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Rice-Related Beliefs of Some Ethnic Groups Belonging to the Mon-Khmer Family Languages

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Rice-Related Beliefs of Some Ethnic Groups Belonging to the Mon-Khmer Family Languages Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 5(163) - 2014 RICE-RELATED BELIEFS OF SOME ETHNIC GROUPS BELONGING TO THE MON-KHMER FAMILY LANGUAGES NGUYEN THI QUE LOAN * Abstract: The ethnic groups belonging to the Mon-Khmer family languages believe in polytheism. With the concept of animism, they believe that the universe in general and rice in particular has body and soul; then, they develop the belief about the life cycle of rice. The performance of different rituals that mark important moments in the rice growing cycle (such as soil selection for cultivation, seed sowing, rice production regime when rice stalks are shooting up, harvesting...) aims to beg the spirits for good weather and a prosperous life. In addition, it refects the people’s indigenous knowledge of crop cultivation, and most importantly, their behavior with respect to the natural environment. Therefore, dealing with spirits means dealing with the community, and this is a good way for people to educate their children to appreciate those who help themselves. Key words: Rice plants, ethnic group, Mon-Khmer, belief, worship. Ethnic minorities belonging to the Mon - So far, there have been different researches Khmer language group includes 21 ethnic of the ethnic minorities belonging to the groups with the total population of about 2 Mon - Khmer language group from socio- million people, living scattered in the areas economic and cultural perspectives, among to the West and Southwest of the current which there is research addressing agricultural territory of Vietnam. Namely, they are the aspects (Be Viet Dang, 1982; Institute of Mảng people which live scattered in the area Ethnology, 1984; Nguyen Quoc Loc, 1984; of the intersection of the Northwest border; Ngo Duc Thinh, 1993; Nguyen Van Huy, the Khomu, Khang, Xinh-mun, and Odu 1997; Nguyen Minh San, 1998; Nguyen people which live together with the Thai Xuan Hong, 1998; Khong Dien, 1999; Tran people in Son La, Lai Chau and in the West Binh, 1999; Pham Van Duong, 1999; Ro of Nghe An; the Bru - Van Kieu, Co Tu, Ta Cham Oanh, 2002; Bui Minh Dao, Vu Thi Oi, Co, Hre which live along Truong Son Hong, 2003, etc.). In this paper, examination mountain; the Gie-Trieng, Bahnar, Sedang, of the belief related to rice plant among Brau and Romam people which live in the some ethnic groups belonging to the Mon - west highlands; the Mnong, Ma and Coho Khmer is carried out mainly through people which live in the South; the Khmer literature review of the above works.(*) people which live in the Mekong Delta; the Beliefs related to agriculture in general Xtieng and Choro people which live in the low hills in Southeast (Chu Thai Son, 2005). (*) Ph. D., Thai Nguyen University of Education. 64 Rice-related Beliefs of Some Ethnic Groups... and to rice plant in particular among ethnic fields are believed to be the gift granted by minorities belonging to the Mon – Khmer the gods for people’s life. Among different appeared together with the process of gods, rice god is considered to be among exploring the land and conquering the the most important ones, at the same level nature. Being people that consider agricultral with water god, mountain god, and plant god. activities to be their main livelihood and as From the belief that everything has two agricutural activities are very dependent on parts – the material part and spiritual part, natural phenomena, people of ethnic minorities ethnic minority people believe that like all belonging to the Mon – Khmer language other plants, rice plant has its own spirit. group have been closely associated with the The rice spirit determines the growth and weather and gods. They have to face reproduction of the plant, bringing vitality, unpredicted risks of the nature. Therefore, helping the plant grow fast and giving firm in old time, the belief that there were rice seeds; if the spirit leaves, the plant will supernatural forces which could dominate die. The rice spirit and its vitality has been the nature, crop and people life appeared. incarnated into a woman. Some researchers This was the basis for the formation of explain about this by stating that women beliefs related to agriculture. Over thousand have the function of reproduction to maintain years of history, these beliefs have not the race. And the same is true to rice plant. remained the same as at the beginning but Therefore, woman herself is the sacred have changed considerably. Nevertheseless, symbol of the rice spirit (Ngo Van Doanh, their vitality, role and strong expansion in Vu Quang