Index

absolute activity , 301 benezene, tables and T -$ chart, 158- 9, absolute azeotropy , 379 165 absolute , 411 , 444 , 451 Bernoulli 's equation, 35 absorption , 240 - 2 blower, Roots, 214- 16 acentric factor , 468 - 72 boiler , feed-water heating, 273- 8 acid -base equilibrium , 426 - 7 boiling point , see vapour acidity constant , 426 - - , elevation of, 320 activity , 307 Boltzmann's constant, xiii - , absolute , 301 Boltzmann's distribution law, 438, 467 - coefficient , 307 - 18 , 324 , 326 - 8 Boyle's law, see gas, perfect - - , mean 327 , 430 - 1 Boyle , 138 - - , single -ion 326 - 7 Brayton refrigeration cycle, 252- 3 adiabatic , 151 B -$ chart, 112 - efficiency , 200 , 229 bubble point , 346ft - process , 6 Bunsen coefficient, 323 - - , in a perfect gas, 86 , 193- 4 - reaction , 416 - 20 calorie, thermochemical, 413 adsorption , 331 - 4 , 38- 45 advancement , see reaction , extent of carbon dioxide, properties of, 451 affinity , 395 - 6 - - , solid, 246 air , cooling of , 253 Carnot cycle, 56ft, 232ft - , equilibrium composition, 455 - , 56ft - , liquefaction of , 256 - , 60- 1 - , separation of , 367 - principle , 62- 5 alcohol , distillation of , 378 - 9 , 386 - refrigerator , 60- 1 allotropy , 343 - 5 cascadeliquefier, 264- 7 alloys , 381 - 2 - refrigeration cycles, 248- 50 Arnagat 's law , 295 - 6, 302 centrifugal compressor, 23, 219, 225- 7 ammonia , of , 89- 90, 168 characteristic equations, see fundamental - , 240 - 2 equations - synthesis , 398 - 9 Charles' law, see gas, perfect aniline point , 372 chart, thermodynamic, 163- 74, 495- 6 auto -refrigerated cascade plant , 265 - 6 chemical equilibrium , see reaction availability , 108- 20 , 368 , 292ft Avogadro 's constant , xiii chemical reaction, see reaction axial flow turbine , 220 - 3 chilled water, 242 azeotropic distillation , 386 choked flow, 189 azeotropy , 377 - 80 Clapeyron-Clausius equation, 107- 8 - , absolute , 379 Clapeyron equation, 103- 8, 130 - , heterogeneous , 380 - - , two-component, 353, 378 - , limited , 379 Claude process, 267 - , three -component , 385 - 6 clearance ratio, 208- 10 , 6, 13ft, 29- 35 back pressure , effect on flow , 189ft cluster, irreducible, 460 - - turbine , 278 - 9 coefficient of discharge, 192 Bell -Coleman cycle , 253 - 5, 262 - 3, 267 - - performance, 61, 67, 233- 4, 249, Benedict -Webb -Rubin equation , 146- 8, 253, 255 472 , 479 - 83 , 493 - 4 cold-shot cooling, 418- 20 500 INDEX

collision diameter , 462 depression of freezing point , 318 - 20

combustion , heat of , 403 desuperheating , 244

component , 340 , 421 devitrification , 345

compressibility , adiabatic , 151 dewatering , 386

- , isothermal , 79 , 150 - 2 , 489 dew - point , 346ff

compression , split -stage, 248 - 50 diaphragm compressor , 203 - 4 - factor , 136 - 8 , 140 , 468 - 72 dichlorodifluoromethane , P - H chart,

