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Use and Conservation of Medicinal Plants by Indigenous People of Gozamin Wereda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: an Ethnobotanical Approach

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Use and Conservation of Medicinal Plants by Indigenous People of Gozamin Wereda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: an Ethnobotanical Approach Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2018, Article ID 2973513, 23 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2973513 Research Article Use and Conservation of Medicinal Plants by Indigenous People of Gozamin Wereda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: An Ethnobotanical Approach Nigussie Amsalu ,1 Yilkal Bezie ,2 Mulugeta Fentahun,1 Addisu Alemayehu,3 and Gashaw Amsalu1 1 Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia 2Department of Biotechnology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia 3Department of Chemistry, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia Correspondence should be addressed to Yilkal Bezie; [email protected] Received 16 September 2017; Accepted 22 January 2018; Published 19 March 2018 Academic Editor: Karin Kraf Copyright © 2018 Nigussie Amsalu et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants (MPs) used by the local community has been carried out from January 5, 2014, to February 15, 2015, in Gozamin Wereda of East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. Te purpose of this study was to identify and document the use and conservation of MPs, along with indigenous knowledge of Gozamin community. Data were collected using semistructured interview, feld observation, and focus group discussions. Te collected data were assessed quantitatively using fdelity level, Jaccard’s Coefcient of Similarity, paired comparisons, direct matrix, and preference rankings. In total 93 MPs distributed under 51 families and 87 genera were identifed and for each taxon a local name (Amharic) was documented. Asteraceae with 9 (9.68%) species and Solanaceae with 7 (7.53%) species were families represented by more species in the study area. Out of these MPs collected, 80 plant specieswereusedforthetreatmentofhumanailments,24specieswere used against livestock diseases, and 11 common plant species were listed in both cases. Te most frequently used plant parts were the leaves followed by the roots. Te major threats to MPs in the study area were agricultural expansion, overgrazing, fre wood collection, mining, and cutting down trees for construction and furniture. Terefore, there is a need for appropriate in situ and ex situ conservation measures. 1. Introduction ethnobotanically rich as there are diverse ethnic groups with diverse cultures. Te knowledge and skills used in medication Findings indicated that Ethiopia is one of the top 25 biodiver- have been held by certain families and have passed down sity-rich countries in the world and hosts two of the world’s orally from parent to children, ofen a much loved one [4]. 34 biodiversity hotspots, namely, the Eastern Afromontane For most parts of the centuries, medicinal use knowledge and the Horn of Africa hotspots [1]. It is also among the and practices remained oral without documentation. Doc- countries in the Horn of Africa regarded as major center umentation of those plants used as traditional medicines is of diversity and endemism for several plant species [2]. Te needed so that the knowledge can be preserved and utilized diversetopographygaverisetoawiderangeofaltitudeand sustainably. other environmental factors that resulted in diversity of life Te use of traditional medicine is still widespread in [2–6]. Tus, the country is a land not only of highly varied Ethiopia,aswellasitsacceptability,availability,andpopu- landscapes and hence fora and fauna, but also of multiplicity laritynodoubtsinceabout90%ofthepopulationsuseit of ethnic groups with complex cultural diversity [4]. for healthcare needs [8]. However, according to Giday and Ethiopia has diverse medicinal fora distributed in dif- Ameni [9], loss of knowledge has been aggravated by the ferent vegetation types. About 1,000 medicinal plants (MPs) expansion of modern education, which has made the younger have been identifed and documented [7]. Te country is also generation underestimates its traditional value. Similar to 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine elsewhere in the country, people living in Gozamin Wereda 11.2%. Moreover with an estimated area of 1,218.07 square (district) have traditional practices which have passed from kilometers, it has an estimated population density of 128.3 generation to generation in order to treat both humans and people per square kilometer which is also less than the zonal livestock ailments. Te human tendency to categorize and average of 179.96, East Gojjam Zone Ofce of Finance and organize knowledge and experience is universal and that emic Economic Development [17]. Te ethnicity of the Wereda classifcation system throughout the world shows certain population is Amhara and Amharic is every body’s language. structural similarities [10]. In spite of the vast role of ethnobotanical contributions of 2.2. Geomorphology and Vegetation Type. Te topography of MPs in the primary healthcare, limited works have so far been the Wereda is characterized by the three major agroclimatic done in the country so as to document and enhance asso- zones within altitude range of 500–3500 meters above sea ciated indigenous knowledge (IK) [4, 11–16]. Tis study has level: temperate (Dega) (35.55%), subtropical (Woina Dega) therefore been initiated to study and document plants used (41.41%), and tropical (Kolla) (15.72%). Te Wereda relief in in the traditional medical practices of the people of Gozamin percentage is given as plateau 45%, mountain 48%, and valley Wereda together with ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal 7%. With respect to soil type, the majority of the Wereda soil knowledge and practices. belongs to vertisol and lithosol [17]. Like all other parts of the country majority of the people Te vegetation type of Gozamin could be Dry Evergreen of the study Wereda used herbal medicines for a long time to Afromontane Forest. According to Friis et al. [18], Dry treat human and livestock ailments. Still now the dependence Evergreen Afromontane Forest (DAF) and grassland complex on this medicine is continuing because of its acceptability, occurs in areas between 1800 and 3000 meters of altitude with accessibility, and afordability. Te present study aimed at rainfall < 1700 mm. Diferent authors also indicated the sub- identifcation and documentation of MPs and associated types of DAF, namely, undiferentiated Afromontane Forest; knowledge of using, managing, and conserving MPs by the dry single-dominant Afromontane Forest of the Ethiopian community of Gozamin Wereda which also becomes useful highlands; Afromontane woodland, wood grassland and in the introduction of alternative resource management like grassland, and transition between Afromontane vegetation in situ conservation systems that involve local people which is and Acacia-Commiphora Bushland on the Eastern Escarp- an urgent task for the study area where its natural vegetation ments. Te natural vegetation of the study area is dominated is lost rapidly. by remnant trees like Juniperus procera, Hagenia abyssinica, Te study also aspires to identify and record the use Podocarpus falcatus, Acacia abyssinica, Cordia africana, Ficus of medicinal plant species for purposes other than their sycomorus, Erythrina brucei, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Euca- medicine. Besides, scanty attempts have been made to iden- lyptus globulus, and others. Plantations of these trees are tify factors associated with their collection, threats, uti- observed on farm lands and home-gardens in Wereda [17]. lization, and use of the plants for the communities. Tus, Tere is also an Afroalpine belt as long as the Wereda the research flls this gap by documenting the wealth of includes a particular subdistrict (Kebele) known as Gedel- indigenous knowledge and understanding the corresponding lamma which is in the Choke mountain system. It is clearly drivers of this knowledge related to management and conser- indicated that mountains are virtually devoid of vegeta- vation of medicinal plants used to treat human and livestock tion and the only few woody plant species observed are ailments in study area. moorland types sparsely covered with Giant Lobelia (Lobelia rhynchopetalum), lady’smantle (Alchemilla humania),Guassa 2. Materials and Methods grass (Festuca spp.), and other grasses. Te woody plant cover includes Erica arborea andGiantSt.John’swort(Hypericum 2.1. Description of the Study Area revolutum) [19]. Te rainfall pattern is unimodal, stretching from May to 2.1.1. Location, Demography, and Boundary. Gozamin Were- September. Te highest monthly rainfalls were record in July, da is one of the 18 Weredas in East Gojjam Zone and 151 284.67 mm, and August, 298.03 mm, and the lowest ones were Weredas in Amhara National Regional State [17]. Te relative observed in January (14.52 mm) and February (10.6 mm). Te location of the Wereda is 300 km away from the capital city mean annual rain fall distribution is 1342 mm. Te mean of the country, Addis Ababa, and 260 km from Bahir Dar, the annual maximum and minimum temperature records of the ∘ ∘ regional capital city. Tis Wereda is found almost mid-way studysitewere26 Cand8.6 C, respectively. Rainy months are from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar. Te Wereda is bounded by blackened and dry months are dotted as indicated in Figure 2. SenanWeredaintheNorth,BasoLibenWeredaandOromia National Regional State in the South, Aneded and Debay 2.3. Health. Te most important animal diseases in Gozamin TilatgenWeredatotheEast,andMachakleandDebreElias
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