Effect of Infill Percentage on Properties of FDM Printed GPLA/Petgs A.V
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Flexographic Printing – High Throughput Technology for Fine Line Seed Layer Printing on Silicon Solar Cells
Presented at the 28th European PV Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition, 30 September – 04 October 2013, Paris, France FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING – HIGH THROUGHPUT TECHNOLOGY FOR FINE LINE SEED LAYER PRINTING ON SILICON SOLAR CELLS Andreas Lorenz1, Andre Kalio1, Gunter Tobias Hofmeister1, Sebastian Nold1, Lorenz Friedrich1, Achim Kraft1, Jonas Bartsch1, Dietmar Wolf2, Martin Dreher2, Florian Clement1, Daniel Biro1 1Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany 2Deutschsprachiges Flexodruck-Technologiezentrum DFTA-TZ, Nobelstraße 10, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany Phone: +49 761 4588 5299, email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Within this work, seed layer grids for solar cell front side metallization were applied using flexographic printing which represents an innovative, high-throughput approach for solar cell front side metallization. Fine line seed layer contact grids with a silver consumption lower than 10 mg per cell could be realized on alkaline textured Czochralski-grown silicon wafers with an edge length of 156 mm. Subsequently, the seed layer has been reinforced with silver using light induced plating (LIP). In order to determine the optimum LIP process, three groups were plated with different amounts of silver deposition. The results were analyzed before and after plating regarding silver consumption, contact finger geometry and interruptions. Solar cell parameters were determined after plating. It was demonstrated, that a homogeneous front side seed layer metallization without interruptions down to a line width of 25 µm can be realized using flexographic printing. The best cell reached a conversion efficiency of 18 % after silver LIP which is comparable to standard screen printed cells on the used Si wafer material. -
Image Carrier Poster
55899-11_MOP_nwsltr_poster_Winter11_v2_Layout 1 2/11/11 2:25 PM Page 1 The Museum of Printing, North Andover, MA and the Image Carrier www.museumofprinting.org Relief printing Wood cuts and wood engravings pre-dated moveable type. Called “xylographic printing,” it was used before Gutenberg for illustrations, playing cards, and small documents. Moveable type allowed corrections and editing. A wood engraving uses the end grain, where a wood cut uses the plank grain. Polymer plates are made from digital files which drive special engraving machines to produce relief plates. These plates are popular with many of today’s letterpress printers who produce invitations, and collectible prints. Metal relief cylinders were used to print repetitive designs, such as those on wrap - ping paper and wall paper. In the 1930s, the invention of cellophane led to the development of the anilox roller and flexographic printing. Today, flexography prints most of the flexible packaging film which accounts for about half of all packaged products. Hobbyists, artists, and printmakers cut away non-printing areas on sheets of linoleum to create relief surfaces. Wood cut Wood engraving and Metal plate Relief cylinder Flexographic plate Linoleum cut Foundry type began with Gutenberg and evolved through Jenson, Garamond, Moveable type Caslon and many others. Garamond was the first printer to cast type that was sold to other printers. By the 1880s there were almost 80 foundries in the U.S. One newspaper could keep one foundry in business. Machine typesetting changed the status quo and the Linotype had an almost immediate effect on type foundries. Twenty-three foundries formed American Type Founders in 1890. -
Other Printing Methods
FLEXO vs. OTHER PRINTING METHODS Web: www.luminite.com Phone: 888-545-2270 As the printing industry moves forward into 2020 and beyond, let’s take a fresh look at the technology available, how flexo has changed to meet consumer demand, and how 5 other popular printing methods compare. CONTENTS ● A History of Flexo Printing ● How Flexo Printing Works ● How Litho Printing Works ● How Digital Printing Works ● How Gravure Printing Works ● How Offset Printing Works ● What is Screen Printing? ● Corrugated Printing Considerations ● Flexo Hybrid Presses ● Ready to Get Started with Flexo? 