Roman Imperatorial and Imperial Coinage Bernhard E

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Roman Imperatorial and Imperial Coinage Bernhard E. Woytek The Periods • Civil Wars at the End of the Republic (49 – 31 BC) Issues of the Rome Mint – “Imperatorial“ Issues • Principate (31/27 BC – AD 284: Diocletian) “Augustan“ System (with modifications: Caracalla etc.) Imperial Coinage and Provincial Coinages • Dominate (AD 284 – 491: Anastasius I.) Unified Currency. Monetary Reforms of Diocletian, Constantine I. and of Constantine‘s Sons The Roman „Imperial“ Coinage: Three Important Aspects • Creation of a Regular Gold Coinage: Aureus (produced continuously from Caesar onwards), Solidus (created under Constantine I.) • Portrait of the Ruler on the Obverse: Introduced to Rome under Caesar, 44 BC • Creation of the Medallion: Coin-like, non-monetary object, outside the denominational system, but produced by the official mint Gold Coinage Aureus, Julius Caesar, 48 BC Less than 10 pieces known Gold Coinage First Large Issue of Aurei produced under Caesar‘s Rule: Aulus Hirtius, Praetor, 46 BC Die Study (RIN 2003, M. C. Molinari): 537 pieces listed Gold Coinage: Augustus (27 BC – AD 14) 1 Aureus = 25 Denarii (see Cassius Dio 55,12,3) Imperial Bronze Coinage: The Augustan System 1 Denarius = 4 Sestertii From Augustus on in BRASS: Part of the coinage reform, made Senatus Consulto (SC) 1 Sestertius = 2 Dupondii 1 Dupondius = 2 Asses Gold Coinage: Nero (AD 54-68) Nero‘s Monetary Reform (AD 64): Aurei struck on a Standard of 45 to the Roman pound (libra: c. 327g) -> theoretically c. 7.27g (but struck al marco) Gold Coinage: Caracalla (AD 211-217) Introduction of the Double Aureus (Binio) (British Museum, Inv. 1867,0101.772: 13.02g) Gold Coinage: Gallienus (AD 253-268) Aureus, Rome, 264-267 6.07g Aureus, Rome, 257 2.36g „Binio“, Mediolanum, 262 3.64g Weights vary considerably -> coin values had to be established individually Fineness of Imperial Gold Coins Source: C. Morrisson et al., 3rd Century: L’or monnayé I: purification et altérations Drop in Fineness de Rome à Byzance (1985).

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TIMELINE of ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE
27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 B.C. AUGUSTUS 16 Jan 27 BC AUGUSTUS CAESAR Other title: e.g. Filius Augustorum Aureus 7.8g KEY TO METALLIC COMPOSITION Quinarius Aureus GOLD Gold Aureus 25 silver Denarii Gold Quinarius 12.5 silver Denarii SILVER Silver Denarius 16 copper Asses Silver Quinarius 8 copper Asses DE-BASED SILVER from c. 260 Brass Sestertius 4 copper Asses Brass Dupondius 2 copper Asses ORICHALCUM (BRASS) Copper As 4 copper Quadrantes Brass Semis 2 copper Quadrantes COPPER Copper Quadrans Denarius 3.79g 96-98% fine Quinarius Argenteus 1.73g 92% fine Sestertius 25.5g Dupondius 12.5g As 10.5g Semis Quadrans TIMELINE of ROMAN IMPERIAL COINAGE B.C. 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 A.D.A.D. denominational relationships relationships based on Aureus Aureus 7.8g 1 Quinarius Aureus 3.89g 2 Denarius 3.79g 25 50 Sestertius 25.4g 100 Dupondius 12.4g 200 As 10.5g 400 Semis 4.59g 800 Quadrans 3.61g 1600 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 19 Aug TIBERIUS TIBERIUS Aureus 7.75g Aureus Quinarius Aureus 3.87g Quinarius Aureus Denarius 3.76g 96-98% fine Denarius Sestertius 27g Sestertius Dupondius 14.5g Dupondius As 10.9g As Semis Quadrans 3.61g Quadrans 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 TIBERIUS CALIGULA CLAUDIUS Aureus 7.75g 7.63g Quinarius Aureus 3.87g 3.85g Denarius 3.76g 96-98% fine 3.75g 98% fine Sestertius 27g 28.7g
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Hadrian and the Greek East
