Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Final Marine Parade Ground

March 2015

Submitted to Lennar Mare Island 690 Walnut Avenue Vallejo, CA 94592

Prepared by Denise Bradley, Cultural Landscapes 520 Frederick Street, No. 37 San Francisco, CA 94117

Cover Image. Hand tinted postcard view of Building M-37 and the Parade Ground, ca. 1918. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines 1916-1939) Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 8.0 PARADE GROUND

TABLE OF CONTENTS 8

HISTORY...... 8-1 Research Information for the Marine Parade Ground ...... 8-1 Significance of the Parade Ground ...... 8-1 Evolution of the Parade Ground Cultural Landscape ...... 8-1 Location ...... 8-1 Overview of the Development of the Marine Corps Reservation (1854-1916)...... 8-2 Second Parade Ground ...... 8-4 During the Historic Period (1917 to 1945) ...... 8-4 After the Historic Period (1946 to the Present) ...... 8-5 Historical Images ...... 8-6

DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS ...... 8-31 Introduction ...... 8-31 Key Terms ...... 8-31 Organization of the Description & Analysis ...... 8-32 Spatial Organization ...... 8-32 Topography ...... 8-33 Vegetation Features ...... 8-33 Circulation Features ...... 8-35 Objects ...... 8-36 Summary of the Description & Analysis ...... 8-37 Existing Conditions Photos ...... 8-39

TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 8-49 Introduction ...... 8-49 Goal of the Treatment Recommendations ...... 8-49 Organization and Use of the Treatment Recommendations ...... 8-49 Treatment Recommendation I. General Guidance Documents ...... 8-49 A. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines ...... 8-49 Treatment Recommendation II. General Treatment Guidelines ...... 8-52 A. General Guidelines for Character-Defining Features ...... 8-52 B. General Guidelines for Non-Historic Features or Uses ...... 8-54 C. General Guidelines for New Materials, New Features, or New Uses .... 8-54 Treatment Recommendation III. Specific Recommendations for Landscape Features ...... 8-55 A. Spatial Organization ...... 8-56 B. Topography ...... 8-56 C. Vegetation Features ...... 8-57 D. Circulation Features ...... 8-57 E. Objects ...... 8-58

APPENDICES Parade Ground: Location of Key Cultural Landscape Features Parade Ground: Arborist Report (Baefsky & Associates 2014)

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HISTORY

RESEARCH INFORMATION FOR THE MARINE PARADE GROUND

Research for this Cultural Landscape Report (CLR) included a review of primary and secondary sources for information that would aid in documenting the history of the landscape development at the Marine Corps Parade Ground (Parade Ground) and that would provide information for the analysis of the existing conditions of the landscape features within this site. The Mare Island Historian’s Subject Files (MIHSF) at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) Pacific Region in San Bruno and the collections of the Vallejo Naval and Historical Museum (VNHM), the Mare Island Historic Park Foundation (MIHPF) library, the University of California, Berkeley Earth Sciences Library (UCBESL) Map Room, and a number of online resources were reviewed.

The National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) Nomination Form (JRP 1996) provided a history of the development of the Marine Corps facilities on the island (JRP 1996 Section 8: 18-21); however the information on the Parade Ground in the nomination form consisted of a several sentences (JRP 1996 Section 7: 581). The Historic American Buildings Survey (HABS) written histories for Building M-37 (the Marine Barracks) and Building M-1 (the Marine Corps Commanding Officer’s residence) provided background information on the history of the island’s Marine Corps facilities but no specific information on the Parade Ground (see HABS No. CA-1543-CB and CC). No original plans for the Parade Ground landscape were located during the research for this CLR, and the primary source of information about its historic appearance was provided by historical photographs. Views of the Parade Ground, from the late 1910s through the closure of the shipyard in 1996, were found in the NARA, MIHPF, and HABS collections. Aerial views of the site in relationship to the island’s other Marine Corps facilities, from the 1920s through the present, were found in the NARA, UCBESL, Pacific Aerial Surveys (PAS), and Google Earth collections. Key historical images have been included at the end of the history in Section 8:1.

A complete list of references used in preparing this report is provided in Section 0.4: Bibliography in the CLR Overview.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PARADE GROUND The Parade Ground cultural landscape is significant as a contributing resource to the Mare Island Historic District.

EVOLUTION OF THE PARADE GROUND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE1 Location

The Parade Ground is located on a 5.5-acre site to the west of the Marine Barracks (Building M-37). 2 The edges of the site are defined by the surrounding roads including the

1 Cultural landscapes are defined as geographic areas that have been shaped by human activity. They can result from a conscious design or plan, or they can evolve as a byproduct or result of people’s activities. They may be associated with a historic event, activity, or person or exhibit other cultural or aesthetic values (NPS 1996: 4). 2 The Parade Ground is actually located slightly southwest of Building M-37 (see the site plan in Section 8). However, for ease of reference, cardinal directions are used in describing the landscape in this CLR. North refers to the side of the Parade Ground next to Oklahoma Street, east refers to the end next to Building M-37, south is next Nereus Street, and west next to Chesty Puller Drive.

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road that runs between the Parade Ground and Building M-37 on the east, Nereus Street on the south, Chesty Puller Drive on the west, and Oklahoma Street on the north. 3 Figure 8-1 below shows the general location of the Parade Ground on Mare Island. The site plan in the appendix (Section 8.4) provides a more detailed representation of the site, its features, and adjacent roads.

Figure 8-1: Location of the Parade Ground

Key to Figure 8-1: 1: Alden Park 5: Azuar Drive Streetscape 2: Farragut Plaza 6: M-1 Quarters 3: Officers' Row 7: Club Drive Park 4: Chapel Park 8: Marine Parade Ground

Overview of the Development of the Marine Corps Reservation (1854-1916)

The development of the Parade Ground occurred within the context of the development of the facilities for the island’s Marine Corps detachment. The 1854 Sanger Plan included a provision for a small Marine Corps force on the island. Marines often served as an internal police force at Navy Stations during the mid-nineteenth century (HABS No. CA-1543-CB: 2), and Commander David Farragut first requested a Marine Corps guard soon after the Navy

3 Nereus Street was previously known as Preston Street; Chesty Puller Drive is along a portion of the alignment of the road previously known as Mesa Road; and Oklahoma Street was previously known as 13th Street.

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Yard was established in 1854. However, it was not until the fall of 1862, during the Civil War, that a company was actually assigned to Mare Island. During this period, rumors circulated about threats to blow up Mare Island’s powder magazine—not because this would have any direct impact on the war but because of “the lift such a grand bang would give the Rebel cause” (Lott 1954: 72)—and the presence of the Marines was intended as a deterrent to any Confederate plans to seize or sabotage the island. Arnold Lott described the Marines’ circuitous journey to Mare Island in A Long Line of Ships, his centennial history of the shipyard:

Five officers and 100 men left New York late that year in the Ariel—and were promptly captured by the Confederates. The Navy got its men back for a price: $216,000 and signed paroles that they “would not serve against the Southern Confederacy during the war or until regularly discharged.” [Navy] Secretary [Gideon] Wells started them to Mare Island a second time. “As this so called Confederacy has neither naval forces or troops on the Pacific Station,” he told [Mare Island’s commanding officer Captain Thomas] Selfridge, “there is no reason why they should not be assigned to duty, taking care that they are not placed in a position where they be under necessity of violating their paroles.” That time they reached their destination; on the first of January, 1863, the Commandant telegraphed the Navy Department: THE MARINES HAVE ARRIVED” (Lott 1955: 72-73).

The Marines were temporarily quartered in the USS Independence “until the cold, unheated ship became unbearable” (Lemmon and Wichels 1977: 131) and then were moved to the second floor of the shipyard’s foundry (Building 85) (JRP 1996 Section 8: 18). The critical role of Mare Island, as the only naval station inside the Golden Gate, led President Abraham Lincoln to authorize $50,000 for the construction of a Marine Barracks. However, construction on this facility did not begin until after the end of the war when, in 1871, a permanent Marine Corps base was established, and the original Barracks4 was built in an unoccupied area in the central portion of the island. This building was the first Marine Barracks on the West Coast (Lemmon and Wichels 1977: ix, 131; JRP 1996 Section 8: 18, 21).

The original Parade Ground was developed in conjunction with this original Barracks (see Historic Image 1). It stretched from the front of the Barracks to Azuar Drive and was approximately six acres in size.5 The quarters for the commanding officer (the M-1 Quarters), completed in 1870, were located on its south side, and a row of three houses for officers (Buildings M-2, M-3/M-4, and M-5) was added to its north side in 1888.6 This original Parade Ground complex provided the core for the Marine Corps reservation for the next four decades as other facilities developed to the west, northwest, and southwest. Refer to Historic Images 2 and 3 for an overview of the landscape associated with the original Parade Ground complex.

4 The Barracks was a two story, 500-foot long structure, constructed of yellow brick, and in addition to the housing the troops also included a kitchen, a bakery, a mess hall, and a laundry (JRP 1996 Section 8: 18). 5 Azuar Drive was previously known as Cedar Avenue. 6 These three houses are two-story wood-frame buildings with a Queen Anne/Eastlake design “that is unique within the building stock at Mare Island” (JRP 1996 Section 7: 20); they are the only three standing examples of this building type on military bases in California (Mikesell 2000: 4-16).

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Second Parade Ground

During the Historic Period (1917 to 1945)

In 1917, the construction for a second Barracks (Building M-37) was completed; this second Barracks was located about a tenth of mile south of the original Parade Ground complex (see Historic Image 4). Several reasons likely contributed to the need for the new barracks building. First, the original Barracks had been damaged in the 1906 earthquake (JRP 1996 Section 8: 21).7 Additionally, in 1915, Mare Island was designated as the training depot for all recruits west of the Mississippi River, and this role increased the prominence of the Marine Corps’ facilities on the island.8 According to the HABS history for Building M-37, the assignment of the Marine Expeditionary Force for the Pacific to Mare Island after the country entered World War I provided the final impetus for actually constructing a new facility (HABS [No. 1543-CB] 1999: 2).

In conjunction with the construction of the second Barracks, a portion of the open, flat land to the west of Building M-37 was developed into the second Parade Ground.9 This Parade Ground was separated from Building M-37 by a narrow unpaved road which both defined the Parade Ground’s east end and served as the entrance road to the Barracks complex. A row of about eight evergreen shrubs (possibly Monterey cypress) was planted at regular intervals across the Parade Ground’s east end to help define this portion of the boundary and to accentuate the connection between the Parade Ground and Building M-37. This row of shrubs, the entrance road, and the sidewalks, streetlights, and foundation plantings across the west side of Building M-37 created a formal entrance landscape.10 Oklahoma Street provided access, from Azuar Drive to the Parade Ground, the Barracks, and other Marine Corps facilities just north of the Parade Ground and also defined the north side of the Parade Ground. Initially, the south side and west end of the Parade Ground were not so clearly delineated (see Historic Images 5 and 6).

