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, Equilibrium Composition Index absolute activity , 301 benezene, tables and T -$ chart, 158- 9, absolute azeotropy , 379 165 absolute entropy , 411 , 444 , 451 Bernoulli 's equation, 35 absorption refrigeration , 240 - 2 blower, Roots, 214- 16 acentric factor , 468 - 72 boiler , feed-water heating, 273- 8 acid -base equilibrium , 426 - 7 boiling point , see vapour pressure acidity constant , 426 - - , elevation of, 320 activity , 307 Boltzmann's constant, xiii - , absolute , 301 Boltzmann's distribution law, 438, 467 - coefficient , 307 - 18 , 324 , 326 - 8 Boyle's law, see gas, perfect - - , mean 327 , 430 - 1 Boyle temperature, 138 - - , single -ion 326 - 7 Brayton refrigeration cycle, 252- 3 adiabatic compressibility , 151 B -$ chart, 112 - efficiency , 200 , 229 bubble point , 346ft - process , 6 Bunsen coefficient, 323 - - , in a perfect gas, 86 , 193- 4 - reaction , 416 - 20 calorie, thermochemical, 413 adsorption , 331 - 4 calorimetry, 38- 45 advancement , see reaction , extent of carbon dioxide, properties of, 451 affinity , 395 - 6 - - , solid, 246 air , cooling of , 253 Carnot cycle, 56ft, 232ft - , equilibrium composition, 455 - heat engine, 56ft - , liquefaction of , 256 - heat pump, 60- 1 - , separation of , 367 - principle , 62- 5 alcohol , distillation of , 378 - 9 , 386 - refrigerator , 60- 1 allotropy , 343 - 5 cascadeliquefier, 264- 7 alloys , 381 - 2 - refrigeration cycles, 248- 50 Arnagat 's law , 295 - 6, 302 centrifugal compressor, 23, 219, 225- 7 ammonia , heat capacity of , 89- 90, 168 characteristic equations, see fundamental - absorption refrigerator , 240 - 2 equations - synthesis , 398 - 9 Charles' law, see gas, perfect aniline point , 372 chart, thermodynamic, 163- 74, 495- 6 auto -refrigerated cascade plant , 265 - 6 chemical equilibrium , see reaction availability , 108- 20 , 368 chemical potential, 292ft Avogadro 's constant , xiii chemical reaction, see reaction axial flow turbine , 220 - 3 chilled water, 242 azeotropic distillation , 386 choked flow, 189 azeotropy , 377 - 80 Clapeyron-Clausius equation, 107- 8 - , absolute , 379 Clapeyron equation, 103- 8, 130 - , heterogeneous , 380 - - , two-component, 353, 378 - , limited , 379 Claude process, 267 - , three -component , 385 - 6 clearance ratio, 208- 10 closed system, 6, 13ft, 29- 35 back pressure , effect on flow , 189ft cluster, irreducible, 460 - - turbine , 278 - 9 coefficient of discharge, 192 Bell -Coleman cycle , 253 - 5, 262 - 3, 267 - - performance, 61, 67, 233- 4, 249, Benedict -Webb -Rubin equation , 146- 8, 253, 255 472 , 479 - 83 , 493 - 4 cold-shot cooling, 418- 20 500 INDEX collision diameter , 462 depression of freezing point , 318 - 20 combustion , heat of , 403 desuperheating , 244 component , 340 , 421 devitrification , 345 compressibility , adiabatic , 151 dewatering , 386 - , isothermal , 79 , 150 - 2 , 489 dew - point , 346ff compression , split -stage, 248 - 50 diaphragm compressor , 203 - 4 - factor , 136 - 8 , 140 , 468 - 72 dichlorodifluoromethane , P - H chart, - - , critical , 471 - 2 495 compressor , 203ff ; see also turbo - differential , perfect , 9 compressor differentiation , partial , 487 - 92 - , classification , 