Thien, 1997). Another opinion is communities has remained. In order to that due to the fact that the main economy contribute to investigating relationship among of Southeast people is cultivation where people in the community and relationship women play an important role in gathering between people with the nature through the and cultivation, women have been honoured beliefs related to rice plant, this research through the formation of matriarchy, therefore, focus on these beliefs among five ethnic the symbol of rice spirit is woman (Tran minorities which are the Bahnar, Kho-mu, Binh Minh, 2000, p. 23). Mnong, Mang and Ma people. In each ethnic group, rice spirit is called 1. Viewpoint of rice spirit, rice mother with a different name - rice god and rice and rituals of worshipping rice spirit mother. During all the period of cultivation, In traditional society, ethnic minorities ethic minority people carry out different belonging to the Mon – Khmer language rituals related to life cylce of rice plant, the group earn their living by cultivating on hill moment of cultivation and harvesting with fields. The land is cleared, burned and rice the willing that gods will help so that the is cultivated there. As such, rice fields are weather is favorable, the rice grows fast and sacred places. Rice seeds obtained from the brings good harvest. Special rituals are the 65 Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 5(163) - 2014 worship to keep the rice spirit and invite the Among the Bahnar people, the rice god rice spirit home. Each ethnic group has their (yang xori) plays a very important role. The own ritual for keeping the rice spirit and rice spirit (pongol sri) should be protected inviting rice spirit. However, a common carefully on rice fields so that rice in the point is that in these rituals, the woman - barn is abundant and harvest is good. The head of the family - plays the role of the eldest woman in the family is also the rice spirit, rice mother or rice god and takes symbol of rice spirit and is respected by all. lead in worshipping rice plant in the field, From this belief, the Bahnar people throwing the first rice seeds into holes, organized many festivals related to life watering the rice; and when the rice is cycle of the rice plant: the ritual praying for ripened, she is the person to gather the cultivating rice (somah zmul ba), the ritual first rice branch and the last rice branch. praying for the rice spirit to come (somah For the Khomu people, right from early kwai), the ritual of the new rice (samok). At morning, the woman-host, playing the role the same time, they follow many other of mother rice, puts on traditional clothes taboos to avoid offend the rice god: when and goes to the rice field. During the whole rice is gathered in rice fields, it is important process of throwing rice seeds into holes, to stretch a rope to guide and bring rice the rice mother has to follow many taboos spirit home; if on the way home there is a so that the rice spirit can get into the rice spring, people should make a bridge to help plant and grow well. These taboos include the rice spirit cross it; in the intersection of living in isolation for three days when she roads, people should put wipe flower to plays the role of rice mother and keeps show rice spirit the right way home; as it is silent all the time. For the whole year, she believed that rice plant does have spirit, it is has to follow certain rules during the days not allowed to used sharp objects to cut rice when there are thunders because rice mother branches. Rather, people should use their could die; rice mother should be respected hand to take the rice branches; only women by other people, if someone offends rice are allowed to go to barns to take rice for mother, that person’s reproductive organs everyday use. It is believed that only will be hurt, treatment for which is to put an women know how to take care of rice plant, object symbolizing Yin and Yang into a from the moment it is still in the field until branch of rice in order to increase the rice the time when it is brought into kitchens as spirit’s power. When the harvest comes, on rice plant brings in it the symbol of woman. the way from rice field to the house, the rice Therefore, the Bahnar people has the mother repeatedly calls the rice spirit (hmal following rules: man prays for the thunder ngo): “The rice field is harvested, rice has god (bok glaih), woman prays for the rice been brought to the village, rice spirit please god (yang xori) (Trung Thi Thu Thuy, 2009). come home” (Hoang Hoa Toan, 1999, pp. 62-67). If the Bahnar people carry out rituals 66 Rice-related Beliefs of Some Ethnic Groups... worshipping rice spirit in the seventh or branches before and puts it aside.
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