper to the master sheet. This drawn, with an ink strongly colored with basic mirror reverse copy is attached to the drum of dyestuff, usually crystal violet, the master being a spirit duplicator and sheets of copy paper are usually in the form of a sheet of paper or the fed thereto in succession. Means are provided 25 like. Crystal violet is ordinarily used since this for moistening the sheets of copy paper immedi S25 dyestuff is more powerful and is more quickly ately prior to their contact with the master sheet, soluble than other dyestuff. The master is laid and since the basic anilin dyestuff in the Con on the top surface of the gelatin compound in position on the master sheet is highly soluble, the pan and permitted to remain in contact with the moist surface of the copy sheets when con 30 the surface thereof until the compound absorbs tacted with the mirror reverse copy on the master 30 locally sufficient of the dyestuff to produce at sheet cause the transfer of coloring matter to least one hundred copies of the matter to be the copy sheets. In this process, use may be reproduced. The absorption of dyestuff from made of any desired solvent, but preferably the the master is in, accordance with the lines of solvent used is ordinarily more volatile than 35 the image on the master so that in effect a mir water, the practice having been to make use of ror reverse copy of the matter to be reproduced alcohol, methanol, acetone, or other similar sol is formed in the compound. Sheets of copy paper vents or combinations of solvents. By the use are then contacted with the surface of the com of such solvents, more copies can be produced pound, resulting in the transfer of sufficient dye from a single master, and the copies so produced 40 stuff from the compound to the copy sheets as are sharper than those produced by the use of to produce copies of the matter desired. , water. Moreover, the copy, so produced dries This principle has been further extended to almost immediately at normal temperature. a process in which the gelatin composition is In the practice of all of the foregoing processes, thickly coated on a backing sheet, usually as a certain faults are present which serve to limit the 4S roll of considerable length fastened to the drum use thereof since the processes have required of a two cylinder machine. The same procedure - the use of dyestuff which is highly water soluble, for causing absorption of dyestuff is followed it follows that the handling of the dyestuff in out so that the composition contains absorbed most instances results in stains both to the person therein a mirror reverse copy of the original and the clothing of the user. For example, the SO so matter and the surface of the gelatin becomes moisture of the hands of the user alone is suff a printing medium. Copy sheets are fed between cient to transfer material quantities of the dye the master cylinder (having the gelatin surface) stuff to the hands, and consequently clothing also and a platen cylinder causing transfer of dye readily becomes stained, all of which is highly stuff to the copy sheets and thereby producing undesirable. The ribbons, carbons, or fluids is legible copies of the desired matter. which have been used all contain large quantitles SS T. 2 2,146,976 of basic dyestuffs, such as crystal violet, rho user since the material which is to be utilized damine, Wictoria, blue, or Victoria green, all of as color transfer material has of itself no ap which are water soluble colors. It is evident, preciable color transfer value and is water in therefore, that any process which requires the soluble, but must be further treated to cause it 5 handling of ribbons, carbon paper, or ink of this to acquire high color transfer value. character Will produce the objectionable results Use of the present invention therefore can be before set forth. made in duplicate processes involving the use An object of the present invention is to provide of gelatin, either in a pan or On a roll. In such new methods for producing duplicate copies, processes the normal image of the matter to O which methods are free from the objectionable be duplicated, if typewritten, can be made On O results before described. a sheet of paper through the agency of a ribbon Another object of the invention is to provide of the character before described. The gelatin, methods of making duplicate copies, which meth either in the pan or on the roll, can be either ods involve the use of transfer material which in impregnated or the surface thereof Washed with 5 -itself and before further treatment possesses sub a dilute acid in aqueous solution; as for ex 15 stantially no objectionable color transfer value. ample, a ten per cent solution of lactic acid. Another object of the invention is to provide The acid, either on the surface of the gelatin, methods of producing duplicate copies wherein or impregnated therein serves to react with the master copies of the matter being reproduced are base of the dyestuff absorbed from the sheet of 20 formed through the agency of matter having no paper, having the normal image thereon, to Con 90 appreciable color transfer value and wherein such vert such base of the dyestuff into basic dyestuff. masters are subsequently treated to cause such Copies may then be made in the usual manner. material to