- - , critical , 471 - 2 495

compressor , 203ff ; see also turbo - differential , perfect , 9

compressor differentiation , partial , 487 - 92

- , classification , 203 diffuser , 182ff

- , diaphragm , 203 - 4 discharge , coefficient of , 192

- , dynamic , 218 - 20 distillation , 348 - 50 , 354ff

- , hermetically sealed , 238 , 242 - , azeotropic , 386

- , jet , 204 , 218 - 19 duct , flow in , 181 ff

- , Lysholm , 215 - 16 - , choked , 189 - , multistage , 210 - 12 Duhem - Margules equation , 312 - , oil - flooded , 215 - 16 - , reciprocating , 19, 24- 6, 203 - 14 economiser , 244 - , recirculating , 204 efficiency , 11 - , rotary , 214 - 17 - , adiabatic ( is entropic ) , 200 , 229 - , screw , 215 - 16 , 236 - , isothermal , 200 - , vane , 215 - 16 - , mechanical , 203 computer storage of data , 483 - 4 - , nozzle , 191 - 2 condensation , retrograde , 371 - 2 - , polytropic , 200 , 229 - 31 configurational integral , 456ff - , thermodynamic267, , 113 - 20 , 257 , - properties , 456ff , 493 - 4 272 - 3 conformal potentials , 462 - , volumetric , 208 - 10 conservation of energy , 28ff - of compressor , 199 - 203 , 227 - 31 consistency test , 354 - of , 52 , 60 , 66 constants , physical , xiii - of power plant , 267ff converging -diverging nozzle , 182ff - of turbine , 227 - 31 corresponding states, 462ff Einstein functions , 447 - 8 - - , deviations , 464ff electrochemical equilibrium , 427 - 32 - - , mixtures , 472ff - series , 431 - 2 cricondenbar , 371 electrode potential , 430 - 2

cricondentherm , 371 electrolytes , chemical equilibrium in , 423- 32 critical compression factor , 471 - 2 - point , 126ff , 142- 3, 148- 50 - , solution of, 325- 8 - - , two -component , 348 , 369 - 72 , 376 - elevation of boiling point , 320

7 enantiotropy , 343 - 5

- pressure ratio , 186 energy , see also heat and - solution point , 372 - 7 - , conservation of , 28ff cycle , 9- 10, 62 ; see also named cycles, - , free , see free energy e. g. Carnot - , internal , 31ff

- - zero of 46 - 7 , , ,

Dalton ' s law , 295 - 6 - , kinetic , 20 - 3 , 35 , 181ff de-asphalting , 377 - , potential , 22 - 3 , 35 Debye -Hiickel equation , 327 - 8, 430 - 1 engine, see heat engine and expansion degeneracy, 438- 9, 445 engine degree of freedom , 340 engine indicator, 207 degree of reaction of turbo -machinery , , 32ff 221 , 225 - , zero of, 46- 7, 407- 8 INDEX 501 enthalpy (cont.) free gas delivery , 208 , 214 - of formation , 407 freezing point , depression of , 318 - 20 entropy. 69ft frequency , spectroscopic , 451 - , calculation of changes in, 86- 9 fugacity , 138- 9 - , conventional (absolute), 411, 444, 451 - coefficient , 302 - , zero of, 89- 90, 99; seealso third law - in a mixture , 301 - 6 , 398 - 9 , 480 - balance, 195 function of state , 9 , 139ff fundamental equations , 97 - - - , reduced, 464ff - - - , thermodynamic, 79- 80 gas , flow of , 185 - 7 equilibrium , 2- 5, 101- 3, 125 - , liquefaction of , 231ft , 250ft - , chemical, see reaction - , perfect , 68- 9, 80ft - , electrochemical, 427- 32 - , real , 136ft - , metastable, 2- 3, 188- 9, 344- 6, 351 - constant , xiii - constant, chemical, 397ff, 454- 5 - mixture , perfect , 294 - 6, 398 - 9, 440ft - - , liquid -vapour, 313 - - , real , 298 - 306 , 472ft Ericsson refrigeration cycle, 255 - refrigeration cycles, 252 - 5 eutectic point , 381- 2 gas-solid , chemical equilibrium , 404 - 6 evaporation, entropy of, 88, 104 Gibbs adsorption equation , 332 - , latent heat of, 44- 5, 88, 104 - free energy , see free energy excess, surface, 332 - surface , 329 - 32 - functions, 313- 16, 350 Gibbs -Duhem equation , 289 - 93, 310 , exergy, 111 312 , 315 , 331 - 2 exhauster, 204 Gibbs - Konowalow laws , 377 , 380 expander, 203, 217- 20, 259; see also glass, 345 - 6, 410 turbine graph , irreducible , 459 - 60 - , classification, 203 Hampson process , 256 - 9 - , dynamic, 218-20 harmonic oscillator , 447 - 8 - , reciprocating, 217-18 heat , 1 , 6ft expansion, thermal, 79, 150-2, 489,491 - capacity , 36ft - engine, 216-8 - - , constant pressure , 36ft , 78 - 9 , 89 - 95 , extensive property, 8 168 , 490 extent of reaction, 394- 5 - - , constant , 36ft , 78 - 9 - - , saturation , 78 , 169 , 490 - 1 - content , see enthalpy fan , 204 - - function , 413 Faraday ' s constant , 429 - engine, 50ff feed - water heating , 273 - 8 - exchanger, 55, 115-20 first law , 28ft - of combustion, 403 flash intercooler , 245 - 7 - of reaction, 403 Flory - Huggins equation , 324 - 5 , 375 - pump, Carnot, 60- 1 flow , choked , 189 - rate, 270 - , fluid , 180ft

