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Full Text of the Law in Turkish, See İntihabı Mebusan Kanununun Bazı Maddelerinin Değiştirilmesine Ve Kanuna Bir Madde İlâvesine Dair Kanun, Law No

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Full Text of the Law in Turkish, See İntihabı Mebusan Kanununun Bazı Maddelerinin Değiştirilmesine Ve Kanuna Bir Madde İlâvesine Dair Kanun, Law No Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/31879 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Adak Turan, Sevgi Title: Kemalism in the periphery: anti-veiling campaigns and state-society relations in 1930s Turkey Issue Date: 2015-02-12 Kemalism in the Periphery: Anti-Veiling Campaigns and State-Society Relations in 1930s Turkey Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van Rector Magnificus prof. mr. C.J.J.M. Stolker, volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties te verdedigen op donderdag 12 februari 2015 klokke 11:15 uur door Sevgi Adak Turan geboren te Denizli in 1979 Promotiecommissie Promotores: Prof. dr. Touraj Atabaki (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. Erik-Jan Zürcher (Universiteit Leiden) Overige leden: Prof. dr. Deniz Kandiyoti (University of London, SOAS) Dr. Nicole A.N.M. van Os (Universiteit Leiden) Prof. dr. Berteke Waaldijk (Universiteit Utrecht) In memory of my grandmother, Fatma Gazalcı Anneannem Fatma Gazalcı’nın anısına… Kemalism in the Periphery: Anti-Veiling Campaigns and State-Society Relations in 1930s Turkey © Sevgi Adak, 2015 Cover photo: A woman and her daughters in Antalya, 1933. Author’s collection. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations ........................................................................................ iii Acknowledgements ....................................................................................... v Chapter 1. Introduction ............................................................................... 1 Chapter 2. The Debate on Women’s Veiling and the Anti-Veiling Campaigns before the 1930s ..................................................................... 22 I. The Ottoman Legacy ...................................................................... 22 II. Kemalist Vision of Women’s Modernization and the Question of Veiling ................................................................................................ 30 III. Republic’s First Dress Reform: The Hat Law of 1925 ................ 37 IV. Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the 1920s: a Weak Attempt at Changing Women’s Dress.................................................................. 47 V. Conclusion..................................................................................... 59 Chapter 3. Contextualizing the Anti-Veiling Campaigns of the 1930s: An Overview ............................................................................................... 61 I. Turkey in the 1930s ........................................................................ 61 II. Women’s Modernization and Un/Veiling in the 1930s ................. 71 III. Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the 1930s .......................................... 77 III.a. Timing ............................................................................. 77 III.b. Scope, Content and Discourse ........................................ 83 III.c. The Legal Framework ..................................................... 90 IV. Conclusion ................................................................................... 98 Chapter 4. Negotiating Kemalism: The Local Elite in the Anti-Veiling Campaigns of the 1930s ........................................................................... 100 I. Defining the Local Elite in the Turkish Context ........................... 100 II. Between Hesitation and Intervention: Ankara on the Anti-Veiling Campaigns ........................................................................................ 112 III. Anti-Veiling Campaigns and the Role of the Local Elite .......... 124 IV. Conclusion ................................................................................. 155 i Chapter 5. Popular Resistance and Women’s Agency ......................... 159 I. Diversifying the Local: Multiple Actors, Multiple Voices ........... 159 II. Popular Resistance to Anti-Veiling Campaigns .......................... 161 III. How to Approach Women’s Agency ......................................... 171 IV. Women in the Anti-Veiling Campaigns .................................... 178 IV.a. Incompliance, resistance, selective adaptation ............. 178 IV.b. Compliance, support, participation ............................... 193 V. Conclusion................................................................................... 203 Chapter 6. Reflections on the Anti-Veiling Campaigns in the Muslim World ......................................................................................................... 206 I. The Turkish Case in a Larger Context .......................................... 