have high color transfer value. In the adaptation, of the present invention to In carrying out the foregoing and other objects Spirit duplicating processes, again the normal 25 of the invention, the present invention contem steps followed in such processes are carried out 25 plates the use of material which in itself possesses with the exception that use is made of carbons, no appreciable color transfer value and which or of powdered ink, which have no appreciable material is of a character as to be insoluble in transfer value, but which must be subjected to Water. Consequently, this material may be han a reaction to acquire such transfer value. A 30 dled in any manner required by the processes mirror reverse copy of the matter to be dupli 30 hereinafter described without incurring the liabil cated is formed on a master sheet in any of ity of staining the person or clothes of a user. the usual manners such as for example, by mak The basic anilin colors which have previously ing use of a coated carbon containing the base been used in connection with carbon paper and Of the dyestuff combined with a suitable vehicle. 35 ribbons are in the form of organic salts or esters A mirror reverse image of the matter to be 35 of highly complicated organic radicals. The reproduced may be activated by a small amount present invention makes use of the desirable qual of a relatively weak acid in a number of ways, itles of these basic dyestuffs without incurring the of Which three are hereinafter set forth. undesirable qualities thereof. To this end, in 1. An activated sheet specially prepared is stead of using the basic colors themselves, use is made up of a sheet of paper coated with a satu made of the bases of such basic colors such as the rated solution of soild acid, such as benzoic, in bases of crystal violet, methyl violet, rhodamine, a volatile solution.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 ABSTRACT
    United Slates EPA- 600 R- 95-045 7 Enwronmental Protection ZL6ILI Agency March 1995 i= Research and Developmen t OFFICE EQUIPMENT: DESIGN, INDOOR AIR EMISSIONS, AND POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES Prepared for Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Prepared by Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1 EPA REVIEW NOTICE This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa- tion Service. Springfield, Virginia 22161. EPA- 600 I R- 95-045 March 1995 Office Equipment: Design, Indoor Air Emissions, and Pollution Prevention Opportunities by: Robert Hetes Mary Moore (Now at Cadmus, Inc.) Coleen Northeim Research Triangle Institute Center for Environmental Analysis Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 EPA Cooperative Agreement CR822025-01 EPA Project Officer: Kelly W. Leovic Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1 Prepared for: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ofice of Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 ABSTRACT The objective of this initial report is to summarize available information on office ~ equipment design; indoor air emissions of organics, ozone, and particulates from office ~ equipment; and pollution prevention approaches for reducing these emissions. It should be noted that much of the existing emissions data from office equipment are proprietary and not available in the general literature and are therefore not included in this report.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAFT Term List for Cataloguing Literary Archives and Manuscripts
    DRAFT Term List For Cataloguing Literary Archives and Manuscripts. GLAM Cataloguing Working Party 16 April 2012. Term Broader Term(s) Narrower Term(s) Related Term(s) Definition and Scope Note Versions of written works produced by condensation document; and omission but with retention of the general abridgement textual version script meaning and manner of presentation of the original, often prepared by someone other than the author of the original. * document; Brief summaries that provide the essential points of abstract textual version; written works, such as the content of a publication or summary of a journal. * Fast-drying synthetic paint containing pigment suspended in an acrylic polymer resin. Acrylic paints media; can be diluted with water, but become water-resistant acrylic paint paint when dry. Depending on how much the paint is diluted (with water), the finished acrylic painting can resemble a watercolour or an oil painting. visual work; A painting which is executed using acrylic paint. acrylic painting painting information artefact; Book listing names with residences and other contact address book book details, usually in alphabetical order.* glue stick A substance that provides or promotes adhesion. PVA adhesive material rubber cement adhesive tape [USE FOR glue] school glue starch paste duct tape Tape coated with adhesive. adhesive tape magic tape [USE FOR Scotch Tape material masking tape and sticky tape] Sellotape document; A public promotional notice, usually printed. advertisement publicity material * Art & Architecture Thesaurus (AAT) . Getty Vocabulary Program. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Trust, Vocabulary Program, 1988-. 1 http://www.getty.edu/research/tools/vocabularies/aat/ DRAFT Term List For Cataloguing Literary Archives and Manuscripts.