Within a few years, Mesa Road, which ran along the western side of the island, came to define the western limit or west end of the Parade Ground. Eucalyptus trees, which were part of a larger wind break planting that stretched across the west side of the island, lined Mesa Road west of the Parade Ground and helped to visually define its west end.

7 The Marine Corps’ buildings suffered only minor damages in the 1898 earthquake, with repair costs estimated at $5,425 for damages to the original Barracks and the Officers’ Quarters (U.S. Navy 1898a, 1898b, 1898c). 8 In 1911, Commandant William Biddle standardized a mandatory two-month training for all recruits and created four training depots at Norfolk, Philadelphia, Mare Island, and Puget Sound. In 1915, the Norfolk depot was moved to Parris Island and the Philadelphia and Puget Sound depots were closed. This role for the Mare Island depot ended in 1923 when the training function was moved to San Diego. 9 The NRHP nomination form stated that “[a]lthough the Marine barracks [Building M-37] were built at this site earlier, historic maps indicate that the parade ground was not formally established until the World War II era” (JRP 1996 Section 7: 58). The historic maps that the authors reviewed for the NRHP nomination may have labeled this site as “the Parade Ground” until World War II, but historical images reviewed for this CLR showed that the physical features for the Parade Ground began to develop and to be used for troop activities soon after Building M-37 was completed in 1917. 10 The landscape across the west side of Building M-37, which faced the Parade Ground, had a formal arrangement. A concrete sidewalk paralleled the west side of the building and similarly-paved entrance sidewalks led to each of its three entrances. Decorative streetlights framed the entrance sidewalks and the corners of the building; and shrubs were planted across the building’s foundation (see Historic Images 5 and 6). This landscape across the west side of the Building M-37 is outside of the area addressed in this CLR, but it has always provided an important part of the setting adjacent to the Parade Ground.

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Additionally, several of these eucalyptus trees were actually planted on the Parade Ground, at its northwest corner (see Historic Images 7 and 8). Later—possibly in the late 1920s or 1930s based on the size of the trees in a 1940 photograph—a row of deciduous trees was planted along the north edge of the Parade Ground (Historic Image 11).

The road system around the Parade Ground was completed sometime between 1936 and 1940 when a road was laid out to connect Flagship Drive11, located east of Building M-37, to Mesa Road. This road, located along the same general alignment as today’s Nereus Street, defined the south side of the Parade Ground (U.S. Navy 1936 and Historic Image 11).12

By the late 1930s, the design for the east end of the Parade Ground had evolved to include a large paved rectangle that delineated the area used for troop assembly (see Historic Images 9 and 10 for views before and after this paving). Then between 1940 and 1944, several features were added that further formalized this area and reinforced its functional and spatial relationships to the Barracks (Building M-37). Three sidewalks, which aligned with the three entrance sidewalks and entrances to Building M-37, were added across the east side of the troop assembly area, and artillery shells were placed on each side of these sidewalks to emphasize these entrances and their alignment with the entrances to the building. A flagpole was added about 20 feet west of the assembly area, which aligned with the center (main) entrance to the Barracks (see Historic Image 11 with Historic Images 12 and 13 for views before and after these additions).

By the time the troop assembly area was paved, only three shrubs (now grown to the size of small trees) remained from the row that originally extended across the Parade Ground’s east end, and the importance of this vegetation feature had diminished. By 1944, only two shrubs, which framed the central troop assembly area sidewalk, remained, and by the mid- 1950s, these were also gone (see Historic Images 10, 15, and 16 for views from 1938, 1948, and 1958, respectively).

After the Historic Period (1946 to the Present)

In 1952, the three officers’ houses (Buildings M-2, M-3/M-4, and M-5) located along the north side of the original Parade Ground were moved to lots south of Building M-37 and its Parade Ground. These lots were separated from the Parade Ground by Nereus Street, and so were not strictly part of the Parade Ground landscape. However, when they were moved the fronts of the buildings were oriented north toward the Parade Ground, and their presence contributed to its setting.13 Refer to Historic Image 14 which shows an aerial view

11 Flagship Drive was previously known as Suisun Avenue. 12 Preston Street was the name given to this road at the time of the shipyard’s closure, but it may have had other names earlier in its history. 13 Until the construction began for Building 866 in the early 1950s, the original Parade Ground complex and the three major buildings groups around it—the original Barracks, the M-1 Quarters, and the row of officers’ houses (Buildings M M-2, M-3/M-4, and M-5)—remained in place. After 1917, when Building M-37 was completed, the original Barracks were used for a number of other functions. A baseball diamond and dugouts were added to the southwest corner of the original Parade Ground, and a tennis court was added to its northwest corner. The M-1 Quarters and the officers’ houses remained largely unaltered. After the completion of Building 866 in 1955 (JRP 1996 Section 7: 77), only the M-1 Quarters remained intact. The original Barracks building was torn down, the three officers’ houses were moved to lots south of the second Parade Ground, and the original Parade Ground site was filled by Building 866 and its parking lot.

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in 1951 before Buildings M-2, M-3/M-4, and M-5 were moved and to Historic Images 19 and 20 which provided aerial views after the move. Historic Image 21, taken in 1986, provides a view of these three houses from the Parade Ground and illustrates their contribution to its setting.

Basically, the overall character of the Parade Ground itself remained unaltered during the post-World War II era. Its size and general shape—defined by the surrounding roads— remained unchanged, and its key characteristics—a level open field with a paved troop assembly area at its east end—remained in place. After World War II, the Marines used obsolete weaponry as decorative objects around the troop assembly area. Cannon were, at various times, located around the flagpole or at the ends of the assembly area, and artillery shells continued to frame the troop assembly area entrance sidewalks. There was no single arrangement for these features, and the specific objects and their locations vary in the historical images (see Historic Images 15, 16, and 17 for examples).

Sometime in the 1950s, a concrete sidewalk was laid out to connect the flagpole to the troop assembly area, and a low, boxwood hedge was planted around the edges of this sidewalk system (see Historic Images 17 and 18). At some point before the shipyard closed, a raised wood platform was built approximately 30 feet west of the flagpole (see Historic Image 25) and a sign, mounted on a brick base, was added to the northeast corner of the Parade Ground (see Historic Image 26).

Building M-37 has been unoccupied since the closure of the shipyard in 1996, and the Parade Grounds has not been maintained since that time. Its character and key features remain in place but are in a less than ideal condition due to age or the lack of maintenance. Additionally, the site was used as a staging location for construction in the mid-2000s, and mounds of dirt left on the west end from grading activities for the surrounding residential lots have altered its level topography. More details on the existing condition of the Parade Ground and its features are provided in Section 8.2: Description & Analysis.

HISTORICAL IMAGES

The following pages provide historical views of the Parade Ground arranged chronologically.

 Historic Image 1 provides view of the original Parade Ground ca. 1900;

 Historic Images 2 to 4 provide a map and aerial views that show the location of the original Parade Ground complex in relationship to the second Parade Ground that was developed west of Building M-37 in the late 1910s;

 Historic Images 5 to 13 provide views of the second Parade Ground during its historic period (1917 to 1945); and

 Historic Images 14 to 26 provide views taken after the end of the historic period (1946 to 1998).

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Historic Image 1. Original Parade Ground, ca. 1900. (Source: Collection of Author)

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Historic Image 2. (1) Original Parade Ground, (2) Commanding Officer’s Quarters (Building M-1), (3) Original Barracks, (4) Officers’ Quarters (Buildings M-2, M-3/M-4, and M-5), and (5) Building M-37 and Parade Ground. (Source: MIHPF Library)

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5 4

3 2

Historic Image 3. Aerial view of Marine Reservation ca. 1920: (1) Original Parade Ground, (2) Original Barracks, (3) Officers’ Quarters (Buildings M-2, M-3/M-4, and M-5), (4) Commanding Officer’s Quarters (Building M-1), and (5) new Barracks (Building M-37) and Parade Ground. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box A-1, Folder: Aerial Views: 1911-1930)

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Historic Image 4. Aerial view of Marine Reservation ca. 1920: (1) Original Parade Ground Complex and (2) new Barracks (Building M-37) and Parade Ground. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box A-1, Folder: Aerial Views: 1911-1930)

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Historic Image 5. Hand tinted postcard view of Building M-37 and the Parade Ground, ca. 1918. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines 1916-1939)

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Historic Image 6. Building M-37 and the Parade Ground, ca. late 1910s or early 1920s. Note golf course (located south of Parade Ground) in foreground. (Source: MIHPF Library)

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Historic Image 7. Parade Ground with view toward west end after the eucalyptus trees have been planted, ca. late 1910s or early 1920s. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines 1916-1939)

Historic Image 8. Map of Parade Ground ca. 1929. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box Q-37).

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Historic Image 9. East end of Parade Ground and Building M-37, ca. early 1920s. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box Q-37).

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Historic Image 10. East end of Parade Ground in September 1938; note paved assembly area has been added (see arrow). (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines 1916- 1939)

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Historic Image 11. Parade Ground in January 1940. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box A-1, Folder: Aerial Views: 1931-1940)

Historic Image 12. Parade Ground April 1944; note addition of flag pole. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box H-23, Folder: Housing WWII)

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Historic Image 13. Setting south of Parade Ground, in April 1944, showing the Homoja Huts Duplex Housing (quonset huts), temporary World War II housing for enlisted personnel, that was built on a portion of the golf course in January 1944. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box H-23, Folder: Housing WWII).

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Historic Image 14. Aerial view of Marine Reservation in 1951: (1) new Parade Ground associated with Building M-37 and (2) original Parade Ground complex. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box A-2, Folder: Aerial Views: 1951-1960)

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Historic Image 15. East end of Parade Ground and Building M-37, in 1948. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box Q-37)

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Historic Image 16. East end of Parade Ground showing paved assembly area in 1955. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box Q-37).