2 A History of Flexo Printing The basic process of flexography dates back to the late 19th century. It was not nearly as refined, precise, or versatile as the flexo process today -- and can be best described as a high-tech method of rubber stamping. Printing capabilities were limited to very basic materials and designs, with other printing methods greatly outshining flexo. Over the past few decades flexo technology has continuously evolved. This is largely thanks to the integration of Direct Laser Engraving technology, advancements in image carrier materials, and in press technologies. These innovations, among others, have led to increased quality and precision in flexo products. These technological improvements have positioned flexography at the helm of consumer product and flexible packaging printing. Flexo is growing in popularity in a variety of other industries, too, including medical and pharmaceutical; school, home, and office products; and even publishing. How Flexo Printing Works Flexo typically utilizes an elastomer or polymer image carrier such as sleeves, cylinders, and plates. The image carrier is engraved or imaged to create the design for the final desired product. -
Printing Industry Is the Large Proportion of Very Small Firms
The printing sector is a diversified industry sector composed of firms who perform printing as well as firms who render services for the printing trade, such as platemaking and bookbinding. One of the most significant characteristics of the printing industry is the large proportion of very small firms. The Census Bureau reported that in 2002 nearly half of the 37,538 printing companies had fewer than five employees; approximately 80 percent employed fewer than 20 workers. Processes used in printing include a variety of methods used to transfer an image from a plate, screen, film, or computer file to some medium, such as paper, plastics, metal, textile articles, or wood. The most prominent of these methods is to transfer the image from a plate or screen to the medium (lithographic, gravure, screen, and flexographic printing). A rapidly growing new technology uses a computer file to directly "drive" the printing mechanism to create the image and new electrostatic and other types of equipment (digital or nonimpact printing). Four Main Segments The printing industry can be separated into four main segments: Lithography Flexography Gravure Screen printing Lithography Lithography is a planographic printing system where the image and non-image areas are chemically differentiated with the image area being oil receptive and non-image area water receptive. Ink film from the lithographic plate is transferred to an intermediary surface called a blanket, which, in turn, transfers the ink film to the substrate. Fountain solution is applied to maintain the hydrophilic properties of the non-image area. Ink drying is divided into heatset and non- heatset. -
Introduction to Printing Technologies
Edited with the trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Introduction to Printing Technologies Study Material for Students : Introduction to Printing Technologies CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN MEDIA WORLD Mass communication and Journalism is institutionalized and source specific. Itfunctions through well-organized professionals and has an ever increasing interlace. Mass media has a global availability and it has converted the whole world in to a global village. A qualified journalism professional can take up a job of educating, entertaining, informing, persuading, interpreting, and guiding. Working in print media offers the opportunities to be a news reporter, news presenter, an editor, a feature writer, a photojournalist, etc. Electronic media offers great opportunities of being a news reporter, news editor, newsreader, programme host, interviewer, cameraman,Edited with theproducer, trial version of Foxit Advanced PDF Editor director, etc. To remove this notice, visit: www.foxitsoftware.com/shopping Other titles of Mass Communication and Journalism professionals are script writer, production assistant, technical director, floor manager, lighting director, scenic director, coordinator, creative director, advertiser, media planner, media consultant, public relation officer, counselor, front office executive, event manager and others. 2 : Introduction to Printing Technologies INTRODUCTION The book introduces the students to fundamentals of printing. Today printing technology is a part of our everyday life. It is all around us. T h e history and origin of printing technology are also discussed in the book. Students of mass communication will also learn about t h e different types of printing and typography in this book. The book will also make a comparison between Traditional Printing Vs Modern Typography. -
