Use and Conservation of Medicinal Plants by Indigenous People of Gozamin Wereda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: an Ethnobotanical Approach

Hindawi Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2018, Article ID 2973513, 23 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/2973513

Research Article Use and Conservation of Medicinal Plants by Indigenous People of Gozamin Wereda, East Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region, Ethiopia: An Ethnobotanical Approach

Nigussie Amsalu ,1 Yilkal Bezie ,2 Mulugeta Fentahun,1 Addisu Alemayehu,3 and Gashaw Amsalu1

1 Department of Biology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia 2Department of Biotechnology, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia 3Department of Chemistry, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia

Correspondence should be addressed to Yilkal Bezie; [email protected]

Received 16 September 2017; Accepted 22 January 2018; Published 19 March 2018

Academic Editor: Karin Kraf

Copyright © 2018 Nigussie Amsalu et al. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants (MPs) used by the local community has been carried out from January 5, 2014, to February 15, 2015, in Gozamin Wereda of East Gojjam Zone, Ethiopia. Te purpose of this study was to identify and document the use and conservation of MPs, along with indigenous knowledge of Gozamin community. Data were collected using semistructured interview, feld observation, and focus group discussions. Te collected data were assessed quantitatively using fdelity level, Jaccard’s Coefcient of Similarity, paired comparisons, direct matrix, and preference rankings. In total 93 MPs distributed under 51 families and 87 genera were identifed and for each taxon a local name (Amharic) was documented. Asteraceae with 9 (9.68%) species and Solanaceae with 7 (7.53%) species were families represented by more species in the study area. Out of these MPs collected, 80 plant specieswereusedforthetreatmentofhumanailments,24specieswere used against livestock diseases, and 11 common plant species were listed in both cases. Te most frequently used plant parts were the leaves followed by the roots. Te major threats to MPs in the study area were agricultural expansion, overgrazing, fre wood collection, mining, and cutting down trees for construction and furniture. Terefore, there is a need for appropriate in situ and ex situ conservation measures.