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Historic Image 17. East end of Parade Ground in 1958; note concrete sidewalk and clipped hedge that were laid out around the flagpole sometime after 1951. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines 1940-[1996])

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Historic Image 18. Concrete sidewalk and clipped hedge surrounding the flagpole in 1962; note the seal on the base of the flagpole. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines 1940-[1996])

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Historic Image 19. Aerial view in 1963: (1) Barracks (M-37), (2) Parade Ground, and (3) relocated Officers’ Quarters (Buildings M-2, M-3/M-4, and M-5). (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines: 1940-[1996])

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Historic Image 20. Aerial view in 1965. (Source: UCBESL Map Room

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Historic Image 21. Parade Ground in 1986, with view south toward the officers’ quarters. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines: 1940-[1996])

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Historic Image 22. Parade Ground in 1986, with view toward the west end. (Source: NARA, MIHSF, Box M-27, Folder: Marines: 1940-[1996])

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Historic Image 23. Parade Ground in 1998 after the closure of the shipyard, view northeast toward Building M-37. (Source: HABS Collection, HABS No. CA-1543-CB-1)

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Historic Image 24. Parade Ground in 1998 after the closure of the shipyard, view east toward Building M-37. (Source: HABS Collection, HABS No. CA-1543-CB-2)

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Historic Image 25. Parade Ground in 1998 after the closure of the shipyard, view toward Building M-37 showing the location of the raised wooden platform (see arrow), which was probably added sometime in the 1980s or 1990s. (Source: HABS Collection, HABS No. CA-1543-CB-4)

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Historic Image 26. Parade Ground in 1998, after the closure of the shipyard, showing the location and appearance of the small sign mounted on a brick base (see arrow), probably added in the 1980s or 1990s, in the northeast corner. (Source: HABS Collection, HABS No. CA-1543-CB-3)

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DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION

Identifying the processes that helped to form a landscape and its individual components are critical to understanding a cultural landscape and to developing recommendations for its protection and management. The previous section of the report (Section 8.1: History) provided the foundation for understanding the evolution of the development of the Parade Ground cultural landscape. This section of the report (Section 8.2: Description and Analysis) provides information on the site's existing condition and identifies its character-defining landscape features.

Key Terms

The Secretary of the Interior’s Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes identifies spatial organization and land patterns as the organizational element within a cultural landscape and divides landscape features into categories for topography, vegetation, circulation, water features, buildings and structures, and objects (which include site furnishings). The following description for the Parade Ground is organized using these categories; however because there are no "Water Features" or “Buildings” within the Parade Ground cultural landscape, these two categories are omitted from the Description & Analysis section.

The individual features within these categories are identified as historic, character-defining, non-historic, or non-historic compatible features.

Features are considered historic if they were a part of the Parade Ground cultural landscape between 1917, the construction date for Building M-37 and beginning of the development of its Parade Ground, and 1945, which is the end of the period of significance for the Mare Island Historic District; these dates (1917 to 1945) are referred to as the historic period in the following description and analysis.

Some historic features are identified as character-defining if they are the prominent or distinctive aspects, qualities, or characteristics that contribute significantly to the Parade Ground’s historic physical character and design in a way that conveys its historical significance.

Features are considered non-historic if they were added to the Parade Ground after the end of the Mare Island Historic District's period of significance in 1945.

Non-historic features (i.e. ones added after 1945) may be compatible with the historic character of the Parade Ground cultural landscape if they meet all of the following conditions:

1. Do not change, obscure, or destroy historic spatial organizational patterns, features, or materials;

2. Contribute to the continuity of the historic character of the site’s cultural landscape (i.e., to the continuity of its materials [including texture and color], scale and proportion, and form);

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3. Are reversible so that if removed in the future, the essential characteristics and integrity of the Parade Ground cultural landscape and the Mare Island Historic District are unimpaired; and

4. Do not preclude the option of restoring or reconstructing missing features from the Mare Island Historic District's period of significance (1854-1945).

Organization of the Description & Analysis

Section 8.2: Description & Analysis provides a brief definition of the individual category of the feature (see footnotes), a description of any noteworthy existing conditions issues, an analysis of the origins and evolution of the feature or characteristic, and an identification of character-defining, historic, and non-historic features. Photographs of the features are provided at the end of this section. A site plan with the locations of key features and the Marine Parade Ground Arborist Report with a list of trees and major shrub groups and information on their conditions are provided in Section 8.4: Appendices.

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION14

Historically, the Parade Ground was part of Mare Island’s Marine Corps reservation. It was developed after the construction of the second Marine Barracks (Building M-37) in 1917 on a portion of the level open land to the west of this building. Although, not within the Parade Ground proper, the surrounding roads were a critical element of the spatial organization of the site and defined the sides or boundaries of the Parade Ground and thus defined its shape and size. A paved troop assembly area was located in the east end of the Parade Ground; and other than this feature, the remaining area within the Parade Ground consisted of one continuous field.

The Parade Ground continues to consist of a large, open field and its size (approximately 5.5 acres), shape, and boundaries continue to be defined by the surrounding roads.

 The entrance road between the east end of the Parade Ground and Building M-37 historically defined the east boundary of the Parade Ground. The south end of this road has been removed and no longer connects to Nereus Street. To avoid a hill located just south of Building M-37, this short section of the road turned at a 45 degree angle and created a distinctive diagonal boundary for southeast corner of the Parade Ground; this section of the boundary is currently not defined due to the missing section of the road.

 Nereus Street historically defined the south boundary for the Parade Ground. The alignment for Nereus Street is present but currently unpaved.

 Chesty Puller Drive historically defined the west boundary for the Parade Ground; however the alignment for this narrow road no longer extends all the way across the west end. The road intersects with Oklahoma Street but no longer connects to

14 Spatial organization refers to the three-dimensional organization and the patterns of space in a landscape and is analogous to the arrangement of rooms in a house. The organization of features in the landscape defines and creates spaces and often is closely related to land use. The functional and visual relationships between these spaces within the landscape are integral to the historical character of a property (NPS 1996: 15).

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Nereus Street. A temporary road has been graded into the southwest corner of the site from the south end of Chesty Puller Drive.

 Oklahoma Street historically defined the north side of the Parade Ground and continues to do so today.

In summary, the character-defining spatial organization for the Parade Ground consists of a large rectangular field whose boundaries are defined by the four surrounding roads (the entrance drive between the Parade Ground and Building M-1, Nereus Street, Chesty Puller Drive, and Oklahoma Street).

See the photographs at the end of Section 8.2 for images that illustrate the spatial characteristics of the Parade Ground, and refer to the site plan in Section 8.4: Appendices for a graphic representation.

TOPOGRAPHY15

During the historic period, the topography throughout the Parade Ground was fairly level. The topography remains level throughout the site with the exception of the following changes that have occurred in the last few years related to construction and grading activities for the adjacent residential lots: (1) mounds of dirt and construction debris have been left in west end, (2) the elevation of the northwest corner of the Parade Ground has also been raised by the addition of this dirt, (3) a dirt road was graded into the west end of the site, and (4) mounds of broken asphalt have been left near the south end of the troop assembly area.

In summary, the key or character-defining topographic characteristic for the Parade Ground is the level topography that historically extended throughout the site.

See the photographs at the end of Section 8.2 for representative images of the character- defining level topography (Photos 1 and 6) and of the topographic modifications at the west end (Photos 3 and 4), and refer to the site plan in Section 8.4: Appendices for a graphic representation.

VEGETATION FEATURES16

During the historic period, the Parade Ground, although initially bare dirt, was generally planted with grass and vegetation was used to define the edges of the site. Additionally, several eucalyptus trees were located in its northwest corner and a row of evergreen shrubs

15 Topography is the shape of the ground plane and its height or depth and may occur naturally or as a result of human manipulation. For example, topographic features may contribute to the creation of outdoor spaces, serve a functional purpose, or provide visual interest (NPS 1996: 15). 16 Vegetation features may be individual plants (such as a specimen tree) or groups of plants (such as a hedge, planting bed, or a naturally-occurring plant community). Vegetation includes evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and ground covers, and both woody and herbaceous plants. Vegetation may derive its significance from historical associations, horticultural or genetic value, or aesthetic or functional qualities. It is a primary dynamic component of the landscape’s character; therefore, the treatment of cultural landscapes must recognize the continual process of germination, growth, seasonal change, aging, decay, and death of plants. The character of individual plants is derived from habit, form, color, texture, bloom, fruit, fragrance, scale and context. Finally, the level of maintenance and care that plants receive may also impact their character and their continued presence in the landscape (NPS 1996: 15).

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across the east end both defined the east end of the Parade Ground and contributed to the formal entrance landscape in front of Building M-37.

The Parade Ground vegetation features have not been maintained since the shipyard closed in 1996. The current condition of each is described below.

 The grass field is in poor condition due to the lack of regular maintenance since the closure of the shipyard in 1996 and the invasion of weedy plants.

 The two large eucalyptus trees (Tree Tag # 919 and 920) in the northwest corner remain.

 Eucalyptus trees (Tree Tag # 905 to 918 and 921 to 924) continue to line the west side of Chesty Puller Drive, and although not physically a part of the Parade Ground, help to visually define its west end.

 A row of deciduous trees continues to define the Parade Ground’s north side. This row currently includes nine trees (Tree Tag # 897 to 904) which are a mix of honey locust (Gleditsia triancanthos) and Idaho locust (Robinia X ambigua). Although, this row originally extended the length of the north side, there are currently gaps in it due to missing trees, and the remaining trees are in poor condition (Baefsky 2014: 5 and 10).

A row of eight evergreen shrubs that once spanned the east end is no longer extant. In addition to helping to define the east end of the site, this row of evergreen shrubs together with the entrance road (between the Parade Ground and Building M-37) and the landscape features in front of the Building M-37 (sidewalks, decorative streetlights, and foundation plantings) created a formal entrance landscape for the Barracks complex, which in turn provided an important part of the Parade Ground’s setting. The importance of this vegetation feature diminished over the course of the historic period. Most of this row was either removed or had died by the late 1930s. By 1944, only the two shrubs that framed the central troop assembly area sidewalk remained, and by the mid-1950s, these two shrubs had also been removed.

In summary, the character-defining vegetation features for the Parade Ground include the following:

 The grass field that extends throughout the Parade Ground,

 The two large eucalyptus trees (Tree Tag # 919 and 920) in the northwest corner, and

 The use of trees to define the west end and north side of the site.

The condition of the extant vegetation features has deteriorated due to lack of regular maintenance and missing plants.

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Non-historic vegetation features include the following:

 A Lombardy poplar tree (Tree Tag # 894) located near the southwest corner of the troop assembly area,

 The remains of the boxwood hedge around the sidewalk system at the flagpole, and

 Various types of weeds that have invaded the site since 1996.

Refer to Photos 3 to 7 and Photo 11 at the end of Section 8.2 for representative images of the vegetation features.