    [Show full text]
  • Inkjet Printing  Bioam  Optical Fibre Preform  Multiple Materials  Dry Powder Micro Dispensing
    The Next Generation of Additive Manufacturing: Multiple Materials Dr. Shoufeng Yang Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering and the Environment University of Southampton, UK Visiting Associate Professor MAE, SC3DP, Singapore Southampton: Warmest and Sunniest Place in the UK 2 2016 3D Printing Electronics Conference Eindhoven Premier league Virgin trip of Titanic from Southampton to New York 3 2016 3D Printing Electronics Conference Eindhoven 3D Printing activities in UoS PEEK Ceramic printing Inkjet printing BioAM Optical fibre preform Multiple materials Dry powder micro dispensing 4 2016 3D Printing Electronics Conference Eindhoven Q: How many materials do we use in our products and systems? In the Cambridge Engineering materials Selector (CES) database there are >3900 materials for Engineer This doesn’t include functional materials such as doped materials in semiconductor 5 2016 3D Printing Electronics Conference Eindhoven Q: Why do we have to use so many different materials? Single material couldn’t provide the multiple and complex functions we required. Compromise and joining and assembly are needed For example, we need – Cu for high thermal conductivity – Al and Ti for light weight – Stainless steel for anti-corrosion – Inconel for high temperature and harsh environment – Polymers for light weight and insulation – Ceramic for high servicing temperature and high hardness – … 6 2016 3D Printing Electronics Conference Eindhoven Q: how many materials 3D Printers can print? SLS: PA, PS, Coated Sand, Coated metals, glass powder composite, PEEK, wax… SLM: SS, Ti and alloy, Al and alloy, Cu alloy, Ni alloy, CoCr, Tool steel… FDM: ABS, PLA, Nylon, PC… SLA: Acrylic… 3DP: Plaster composite, sand… Laser Cladding: metals… … 7 2016 3D Printing Electronics Conference Eindhoven History of 2D Printing technologies: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Infill Percentage on Properties of FDM Printed GPLA/Petgs A.V
    International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-9 Issue-2, December, 2019 Effect of Infill Percentage on Properties of FDM Printed GPLA/PETGs A.V. Sridhar, D. Vamsi Teja, K.V.V.N.R.Chandra Mouli, Balla Srinivasa Prasad, Padmaja Anipey (1911), Spirit duplicator (1923), Dot-matrix printing (1925), Abstract: Additive Manufacturing termed by ASTM Xerography (1938), Spark printing (1940), Phototypesetting standard referred to in short as, the technology of fabricating a (1949), Dye-sublimation (1957), Laser printing (1969), model based on creating a three-dimensional Computer-Aided Thermal printing (c. 1972), Solid ink printing (1986), 3D Design structure. In the context of developing a product from digital data directly, widely involved various technologies. printing (1986) and later in 1990’s it’s enormously been Amongst them, one being Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) adopted till date. Important techniques one among the which supervises the principle of AM, is widely known for Additive Manufacturing is the Fused Deposition Modeling developing a polymer-constructed sturdiest range of materials or (FDM), patented by Stratasys (USA, 1992). FDM is an parts are having operative mechanical properties. Even though, affordable widely used technique in developing prototypes or the main problem exaggerates that, the quality of the output still parts with polylactide (PLA) or Acrylonitrile Butadiene denies due to which void parts are created from bubbles trapped leading to failure of parts under mechanical stresses. Since with Styrene (ABS). These materials are heated above their 15% infill, stronger parts are estimated and their mechanical melting point and deposited layer by layer on a substrate properties are studied.