1. Introduction ethnobotanically rich as there are diverse ethnic groups with diverse cultures. Te knowledge and skills used in medication Findings indicated that Ethiopia is one of the top 25 biodiver- have been held by certain families and have passed down sity-rich countries in the world and hosts two of the world’s orally from parent to children, ofen a much loved one [4]. 34 biodiversity hotspots, namely, the Eastern Afromontane For most parts of the centuries, medicinal use knowledge and the Horn of Africa hotspots [1]. It is also among the and practices remained oral without documentation. Doc- countries in the Horn of Africa regarded as major center umentation of those plants used as traditional medicines is of diversity and endemism for several plant species [2]. Te needed so that the knowledge can be preserved and utilized diversetopographygaverisetoawiderangeofaltitudeand sustainably. other environmental factors that resulted in diversity of life Te use of traditional medicine is still widespread in [2–6]. Tus, the country is a land not only of highly varied Ethiopia,aswellasitsacceptability,availability,andpopu- landscapes and hence fora and fauna, but also of multiplicity laritynodoubtsinceabout90%ofthepopulationsuseit of ethnic groups with complex cultural diversity [4]. for healthcare needs [8]. However, according to Giday and Ethiopia has diverse medicinal fora distributed in dif- Ameni [9], loss of knowledge has been aggravated by the ferent vegetation types. About 1,000 medicinal plants (MPs) expansion of modern education, which has made the younger have been identifed and documented [7]. Te country is also generation underestimates its traditional value. Similar to 2 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine elsewhere in the country, people living in Gozamin Wereda 11.2%. Moreover with an estimated area of 1,218.07 square (district) have traditional practices which have passed from kilometers, it has an estimated population density of 128.3 generation to generation in order to treat both humans and people per square kilometer which is also less than the zonal livestock ailments. Te human tendency to categorize and average of 179.96, East Gojjam Zone Ofce of Finance and organize knowledge and experience is universal and that emic Economic Development [17]. Te ethnicity of the Wereda classifcation system throughout the world shows certain population is Amhara and Amharic is every body’s language. structural similarities [10]. In spite of the vast role of ethnobotanical contributions of 2.2. Geomorphology and Vegetation Type. Te topography of MPs in the primary healthcare, limited works have so far been the Wereda is characterized by the three major agroclimatic done in the country so as to document and enhance asso- zones within altitude range of 500–3500 meters above sea ciated indigenous knowledge (IK) [4, 11–16]. Tis study has level: temperate (Dega) (35.55%), subtropical (Woina Dega) therefore been initiated to study and document plants used (41.41%), and tropical (Kolla) (15.72%). Te Wereda relief in in the traditional medical practices of the people of Gozamin percentage is given as plateau 45%, mountain 48%, and valley Wereda together with ethnobotanical and ethnomedicinal 7%. With respect to soil type, the majority of the Wereda soil knowledge and practices. belongs to vertisol and lithosol [17]. Like all other parts of the country majority of the people Te vegetation type of Gozamin could be Dry Evergreen of the study Wereda used herbal medicines for a long time to Afromontane Forest. According to Friis et al. [18], Dry treat human and livestock ailments. Still now the dependence Evergreen Afromontane Forest (DAF) and grassland complex on this medicine is continuing because of its acceptability, occurs in areas between 1800 and 3000 meters of altitude with accessibility, and afordability. Te present study aimed at rainfall < 1700 mm. Diferent authors also indicated the sub- identifcation and documentation of MPs and associated types of DAF, namely, undiferentiated