Glossary of Flexographic Printing Terms
GLOSSARY OF FLEXOGRAPHIC PRINTING TERMS AA: Authors Alterations, changes other than corrections, made by a client after the proofing process has begun. AA's are usually charged to a client as billable time. Abrasion: Process of wearing away the surface of a material by friction. Abrasion marks: Marks on a photographic print or film appearing as streaks or scratches, caused by the condition of the developer. Can be partially removed by swabbing with alcohol. Abrasion resistance: Ability to withstand the effects of repeated rubbing and scuffing. Also called scuff or rub resistance. Abrasion test: A test designed to determine the ability to withstand the effects of rubbing and scuffing. Abrasiveness: That property of a substance that causes it to wear or scratch other surfaces. Absorption: In paper, the property which causes it to take up liquids or vapors in contact with it. In optics, the partial suppression of light through a transparent or translucent material. Acceptance sampling or inspection: The evaluation of a definite lot of material or product that is already in existence to determine its acceptability within quality standards. Accelerate: In flexographic printing, as by the addition of a faster drying solvent or by increasing the temperature or volume of hot air applied to the printed surface. Electrical - To speed rewind shafts during flying splices, and in taking up web slackness. Accordion Fold: Bindery term, two or more parallel folds which open like an accordion. Acetone: A very active solvent used in packaging gravure inks; the fastest drying solvent in the ketone family. Activator: A chemistry used on exposed photographic paper or film emulsion to develop the image. -
The Basics of Bar Coding
The Basics of Bar Coding A P P L I C A T I O N W H I T E P A P E R CONTENTS Thermal print technology is an excellent choice for many bar code and label printing applications, and should be well understood by any company considering a bar coding system. This white paper will explain the principles of thermal bar code print technology and will enable the reader to identify when its application is most appropriate compared with alternative technologies. 1. BAR CODING BASICS Overview….Bar code design….Equipment requirements….Key benefits….Common applications 2. ASSESSING THE APPLICATION Process requirements…. Compliance requirements….Production volume requirements…. Off-site vs. on-demand label printing….Budgets and costs 3. BAR CODE PRINT TECHNOLOGIES Dot matrix….Ink jet….Laser….Thermal (direct thermal/thermal transfer) 4. WHEN TO SELECT THERMAL PRINTING Point-of-application systems….Variable data….Varying label sizes….Graphics and scalable fonts…. High-definition bar codes….Compact printers….Low operating costs 5. CHOOSING THE RIGHT PRINTER Printer durability…Print volume….Print speed….Label image durability….Print resolution…. Print width….Feature options 6. CHOOSING THE RIGHT SUPPLIES Direct thermal vs. thermal transfer….Media and calibration….Application surface….Adhesive…. Application temperature; Service temperature….Exposure….Label reading method…. Label application method….Environmentally friendly labels….Cost of supplies 7. ZEBRA PRINTING APPLICATIONS AND SOLUTIONS Bar code, label and receipt printers….Mobile printing solutions…. Plastic card printers and encoders….Software solutions….Supplies 8. THE FUTURE OF BAR CODING 1 BAR CODING BASICS Overview Automatic identification and data collection (AIDC), also known as Auto ID or Keyless Data Entry, is the generic term for a number of technologies that help eliminate human error and reduce time and labor by replacing manual methods of data entry and data collection. -
F1y3x SECTION XVI MACHINERY and MECHANICAL APPLIANCES