203 diffuser , 182ff - , diaphragm , 203 - 4 discharge , coefficient of , 192 - , dynamic , 218 - 20 distillation , 348 - 50 , 354ff - , hermetically sealed , 238 , 242 - , azeotropic , 386 - , jet , 204 , 218 - 19 duct , flow in , 181 ff - , Lysholm , 215 - 16 - , choked , 189 - , multistage , 210 - 12 Duhem - Margules equation , 312 - , oil - flooded , 215 - 16 - , reciprocating , 19, 24- 6, 203 - 14 economiser , 244 - , recirculating , 204 efficiency , 11 - , rotary , 214 - 17 - , adiabatic ( is entropic ) , 200 , 229 - , screw , 215 - 16 , 236 - , isothermal , 200 - , vane , 215 - 16 - , mechanical , 203 computer storage of data , 483 - 4 - , nozzle , 191 - 2 condensation , retrograde , 371 - 2 - , polytropic , 200 , 229 - 31 configurational integral , 456ff - , thermodynamic267, , 113 - 20 , 257 , - properties , 456ff , 493 - 4 272 - 3 conformal potentials , 462 - , volumetric , 208 - 10 conservation of energy , 28ff - of compressor , 199 - 203 , 227 - 31 consistency test , 354 - of heat engine , 52 , 60 , 66 constants , physical , xiii - of power plant , 267ff converging -diverging nozzle , 182ff - of turbine , 227 - 31 corresponding states, 462ff Einstein functions , 447 - 8 - - , deviations , 464ff electrochemical equilibrium , 427 - 32 - - , mixtures , 472ff - series , 431 - 2 cricondenbar , 371 electrode potential , 430 - 2 cricondentherm , 371 electrolytes , chemical equilibrium in , 423- 32 critical compression factor , 471 - 2 - point , 126ff , 142- 3, 148- 50 - , solution of, 325- 8 - - , two -component , 348 , 369 - 72 , 376 - elevation of boiling point , 320 7 enantiotropy , 343 - 5 - pressure ratio , 186 energy , see also heat and work - solution point , 372 - 7 - , conservation of , 28ff cycle , 9- 10, 62 ; see also named cycles, - , free , see free energy e. g. Carnot - , internal , 31ff - - zero of 46 - 7 , , , Dalton ' s law , 295 - 6 - , kinetic , 20 - 3 , 35 , 181ff de-asphalting , 377 - , potential , 22 - 3 , 35 Debye -Hiickel equation , 327 - 8, 430 - 1 engine, see heat engine and expansion degeneracy, 438- 9, 445 engine degree of freedom , 340 engine indicator, 207 degree of reaction of turbo -machinery , enthalpy, 32ff 221 , 225 - , zero of, 46- 7, 407- 8 INDEX 501 enthalpy (cont.) free gas delivery , 208 , 214 - of formation , 407 freezing point , depression of , 318 - 20 entropy. 69ft frequency , spectroscopic , 451 - , calculation of changes in, 86- 9 fugacity , 138- 9 - , conventional (absolute), 411, 444, 451 - coefficient , 302 - , zero of, 89- 90, 99; seealso third law - in a mixture , 301 - 6 , 398 - 9 , 480 - balance, 195 function of state , 9 equation of state, 139ff fundamental equations , 97 - - - , reduced, 464ff - - - , thermodynamic, 79- 80 gas , flow of , 185 - 7 equilibrium , 2- 5, 101- 3, 125 - , liquefaction of , 231ft , 250ft - , chemical, see reaction - , perfect , 68- 9, 80ft - , electrochemical, 427- 32 - , real , 136ft - , metastable, 2- 3, 188- 9, 344- 6, 351 - constant , xiii - constant, chemical, 397ff, 454- 5 - mixture , perfect , 294 - 6, 398 - 9, 440ft - - , liquid -vapour, 313 - - , real , 298 - 306 , 472ft Ericsson refrigeration cycle, 255 - refrigeration cycles, 252 - 5 eutectic point , 381- 2 gas-solid , chemical equilibrium , 