Afromontane Forest; knowledge of using, managing, and conserving MPs by the dry single-dominant Afromontane Forest of the Ethiopian community of Gozamin Wereda which also becomes useful highlands; Afromontane woodland, wood grassland and in the introduction of alternative resource management like grassland, and transition between Afromontane vegetation in situ conservation systems that involve local people which is and Acacia-Commiphora Bushland on the Eastern Escarp- an urgent task for the study area where its natural vegetation ments. Te natural vegetation of the study area is dominated is lost rapidly. by remnant trees like Juniperus procera, Hagenia abyssinica, Te study also aspires to identify and record the use Podocarpus falcatus, Acacia abyssinica, Cordia africana, Ficus of medicinal plant species for purposes other than their sycomorus, Erythrina brucei, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Euca- medicine. Besides, scanty attempts have been made to iden- lyptus globulus, and others. Plantations of these trees are tify factors associated with their collection, threats, uti- observed on farm lands and home-gardens in Wereda [17]. lization, and use of the plants for the communities. Tus, Tere is also an Afroalpine belt as long as the Wereda the research flls this gap by documenting the wealth of includes a particular subdistrict (Kebele) known as Gedel- indigenous knowledge and understanding the corresponding lamma which is in the Choke mountain system. It is clearly drivers of this knowledge related to management and conser- indicated that mountains are virtually devoid of vegeta- vation of medicinal plants used to treat human and livestock tion and the only few woody plant species observed are ailments in study area. moorland types sparsely covered with Giant Lobelia (Lobelia rhynchopetalum), lady’smantle (Alchemilla humania),Guassa 2. Materials and Methods grass (Festuca spp.), and other grasses. Te woody plant cover includes Erica arborea andGiantSt.John’swort(Hypericum 2.1. Description of the Study Area revolutum) [19]. Te rainfall pattern is unimodal, stretching from May to 2.1.1. Location, Demography, and Boundary. Gozamin Were- September. Te highest monthly rainfalls were record in July, da is one of the 18 Weredas in East Gojjam Zone and 151 284.67 mm, and August, 298.03 mm, and the lowest ones were Weredas in Amhara National Regional State [17]. Te relative observed in January (14.52 mm) and February (10.6 mm). Te location of the Wereda is 300 km away from the capital city mean annual rain fall distribution is 1342 mm. Te mean of the country, Addis Ababa, and 260 km from Bahir Dar, the annual maximum and minimum temperature records of the ∘ ∘ regional capital city. Tis Wereda is found almost mid-way studysitewere26 Cand8.6 C, respectively. Rainy months are from Addis Ababa to Bahir Dar. Te Wereda is bounded by blackened and dry months are dotted as indicated in Figure 2. SenanWeredaintheNorth,BasoLibenWeredaandOromia National Regional State in the South, Aneded and Debay 2.3. Health. Te most important animal diseases in Gozamin TilatgenWeredatotheEast,andMachakleandDebreElias Wereda include bacterial infections (black leg, pasteurellosis, Wereda in the West [17]. anthrax, mastitis, fowl typhoid, and avian salmonellosis), Te total population of the Wereda has an estimated size endoparasites (fascioliasis, paramphistomiasis, and strongy- of 173,300 of which 87,178 are males and 86,122 are females: loidiasis), ectoparasites (ticks, mites, lice, and insect fies), the highest population (80,294) is in the age range of 0–14 viral infections (rabies, African horse sickness, and foot and whereasthelowestoneisabovetheageof60whichaccounted mouth diseases), and protozoal infections (trypanosomiasis, for 7,837 in number [17]. 2094 (1.34%) of the population babesiasis, and coccidiosis) [17]. On the other hand, it was are urban dwellers which is less than the zonal average of also reported that the most common human diseases include Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 3