)&f1y3X SECTION XVI MACHINERY AND MECHANICAL APPLIANCES; ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT; PARTS THEREOF; SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, TELEVISION IMAGE AND SOUND RECORDERS AND REPRODUCERS, AND PARTS AND ACCESSORIES OF SUCH ARTICLES XVI-1 Notes 1. This section does not cover: (a) Transmission, conveyor or elevator belts or belting, of plastics of chapter 39, or of vulcanized rubber (heading 4010); or other articles of a kind used in machinery or mechanical or electrical appliances or for other technical uses, of vulcanized rubber other than hard rubber (heading 4016); (b) Articles of leather or of composition leather (heading 4204) or of furskin (heading 4303), of a kind used in machinery or mechanical appliances or for other technical uses; (c) Bobbins, spools, cops, cones, cores, reels or similar supports, of any material (for example, chapter 39, 40, 44 or 48 or section XV); (d) Perforated cards for Jacquard or similar machines (for example, chapter 39 or 48 or section XV); (e) Transmission or conveyor belts of textile material (heading 5910) or other articles of textile material for technical uses (heading 5911); (f) Precious or semiprecious stones (natural, synthetic or reconstructed) of headings 7102 to 7104, or articles wholly of such stones of heading 7116, except unmounted worked sapphires and diamonds for styli (heading 8522); (g) Parts of general use, as defined in note 2 to section XV, of base metal (section XV), or similar goods of plastics (chapter 39); (h) Drill pipe (heading 7304); (ij) Endless belts of metal wire or strip (section XV); (k) Articles of chapter 82 or 83; (l) Articles of section XVII; (m) Articles of chapter 90; (n) Clocks, watches or other articles of chapter 91; (o) Interchangeable tools of heading 8207 or brushes of a kind used as parts of machines (heading 9603); similar interchangeable tools are to be classified according to the constituent material of their working part (for example, in chapter 40, 42, 43, 45 or 59 or heading 6804 or 6909); or (p) Articles of chapter 95. -
Omni 800 Electronic Data Terminals
OMNi 800 electronic data terminals MAINTENANCE MANUAL FOR MODEL 810 PRINTER MANUAL NO. 994386-9701 Rev. B Revised 1 June 1978 TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INCORPORATED Copyright 1978 by Texas Instruments Incorporated All Rights Reserved - Printed In USA The information and/or drawings set forth in this document and all rights in and to inventions disclosed herein and patents which might be granted thereon disclosing or employing the materials, methods, techniques or apparatus described herein are the exclusive property of Texas Instruments incorporated. No copies of the information or drawings shall be made without the prior consent of Texas Instruments Incorporated. r----------------------.. INSERT LATEST CHANGED PAGES. DESTROY SUPERSEDED PAGES LIS T 0 F E F F E CT I V EPA G E S INote: The portIon of the text affected by the changes is indicated by a vertical bar In the outer margins of the page. Maintenance Manual for Model 810 Printer Manual No. 994386-9701 Original Issue: 15 July 1977 Revision A: 15 March 1978 ECN 432918 T otdl nurnher of pages In this publication is 342 consisting of the following: Page Change Page Change Page Change No. No. No. No. No. No. Cover 0 A-I-A-8 0 A 0 B-I-B-2 0 iii-xii 0 C-I-C-6 0 1-1-1-4 0 D-I-D-22 0 2-1--2-8 0 E-I-E-18 0 3-1-3-2 0 F-I-F-27 0 4-1-4-54 0 Index -1-Index·8 0 5-1-5-25 0 User Response Sheet 0 6-1-6-134 0 Business Reply 0 7-1-7-37 0 Cover Blank 0 Cover 0 CHANGE NOTICES I Revision ECN Date Description Letter Number Level A 3/15/78 432918 D Update drawings, add preventive maintenance information B 6/1/78 432332 D Correct errors; add Line Buffer Option Drawings and Installation Instructions. -
Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 ABSTRACT
United Slates EPA- 600 R- 95-045 7 Enwronmental Protection ZL6ILI Agency March 1995 i= Research and Developmen t OFFICE EQUIPMENT: DESIGN, INDOOR AIR EMISSIONS, AND POLLUTION PREVENTION OPPORTUNITIES Prepared for Office of Radiation and Indoor Air Prepared by Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park NC 2771 1 EPA REVIEW NOTICE This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policy of the Agency, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. This document is available to the public through the National Technical Informa- tion Service. Springfield, Virginia 22161. EPA- 600 I R- 95-045 March 1995 Office Equipment: Design, Indoor Air Emissions, and Pollution Prevention Opportunities by: Robert Hetes Mary Moore (Now at Cadmus, Inc.) Coleen Northeim Research Triangle Institute Center for Environmental Analysis Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 EPA Cooperative Agreement CR822025-01 EPA Project Officer: Kelly W. Leovic Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1 Prepared for: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ofice of Research and Development Washington, DC 20460 ABSTRACT The objective of this initial report is to summarize available information on office ~ equipment design; indoor air emissions of organics, ozone, and particulates from office ~ equipment; and pollution prevention approaches for reducing these emissions. It should be noted that much of the existing emissions data from office equipment are proprietary and not available in the general literature and are therefore not included in this report. -