- , incompressible , 184ft , 193 helium , of , 342 - 3, 410

- , steady - state , 7 , 19ft , 31 - 5 , see free energy

- work , 26 Henry 's law , 318 , 323 , 387

formation , enthalpy of , 407 hermetically -sealed compressor , 238 , 242 - , free energy of , 412

freedom . degree of . 340 Hess 's law , 404 , 414 free energy, Gibbs and Helmholtz, 97ft heterogeneous azeotropy , 380 - - , zero of, 98- 9; see also third law Heylandt process , 260 , 267 - - function, 413 H - S chart , 169 - 71 - - of formation , 412 hydrates , 383 - 4 502 INDEX

hydrogen , ortho and para , 411 latent heat , 43 - 5 , 88 - 9 , 104 - 8 - - , throttling , 358 - 62 ice , 343 - - , two - component , 354ff ice-point , 69 lever rule , 132 , 160 - 1 , 349 , 364 ideal dilute solution , 316 - 20 Lewis and Randall rule , 302 - 3 , 399 - gas, see perfect gas limited azeotropy , 379 - mixture , 295ft , 474 Linde process , 256 - 9 , 267 , 361 , 367 immiscible liquids , 372 - 7 liquefaction of gas, 231ff , 250ff incompressible flow , 184ft , 193 liquid crystal , 343 incongruent melting , 383 - 4 liquid -liquid equilibrium , two-component , , 205ft , 217 372ff inertia , moment of , 445 , 451 liquid mixture , 306ff , 472ff insoluble film , 333 liquid -solid equilibrium , two -component , intake volume , 206 - 9 381 - 4 ; see also solution intensive property , 8 liquidus . 381 intercooler , closed , 247 liquid -vapour equilibrium , see saturation - , open flash , 245 - 7 and vapour pressure intermolecular energy , 445 - 62 liquid -vapour , two -component , 306ft , , 31ft 346ft , 478 - 9 - - , zero of , 46 - 7 low temperature , see refrigeration and - rotation , 449 - 50 gas, liquefaction of interstage cooler , 210 - 11, 418 - 20 Lummer and Pringsheim 's method , 490 - , optimum , 210 - 12 Lysholm compressor , 215 - 16 inversion curve and temperature , Joule - Thomson , 92 - 3 ionic strength , 328 McCabe -Thiele diagram , 348 , 380 ionisation product , 427 Mach number , 183 irreducible cluster , 460 Margules equation , 315 - 16 ; see also irreducible graph , 459 - 60 Duhem -Margules , 17ft , 53ft , 72ft , 99 - mass , relative molar , 320 101 , 199 - 203 - fraction , 288 is entropic efficiency , 200 , 229 material stability , 350 - 1 , 45 - 6 Maxwell 's equal -area rule , 144 -5 isochore , 130 - equations , 77 . 46 mechanical equivalent of heat , 11 isothermal compressibility , 79 , 150- 2, mechanical stability , 125 , 143 , 174 489 melting , entropy of , 88 - efficiency , 200 - , incongruent , 383 - 4 - process in a perfect gas, 85, 193 - , two - component , 381 - 4 - point , 105 , 129 , 342 ; see also triple jet , liquid , 184 point - compressor , 204 , 218 - 19 metastability (or metastable equilibrium - ejector , 218 - 9 ), 2-3, 188- 9, 344 - 6, 351 Joule refrigeration cycle , 252 - 3 mixing , functions of , 297 - 8 - expansion , 95, 101- 2 mixture , 287ff , 472ff ; see also gas mixture Joule -Thomson expansion , 90- 5, 156 , , liquid mixture , and solution 489 - , ideal , 295ff , 474 - - - , two -component , 358 - 62 molar property , vi- vii ; see also partial functions kinetic energy , 20 - 3 , 35 , 181ff mole , definition , vi Kirchoff 's equation , 45 , 108 , 403 - fraction , 287 , 320 Konowalow , see Gibbs - Konowalow molecularweight, 320 K - value , 313 , 387 , 478 - 81 Mollier chart, 169-71 INDEX 503 moment of inertia, 445, 451 power , production of , 267 - 82 monotropy, 344- 5 process heating , 278 - 82 multicomponent refrigerant, 265 proper variables , 98 multistage compressor, 210- 12 property , definition , 7- 10 - , extensive , 8 natural gas liquefaction, 264 - , intensive , 8 natural variables, 98 pseudo -critical approximation , 475 - 6 Nernst's distribution law. 387- 8 pump , 203 - equation, 429-30 p - V - T properties , 124 ff - heat theorem, 410-11 net stream, 366 normal mode, 447, 450-1 quadruple point , 381 - 2 nozzle, 20- 1, 182ft: quality , 131 , 370 - 1 - efficiency, 191-2 quantum mechanics , 438ft oil-flooded compressor, 215-16 radial flow turbine , 220 , 223 - 5 one-dimensionalflow, 21, 181, 220 , 268 - 73 , 279 one-fluid approximation, 474-6 Raoult ' s law , 309 - 10 , 313 opalescence, critical, 132 reaction , adiabatic , 416 - 20 open system, 6 - , chemical , 392ff , 452 - 5 osmotic pressure, 320, 325 - , degree of (turbo -machinery ), 221 , 225 Ostwald coefficient, 323 - , extent of , 394 - 5 - , heat of , 403 partial differentiation , 487- 92 - , rate of , 392 - 3 partial (molar) functions, 288- 92 reciprocating compressor , 19, 24- 6, - pressure, 295 203 - 14 partition coefficient, 387 - expander , 217 - 18 - function, 439ft recirculating compressor , 204 pass-out turbine, 279-82 rectifying column , 365 - 7 perfect gas, 68-9, 80ft rectilineardiameters , law of , 133 - 4 - - mixture. 