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Figure 1: Map of Ethiopia showing location of the study area.

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0 0 JMFNAJMSJ A O D Figure 2: Climadiagrams of the study area from 2005 to 2014 at Debre Markos Station (data source: National Meteorological Agency). tuberculosis, malaria, diarrhea, trachoma, helminths, skin as other neighboring Kebeles were not included in the diseases, typhoid, eye diseases, and upper respiratory tract. study and this is also additional factor for site selection. Te study Kebeles were Libanos, Chimbord Yezangera, Cher 2.4. Reconnaissance Survey. Reconnaissance survey was con- Tekel, Denba, Asab Abo, Enerata, Lekilekita, Wenka, Chimit, ducted from September 23 to 30, 2013, in the study Wereda in Yegagina, Yebokila Zurya, and Yetijan-Shebelmma (Figure 1). order to obtain an impression about medicinal plants, topography, distribution of plants, and identifcation of sampling 2.6. Selection of Informants. A total of 100 informants (88 sites. During the survey 12 representative Kebeles (subdis- males and 12 females) were selected from the representative tricts) were selected. Local administrators were chosen as key Kebeles. Representative common informants and knowledge- resource persons in providing information in their respective able traditional medicine practitioners (key informants) of Kebeles. During the survey, general information about the Gozamin Wereda were selected using random and purposive Wereda was also obtained. sampling approaches, respectively, following Martin [20]. Out of 100 informants, 80 general informants were 2.5. Site Selection. Purposively twelve Kebeles were selected sampled during random visits in the study Kebeles by out of 26 Kebeles of the Wereda for ethnobotanical data asking every individual in the house or working felds or collection based on the availability of traditional medicinal wherever they were. On the other hand, the remaining 20 key practitioners present, identifed with the assistance of the informants out of the total were selected purposively and sys- Kebele administration leaders, elders, religious leaders, and tematically. In other words, this was based on comments and others who have information about traditional healers. Tose recommendations from the religious leaders, elders, Kebele Kebeles which have almost the same agroclimatic conditions administrators, students, and personal observation of the 4 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine researchers from the community group. Te selection of key Determination of specimens was carried out both in the informants was also based on the quality of explanations that feld and in the herbarium. Ten afer that, nomenclature particular informants gave during the interview. Local healers was determined using Flora of Ethiopia and Eritrea, other automatically qualifed as key informants being traditional available taxonomic literatures, and visual comparison with experts who are custodians of IK on the use of traditional authenticated herbarium specimens. Finally, the voucher MPs. Tus, key informants were identifed, later interviewed, specimens were kept at Debre Markos University Mini- andfollowedforfurtherdetails. Herbarium to aid confrmation of plant identity. Te information gathered included vernacular name 2.7. Data Sources. Ethnobotanical data were obtained from of plant, species, ailments they cure, part used, route of both primary and secondary sources. Te primary sources administration, method of preparation, dose, and duration were interview, focus group discussion, and observation in levels of herbal administration. Terefore, this is the starting thefeldofthestudyarea,whereasthesecondarydatasources point of documenting the fora of Gojjam in general and were various and relevant literature review related to the GozaminWeredaofEastGojjamZoneinparticular. present study. A piece of other information was also collected from the Wereda of diferent ofces. 2.10. Ethnobotanical Data Analysis 2.8. Ethnobotanical Data Collection Techniques. Te study 2.10.1. Preference Ranking. Preference ranking was included has been carried out by interviewing the knowledgeable in predesigned semistructured interview items. It was con- informants in diferent villages under various sites from Jan- ducted following Martin [20] for six MPs in treating dis- uary 5, 2014, to February 15, 2015, in Gozamin Wereda, East eases. Te key informants were selected to identify the best Gojjam Zone of Amhara Region Ethiopia. Ethnobotanical preferred MPs for the treatment of ailments based on their techniques were employed to collect data on knowledge and personal preference or perceived degree of importance in management of traditional MPs used by the local people in the community. Tey were informed to assign the highest the study area. Te methods used for ethnobotanical data value(5)forthemostpreferredplantspeciesandthelowest collection were semistructured interviews following Martin value (1) for the least preferred ones. Finally, the values were [20] and Cotton [10], informant consensus, feld observation, summed up and the ranks given to each plant. and group discussion as described below. 2.10.2. Direct Matrix Ranking. Direct matrix ranking was 2.8.1. Semistructured Interviews. Alistofquestionswaspre- conducted following Cotton [10], on six multipurpose MPs. pared that was covered in discussion with the informants in Each key informant assigned items by considering several a particular order. Te interview was guided to cover the attributes one at a time, using numerical scale in which the key topics on the checklist while leaving room to pursue highest number is equal to the most preferred item whereas any relevant subject brought up by the interviewee. All of the lowest one is equal to the least preferred one. Ten the theinterviewswereheldinAmharic,thelanguageofthe informants rated their preferences. Direct matrix ranking can local people by the researcher. Te place and the time for also be done as a group exercise in which participants reach discussion were set based on the interest of the informants. consensusontherankingofeachitemorvoteaccordingto Te status of all the MPs was recorded as abundant, less their individual assessments [20]. abundant, rare, or very rare as per healer perception during the semistructured interviews. 2.10.3. Paired Comparison. Afer having identifed fve most importantMPsbasedontheirmedicinalvaluesasperceived 2.8.2. Field Observation. Field observations were carried out by the informants, the paired comparisons were employed with local people, guidance, interviewed informants, and following Martin [20]. Paired comparisons on the fve most students. Habitat, habit, abundance, and distribution of plants efective plants in treating health problems were conducted were recorded in the given area. using random number table and fipping coins.

2.8.3. Focus Group Discussion. Short, brief, and precise group 2.10.4. Jaccard’s Coefcient of Similarity. Tis can be used discussions were made with informants regarding the MPs to determine the similarity in species composition of the in the study sites. Information on local names of the plants, study area with other study areas done by other researchers. their medicinal uses, methods of preparation, mode of Jaccard’s Coefcient of Similarity (JCS) was used so as to administration, disease conditions, IK on MPs, and threats to assess plant species composition similarity, among seven plants, conservation and management of plants, and related diferent Weredas. It was computed between the present study data were recorded. area and other areas, which were studied by other authors in diferent parts of the country. JCS was calculated following 2.9. Voucher Specimen Collection. Plants used for herbal Kent and Coker [21]. remedies were collected by a team comprising a botanist, biotechnologist, microbiologist, chemist, and parasitologist 2.10.5. Fidelity Level (FL). Because many plant species may fromDebreMarkosUniversity(DMU).Tevoucherspec- be used in the same use category, we needed to determine the imens were collected at the spot during guided feld walk, most preferred species used for the treatment of a particular numbered, pressed, dried, and deep frozen for identifcation. ailment, and we did so by calculating fdelity levels (FL) [22]: Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 5