    [Show full text]
  • 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Information Distribution
    Structure 10.1 Introduction Objectives 10.2 Information Distribution 10.3 Typewriters 10.4 Duplicating Processes Spirit Duplicating Stencil Duplicating • Offsct Litho Duplicating 10.5 Copying 10.6 Auxiliary Methods 10.7 Facsimile 10.8 Summary 10.9 Terminal Questions 10.10 Answers 10.1 INTRODUCTION Like any other office we need equipment to provide for information distribution in the laboratory office also. For information distribution we require multiple copies of various letters and document which can be handed over,personally or mailed to the concerned persons. A variety of office machines and equipment's are now available for preparing documents and making multiple copies. In this unit we will cover the following: i) various kinds of typewriters and their uses, ii) various reprographic processes for information distribution. Objectives After studying this unit you should be able to: list various types of reprographic methods, describe uses of various kinds of typewriters, explain duplicating and copying processes and describe materials and machines required for the purpose, compare the advantages and disadvantages of spirit, stencil and litho duplication, and describe the uses of microfiche and facsimile. 10.2 INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION The organization and management of any institution, be it an isolated lab or a large site with many labs, requires that information is managed. Methods of managing information - selecting it and distributing it to the right people - are the subject of separate study, usually under the heading of 'Information Technology'. Here we will restrict ourselves to information distribution. Laboratory In unit 9 we discussed some of the most efficient ways of managing Organisation and information with the use of computers.
    [Show full text]
  • NCFR122 Foundations of Reprography Duration: 75 Hours Credit Units: 5 Module Overview Reproduction of Documents Is an Important Service of Providing Exact Copies Of
    NCFR122 Foundations of Reprography Duration: 75 hours Credit units: 5 Module Overview Reproduction of documents is an important service of providing exact copies of information and helps to preserve the original documents. The module is therefore intended to introduce learners to reprographic methods and the equipment used in the reproduction of information. Learners will acquire skills to operate reprographic machines and care for their conservation. Learning Outcomes By the end of this module, the learner should be able to: i) Reproduce documents using reprographic machines. ii) Produce information digitally. Reading list 1. Artuff TA (2014). Reprography in University libraries and copyright laws. ESS-ESS publications New Delhi. 2. UC (2012)Reprographic guidelines. Printing and Reprographics; Atlanta printing plant. 3. Sayre, Irene H (1947).Photography and plate-making for photo-lithography. 3 ed. Chicago, Ill., Lithographic Textbook Publishing Co. NCRM122 Lecture Notes Compiled version 3 by Mr. SAMUELMATHEW OLAUN 2020 Page WhatsApp +256 777034420. Email: [email protected] 1 of 37 Sub-module 1 Reprography Duration: 8 Hours Content Meaning of reprography Developing reprographic program Reprographic activities Competences The learner: Develops the reprographic program to be followed when reproducing documents. NCRM122 Lecture Notes Compiled version 3 by Mr. SAMUELMATHEW OLAUN 2020 Page WhatsApp +256 777034420. Email: [email protected] 2 of 37 Devises protective measures to keep documents safe. Meaning of reprography Paper is material manufactured in thin sheets from the pulp of wood or other fibrous substances used for writing, drawing or printing or as wrapping material. Reprography refers to the production of copies from an original material to ensure longevity of the information contained in a given material.
    [Show full text]
  • Graphic Printing Production and Digital Printing
    Eight steps in Graphic Printing Production Graphic print Production Graphic printing is related with the Print production services, sourcing print, providing a competitive quotation, lithographic and digital printing according to requirement, sourcing services and so much more. Every company in printing, provide a complete solution. There are different phases and steps involved in graphic print production usually these are four phases and eight steps involve in printing production. Four main phases involved in Graphic Printing Production 1. Concept visualization 2. Creative Production (Design phase) 3. Industrial Production 4. Logistics The first phase consists of further two working steps which are Strategic Work and Creative Work, and the end result of this phase is the finalization of the idea and approved sketches of graphical design. In the second phase which consistes Image and Text step and Layout step. The design is designed using some software and it takes a real form than sketch and after this phase the design can be used for printing. In the third phase the developed design is taken and put to final product. This phase consists of Prepress, Printing, Finishing and Binding steps. The last phase of the process is distribution of the finished printed product. Eight steps involve in printing production 1. Strategic Work 2. Creative Work 3. Image and text 4. Layout 5. Prepress 6. Printing 7. Finishing and binding 8. Distribution Strategic Work: Creative Work: Image and text: The next step is to placement of image and text on your required print. Either you got it from cd, scanner, digital camera or design by yourself then the right placement of text in the print.