404 - 6 evaporation, entropy of, 88, 104 Gibbs adsorption equation , 332 - , latent heat of, 44- 5, 88, 104 - free energy , see free energy excess, surface, 332 - surface , 329 - 32 - functions, 313- 16, 350 Gibbs -Duhem equation , 289 - 93, 310 , exergy, 111 312 , 315 , 331 - 2 exhauster, 204 Gibbs - Konowalow laws , 377 , 380 expander, 203, 217- 20, 259; see also glass, 345 - 6, 410 turbine graph , irreducible , 459 - 60 - , classification, 203 Hampson process , 256 - 9 - , dynamic, 218-20 harmonic oscillator , 447 - 8 - , reciprocating, 217-18 heat , 1 , 6ft expansion, thermal, 79, 150-2, 489,491 - capacity , 36ft - engine, 216-8 - - , constant pressure , 36ft , 78 - 9 , 89 - 95 , extensive property, 8 168 , 490 extent of reaction, 394- 5 - - , constant volume , 36ft , 78 - 9 - - , saturation , 78 , 169 , 490 - 1 - content , see enthalpy fan , 204 - - function , 413 Faraday ' s constant , 429 - engine, 50ff feed - water heating , 273 - 8 - exchanger, 55, 115-20 first law , 28ft - of combustion, 403 flash intercooler , 245 - 7 - of reaction, 403 Flory - Huggins equation , 324 - 5 , 375 - pump, Carnot, 60- 1 flow , choked , 189 - rate, 270 - , fluid , 180ft - , incompressible , 184ft , 193 helium , phase diagram of , 342 - 3, 410 - , steady - state , 7 , 19ft , 31 - 5 Helmholtz free energy , see free energy - work , 26 Henry 's law , 318 , 323 , 387 formation , enthalpy of , 407 hermetically -sealed compressor , 238 , 242 - , free energy of , 412 freedom . degree of . 340 Hess 's law , 404 , 414 free energy, Gibbs and Helmholtz, 97ft heterogeneous azeotropy , 380 - - , zero of, 98- 9; see also third law Heylandt process , 260 , 267 - - function, 413 H - S chart , 169 - 71 - - of formation , 412 hydrates , 383 - 4 502 INDEX hydrogen , ortho and para , 411 latent heat , 43 - 5 , 88 - 9 , 104 - 8 - - , throttling , 358 - 62 ice , 343 - - , two - component , 354ff ice-point , 69 lever rule , 132 , 160 - 1 , 349 , 364 ideal dilute solution , 316 - 20 Lewis and Randall rule , 302 - 3 , 399 - gas, see perfect gas limited azeotropy , 379 - mixture , 295ft , 474 Linde process , 256 - 9 , 267 , 361 , 367 immiscible liquids , 372 - 7 liquefaction of gas, 231ff , 250ff incompressible flow , 184ft , 193 liquid crystal , 343 incongruent melting , 383 - 4 liquid -liquid equilibrium , two-component , indicator diagram , 205ft , 217 372ff inertia , moment of , 445 , 451 liquid mixture , 306ff , 472ff insoluble film , 333 liquid -solid equilibrium , two -component , intake volume , 206 - 9 381 - 4 ; see also solution intensive property , 8 liquidus . 381 intercooler , closed , 247 liquid -vapour equilibrium , see saturation - , open flash , 245 - 7 and vapour pressure intermolecular energy , 445 - 62 liquid -vapour , two -component , 306ft , internal energy , 31ft 346ft , 478 - 9 - - , zero of , 46 - 7 low temperature , see refrigeration and - rotation , 449 - 50 gas, liquefaction of interstage cooler , 210 - 11, 418 - 20 Lummer and Pringsheim 's method , 490 - pressures , optimum , 210 - 12 Lysholm compressor , 215 - 16 inversion curve and temperature , Joule - Thomson , 92 - 3 ionic strength , 328 McCabe -Thiele diagram , 348 , 380 ionisation product
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