50 46 Table 1: Sociodemography of the informants. 45 40 Informants Categories Number % 35 30 Male 88 88.00 30 24 Sex Female 12 12.00 25 20 Total 100 100 15 Marital status Number of people of Number 10 Male 56 56.00 5 Married Female 10 10.00 0 18–29 30–49 50–73 Total 66 66.00 Age range Male 28 28.00 Unmarried Female 2 02.00 Figure 3: Age range of informant. Total 30 30.00 Male 3 03.00 FL = (1/4)��/�,where�� is the number of use-reports Divorced Female 1 01.00 cited for a given species for a particular ailment, � is the total Total 4 04.00 number of use-reports cited for any given species. High FL Grand total 100 100 values (near 100%) are obtained for plants for which almost Educational level all use-reports refer to the same method of use (i.e., the plants Modern education 64 64.00 were considered the most preferred species for a particular Church education 17 17.00 ailment category), whereas low FL are obtained for plants that Uneducated/illiterate 19 19.00 are reused for many diferent purposes. Total 100 100 3. Results and Discussion to go out of home; they look afer babies and work at home. 3.1. Summary of Informants. A total of 100 herbalists from the Similar results were reported in Megersa et al. [23], Kefalew study sites were interviewed and as a result ninety-three (93) et al. [24], and Chekole et al. [25] mentioning few numbers of plant species belonging to 51 plant families and 87 genera were plants by females in our study area. identifed for the management of both human and livestock ailments (Figure 3). Te present study has shown that the 3.3. Educational Level and Marital Status of the Informants. people at various age groups in Gozamin Wereda have a Te educational status of the informants showed that most very good knowledge base on herbal remedy for primary of them were literate, that is, having modern education healthcare. Traditional healers (both males and females) still (diploma holders, students, and those able to read and write) rely largely on naturally growing species in their locality. accounting for 64 (64%) followed by the uneducated ones but traditionally knowledgeable informants accounted for 19 3.2. Age and Sex of Informants. Te informants were local (19%) and the least number of respondents was reported residents aged between 18–73 years (Figure 3). Most of as church education attendants, 17 (17%) (Table 1). On the traditional healers range within the age group of 30–49 years, other hand, the marital status of the informants indicated 46 (46%). Tey are within this range because it is at this that most of them were married people accounting for 66 stage whereby they have completed necessary rites of passage, (66%) followed by the unmarried ones, 30 (30%), and others notably initiation school. Tese are followed by those who were divorced, reported as 4 (4%) (Table 1). Te interviewed are around 18–29 years of age, 30 (30%), who also constitute informants were included from married, unmarried, and a reasonable number; thus in most cases these are newly divorced people and people of diferent educational level. Tis inaugurated traditional healers. Te remaining 24 (24%) of enabled the researchers to come across the ethnobotanical informants were between the ages of 50 and 73 (Figure 3). information of the community from diferent groups. Similar Although the age groups 50–73 constitute lower percentage results were also reported by Yineger et al. [26]. (24),thesegroupsarehighlytrustedbythecommunitydueto experience they have acquired and the number of traditional 3.4. Traditional Knowledge Transfer. Te most important way healers they have trained. Tus, at this age their decisions of transfer of IK on types of use of MPs, mode of prepa- are credible based on their maturity level. Medicinal plant rations, way of administration, traditional idea of illnesses, knowledge diference among age groups was also reported in and methods of diagnosis and treatment among indigenous Cotton [10]. herbal practitioners of Gozamin community was by word of Regarding sex, 88 (88%) of the total informants were mouth to a family member. Te fnding further indicated that males whereas the remaining 12 (12%) were reported as the present knowledge transfer system followed the inher- females(Table1).Inthecaseofknowledgediferencebetween itance based transfer system where most traditional heal- the two sexes, females tend to mention little number of MPs ers pass their knowledge to the elder/eldest/son/daughter. as compared to males. At this point, because of cultural Teselectionoftheelectwasbaseduponhis/hergood infuence, it is understandable that females were not allowed conduct and ability to keep the secret with regard to the 6 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ethnobotanical plant use knowledge. Te knowledge transfer system is bounded by traditional rules and can only happen 23, 25% through cultural ceremony. Most of the healers confrmed that, during transfer of the knowledge, they also received 42, 45% obligation. Similarly it was also reported that, at family level, it is restricted to the elders (men and women), followed by 28, 30% elder son or daughter or their trustworthy person when the motherorthefatherisgettingoldorneartodie[14,27,28].