See Section 8.4: Appendices for (1) the site plan that includes the approximate locations of the trees and (2) the Marine Parade Ground Arborist Report (Baefsky & Associates 2014) for information, keyed to the blue metallic numbered tree tag on each tree, on the species, size, and condition for each of the trees.

CIRCULATION FEATURES17

During the historic period, the only circulation features within the Parade Ground were the paved troop assembly area and three sidewalks—aligned with the three entrance sidewalks and entrances to Building M-37—that connected its east side to the entrance road. These circulation features were added in the 1930s and 1940s. The addition of these features created a more formal appearance for the east end of the Parade Ground and reinforced its functional and spatial relationships to the Barracks (Building M-37). Each of these circulation features remains today, and their current condition is described below.

 The troop assembly area in the east end of the Parade Ground is rectangular in shape (approximately 290 feet long by 60 feet wide) and is paved in asphalt with a concrete curb around its perimeter. The exact date that the pavement and curb were added is not known, but both appear in historical photographs taken during the historic period (see Historic Images 10 and 11). The asphalt pavement has numerous cracks and gaps and no longer provides a continuously paved surface; weeds are growing through the disintegrated pavement. The 6-inch-wide concrete curb is flush with the ground; however, large sections are buried under dirt and leaf debris, and the sections that are visible have peeling red paint and are cracked.

 Each of the three asphalt-paved sidewalks is aligned with one of the three entrance sidewalks and entrances to Building M-37. Each sidewalk is approximately ten feet wide and spans the distance between the east side of the troop assembly area and the entrance road (approximately 30 feet). There are cracks and gaps in the pavement of each of the sidewalks.

17 Circulation features facilitate movement within a landscape and connect it to its larger setting. Examples of circulation features include roads, parkways, drives, trails, walks, paths, parking areas, and canals. Such features may occur individually or may be linked to form networks or systems. The character of circulation features is defined by factors such as alignment, width, surface and edge treatment, grade, materials, and infrastructure (NPS 1996: 15).

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In summary, the character-defining circulation features within the Parade Ground include

 The rectangular troop assembly area at the east end of the site and

 The three sidewalks—aligned with the three entrance sidewalks and entrances to Building M-37—that connect the east side of the troop assembly area to the entrance road.

The asphalt paving for the troop assembly area and sidewalks has deteriorated badly and no longer provides a continuously paved surface. The concrete curb around the assembly area is cracked and partially buried.

The only non-historic circulation feature is a concrete sidewalk system (added in the 1950s) that connects the west side of the assembly area to the flagpole (which is nonextant).

Refer to Photos 8 to 10 at the end of Section 8.2 for representative images of the troop assembly area. Refer to the site plan in Section 8.4: Appendices for a graphic representation.

OBJECTS18

During the historic period, a flagpole—aligned with the main entrance to Building M-37— was located approximately 25 west of the troop assembly area; this flagpole, added in the early 1940s, is considered to be a character-defining feature, that is, one that is critical to the historic physical character and design of the Parade Ground. Today, the flagpole is no longer extant, although, a non-historic base remains and marks its location.

Cannon used as decorative objects in different locations at different times (for example, at the ends of the troop assembly area and at the flagpole) and artillery shells used to frame the entrance sidewalks or line the edges of the assembly area were also present during the historic period. Some of these objects were present during the historic period; however, they were not critical to the historic design of the Parade Ground and are considered to be historic rather than character-defining features. They were, however, typical examples of the military’s use of obsolete weaponry as decorative artifacts or objects in public landscape settings. Today, no examples of these objects remain in place.

There were also utilitarian objects present during the historic period including backstops at the northwest and southwest corners, used in connection with sports activities, and a row of three fire hydrants along the north side of the site. Although these objects were present during the historic period, they were not critical to the historic design of the Parade Ground and were all located along its peripheral edges. Today, only the row of fire hydrants remains in place; however the current hydrants are modern examples of this type of feature and are not in and of themselves historic objects.

18 Objects are small-scale features in the landscape may be functional, decorative, or both. Examples include site furnishings, fences, culverts, and monuments or memorials. They may be movable, used seasonally, or permanently installed. They may be designed or built for a specific site, standardized and available though a catalog, or created as vernacular pieces associated with a particular region, cultural group, or functional use (NPS 1996: 16).

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Non-historic objects include (1) the remains of a brick base in the northeast corner,19 (2) a derelict wooden platform west of the troop assembly area, (3) a metal flagpole base, (4) miscellaneous concrete pads or portions of concrete paving, (5) a large, black, storm drainage pipe in the southeast corner, and (6) various types of construction debris found in several locations throughout the Parade Ground.

In summary, the only character-defining object at the Parade Ground was a flagpole which was located approximately 20 feet west of the troop assembly area and that aligned with the main entrance to Building M-37. This flagpole is no longer extant, but a non-historic base remains which marks its location. See Photo 9 and Photos 11 to 18 at the end of Section 8.2 for representative images of the objects, and refer to the site plan in Section 8.4: Appendices for graphic representations.

SUMMARY OF THE DESCRIPTION & ANALYSIS

Historically, the Parade Ground was directly associated with the second Marine Barracks (Building M-37) and was added to the level open land to the west of this building soon after its construction in 1917. From its construction in 1917 through the end of Mare Island’s historic period in 1945, the Parade Ground provided a large level field for troop assembly, drilling, sports, and other activities associated with the functions of the Marine Corps Reservation. After the end of the historic period, the Parade Ground continued to provide these functions until the shipyard closed in 1996.

In summary, the character-defining features for the Parade Ground consist of the following:

 The character-defining spatial organization for the Parade Ground consists of a large rectangular field, with a paved troop assembly area at its east end, and with boundaries defined by four surrounding roads (the entrance drive between the Parade Ground and Building M-1, Nereus Street, Chesty Puller Drive, and Oklahoma Street).

19 The sign that was formerly mounted onto this base (see Historic Image 26) is now in the collections of the Mare Island Historic Park Foundation Museum.

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 The character-defining topographic characteristic for the Parade Ground is its level topography.

 The character-defining vegetation features include (1) the grass field, (2) the two large eucalyptus trees (Tree Tag # 919 and 920) in the northwest corner, and (3) the use of trees to define the west end and north side of the site.

 The character-defining circulation features within the Parade Ground include (1) the rectangular troop assembly area at the east end of the site and (2) the three sidewalks—aligned with the three entrance sidewalks and entrances to Building M- 37—that connect the east side of the troop assembly area to the entrance road.

 The only character-defining object at the Parade Ground was a flagpole which was located west of the troop assembly area and that aligned with main entrance to Building M-37; this flagpole is no longer extant.

Since the closure of the Shipyard in 1996, the Parade Ground has not been maintained and some of its character-defining features have deteriorated or are now missing. These changes which detract from the appearance and historic character of the Parade Ground as a cultural landscape can be summarized as follows:

 Parts of the roads that define the east and west ends of the Parade Ground are missing and the corresponding boundaries at the southeast and southwest corners are no longer clearly delineated.

 The level topography of the Parade Ground has been impacted by construction and grading activities for the adjacent residential lots.

 The condition of the extant vegetation features has deteriorated due to lack of regular maintenance and missing plants:

o The grass field is in poor condition;

o The row of deciduous trees that defines the Parade Ground’s north side has gaps due to missing trees, and the remaining trees are in poor condition; and

o Non-historic vegetation features (Including a variety of weeds, a Lombardy poplar, and the remains of a boxwood hedge) detract from the appearance of the Parade Ground.

 The circulation features are in poor condition:

o The asphalt paving for the troop assembly area and its three sidewalks has deteriorated badly and no longer provides a continuously paved surface;

o The concrete curb around the assembly area is cracked and partially buried; and

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o A non-historic concrete sidewalk around the flagpole is in poor condition and detracts from the appearance of the Parade Ground.

 The flagpole—which aligned with the main entrance to Building M-37—is missing.

 A variety of non-historic objects clutter the landscape and detract from the appearance of the Parade Ground.

Recommendations to address these issues are provided in Section 8.3: Treatment Recommendations.

EXISTING CONDITIONS PHOTOS

The following photographs provide representative images of the existing conditions in the Parade Ground cultural landscape.

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Photo 1. Overview of Parade Ground, view to north/northeast toward Building M-37.

Photo 2. Future alignment of Nereus Street that defines the southern edge of Parade Ground; view to northeast.

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Photo 3. West end; note eucalyptus trees (along the western edge) and piles of dirt/construction debris (left over from ca. 2007 grading for residential lots to north and south); view to west.

Photo 4. West end; note eucalyptus trees (along the western edge) and piles of dirt/construction debris (left over from ca. 2007 grading for residential lots to north and south); view to southwest.

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Photo 5. Alignment of Chesty Puller Drive that defines the western end of Parade Ground; view to northwest.

Photo 6. Overview of Parade Ground, view to east; note Oklahoma Street that defines northern edge of Parade Ground and row of locust trees that reinforces this edge.

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Photo 7. Oklahoma Street that defines northern edge of Parade Ground and row of locust trees that reinforces this edge; view to east.

Photo 8. Road between Building M-37 and Parade Ground that defines the eastern edge of Parade Ground; view to north.

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Photo 9. Remains of the paved assembly area at the east end of Parade Ground; view to east toward Building M-37.

Photo 10. Remains of the paved assembly area at the east end of Parade Ground (in foreground); remains of hedge and sidewalk around flagpole and wooden platform (to west of assembly area); view to south.

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Photo 11. Remains of hedge and sidewalk around flagpole and wooden platform (to west of assembly area); view to southwest.

Photo 12. Base of flagpole.

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Photo 13. Wooden platform.

Photo 14. Concrete pad at the northwest corner of assembly area.

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Photo 15. Remains of sign at the northeast corner of the assembly area.

Photo 16. Fire hydrant located next to the row of locust trees on the northern edge of Parade Ground.

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Photo 17. Aboveground pipe that dumps runoff onto the southeast corner of the Parade Ground; view to south.

Photo 18. Construction debris on the west end of the Parade Ground.

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TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

INTRODUCTION

Goal of the Treatment Recommendations

The goal of the following treatment recommendations is the rehabilitation of the character- defining features of the Parade Ground and the preservation of its historic character within the context of its future use.

Key components of this goal include (1) the protection, maintenance, repair, and rehabilitation of the character-defining features within the Parade Ground cultural landscape and (2) the removal of non-historic features that detract from its historic character. Additionally, in the future the potential for impacts should be identified prior to undertaking maintenance, repair, or construction activities within or adjacent to the Parade Ground so that the site’s individual character-defining features and its overall historic character are protected.