HADRIAN AND THE GREEK EAST: IMPERIAL POLICY AND COMMUNICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Demetrios Kritsotakis, B.A, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2008 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Fritz Graf, Adviser Professor Tom Hawkins ____________________________ Professor Anthony Kaldellis Adviser Greek and Latin Graduate Program Copyright by Demetrios Kritsotakis 2008 ABSTRACT The Roman Emperor Hadrian pursued a policy of unification of the vast Empire. After his accession, he abandoned the expansionist policy of his predecessor Trajan and focused on securing the frontiers of the empire and on maintaining its stability. Of the utmost importance was the further integration and participation in his program of the peoples of the Greek East, especially of the Greek mainland and Asia Minor. Hadrian now invited them to become active members of the empire. By his lengthy travels and benefactions to the people of the region and by the creation of the Panhellenion, Hadrian attempted to create a second center of the Empire. Rome, in the West, was the first center; now a second one, in the East, would draw together the Greek people on both sides of the Aegean Sea. Thus he could accelerate the unification of the empire by focusing on its two most important elements, Romans and Greeks. Hadrian channeled his intentions in a number of ways, including the use of specific iconographical types on the coinage of his reign and religious language and themes in his interactions with the Greeks. In both cases it becomes evident that the Greeks not only understood his messages, but they also reacted in a positive way.
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The Roman Empire – Roman Coins Lesson 1
Year 4: The Roman Empire – Roman Coins Lesson 1 Duration 2 hours. Date: Planned by Katrina Gray for Two Temple Place, 2014 Main teaching Activities - Differentiation Plenary LO: To investigate who the Romans were and why they came Activities: Mixed Ability Groups. AFL: Who were the Romans? to Britain Cross curricular links: Geography, Numeracy, History Activity 1: AFL: Why did the Romans want to come to Britain? CT to introduce the topic of the Romans and elicit children’s prior Sort timeline flashcards into chronological order CT to refer back to the idea that one of the main reasons for knowledge: invasion was connected to wealth and money. Explain that Q Who were the Romans? After completion, discuss the events as a whole class to ensure over the next few lessons we shall be focusing on Roman Q What do you know about them already? that the children understand the vocabulary and events described money / coins. Q Where do they originate from? * Option to use CT to show children a map, children to locate Rome and Britain. http://www.schoolsliaison.org.uk/kids/preload.htm or RESOURCES Explain that the Romans invaded Britain. http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/romans.html Q What does the word ‘invade’ mean? for further information about the key dates and events involved in Websites: the Roman invasion. http://www.schoolsliaison.org.uk/kids/preload.htm To understand why they invaded Britain we must examine what http://www.sparklebox.co.uk/topic/past/roman-empire.html was happening in Britain before the invasion.
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The Earliest Roman Counterfeit by Means of Gold/Mercury Amalgam
The earliest roman counterfeit by means of gold/mercury amalgam Autor(en): Botrè, Claudio / Hurter, Silvia Mani Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Schweizerische numismatische Rundschau = Revue suisse de numismatique = Rivista svizzera di numismatica Band (Jahr): 79 (2000) PDF erstellt am: 25.09.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-175713 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch CLAUDIO BOTRE, SILVIA MANI HURTER THE EARLIEST ROMAN COUNTERFEIT BY MEANS OF GOLD/MERCURY AMALGAM A hoard of Roman coins recently came to light in an excavation conducted by archaeologists of the Soprintendenza Archeologica di Roma under the direction of Dott.