    [Show full text]
  • Spirit Duplicator - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia Page 1 of 3
    Spirit duplicator - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 3 Spirit duplicator From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A spirit duplicator (also referred to as a Ditto machine in the United States or Banda machine in the United Kingdom) was a low-volume printing method used mainly by schools and churches. Sheets printed on such a machine were sometimes called ditto sheets, or just dittos in the U.S. (an example of a genericized trademark). The term "spirit duplicator" refers to the alcohols which were a major component of the solvents used as "inks" in these machines. They are sometimes confused with the mimeograph, which is actually a different technology. A spirit duplicator. Contents 1 History 2 Operation 2.1 Colors 2.2 Paper 3 Smell 4 See also 5 Further reading 6 External links History The spirit duplicator was invented in 1923 by Wilhelm Ritzerfeld. The best-known manufacturer in the United States was Ditto Corporation of Illinois, while copiers available in the United Kingdom were commonly manufactured by the Block & Anderson company, under their "Banda" brand. In both cases the trademark became a generic name for both the copiers and the process in their respective markets. The thermofax machine was introduced by 3M in the late 1960s and could make a spirit master from an ordinary typewritten or handwritten sheet. The resulting print quality was very poor but the A gelatine duplicator. machines were popular because of their convenience. Spirit duplicator technology gradually fell into disuse starting in the 1970s after the availability of low- cost, high-volume xerographic copiers; by the mid 1990s, the use of the technology was rare.
    [Show full text]
  • Printing from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    Create account Log in Article Talk Read Edit More Search Printing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Main page This article is about the process of reproducing text. For the handwriting method often called printing, see block letters. For other uses, see Print (disambiguation). Contents Printing is a process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template. The earliest examples include Cylinder seals and other objects such as the Cyrus Cylinder and the Part of a series on the Featured content [1] Current events Cylinders of Nabonidus. The earliest known form of woodblock printing came from China dating to before 220 A.D. Later developments in printing include the movable type, first History of printing [2] Random article developed by Bi Sheng in China. The printing press, a more efficient printing process for western languages with their more limited alphabets, was developed by Johannes Gutenberg in Woodblock printing 200 Donate to Wikipedia the fifteenth century.[3] Movable type 1040 Wikipedia store Printing press c. 1440 Modern printing is done typically with ink on paper using a printing press. It is also frequently done on metals, plastics, cloth and composite materials. On paper it is often carried out as a Etching c. 1515 Interaction large-scale industrial process and is an essential part of publishing and transaction printing. Mezzotint 1642 Help Aquatint 1772 About Wikipedia Contents [hide] Lithography 1796 Community portal 1 History Chromolithography 1837 Recent changes 1.1 Woodblock printing Contact page Rotary
    [Show full text]
  • Antiquarian Books & Prints Guaranteed to Be Over 100 Year Old
    Antiquarian Books & Prints FREE 14 Page Sample eBook History of Printing on Paper Woodblock printing 200 Photostat and rectigraph 1907 Movable type 1040 Screen printing 1910 Printing press c. 1440 FREE SAMPLE 14 Page eBook Spirit duplicator 1923 Etching c. 1515 Antiquarian Books & Prints Xerography 1938 Mezzotint 1642 History of Printing on Paper Phototypesetting 1949 Aquatint 1772 Inkjet printing 1951 Lithography 1796 © Mumfordbooks.com 2016 Dye-sublimation 1957 Chromolithography 1837 Dot matrix printing 1968 Rotary press 1843 Laser printing 1969 Hectograph 1869 Thermal printing c.1972 Offset printing 1875 DNA printing c.1972 Hot metal typesetting 1884 3D printing 1984 Mimeograph 1886 FREE Valuation 1st Book Digital printing 1991 FREE Advice aBout Selling © Mumfordbooks.com 2016 1 Antiquarian Books & Prints Guaranteed to be over 100 years old, not a Facsimile FREE INTRODUCTION SAMPLE eBOOK DOWNLOADS Here at Mumfordbooks we buy and sell Quality Books & Prints, hard-to-find, first editions, many with illustrations and fine leather bindings. Old books with missing or damage pages we advise professional repair. We aim to restore books leaving as much original as possible, to Study and Educate. FREE SAMPLE 14 Page eBook Missing pages are replaced with digital copies images or text, we will restore with facsimiles printed on paper nearest to original, all facsimiles clearly marked as such. Antiquarian Books & Prints We will publish re-constructed old books with missing pages into reHistory of Printing on Paper -stored or new eBooks made up as complete as possible from original book pages (So called “Prints”) or with digital facsimiles. © Mumfordbooks.com 2016 All our eBooks will contain a mixture of both original or new marked facsimiles.