Organization and Use of the Treatment Recommendations

The treatment recommendations in Section 8.3 are organized into the following three groups: (I) general guidance documents, (II) general treatment guidelines, and (III) specific recommendations for the Parade Ground’s cultural landscape features.

TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION I. GENERAL GUIDANCE DOCUMENTS

The following guidance documents provide the foundation for the General Treatment Guidelines (Recommendation II) and the Specific Recommendations for Landscape Features (Recommendation III). Additionally, these guidance documents should be consulted when questions arise that have not been specifically addressed in this CLR.

A. The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines

The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties (Secretary's Standards) are “best practice” principles that provide a common language and a consistent framework for historic preservation practices. The Secretary's Standards are neither technical nor prescriptive but are intended to promote responsible preservation practices. They are organized into four management strategies or treatments approaches— preservation, restoration, reconstruction, and rehabilitation—that address issues related to (1) maintaining, repairing, and replacing historic materials and (2) designing new additions or making alterations.

Rehabilitation is the recommended treatment approach for the Parade Ground. Rehabilitation assumes that there have been and will be changes within the landscape and provides guidance to allow for a compatible contemporary use of the property through alterations and additions, while preserving those portions or features which convey its historical, cultural, or architectural values.

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1. The Secretary's Standards for Rehabilitation

Follow the Secretary's Standards for Rehabilitation for all planning, management and maintenance, and treatment activities for the Parade Ground.

The Secretary's Standards for Rehabilitation are listed below:

Standard 1. A property will be used as it was historically or be given a new use that requires minimal change to its distinctive materials, features, spaces, and spatial relationships.

Standard 2. The historic character of a property will be retained and preserved. The removal of distinctive materials or alteration of features, spaces, and spatial relationships that characterize a property will be avoided.

Standard 3. Each property will be recognized as a physical record of its time, place, and use. Changes that create a false sense of historical development, such as adding conjectural features or elements from other historic properties, will not be undertaken.

Standard 4. Changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in their own right will be retained and preserved.

Standard 5. Distinctive materials, features, finishes, and construction techniques or examples of craftsmanship that characterize a property will be preserved.

Standard 6. Deteriorated historic features will be repaired rather than replaced. Where the severity of deterioration requires replacement of a distinctive feature, the new feature will match the old in design, color, texture, and, where possible, materials. Replacement of missing features will be substantiated by documentary and physical evidence.

Standard 7. Chemical or physical treatments, if appropriate, will be undertaken using the gentlest means possible. Treatments that cause damage to historic materials will not be used.

Standard 8. Archeological resources will be protected and preserved in place. If such resources must be disturbed, mitigation measures will be undertaken.

Standard 9. New additions, exterior alterations, or related new construction will not destroy historic materials, features, and spatial relationships that characterize the property. The new work will be differentiated from the old and will be compatible with the historic materials, features, size, scale and proportion, and massing to protect the integrity of the property and its environment.

Standard 10. New additions and adjacent or related new construction will be undertaken in a such a manner that, if removed in the future, the essential form and integrity of the historic property and its environment would be unimpaired (NPS 2011c).

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2. Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes

Consult the Rehabilitation Standards in The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties with Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (NPS 1996) (Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes) for guidance when questions arise that are not specifically addressed in this CLR.

The Secretary’s Standards provide detailed guidelines to address the unique characteristics of cultural landscapes (i.e. ones that are not addressed or required for the treatment for buildings and structures) in its Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes. This publication is organized into “Recommended” actions and techniques that are consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and “Not Recommended” actions and techniques that should be avoided.

3. Rehabilitation Standards & Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings

Recommendations for the treatment of buildings are outside of the scope of this cultural landscape report. However, The Secretary of the Interior’s Rehabilitation Standards & Illustrated Guidelines for Rehabilitating Historic Buildings (NPS 1995) (Rehabilitation Guidelines for Historic Buildings) include guidance for buildings within a historic setting and is an appropriate resource to consult for issues related to buildings and structures within or adjacent to the Parade Ground.

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TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION II. GENERAL TREATMENT GUIDELINES

The following general guidance should be followed for all planning, maintenance and management, and development within the Parade Ground. This general guidance provides the framework for "Treatment Recommendation III. Specific Recommendations for Landscape Features" and is paraphrased from the guidance in the Rehabilitation Standards in the Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (NPS 1996).

A. General Guidelines for Character-Defining Features

1. Preserve character-defining features.

Preservation involves a range of treatment actions that involve stabilizing and protecting deteriorated features as a prelude to ongoing maintenance, repair, and replacement in kind. The goal of preservation is to limit the need for repair and replacement (in kind) of character-defining features and materials by emphasizing ongoing protection and maintenance.

a. Identify current and potential threats to the character-defining features as part of the ongoing monitoring and management of the Parade Ground as a cultural landscape.

b. Stabilize threatened or deteriorated character-defining features and materials as a preliminary measure.

Stabilization procedures should always be carried out in such a manner that detracts as little as possible from the cultural landscape’s appearance. An example of stabilization would be cabling a tree to protect against breakage.

Refer to the Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (NPS 1996) for more information on stabilization measures for cultural landscape features.

c. Protect character-defining features, when required.

Protection involves the least degree of intervention. It is often done in preparation to other work and may be accomplished through permanent or temporary measures. An example of protection would be fencing a tree to protect it from surrounding construction. The application of protection measures can limit the need for more extensive repair or replacement (in kind).

Refer to the Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (NPS 1996) for more information on protection measures for cultural landscape features.

d. Maintain character-defining features.

Maintenance involves the use of non-destructive methods to accomplish daily, seasonal, and cyclical tasks. An example of maintenance would be the

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proper watering, fertilizing, and pruning of historic trees by following advice in the Parade Ground Arborist Report (Baefsky 2014).

e. Repair character-defining features.

Repair should be undertaken to protect character-defining features when issues arise that cannot be dealt with through maintenance procedures. An example of repair would be repaving the troop assembly area or corrective pruning to prevent future problems or damage to a tree.

Refer to the information in the Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (NPS 1996) for more specific guidance on the recommended approaches for repair within the categories of landscape features (i.e., key repair considerations for spatial organization, topography, vegetation, circulation, buildings/structures, and objects).

f. Replace in kind the extensively deteriorated portions of character-defining features.

If the deterioration of a character-defining feature is such that repair proves unfeasible, then the replacement of a part of the character-defining feature or the entire feature is permissible in order to protect the historic character of the Parade Ground as a cultural landscape.

The preferred approach is to replace in kind. An example of replacement in kind would be replacing the one of the large eucalyptus trees in the northwest corner of the site with another eucalyptus tree of the same species.

Refer to the information in the Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (NPS 1996) for more specific guidance on the recommended approaches for replacement in kind within the categories of landscape features (i.e., key replacement considerations for spatial organization, topography, vegetation, circulation, buildings/structures, and objects).

If replacement in kind is not technically, economically, or environmentally feasible, then replacement with a compatible material or feature is permissible under the Secretary's Rehabilitation Standards. Refer to Recommendation II.C.2 for compatibility standards.

2. Document any character-defining feature that must be repaired, altered, or removed for some reason (such as for health and safety issues) as an important step in maintaining an accurate historical record for the site. At a minimum:

a. Photograph the feature prior to alteration or removal.

These photographs should document the individual feature from all sides and should document the feature showing both its immediate surroundings and larger setting. Identify photographs by the property (the Parade Ground), name of feature, and date; ideally, photographs should be labeled with this information.

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b. Prepare a brief description and simple sketch plan or map to provide the following information: (i) the location of the action within the Parade Ground, (ii) the reason for the alteration or removal; (iii) the date of this action; and (iv) any actions taken (i.e., replacement or addition of a new compatible feature).

c. Submit copies of this documentation (photographs, written description, and sketch plan/map) to the City of Vallejo Planning Division.

B. General Guidelines for Non-Historic Features or Uses

1. Plan for and undertake the removal of those non-historic features that are not compatible with the historic character of the Parade Ground in a manner that does not damage character-defining features.

C. General Guidelines for New Materials, New Features, or New Uses

1. Minimize the addition of new materials, new features, or new materials to those required for health and safety, for accessibility compliance, or for rehabilitation of the historic character of the Parade Ground.

2. Insure that the addition of a new use, new feature, or new material meets all of the following compatibility conditions:

a. A new feature or new use should not change, obscure, or destroy the character- defining spatial organization patterns, circulation features, vegetation, structures, or objects or their materials. Refer to Section 8.2: Description & Analysis for information on these character-defining features.

b. A new feature's location, materials (including texture and color), scale and proportion, form, and massing or a new use should be compatible with the historic character of the Parade Ground. Refer to Section 8.2: Description & Analysis for a description of the historic character of the site.

c. The additions of a new feature or new use should be reversible so that the essential characteristics and integrity of the Parade Ground would be unimpaired if the new feature or new use were removed.

d. The presence of a new feature or new use should not preclude the option of restoring or reconstructing missing features from the historic period (up to the end of World War II).

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TREATMENT RECOMMENDATION III. SPECIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS FOR LANDSCAPE FEATURES

As noted under Treatment Recommendation I, rehabilitation is the historic preservation treatment approach that is recommended for the Parade Ground cultural landscape. The Secretary of the Interior’s Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes defines rehabilitation as the process of making possible a compatible use for a property through repair, alteration, and additions while preserving those portions or features which convey the property’s historical, cultural, or architectural values. In rehabilitation, character-defining features and materials are protected and maintained as they would be under the preservation treatment approach, but the Rehabilitation Standards and Guidelines allow for the replacement of extensively deteriorated, damaged, or missing features using either traditional or compatible substitute materials (NPS 1996: 46-50). This level of intervention is required for the Parade Ground cultural landscape. The Description & Analysis in Section 8.2 provided information on the condition of the character-defining features, and the “Summary” in that section listed the key issues related to the deteriorated and missing character-defining features. Treatment Recommendation III provides specific recommendations for (1) the spatial organization of the landscape, (2) the topography, (3) vegetation features, (4) circulation features, and (5) objects as a tool to guide the rehabilitation of existing features and the replacement of missing features in a manner that is consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Rehabilitation Standards and Guidelines.