294-6. 398-9. 440ft Redlich -Kwong equation , 146- 8 - - scaleof temperature, 68-9, 80-1 redox potential , 428 - 32 performance, coefficientof, 61, 67, 233- reduced equation of state , 464ff 4, 249 reflux ratio , 367 pH, 427 refrigerant , 237ff phaset340 - , designation of , 237 - 8 ' phasediagram, 129-30, 342ft - , multicomponent , 265 - integral, 439ff - , vapour pressure of , 238 - rule, 339-42 refrigel ;a tion, 231 ff P-H chart, 171 - , absorption , 240 - 2 Philips refrigerator, 261, 267 - , cascade cycles, 248 - 50 phosphorus, allotropy of, 344-5, 406 - , gas cycles, 252 - 5 physicalconstants, xiii - , minimum work of , 233 , 251 piezometer, 135 - , ton of , 234 pipe still, 358 - , vacuum , 242 - 3 pK, 426 - , vapour compression cycles , 234ff plait point , 386 - duty , 233 Planck's constant, xiii , 456 - effect , 232 - 4 polymer solution, 323- 5 refrigerator , Carnot , 60- 1 polytropic efficiency, 200, 229- 31 regenerative cycle , 254 - 5, 261 - 3, 273 - 8 - process, 196- 200 regenerator , 254 - 5 , 261 potential energy, 22- 3, 35 reheat , 272 - 3 504 INDEX reheat factor, 229 state , function of , 9 relative molar mass, 320 (or thermody- residual properties, 480, 493- 4 namics ). 437 - 84 retrograde condensation, 371- 2 steady state flow, 7, 19ft, 31- 5 - solubility , 387 steam consumption, specific, 271- 3 reverse reheat factor, 229 - ejector, 219 reversible process, 17ft:, 53ft: - engine, see expansion engine - - , heat and work in, 193ft: - trap, 276 - - , internally , 56 Stirling refrigeration cycle, 255, 261- 2 Roots blower, 214- 6 Stirling's approximation, 443 rotary compressor, 214- 7 stoichiometric number, 326- 7, 394, 424 rotation , energy of, 444- 6, 465- 6 stream availability , 111 - , internal, 449- 50 stripping column, 365- 7 sublimation, 129 - , entropy of, 88 Sackur-Tetrode equation, 443- 4, 451 sulphur, entropy of, 409- 12 safety valve, capacity of, 187 saturation, 127- 31, 145- 7, 158ft - , phase diagram of, 344 supercooling, 189 - pressure, 78, 102- 8, 127ft, 238 superheat, 130 scaling equation, 148- 50 supersaturation, 189 screw compressor, 215- 6 second law, 49ft surface excess, 332 - tension, 329- 34 - - , formal statement of, 62, 65 shaft work, 20-4 surge (of compressor), 225 shockwave. 190 surroundings, definition of, 6 swept volume, 208- 9 single -component systems, 75f ! symbols, vi, xi- xiii solid -liquid equilibrium , see liquid -solid symmetry number, 445- 6, 451 equilibrium and solution system, definition of, 5- 7 solid -solid equilibrium (allotropy ), 343 - 5 - - - , two -component , 381 - 2 solidus, 381 table, thermodynamic, 157- 63, 172-4, solubility , retrograde, 387 412- 16 - parameter, 322- 3 temperature, 4- 5 - product, 426 - , perfect gas scale of, 68- 9, 80- 1 solution, 316ft; see also mixture - , thermodynamic, 65- 9, 80- 1 - , chemical equilibrium in, 422ft theoretical plate, 350 - . ideal dilute . 316- 20 , 79, 150- 2, 489, 491 - , of gas, 322-3 - pressure coefficient, 150-2, 489 - , of solid, 320-2 - stability. 125. 174 solvent, 287, 316ft thermochemical calorie, 413 sound, speed of, 96- 7, 151, 183ff thermodynamic chart, 163- 74, 495- 6 Spannungskoeffizient, 150 - efficiency, 113- 20, 257, 267, 272- 3 specific heat, see heat capacity - equation of state, 79- 80 specific properties, vi- vii - properties, bibliography, 172- 4 specific steam consumption, 271- 3 - table. 157- 63. 172-4. 412- 6 spectroscopic frequency, 451 - temperature, 65- 9, 80- 1 speed of sound, 96- 7, 151, 183ff third law, 406- 14 split-stage compression, 248- 50 throat of a duct, 183 stability, material, 350"':1 throttle , 256- 9 - , mechanical, 125, 143, 174 tie-line, 132, 364 - , thermal, 125, 174 ton of refrigeration , 234 standard potential and states, xiii , 294, translation, energy of, 441- 3 300, 303- 5, 401ff triple point , 126ft, 342- 4 INDEX 505