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3927 25.90 Brass 6 Obols / Sestertius 3928 24.91
91 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS 3927 25.90 brass 6 obols / sestertius 3928 24.91 brass 6 obols / sestertius 3929 14.15 brass 3 obols / dupondius 3930 16.23 brass same (2 examples weighed) 3931 6.72 obol / 2/3 as (3 examples weighed) 3932 9.78 3/2 obol / as *Not struck at a Cypriot mint. 92 / 140 THE COINAGE SYSTEM OF CLEOPATRA VII, MARC ANTONY AND AUGUSTUS IN CYPRUS Cypriot Coinage under Tiberius and Later, After 14 AD To the people of Cyprus, far from the frontiers of the Empire, the centuries of the Pax Romana formed an uneventful although contented period. Mattingly notes, “Cyprus . lay just outside of the main currents of life.” A population unused to political independence or democratic institutions did not find Roman rule oppressive. Radiate Divus Augustus and laureate Tiberius on c. 15.6g Cypriot dupondius - triobol. In c. 15-16 AD the laureate head of Tiberius was paired with Livia seated right (RPC 3919, as) and paired with that of Divus Augustus (RPC 3917 and 3918 dupondii). Both types are copied from Roman Imperial types of the early reign of Tiberius. For his son Drusus, hemiobols were struck with the reverse designs begun by late in the reign of Cleopatra: Zeus Salaminios and the Temple of Aphrodite at Paphos. In addition, a reverse with both of these symbols was struck. Drusus obverse was paired with either Zeus Salaminios, or Temple of Aphrodite reverses, as well as this reverse that shows both. (4.19g) Conical black stone found in 1888 near the ruins of the temple of Aphrodite at Paphos, now in the Museum of Kouklia.
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Roman Coins Elementary Manual
^1 If5*« ^IP _\i * K -- ' t| Wk '^ ^. 1 Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google Digitized by Google PROTAT BROTHERS, PRINTBRS, MACON (PRANCi) Digitized by Google ROMAN COINS ELEMENTARY MANUAL COMPILED BY CAV. FRANCESCO gNECCHI VICE-PRBSIDENT OF THE ITALIAN NUMISMATIC SOaETT, HONORARY MEMBER OF THE LONDON, BELGIAN AND SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIBTIES. 2"^ EDITION RKVISRD, CORRECTED AND AMPLIFIED Translated by the Rev<> Alfred Watson HANDS MEMBF,R OP THE LONDON NUMISMATIC SOCIETT LONDON SPINK & SON 17 & l8 PICCADILLY W. — I & 2 GRACECHURCH ST. B.C. 1903 (ALL RIGHTS RF^ERVED) Digitized by Google Arc //-/7^. K.^ Digitized by Google ROMAN COINS ELEMENTARY MANUAL AUTHOR S PREFACE TO THE ENGLISH EDITION In the month of July 1898 the Rev. A. W. Hands, with whom I had become acquainted through our common interests and stud- ieSy wrote to me asking whether it would be agreeable to me and reasonable to translate and publish in English my little manual of the Roman Coinage, and most kindly offering to assist me, if my knowledge of the English language was not sufficient. Feeling honoured by the request, and happy indeed to give any assistance I could in rendering this science popular in other coun- tries as well as my own, I suggested that it would he probably less trouble ii he would undertake the translation himselt; and it was with much pleasure and thankfulness that I found this proposal was accepted. It happened that the first edition of my Manual was then nearly exhausted, and by waiting a short time I should be able to offer to the English reader the translation of the second edition, which was being rapidly prepared with additions and improvements.