No plans were located for the Parade Ground cultural landscape during the research for this CLR. The historical photographs and maps that were described and presented in the History in Section 8.1 provided the primary source of information about its historic appearance and were used to analyze its evolution. These images showed that not all of the features were added at one time and that the Parade Ground’s landscape design evolved during the historic period. These factors are particularly relevant in the east end which had two different designs or configurations. From 1917 to the 1930s, the troop assembly area in the east end was not paved, grass extended throughout the entire Parade Ground field, and a row of evergreen shrubs was planted across the east end, which defined this boundary and contributed to the formal entrance landscape in front of Building M-37. Then in the 1930s, the Marines paved the troop assembly area and added three sidewalks, which aligned with the three entrances to Building M-37. A final component of this second design for the east end was a flagpole, added in the early 1940s, which aligned with the main entrance to Building M-37. This second design or configuration for the east end of the Parade Ground remained in place through the end of the historic period and was then maintained by the Marines until the closure of the shipyard in 1996. This second configuration for the east end of the Parade Ground was implemented by the Marines prior to the end of the historic period. The addition of the pavement, sidewalks, and flagpole created a more formal appearance for the east end of the Parade Ground and reinforced its functional and spatial relationships to the Barracks (Building M-37). Treatment Recommendation III provides recommendations for the rehabilitation of the second design or configuration for the east end of the Parade Ground based on the guidance in The Secretary of the Interior’s Rehabilitation Standard 4. This Standard recommends that changes to a property that have acquired historic significance in their own right should be retained and preserved.

The Mare Island Specific Plan proposes that the Parade Ground will provide a central green space for the surrounding South Residential Village and a flat field suitable for team sports

March 2015 8-55 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 8.3 PARADE GROUND: TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

and community events (City of Vallejo 2008: 63). The implementation of Treatment Recommendation III will help to insure that this proposed use or any other future use is consistent with the Secretary of the Interior’s Rehabilitation Standards and Guidelines and that the Parade Ground’s historic character and its specific character-defining features are protected.

Additionally, although it is outside of boundaries of the Parade Ground proper, the current deteriorated condition of the landscape in front and along the sides of Building M-37 detracts from the setting for the Parade Ground. During the historic period, a formal entrance landscape linked the east end of the Parade Ground and the front of Building M-37 and reflected the Parade Ground’s functional connection to this building, which served as the Barracks for the Marine Corps Reservation. This formal landscape included the entrance road between the Parade Ground and Building M-37 and the landscape features (sidewalks, decorative streetlights, and foundation plantings) in front of and along the sides of the building. The development of specific rehabilitation recommendations for this landscape in front of and along the sides of Building M-37 is outside of the scope of the Parade Ground CLR. However, a rehabilitation plan, which follows the Secretary of the Interior’s Standards and Guidelines, should be developed in conjunction with any future use of Building M-37 as a way (1) to rehabilitate the setting and (2) to preserve the historic character associated with the Parade Ground and Building M-37 complex.

A. Spatial Organization

1. Preserve the character-defining components of the spatial organization of the Parade Ground which consists of a large rectangular field whose boundaries are defined by the four surrounding roads (the entrance drive between the Parade Ground and Building M-1, Nereus Street, Chesty Puller Drive, and Oklahoma Street.

2. As part of the rehabilitation of the Parade Ground, restore the missing sections of the boundaries.

a. Reconnect the south end of the entrance road to Nereus Street to restore the distinctive diagonal boundary at the southeast corner of the Parade Ground.

b. Reconnect the south end of Chesty Puller Drive to Nereus Street to restore the boundary at the southwest corner of the Parade Ground.

B. Topography

1. Preserve the character-defining level topography throughout the Parade Ground site.

2. As part of the rehabilitation of the Parade Ground, (a) remove the mounds of dirt and any other construction debris that have been left on the site, and (b) remove the temporary road that has been added at its southwest corner, and (c) regrade to establish the character-defining level topography throughout the site.

March 2015 8-56 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 8.3 PARADE GROUND: TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

C. Vegetation Features

1. Preserve and rehabilitate the character-defining vegetation features.

a. The grass field that extends throughout the Parade Ground.

i. Rehabilitate the character-defining grass field using grass species and maintenance practices that will preserve the presence of this vegetation feature within the Parade Ground, allow the use of the area as a playing field, and promote water conservation.

b. The two large eucalyptus trees (Tree Tag # 919 and # 920) in the northwest corner.

i. Follow the general recommendations for tree care in the Arborist Report for these two trees.

ii. See Section 8.4: Appendices for a copy of the Arborist Report.

c. The use of trees to define the north and west sides of the Parade Ground.

i. Remove the row of trees (Tree Tag # 897 to 904) along the north side of the Parade Ground due to their poor and very poor condition rating in Arborist Report and replant a row of trees that lines the entire length of the north side using one of the compatible species recommended on page 7 of the Arborist Report.

ii. Follow the general recommendations for tree care in the Arborist Report for the row of eucalyptus trees (Tree Tag # 905 to 918 and 921 to 924) along the west side of Chesty Puller Drive.

iii. See Section 8.4: Appendices for a copy of the Arborist Report.

2. Non-Historic Vegetation

a. Remove the non-historic vegetation (including weeds, the remains of the boxwood hedge around the sidewalk system at the flagpole, and the Lombardy poplar/Tree Tag # 894) in a manner that does not damage other features within the Parade Ground landscape.

3. New Vegetation

a. Limit new vegetation or plant materials to those that are replacing the missing or damaged character defining vegetation features listed above in Treatment Recommendation III.C.1.

D. Circulation Features

1. Preserve and rehabilitate the character-defining circulation features.

a. The paved rectangular troop assembly area at the east end of the site.

March 2015 8-57 Mare Island Cultural Landscape Report Section 8.3 PARADE GROUND: TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

i. Remove the existing but deteriorated asphalt and concrete curb and repave in kind or with a compatible paving material.

b. The three paved sidewalks—aligned with the three entrance sidewalks and entrances to Building M-37—that connect the east side of the troop assembly area to the entrance road.

i. Remove the existing but deteriorated asphalt and repave in kind or with a compatible paving material.

2. Non-Historic Circulation Features

a. Remove the non-historic concrete sidewalk system that connected the west side of the troop assembly area to the flagpole (which is currently nonextant).

3. Addition of New Circulation Features

a. Do not add new circulation features to the Parade Ground.

E. Objects

1. Replace the missing character-defining flagpole.

a. Locate the flagpole in its original location approximately 20 feet west of the troop assembly area and aligned with the main entrance to Building M- 37.

b. Use a pole design that is compatible with the historic character of the Parade Ground.

2. Non-Historic Objects

a. Remove all non-historic objects including, but not limited to, (1) the brick base for a non-extant sign in the northeast corner, (2) the derelict wooden platform west of the troop assembly area, (3) the metal flagpole base, (4) miscellaneous concrete pads and portions of concrete paving, (5) a large, black, storm drainage pipe in the southeast corner, and (6) the various types of construction debris found at several locations throughout the Parade Ground.

3. New Objects

a. Limit the addition of new objects to those that are essential to health and safety.

b. Incorporate the guidance in the Guidelines for the Treatment of Cultural Landscapes (see Treatment Recommendation I.A.2) and the guidance for compatibility (see Treatment Recommendation II.C.2) for any new objects (such as light fixtures) that may be required for health and safety.

March 2015 8-58

Section 8.4: Appendices

Parade Ground: Location of Key Cultural Landscape Features

LEGEND Existing Tree Tree Number per Arborist Report

Future Lot Lines Existing Gravel Road

(approximate location) 1 Paved Assembly Area 3 2 Flagpole, Sidewalks and Hedge 4 4 3 Wooden Platform 4 2 4 Concrete Pad

1 5 Remains of Sign 6 6 Aboveground Pipe

Marine Parade Ground: Location of Key Cultural Landscape Features (Source of Base Map: CBG, Inc. 2014)

Parade Ground: Arborist Report (Baefsky & Associates 2014)

BAEFSKY & ASSOCIATES ENVIRONMENTAL LANDSCAPE CONSULTING & CONTRACTING

Arborist Report – April 15, 2014

MARINE PARADE GROUNDS

Mare Island, Vallejo CA

Report Prepared for: Lennar Mare Island 690 Walnut Ave., Suite 100 Vallejo, CA 94592

P.O. Box 311, ORINDA, CA 94563 [email protected] - email 925.254.7950 phone Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 3

INTRODUCTION ...... 3

BACKGROUND ...... 3

ASSIGNMENT ...... 4

LIMITS OF ASSIGNMENT ...... 4

OBSERVATIONS ...... 4

METHODS ...... 4

DATA ...... 5

RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 6

APPENDIX A –Data ...... 8

APPENDIX B – Observations ...... 10

APPENDIX C – Recommendations ...... 13

APPENDIX D – Digital Images ...... 15

APPENDIX E – Certificate of Performance ...... 28 REFERENCES ...... 29 MAP PROVIDED UNDER A SEPARATE ENCLOSURE

@Baefsky & Associates 2014. All rights reserved. This report, dated 4/15/2014 1:15 PM is for the exclusive and confidential use of Baefsky & Associates clients and their representatives for this project only, and shall not be reproduced in whole or in part on other occasions without the written permission of Baefsky & Associates.

Baefsky & Associates 2 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

SUMMARY This report is an inventory of trees located around the Marine Parade Grounds. Thirty-one trees are located, tagged, measured, identified and evaluated. Tree diameter ranges from 8.6 inches to 91.6 one inches, averaging 33.5 inches. Seven tree species are identified; Eucalyptus globulus (blue gum eucalyptus) is the most numerous, followed by Gleditsia triacanthos (honey locust) and Robinia X ambigua (Idaho locust). Health and structure of the trees ranges from very poor to good. Health averages fair and structure averages poor. Poor and very poor health on this site is caused by age, poor pruning, animal & equipment wounding, lack of water, wind, dense plantings, lack of good maintenance and planting too deeply. Structural problems are the result of genetic predisposition, pruning, environmental conditions and distances between trees. Imminent, probable, possible and improbable likelihood of tree failures were noted. Recommendations are provided for removal, replacement and pruning to improve tree and landscape health and safety.

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND

Location The Parade Grounds is a gradually sloping open area that is bounded by roads on northwest & southwest, newly graded pads on the southeast, and the Marine Barracks (Building M-37) on the northeast.

Setting Trees line the road along the northern and western sides of the site. Several outliers are located facing closer to the Building M-37 and into the lower parade ground. The rows of trees along the northern side accent the site and delineate the boundary. Those planted along the western side were probably planted as a windbreak. The other trees appear to be remnants of other plantings.

Soils on this site are mapped (Natural Resources Conservation Service, 2013) as “Made Land, “Diablo” (silty clay) and “Ayar” (silty clay) series. Diablo and Ayar soil series both have slow permeability, but are considered well drained with slow runoff when the soil is dry.