(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,050,725 B2 Jingu (45) Date of Patent: May 23, 2006
US007050725B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,050,725 B2 Jingu (45) Date of Patent: May 23, 2006 (54) IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS 5,373.350 A * 12/1994 Taylor et al. .................. EMPLOYING TWO PRINTING METHODS 5,563,694. A * 10/1996 Katayama ............ 5,729,785 A * 3/1998 Sakaizawa et al. ... (75) Inventor: Hidehito Jingu, Tokyo (JP) 5,781,823 A * 7/1998 Isobe et al. .................... 399.2 6,725,770 B1 * 4/2004 Maeda ....................... 101 129 (73) Assignee: Oki Data Corporation, Tokyo (JP) FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this JP 09-169474 6, 1997 patent is extended or adjusted under 35 k . U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. cited by examiner Primaryy Examiner—Louis Arana (21) Appl. No.: 10/790,041 (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Rabin & Berdo, PC (65) Prior Publication Data US 2004/0175191 A1 Sep. 9, 2004 An image forming apparatus has a first image forming unit and a second image forming unit that form images by (30) Foreign Application Priority Data different methods on the same page. The image formed by Mar. 3, 2003 (JP) 2003-055.192 the second image forming unit is used as an identifying • - s 1- w - way - F · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · · image to distinguish an original document made by the (51) Int. Cl. image forming apparatus from copies of the original docu GO3G I5/00 (2006.01) ment. The second image forming unit may, for example, (52) U.S. Cl 399/2: 39976 emboss or punch holes in the printing medium. The second (58) Field O f Classification search- - - - - - - - - - - - 399A2 image forming unit may accordingly be a serial impact dot - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -39976 7 matrix printing unit or a stamping unit, while the first See application file for complete search history s printing unit may be, for example, an inkjet printing unit or an electrophotographic printing unit. -
Altered Landscapes Will Capture the Spirit of Las Vegas’S Perpetual Reinvention and the Fallacy of Its Promises
ANNUAL CONFERENCE WEDNESDAY - SATURDAY, APRIL 4 - 7, 2018 LAS VEGAS, NEVADA CONTENTS SGCI President Welcome . .3 Thursday, April 5 at Bally’s . .37 Friday, April 6 at Bally’s . 41 Welcome Letters. 5 Friday, April 6 at 5th Street School . 45 SGCI 2018 Conference Abstract . .6 INKubator Sessions. .47 Schedule . 7 Thursday, April 5 . .47 Wednesday, April 4 . .7 Friday, April 6. 50 Thursday, April 5 . .8 Career Mentor Sessions . .55 Friday, April 6. .10 Saturday, April 7 . 14 Themed Portfolios . .57 Sunday, April 8. 15 SGCI Exhibitions . .70 Awards & Speakers. 17 All That Glitters. 70 Jaune Quick - To - See - Smith . 17 Silent Auction. 71 Dennis O’Neil. 18 Exhibitions. .73 Melanie Yazzie. 19 Las Vegas Downtown & Arts District . .73 Beth Grabowski . 20 5th Street Schoolhouse. .73 Jasmine Williams. .22 Chamber Gallery . .75 Louise Fisher . .22 Nevada Humanities . .77 Emmett Merrill . .23 Priscilla Fowler Fine Arts . .78 William L. Fox. 24 Test Site Projects . .79 Jim McCormick . 24 University of Nevada - Las Vegas .. 81 Susan Boskoff . .25 Archie C. Grant Hall. 81 Chris Giunchigliani . .25 Dr. Arturo Rando Grillot Hall. .82 Bobbie Ann Howell. .26 Donna Beam Fine Arts . 83 Maureen MacNamara Barrett. .26 Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art. 86 Demonstrations . .29 College of Southern Nevada . 88 Thursday, April 5 at Bally’s . .29 Maps & Way-Finding . 91 Friday, April 5 at Bally’s . 30 Bally’s Convention Floor. 91 Friday, April 5 at UNLV . .32 2018 Vendors, Publishers, Programs Fair. .92 Tinker Town. .35 Friday, April 6 Bus Loop . 94 Panel Discussions . .37 UNLV Campus . 96 Acknowledgements. .98 2 WELCOME FROM THE SGC INTERNATIONAL PRESIDENT Dear SGC International Members: On behalf of the board of SGC International, it is my pleasure to wel- come you to Las Vegas for our annual conference! We are so happy that you’re here to contribute to our vibrant printmaking community.