206 II. The Arab World, the Caucasus and Central Asia ........................ 214 III. Iran, Albania and Turkey: Some Comparative Remarks ........... 228 IV. Conclusion ................................................................................. 251 Chapter 7. Conclusions ............................................................................ 257 Appendix ................................................................................................... 269 Bibliography .............................................................................................. 278 Samenvatting ............................................................................................. 303 Curriculum Vitae ....................................................................................... 308 ii List of Illustrations Figure 2.1. A postcard from the Second Constitutional Period showing a group of women in black çarşafs in Istanbul. Source: Sacit Kutlu, Didar-ı Hürriyet: Kartpostallarla İkinci Meşrutiyet (1908-1913), Istanbul: Istanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2008. ................................................................. 27 Figure 2.2. A colored image of a group of women in “modernized” çarşafs, Istanbul, early 1920s. Source: The film Istanbul Do/Redo/Undo: Waters, Streets, Faces by Nezih Erdoğan. ................................................... 30 Figure 2.3. A page from the journal Resimli Ay, showing fashionable models of çarşaf and headdress in the 1920s. Resimli Ay, 1924. .................................................................................. 36 Figure 3.1. A propaganda poster of the RPP in mid-1930s. Source: Lilo Linke, Allah Dethroned: A Journey through Modern Turkey, London: Constable & Co LTD, 1937. ..... 71 Figure 3.2. Women in peştamal veil at a local market in Sivas in mid- 1930s. Source: Lilo Linke, Allah Dethroned: A Journey through Modern Turkey, London: Constable & Co LTD, 1937. ..... 77 Figure 3.3. A clip from a local newspaper. Yeni Mersin, 1 July 1934. .. 88 Figure 3.4. A clip from a Bursa newspaper, reporting the meeting of the city council. Hakkın Sesi, Bursa, 3 February 1935. ........... 95 Figure 5.1. Letter sent by the governor of Konya to the Ministry of Interior. TNPA 13216-7/1, 5 November 1935. ................ 170 Figure 5.2. Women at a sewing course in 1930s Hacı Bektaş, Nevşehir. Source: Cumhuriyet’in Aile Albümleri, Feride Çiçekoğlu and Oya Baydar (eds.), Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1998. ................................................................................ 196 iii Figure 5.3. Women at the Develi branch of the Airplane Association, Kayseri, 1930s. Source: 75 Yılda Değişen Yaşam, Değişen İnsan: Cumhuriyet Modaları, Derya Özkan and Oya Baydar (eds.), Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yayınları, 1998. ........................................... 202 Figure 6.1. Afghan students who were sent to Istanbul for education, 1928. Source: Yaiha Baiza, Education in Afghanistan: Developments, Influences and Legacies since 1901, London: Routledge, 2013. .............................................................. 209 Figure 6.2. A photograph of Nazira Zayn al-Din, appeared as the frontispiece of her book. Source: Elizabeth Thompson, Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon, New York: Columbia University Press, 2000. 220 Figure 6.3. A clip from Turkish national newspaper Cumhuriyet, showing “modern” Iranian women watching a sports game. Cumhuriyet, 25 November 1935. ..................................... 238 Figure 6.4. A clip from a local newspaper in Konya, announcing the banning of the peçe in Albania, with an illustration of King Zog. Babalık, 20 March 1937. ......................................... 241 iv Acknowledgements My journey to becoming a scholar began at Bilkent University, in the Department of Political Science. I am grateful to all my professors there, and especially, to Banu Helvacıoğlu, for all the inspiration she has given to me. The Graduate Program in History at Sabancı University and my professors there have shaped me in irreversible ways. I would like to thank Ayşe Gül Altınay in particular for her support over the years and for being a dear friend. I learned a lot from my professors and friends at York University, Toronto, and Central European University, Budapest - two places that contributed immensely to my academic development. I thank them all. I would like to thank the staff of the Turkish Prime Ministry Republican Archives in Ankara, the British National Archives, the US National Archives, Leiden University Library, the library of the International Institute of Social History in Amsterdam, Beyazıt Library in Istanbul, Kent Kitaplığı in Izmir, and the Municipal Library and Kent Kitaplığı in Bursa for their help during my research for the thesis. My special thanks go to the ISAM library in Istanbul where I completed much of the writing
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