Trees in this area provide the following important functions:  windbreak  trap pollutants, clean air  sequester carbon dioxide  prevent soil erosion  wildlife habitat  historical focal points  visual canopy  create views

ASSIGNMENT Brian McDonough (Lennar Mare Island) requested an arborist report for trees on and around the Marine Parade Grounds, to supplement the cultural landscape report being prepared by Denise Bradley.

LIMITS OF ASSIGNMENT Level 3 (advanced) assessment techniques were not employed, including aerial inspection & evaluation, detailed target & site analysis & evaluation, decay testing, detailed health evaluation, root inspection & evaluation, storm/wind load analysis, measuring & assessing change in trunk lean or load testing.

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OBSERVATIONS

METHODS

 Level 2: Basic Assessments included a detailed visual inspection of trees and the surrounding site. Each tree was walked completely around, and the site, buttress roots, trunk & branches were evaluated visually.

 Tree species and varieties identified and named with standard scientific and common names (NRES Department, Cal Poly State University, 2012).

 Trunk circumferences were measured at fifty-four inches above grade (unless otherwise noted), and multiple trunk circumferences are reported. Diameters are calculated, and for multiple trunk specimens their trunks are summed. Specific & average driplines (distance from trunk to outer branches) were estimated.

 Blue metallic numbered tree tags were installed with (drilled) wood screws in tree trunks. Old silver metal tags were left in place.

 Inventory data was collected on April 2, 2014.

 Locations of trees not shown on the map provided (Carlson, Barbee & Gibson, Inc., 2014) were determined on site by extrapolation, and are approximate.

 Tree health & structure were rated on a zero to five scale, with zero = dead, one = very poor, two = poor, three = fair, four = good, five = very good). The following parameters were examined for each tree evaluated: o Rooting zone quality; disturbance, moisture, perviousness, compaction o Root crown region; damage, soil burying o Trunk; damage, taper, cavities, lean o Scaffolds; damage, failures, taper, distribution, balance, dieback, attachment o Smaller branches; distribution, dieback, attachment, o Twigs; dieback, distribution, growth o Foliage; size, color, dieback

 Likelihood of failure was evaluated, and the portion most likely to fail listed. The following terms are used (Thomas Smiley, 2011) o Improbable – Tree or branch is not likely to fail during normal weather conditions and may not fail in many severe weather conditions within the specified time period o Possible – Failure could occur, but it is unlikely during normal weather conditions within the specified time period o Probable – Failure may be expected under normal weather conditions within the specified time period o Imminent – Failure has started or is most likely to occur in the near future, even if there is no significant wind or increased load

 One draft report was submitted for editing comments to Denise Bradley and Lennar Mare Island. Denise Bradley provided minor editing suggestions for this final report.

Baefsky & Associates 4 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

DATA  Thirty one (31) trees are evaluated (see Appendix A – Data)

 Tree diameter ranges from 8.6 inches to 91.6 one inches, averaging 33.5 inches.

 Six (6) different species of trees identified and distributed as follows:

List of Tree Species & Their Representation in the Tree Population on Site Species Name Number

Eucalyptus globulus blue gum eucalyptus 18

Gleditsia triacanthos honey locust 4

Robinia X ambigua Idaho acacia 4

Pinus radiata Monterey pine 2

Corymbia citriodora lemon gum 1

E. camaldulensis red river gum 1

Populus nigra `Italica’ Lombardy poplar 1

OBSERVATIONS (see Appendix B – Observations)  Health averages fair and structure averages poor.

 Poor and very poor health on this site is caused by age, poor pruning, animal & equipment wounding, lack of

water, wind, dense plantings, lack of good maintenance and planting too deeply.

 Structural problems are the result of a tree’s genetic predisposition, pruning, environmental conditions and

distances between trees.

 Most likely failures include trunk, scaffold & smaller branch. These potential failures are the result of age, excessive & poor pruning, damage from equipment and animals and genetic predisposition. The honey locust trees are near the end of their lives and are riddled with decay caused by poor pruning & other damages. The eucalyptus trees bear the brunt of high winds and cold weather and are located on a bench below a road and above a trail, which has caused water to pond around them and soil to bury many of their trunks. Small branch failures are most likely (65%), trunk failures next (23%), and scaffold branches least likely (13%) on this site.  Likelihood of failures includes imminent, probable, possible and improbable. 29% of the trees have failures that are imminent. Probable failures make up 13% of the total likely failures. 45%of likely failures are possible and 16% improbable. Baefsky & Associates 5 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

RECOMMENDATIONS

 Irrigation is recommended to improve health  Monitoring every three to five years is recommended for trees that are intermediate in terms of health and structure, and will inevitably require additional maintenance to keep them safe.  Pruning is recommended to increase safety by cleaning out deadwood, thinning out excessively thick foliage or raising up branches that are likely to impact pedestrians and pets  Removal is recommended for trees that have no likelihood of healthy safe recovery, and usually have poor or very poor health and/or structural characteristics

RECOMMEND DESCRIPTION RATIONALE

Clean Pruning to remove dead, diseased, and/or Reduce likelihood of failure & risk

broken branches

Thin Pruning to remove excessive weight, using cuts

that either remove branch at its connection point

or properly drop crotch

Irrigate Install irrigation system or build temporary Increase vigor

berm and fill with water

Monitor annually Check health & safety Risk management

Raise & Clean Prune to provide vertical clearance Fire risk reduction

Remove Cut to grade, sanitize where fusarium wilt of Likelihood of failure & risk

palms is suspected reduction

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TREE SPECIES RECOMMENDED FOR LANDSCAPE SURROUNDING PARADE GROUNDS

Criteria used to select replacements include:  Historic  Similar characteristics (form/form, shape, scale, etc.) as historic species and varieties  Tolerance of new and historic wind conditions created by cutting off a large portion of the upper hill  Adaptiveness to drought  Tolerance of minimal care  Resistance to pests and diseases  Non-invasiveness  Growth rate

Eucalyptus citriodora (lemon gum) – species on site Medium to large 70-100 feet high X 25-40 feet wide Source of citronella used to repel mosquitoes Evergreen

Lophostomen confertus (Brisbane box) – species on island Medium size tree 50 feet high by 25 feet wide Evergreen Red bark Tolerates seaside conditions Plant in large areas, damages hardscape

Robinia X ambigua (Idaho locust) – species on site Small tree 40-50 feet high X 20 feet wide Plant far from sidewalk, gutter & drains (high root damage potential) Deciduous Pink flowers in spring

Ulmus parvifolia (evergreen elm) – species on island Medium size tree 30-40 feet high X 25 feet wide Evergreen Cultivated varieties include Dynasty and True green and others have different characteristics

Zelkova serrata (sawleaf zelkova) – elm family Medium size 45-60 feet high X 20-45 feet wide Deciduous Stunning fall color Somewhat resistant to Dutch elm disease

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APPENDIX A –DATA # Species Name Circumference (inches) Diameter Driplines (feet) (inches) 894 Populous nigra Lombardy 19.5,17,21,21,5,10.5,19 36.0 8,6,5,6 'Lombardy' poplar 895 Pinus radiata Monterey pine 9'10" @3' 37.6 20,30,4,26 896 P. Radiata Monterey pine 112 35.7 18,30,25,10 897 Gleditsia honey locust 12.5,21,20 17.0 18,9,10,18 triacanthos 898 Robinia X Idaho locust 57 18.2 12,12,12,6 ambigua 899 G. triacanthos honey locust 39.5 12.6 12,12,7,15 900 G. triacanthos honey locust 27 8.6 2,4,5,7 901 R. X ambigua Idaho locust 96 30.6 18,20,12,10

902 R. X ambigua Idaho locust 73 23.2 15,18,18,17 903 R. X ambigua Idaho locust 74.5 23.7 12,16,15,17 904 G. triacanthos honey locust 9'3" 35.4 15,20,25,18 905 Corymbia citriodora lemon gum 13'2" 50.3 30,18, 35,12 906 E. globulus blue gum 19'7" 74.8 25,35,40,45 eucalyptus 907 E. globulus blue gum 33 10.5 18,4,20,22 eucalyptus 908 E. globulus blue gum 10'3" 39.2 15,12,20,25 eucalyptus 909 E. globulus blue gum 11'2" 42.7 12,20,25,35 eucalyptus 910 E. globulus blue gum 65 20.7 9,22,15,15 eucalyptus 911 E. globulus blue gum 52,70 38.9 18,25,12,30 eucalyptus 912 E. globulus blue gum 75 23.9 0,22,6,20 eucalyptus

Baefsky & Associates 8 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA # Species Name Circumference (inches) Diameter Driplines (feet) (inches) 913 E. globulus blue gum 73.5 23.4 12,15,25,0 eucalyptus 914 E. globulus blue gum 74.5 23.7 6,25,30,0 eucalyptus 915 E. globulus blue gum 106 33.8 25,35,40,25 eucalyptus 916 E. globulus blue gum 77 24.5 0,40,25,20 eucalyptus 917 E. camaldulensis red river gum 62.5 19.9 0,30,15,9 918 E. globulus blue gum 69.5 22.1 9,20,20,30 eucalyptus

919 E. globulus blue gum 23'11.5" 91.6 35,50,45,45 eucalyptus 920 E. globulus blue gum 16'1" 61.5 25,35,40,15 eucalyptus 921 E. globulus blue gum 50.5 16.1 6,3,9,0 eucalyptus 922 E. globulus blue gum 13'2.5" 50.5 40,40,35,45 eucalyptus 923 E. globulus blue gum 11'5.5" 43.8 40,45,40,40 eucalyptus 924 E. globulus blue gum 67.2,84.5 48.3 0,35,25,35 eucalyptus