3.5. Medicinal Plants in Gozamin Wereda

3.5.1. Plants Used to Treat Human and Livestock Ailments. Habitat In the current study, ninety-three medicinal plant species Wild (natural habitat) distributedacross51familiesand87generawerecollected Home-garden and documented from the study site (Tables 2 and 3). Of Wild and home-garden the total collected MPs, 80 plant species were used for the Figure 4: Diversity of medicinal plants in natural habitat and home- treatment of human ailments and 24 species were used garden. against livestock diseases. Eleven (11) common plants species were listed in both which were used to treat both livestock 39 and human ailments (Tables 2 and 3). Te fnding shows large 40 numbers of MPs were used to treat human diseases compared with livestock ailments. Tis indicated that local people of the 35 study area give much more priority of traditional medicine 30 for their treatment as compared to their livestock ailments. As 25 a result, they could acquire lower knowledge of MPs to treat livestock ailments than knowledge of MPs treating human 20 16 ailments. Similar ethnobotanical fndings were reported by 15 13 Megersa et al. [23], Giday et al. [29], Getaneh [30], and parts of Number 10 7 Gebeyehu et al. [31]. 4 444 5 2 Te ethnobotanical study of MPs in Gozamin Wereda showedthatplantmedicinesareusedbyalargeamount 0 of the population and it is the most important means of Leaf Seed Root Fruit Stem

treating some common human and livestock ailments such as Flower Leaf/friut wound, stomachache, dysentery, diarrhea, gastritis, eczema, Latex/sap eyedisease,snakebite,malaria,tapeworm,toothache,evileye, cough, hemorrhoids, febrile illness, anthrax, control of leech, external animal parasites, tonsillitis, and fever especially for Other combinations those community members who cannot buy the modern Parts used medicines with a relatively higher price. Figure 5: Plant parts used by Gozamin’s community.