    [Show full text]
  • How'd They Do That: the Evolution of Modern Printing and Copying
    A Publication of Printing Resources of Southern California YOUR PRINTING AND MAILING rreesourcsourcee March 2006 How’d They Do That: the Evolution of Modern Printing and Copying In today’s world of easily-accessible ways to reproduce docu- ments, from laser printers on the desktop to high speed copiers, it is interesting to pause and remember a time not too long ago when making a copy took considerably more effort. Back then, printing was distinctly different from copying, both in quality of the reproduction and the effort it took to make the copies. In this issue of Your Printing and Mailing Resource we’ll recall some of the early machines and technologies that serve as a basis for what has become digital printing. We hope you’ll enjoy remi- niscing and perhaps learn something you didn’t know. the lime in the stone, forming an insoluble lime soap that accept- The foundation of modern printing ed greasy printing ink and rejected water. As a contributor to modern printing, there is no individual of greater renown than Johann Gutenberg. Born in 1398 in Mainz, Because today’s lithographic process produces tones of intense Germany, Gutenberg is responsible for these innovations in black and light gray as well as a full spectrum of colors, it is used printing technology: movable type; the printing press; molded both as an art process and as a commercial printing process. In type; and printing ink. The first book to be printed with commercial printing, the term lithography is used interchange- Gutenberg’s movable type was the Latin Bible, comprising two ably with offset printing, and grained metal or plastic plates are volumes of 300 pages each.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to Reprographic Processes for the Small User by T
    n P 9 n i 91 77 r *- 1/ J; * — x AGARD-AG-199 < d a: < < AGARDograph No. 199 A Guide to Reprographic Processes for the Small User by T. Hampshire DISTRIBUTION AND AVAILABILITY ON BACK COVER AGARD-AG-199 NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION ADVISORY GROUP FOR AEROSPACE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (ORGANIZATION DU TRAITE DE L'ATLANTIQUE NORD) AGARDograph No. 199 A GUIDE TO REPROGRAPHIC PROCESSES FOR THE SMALL USER by T. Hampshire The National Reprographic Centre for Documentation The Hatfield Polytechnic This report was prepared at the request of the Technical Information Panel of AGARD THE MISSION OF AGARD The mission of AGARD is to bring together the leading personalities of the NATO nations in the fields of science and technology relating to aerospace for the following purposes: - Exchanging of scientific and technical information; - Continuously stimulating advances in the aerospace sciences relevant to strengthening the common defence posture; - Improving the co-operation among member nations in aerospace research and development; - Providing scientific and technical advice and assistance to the North Atlantic Military Committee in the field of aerospace research and development; - Rendering scientific and technical assistance, as requested, to other NATO bodies and to member nations in connection with research and development problems in the aerospace field; - Providing assistance to member nations for the purpose of increasing their scientific and technical potential; - Recommending effective ways for the member nations to use their research and development capabilities for the common benefit of the NATO community. The highest authority within AGARD is the National Delegates Board consisting of officially appointed senior representatives from each member nation.
    [Show full text]