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APPENDIX B – OBSERVATIONS # Species Name Diameter Health Structure Most Likelihood Notes (inches) likely of failure failure 894 Populous Lombardy 36.0 poor poor trunk improbable Root sprout, trunks girdled nigra poplar by animal feeding 'Lombardy' 895 Pinus Monterey 37.6 poor poor small possible Co dominant tree. Surface radiata pine branch rooted on edge of slope, large buttresses, co-dominant scaffolds, no interior lower small branches, stunted sparse growth 896 P. Radiata Monterey 35.7 poor poor small probable Co dominant tree. Surface pine branch rooting, trunk leaning, co- dominant scaffolds, some small dead 897 Gleditsia honey 17.0 poor poor small improbable Stump sprout, partially triacanthos locust branch girdled branches, flowering, dispersing seed 898 Robinia X Idaho 18.2 poor poor small imminent 50-75% Trunk & scaffold ambigua locust branch cavities, 25% deadwood, stunted, pink flower 899 G. honey 12.6 very very poor scaffold imminent Trunk and scaffolds severely triacanthos locust poor decayed, very stunted, 80% dieback 900 G. honey 8.6 very poor scaffold imminent 98% dead triacanthos locust poor 901 R. X Idaho 30.6 poor poor small imminent 60% dieback, trunk ambigua locust branch splitting, cavities in trunk and scaffold areas, stunted, dying back on south, pink flowering 902 R. X Idaho 23.2 poor poor small imminent Trunk & scaffolds decayed, ambigua locust branch 75% dead, stunted 903 R. X Idaho 23.7 poor very poor small imminent Trunk & scaffolds severely ambigua locust branch decayed, minimal growth, flowering 904 G. honey 35.4 poor very poor trunk imminent Trunk leaning decayed from triacanthos locust root crown throughout, scaffolds decayed & splitting, sparse, dying back 905 Corymbia lemon 50.3 fair fair small possible Edge of row, co-dominant citriodora gum branch scaffolds upright where topped @10', few lower interior branches, scaffolds crossing

Baefsky & Associates 10 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA # Species Name Diameter Health Structure Most Likelihood Notes (inches) likely of failure failure 906 E. globulus blue gum 74.8 good fair scaffold probable Co-dominant scaffolds eucalyptus leaning & twisted, crossing, cavities on scaffolds 907 E. globulus blue gum 10.5 poor poor trunk possible Suppressed. Trunk leaning, eucalyptus large cavity at base 908 E. globulus blue gum 39.2 good fair small imminent Co-dominant scaffolds, eucalyptus branch leaning trunk, co-dominant, shaded deadwood 909 E. globulus blue gum 42.7 good fair small possible Failed scaffold on west eucalyptus branch 910 E. globulus blue gum 20.7 fair fair small improbable Interior suppressed. eucalyptus branch 911 E. globulus blue gum 38.9 fair fair small improbable Interior, scaffolds twisted eucalyptus branch 912 E. globulus blue gum 23.9 poor poor trunk possible Suppressed, trunk & root eucalyptus crown wounds, leaning twisted trunk 913 E. globulus blue gum 23.4 poor poor trunk improbable Suppressed, leaning, multiple eucalyptus trunk wounds, top only 914 E. globulus blue gum 23.7 fair poor small probable Severe lean, trunk wounded, eucalyptus branch oozing, top only growing into others, over road 915 E. globulus blue gum 33.8 good good small probable Dominant, branches over eucalyptus branch and into road, intertwined with 2 other trees 916 E. globulus blue gum 24.5 fair poor small Possible Interior suppressed, leaning eucalyptus branch twisted trunk, top only, root crown oozing 917 E. red river 19.9 poor very poor small possible Severe trunk lean, branches camaldulensis gum branch in end only

918 E. globulus blue gum 22.1 fair fair small possible Co-dominant upright eucalyptus branch intertwined scaffolds , trunk wounds

919 E. globulus blue gum 91.6 fair poor trunk possible Co-dominant trunks with eucalyptus included bark, girdling root, root crown partially buried, scaffold upright from topping @10', branches over road, sparse top

Baefsky & Associates 11 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA # Species Name Diameter Health Structure Most Likelihood Notes (inches) likely of failure failure 920 E. globulus blue gum 61.5 fair poor scaffold possible Upright intertwined eucalyptus scaffolds, topped at 20', trunk wounds, scaffolds intertwined 921 E. globulus blue gum 16.1 very very poor trunk possible Trunk buried, wounded & eucalyptus poor decayed 922 E. globulus blue gum 50.5 good fair small possible 3 large scaffold failures, one eucalyptus branch large girdling root 923 E. globulus blue gum 43.8 good good small possible Intertwined with 2 other eucalyptus branch trees 924 E. globulus blue gum 48.3 fair poor small possible One sided, edge, leaning eucalyptus branch trunk

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APPENDIX C: Recommendations # Name Diameter Health Structure Recommend (inches) 894 Lombardy poplar 36.0 Poor poor Remove 895 Monterey pine 37.6 Poor poor Irrigate 896 Monterey pine 35.7 Poor poor clean (prune) 897 honey locust 17.0 Poor poor thin (prune) to build strong structure 898 Idaho locust 18.2 Poor poor Remove 899 honey locust 12.6 very poor very poor Remove 900 honey locust 8.6 very poor poor Remove 901 Idaho locust 30.6 Poor poor Remove 902 Idaho locust 23.2 Poor poor Remove 903 Idaho locust 23.7 Poor very poor Remove 904 honey locust 35.4 Poor very poor Remove 905 lemon gum 50.3 Fair fair Monitor 906 blue gum 74.8 Good fair clean & think eucalyptus 907 blue gum 10.5 Poor poor Monitor eucalyptus 908 blue gum 39.2 Good fair Clean eucalyptus 909 blue gum 42.7 Good fair monitor eucalyptus 910 blue gum 20.7 Fair fair monitor eucalyptus 911 blue gum 38.9 Fair fair monitor eucalyptus 912 blue gum 23.9 poor poor monitor eucalyptus 913 blue gum 23.4 poor poor monitor eucalyptus

Baefsky & Associates 13 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA # Name Diameter Health Structure Recommend (inches) 914 blue gum 23.7 Fair poor thin & raise (prune up) eucalyptus 915 blue gum 33.8 good good thin eucalyptus 916 blue gum 24.5 Fair poor monitor eucalyptus 917 red river gum 19.9 poor very poor monitor 918 blue gum 22.1 fair fair monitor eucalyptus 919 blue gum 91.6 fair poor clear soil from root eucalyptus crown 920 blue gum 61.5 fair poor monitor eucalyptus 921 blue gum 16.1 very poor very poor remove eucalyptus 922 blue gum 50.5 good fair clean torn scaffolds eucalyptus 923 blue gum 43.8 good good monitor eucalyptus 924 blue gum 48.3 fair poor monitor eucalyptus

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APPENDIX D – Digital Images

#894 Lombardy poplar

stump & root sprouts, girdled dead trunk

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#896 Monterey pine #895 Monterey pine

#895 #896 Monterey pine

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#897 honey locust

#897 Idaho locust Baefsky & Associates 17 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

#898 honey locust

#899 honey locust

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#900 honey locust

#901 Idaho locust

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#902 Idaho locust

#903 Idaho locust #904 honey locust

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#906 blue gum eucalyptus #905 lemon gum Baefsky & Associates 21 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

eucalyptus

#911 #910 #909 #908 #907 #906 #905

#909 #908 #907 #906 blue gum eucalyptus

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#913 #912 #911 #910 #913 trunk oozing, stress, pathogens, insect pests?

#914 severe lean, trunk oozing #915 Baefsky & Associates 23 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

#916 blue gum eucalyptus intertwined twisted branches

#917 red river gum Baefsky & Associates 24 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA blue gum eucalyptus

#918

#919 #920 Baefsky & Associates 25 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

#919 blue gum eucalyptus

#1924-1924 blue gum eucalyptus Baefsky & Associates 26 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

#921 #924 #923 #924

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APPENDIX E – Certification of Performance

I, Michael Baefsky certify:

 That I have personally inspected the trees referred to in this report, and have stated my findings accurately. The extent of the evaluation is stated in the attached report;

 That I have no current or prospective interest in the vegetation or the property that is the subject of this report and have no personal interest or bias with respect to the parties involved;

 That the analysis, opinions, and conclusions stated herein are my own;

 That my analysis, opinions, and conclusions were developed and this report has been prepared according to commonly accepted professional practices;

 That no one provided significant professional assistance to the consultant, except as indicated within the report;

 That my compensation is not contingent upon the reporting of a predetermined conclusion that favors the cause of the client or any other party.

I further certify that I am Registered Consulting Arborist #456, a member of the American Society of Consulting Arborists, and am Certified Arborist #WE0222A, and have been involved in the practice of Arboriculture, Integrated Pest Management, Plant Health Care and Ecological Soils Management, and the study of soils and horticulture for over twenty-six years.

Michael Baefsky

Baefsky & Associates 28 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting Lennar Mare Island Arborist Report for Marine Parade Grounds 4/15/2014 Vallejo, CA

REFERENCES

Baefsky, M. (2006). Club Drive Park Arborist report. Vallejo, CA: Baefsky & Associates.

Baefsky, M. (2006). Club Drive Park Extension - Trees Above Park. Vallejo, CA: Baefsky & Associates.

Baefsky, M. (2006). Tree Failures in Club Drive Park. Vallejo CA.

Baefsky, M. (2008). Arborist Report for Subdivision 4B. Orinda CA: Baefsky & Associates.

Baefsky, M. (2009). Dead Washingtonia robusta (Mexican fan palm) Trees at Club Drive Park. Vallejo, CA: Baefsky &

Associates.

Baefsky, M. (2010). Hazardous Tree Evaluation - Club Drive Park & 1408 Azuar. Vallejo CA: Baefsky & Associates.

Carlson Barbee & Gibson, I. (2013, December 20). Cultural Landscape Report, Club Drive Park, Mare Island.

Vallejo, CA.

Carlson, Barbee & Gibson, Inc. (2014, February 28). Cultural Landsape Report - Building M-1 - Mare Island - City

of Vallejo, Solano County, California. San Ramon, CA.

Chaudhary and Associates, Inc. (2007). Tree Relocation and Removal Exhibit 4B & 4C tree locations. Chaudhary

and Associates.

E. Thomas Smiley, N. M. (2011). Tree Risk Assessment Best Management Practices. Champaign: International Society of

Arboriculture.

Kent, J. (2013). The Risks and Costs of Growing Blue Gum Eucalyptus and Monterey Pine.

Natural Resources Conservation Service. (2013, December 6). Web Soil Survey. USDA Dept. of Agriculture, Natural

Resource Conservation Service.

NRES Department, Cal Poly State University. (2012, January 10). SelecTree: A Tree Selection Site. Retrieved August

2012, from Urban Forest Ecosystem Institute: http://selectree.calpoly.edu/

Thomas Smiley, N. M. (2011). Tree Risk Assessment Best Management Practices. Champaign: International Society of

Arboriculture.

University of CA Cooperative Extension, CA Dept. of Water Resources. (2013). Water Use of Landscape Classifications

(WUCOLS). Retrieved January 23, 2014, from WUCOLS database: http://wucols.ecorhythmgroup.org/ Baefsky & Associates 29 Environmental Landscape Consulting & Contracting