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GREEK and ROMAN COINS GREEK COINS Technique Ancient Greek
GREEK AND ROMAN COINS GREEK COINS Technique Ancient Greek coins were struck from blank pieces of metal first prepared by heating and casting in molds of suitable size. At the same time, the weight was adjusted. Next, the blanks were stamped with devices which had been prepared on the dies. The lower die, for the obverse, was fixed in the anvil; the reverse was attached to a punch. The metal blank, heated to soften it, was placed on the anvil and struck with the punch, thus producing a design on both sides of the blank. Weights and Values The values of Greek coins were strictly related to the weights of the coins, since the coins were struck in intrinsically valuable metals. All Greek coins were issued according to the particular weight system adopted by the issuing city-state. Each system was based on the weight of the principal coin; the weights of all other coins of that system were multiples or sub-divisions of this major denomination. There were a number of weight standards in use in the Greek world, but the basic unit of weight was the drachm (handful) which was divided into six obols (spits). The drachm, however, varied in weight. At Aigina it weighed over six grammes, at Corinth less than three. In the 6th century B.C. many cities used the standard of the island of Aegina. In the 5th century, however, the Attic standard, based on the Athenian tetradrachm of 17 grammes, prevailed in many areas of Greece, and this was the system adopted in the 4th century by Alexander the Great.
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Debasement and the Decline of Rome Kevin Butcher1
Debasement and the decline of Rome KEVIN BUTCHER1 On April 23, 1919, the London Daily Chronicle carried an article that claimed to contain notes of an interview with Lenin, conveyed by an anonymous visitor to Moscow.2 This explained how ‘the high priest of Bolshevism’ had a plan ‘for the annihilation of the power of money in this world.’ The plan was presented in a collection of quotations allegedly from Lenin’s own mouth: “Hundreds of thousands of rouble notes are being issued daily by our treasury. This is done, not in order to fill the coffers of the State with practically worthless paper, but with the deliberate intention of destroying the value of money as a means of payment … The simplest way to exterminate the very spirit of capitalism is therefore to flood the country with notes of a high face-value without financial guarantees of any sort. Already the hundred-rouble note is almost valueless in Russia. Soon even the simplest peasant will realise that it is only a scrap of paper … and the great illusion of the value and power of money, on which the capitalist state is based, will have been destroyed. This is the real reason why our presses are printing rouble bills day and night, without rest.” Whether Lenin really uttered these words is uncertain.3 What seems certain, however, is that the real reason the Russian presses were printing money was not to destroy the very concept of money. It was to finance their war against their political opponents. The reality was that the Bolsheviks had carelessly created the conditions for hyperinflation.
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Recent Finds of Roman Coins in Lancashire: Third Report
RECENT FINDS OF ROMAN COINS IN LANCASHIRE: THIRD REPORT David Shatter Since the publication of my last note in these Transactions (Shotter 1994), the Centre for North-West Regional Studies at Lancaster University has published a First supplement (1995) to my Roman coins from north-west England (1990); this included all coin-finds from the county that had been notified up to October 1994. The present note, therefore, takes up from that point to include finds that have been reported since then, together with fresh information on finds already recorded. HOARDS 1. BORWICK (MANOR FARM). More details have come to light regarding a hoard which was found in 1993, but of which little information was initially available (Shotter 1995, p. 52). It is now known that the hoard consisted of approximately fifty coins, which have been distributed amongst various parties. Sixteen of these have been presented for examination, most of which have been poorly preserved and are very worn, not surprising in view of the fact that the latest coin was an issue of Julia Domna. The sixteen coins are: Vespasian 1 (as) Domitian 1 (sestertius) Hadrian 6 (4 sestertii, inc. R.I.C. 586, 596; dupondius; as) Antoninus Pius 1 (as) 198 David Shatter Faustina I 3 (2 sestertii, inc. R.I.C. (Antoninus) 1139; dupondius) Marcus Aurelius 1 (sestertius) Faustina II 1 (sestertius) Septimus Severus 1 (dupondius) Julia Domna 1 (sestertius, R.I.C. 859) Contrary to the earlier report, a denarius (an issue of Antoninus Pius) did not belong to the hoard (see below, casual find 2).