T - $ chart , 70 - 1 , 164 - 9 , 197 - 9 velocity of sound , see sound turbine , 19 - 24 , 220ft , 279 - 82 venturi , 183 - , axial flow , 220 - 3 vibration , energy of , 446 - 9 , 451 , 465 - , back pressure , 278 - 9 vi rial coefficient , second , 141 , 461 - , efficiency of , 227 - 31 - equation , 140- 1, 455 - 62 - , pass - out , 279 - 82 - - for mixtures , 298 - 303 - , radial flow , 220 , 223 - 5 volatility ratio , 313 turbo - compressor , 23 , 219 , 225 - 7 volume , intake , 206 - 9 - , swept , 208 - 9 units, vi - fraction , 322 , 324 volumetric efficiency , 208 - 10 vacuum pump , 204 - refrigeration , 242 - 3 water , T - $ chart , 496 van der Waals approximation for mix- water - gas reaction , 407 , 455 tures , 476 - 7 whirl , 220 - - - equation , 142- 9 Wilson equation , 316 vane compressor , 215 - 16 work , 1 , 6ft van Laar equation , 316 - , flow , 26 van 't Hoft equation , 403 - , maximum , 108 - 14 vapour , 126 , 131 ; see also gas - , minimum , 232 - 4 - compression refrigerator , 234ft - , shaft , 20 - 4 - pressure , 78 , 102 - 8 , 127ft , 238 vapourization , see evaporation zeroth law, 5 velocity coefficient , 191 zone-refining, 382