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Nummi Serrati, Bigati Et Alii. Coins of the Roman Republic in East-Central Europe North of the Sudetes and the Carpathians
Chapter 2 Outline history of Roman Republican coinage The study of the history of the coinage of the Roman state, including that of the Republican Period, has a history going back several centuries. In the past two hundred years in particular there has been an impressive corpus of relevant literature, such as coin catalogues and a wide range of analytical-descriptive studies. Of these the volume essential in the study of Roman Republican coinage defi nitely continues to be the catalogue provided with an extensive commentary written by Michael H. Crawford over forty years ago.18 Admittedly, some arguments presented therein, such as the dating proposed for particular issues, have met with valid criticism,19 but for the study of Republican coin fi nds from northern territories, substantially removed from the Mediterranean world, this is a minor matter. In the study of coin fi nds recovered in our study area from pre-Roman and Roman period prehistoric contexts, we have very few, and usually quite vague, references to an absolute chronology (i.e. the age determined in years of the Common Era) therefore doubts as to the very precise dating of some of the coin issues are the least of our problems. This is especially the case when these doubts are raised mostly with respect to the older coins of the series. These types seem to have entered the territory to the north of the Sudetes and the Carpathians a few score, and in some cases, even over a hundred, years after their date of minting. It is quite important on the other hand to be consistent in our use of the chronological fi ndings related to the Roman Republican coinage, in our case, those of M.
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Enlarge Auction Lots
View this message in web browser. Click to enlarge auction lots The August YN Auction is here! View the lots below, and jump to the YN Auction page to place a bid with your YN Dollars. Not sure what YN Dollars are or how to earn them? Visit How to Earn YN Dollars. Lot 1: 1940-D Lincoln Cent No Reserve Lot 2: 1948 German State - Frankfurt Am Main, 6 Kreuzer Reserve: $25 YN Dollars YNs may bid on one or both items with YN Dollars. Bids must be placed no later than August 15. In case of a tie, the first person to submit the winning bid will receive the lot. Originally published in "Tales from the Vault," 2016 The 1804 dollar is among the most coveted of all U.S. rare coins, with only 15 known examples. Strangely enough, no dollars dated 1804 were actually struck in that year. The United States Mint only struck dollars dated 1803 in 1804; there was a silver shortage and the expense of creating a new die was saved (regular production of silver dollars then ceased until 1840). The "1804" dollars were first struck in 1834-35, when the U.S. Department of State decided to give "complete" type sets of U.S. coins, including the 1804 dollar, as gifts to certain rulers in Asia willing to grant trade concessions to the United States. The appearance in 1962 of the set presented originally to the King of Siam, Rama III, between 1834 and 1836, confirmed this initial purpose of the coins. Read More..
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The Empire Strikes: the Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C
The Empire Strikes: The Growth of Roman Infrastructural Minting Power, 60 B.C. – A.D. 68 A dissertation submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences by David Schwei M.A., University of Cincinnati, December 2012 B.A., Emory University, May 2009 Committee Chairs: Peter van Minnen, Ph.D Barbara Burrell, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Coins permeated the Roman Empire, and they offer a unique perspective into the ability of the Roman state to implement its decisions in Italy and the provinces. This dissertation examines how this ability changed and grew over time, between 60 B.C. and A.D. 68, as seen through coin production. Earlier scholars assumed that the mint at Rome always produced coinage for the entire empire, or they have focused on a sudden change under Augustus. Recent advances in catalogs, documentation of coin hoards, and metallurgical analyses allow a fuller picture to be painted. This dissertation integrates the previously overlooked coinages of Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt with the denarius of the Latin West. In order to measure the development of the Roman state’s infrastructural power, this dissertation combines the anthropological ideal types of hegemonic and territorial empires with the numismatic method of detecting coordinated activity at multiple mints. The Roman state exercised its power over various regions to different extents, and it used its power differently over time. During the Republic, the Roman state had low infrastructural minting capacity.
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