3.5.2. Diversity of Medicinal Plants in Natural Habitat and Home-Garden. Most medicinal plants were collected in their therapies (see also Tables 2 and 3). It was also observed natural habitat which account for 42 (45%) whereas 28 (30%) that the indigenous people have deep knowledge and age- medicinal plants were from home-garden and 23 (25%) were old experience in the right mix of diferent plant parts to get from both home-garden and the wild (Figure 4). Various better treatment of the given ailment. In this study, leaves are studies conducted in Ethiopia as well as other countries in the most frequently utilized part of plant organs. Analogous the world reported that majority of MPs were harvested from results on diferent ethnobotanical studies by Giday et al. [12], thewild[32–34].Here,ourfndingsrevealedthatmanyMPs Megersa et al. [23], Kefalew et al. [24], Gebeyehu et al. [31], were also collected from home-gardens. Tis indicated that Tolasa [32], and Lulekal et al. [33] were reported in Ethiopia. thepeopleandthelocalhealershavestartedcultivatingmany It was reported that the ease of accessibility to leaves MPs in their gardens. explains their frequent inclusion in most of the preparations [35]. It was also observed that residents have been using 3.5.3. Plant Parts Used in the Study Area. Every part of leaves to identify MPs. Additionally, leaves are the main diferent plant species is used against a variety of ailments. As photosynthetic organs in plants, and photosynthates are per the informant’s response, the most commonly used part translocated to other parts, such as the root, stem, fruit, and is the leaf (39), followed by root (16), seed (13), fruit, latex, seed. Tese can act as toxins for protection of predators and leaf/or fruit, and stem (4, each) (Figure 5). In some cases, some are of medicinal value to humans. more than one organ of the same plant species, particularly a On the other hand, the results of the study showed that combination of parts, is used in the preparation of diferent harvestingofrootshasgreatimpactontheplantsandleadsto Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 7 NA1 NA2 NA7 NA9 NA10 NA75 NA20 NA45 NA80 number Voucher Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Anal Nasal Route Dermal NA60 Dermal Dermal Dermal NA22 e (T), herb (H), climber (Cl), seed (Se), of af (L), latex (La), stem (St), bulb (Bu), bark bulb Premna and applied on Capsicum annum mixed with water and out. Allium sativum spoon). tea cup. wounds. wounds. taken once. infected part. continuously. alcohol (tella). one cup is drunk. one cup is drunk. isgivenwithonecupoflocal applied on the skin. cofee cup is drunk. and mode of applications areboiled with butter and drunk Lepidium sativum of cloth and snifed through nose. Fresh leaf and four, and then applied on wounds. Powder of dried seeds with seeds Te root powder along with Dry root is crushed and dissolved in Te powder is mixed with water and Freshleafcrushedandpoundedwith Its bulb and fruit of Dried seed crushed, added with wheat water or the leaf is squeezed and 1/2 of schimperi Te latex of the species is squeezed and Preparations, conditions of plants used, Fingertip size fresh root is squished and Fresh roots pounded and applied on the Lepidium sativum Fluid extract from the leaf is drunk (one water and then fltered and drunk in one mixed with alcohol (local arki), and then Dried leaf fnely crushed and mixed with Dried fruit fnely crushed and applied on squeezed and wrapped together in a piece Flower is chewed for few minutes and spit L L R R R Fl Fr Se Se La Bu R/L Cough Wound Wound Evil eye Malaria Skin rash Tonsillitis Toothache Imp otenc y Stomachache Hemorrhoids Leishmaniasis Birth difculty Disease treated PU Bloody diarrhea Abdominal pain Se S S T H H H H H H H Ha Ret Avalo Anfar Telenj Amoch Gomen Sinafch Shinkurt Chiqugn Yes et qest (Amharic) Local name Yemidir berbere H . Lam. Del. ∗∗ A. Br. Tod Schott. L. Jacq. ex (L.) Koch ∗ (Alliaceae) ( Brassicaceae ) (Brassicaceae) Scientifc name, family Achyranthes aspera Acmella caulirhiza Allium sativum (Alliaceae) Aloe macrocarpa Arisaema schimperianum (Araceae) Artemisia afra Wilk (Asteraceae) Asparagus africanus Lam. (Asparagaceae) Brassica carinata Brassica nigra Brucea antidysenterica Swiss Chard. (Simaroubaceae) Buddleja polystachya Fresen. (Loganiaceae) ) ( Amaranthaceae (Asteraceae) fruit (Fr), fower (Fl), shoot (Sh),(Ba), collection and number rhizome (Coll. (Rh). No.) source, condition of preparation (fresh/F and dry/D), parts used (PU), root (R), le Table 2: List of medicinal plants used for treating human ailments in the study area with scientifc name, family, local name, habit (Ha), shrub (S), tre 8 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine NA4 NA17 NA12 NA59 NA28 NA30 NA56 NA90 NA46 number Voucher Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Route Dermal Dermal Dermal NA63 Dermal NA3 Nasal/oral NA6 Nasal/oral NA51 Dermal/oral are Citrus Nigella sativum part. days. body. drunk. droplet. wounds. Allium sativum, Zingiber swallowed. feshy part. then drink. and infected skin. drink one glass. with milk or tea. drunk continuously. arepowdered and mixed with and mode of applications and allowed to be inhaled. and then drunk for 6–10 days. the liquid is chewed and taken. and then fumigated or inhaled. Flowers crushed or smashed and Sap applied topically on the skin. ofcinale, immersed in water for 2-3 days and Te root is pounded, squeezed, and Freshly crushed, boiled, and drunk. lemon Dry leaves along the leaves of Fresh roots are washed, smashed, and Its fruits with butter and then applied on the afected mixed with water overnight. Ten, mix Boil fresh leaf in water, flter, and drink Te seed can be eaten together with the Preparations, conditions of plants used, Dry root crushed and boiled with water Crush fresh stem making it powder and Dried root bark powder is added on fre Te leaves are boiled with a cup of water Seeds roasted, powdered, and put on the Ingest a few seeds with “Injera” for three Freshleavespoundedandappliedonthe Squeezing the fresh leaf and drinking the Te root is washed and cleaned, and then the suspensions with honey and milk and Leaf is squeezed and applied on the entire L L L L L R R R R R St Fl Se Se Se La Table 2: Continued. Cough Wound Wound Evil eye Malaria Malaria Gastritis Evil sprit Diarrhea Hepatitis Vomiting Dysentery Sun-strike Ringworm Fibril illness Stomachache Stomachache Disease treated PU S S S S S T T H Dysentery, vomiting Fr H H Cl Ha Qaria Ligita Papya Agam Bisana Bunna Wanza Kitkita S Sore/eczema L Gumero Shimgug Fiyele-fej (Amharic) Kosheshila Local name Yemidir Embuy Cl L. ∗∗ ) L. Sch. L. Jaub. (Ait.) Lam. ∗ L. L. ) ( Capparidaceae Bip. ex A. Rich. (Asteraceae) (Cucurbitaceae) (Apocynaceae) Scientifc name, family Calpurnia aurea Benth. (Fabaceae) Capparis tomentosa Lam. Capsicum annuum Carduus schimperi Carica papaya Carissa spinarum Clutia abyssinica and Spach (Euphorbiaceae) Cofea arabica Cordia africana (Boraginaceae) Croton macrostachyus Del. (Euphorbiaceae) Cucumis fcifolius A. Rich (Cucurbitaceae) Cynoglossum coeruleum (Hochst. A. Rich.) DC ( Boraginaceae Dodonaea angustifolia f. (Sapindaceae) (Rubiaceae) (Solanaceae) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 9 NA15 NA14 NA91 NA35 NA73 NA37 NA55 NA83 NA39 NA87 NA67 number Voucher Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Route Dermal NA5 Dermal NA61 Dermal Dermal NA69 Dermal NA25 Dermal Nasal/oral and pounded ointment. then drunk. afected part. drunk until relief. the steam is inhaled. infected area of skin. without having food. then baked and eaten. putting under the sock. afected area at bedtime. and mode of applications and then eaten continuously. water; one cup is given to drink. About one spoon of sap is taken. Fresh leaf is mixed with leaves of water and then one glass is drunk. Te fresh leaf paste is applied over together and then powder is put on Te root is crushed and mixed with Verbascum sinaiticum Washingthesolwithyoungshootor Dry seed ground into powder, mixed Fresh leaves crushed, squeezed mixed with the powder of wheat and tef and with local alcohol (“tella”), and drunk. hand and then applied on the head like Te leaves boiled with tea or cofee and Te young leaf is boiled with water and Dried fruit is powered and dissolved by Preparations, conditions of plants used, are mixed with cheese and then applied. water and then one glass water is drunk. Fresh leaves pounded and smashed with Te root is powdered and applied on the Te powders of dried leaf, bark, and root with water, and decanted and then drunk Few droplets of the milky latex are mixed Flour of tef is mixed with diferent spices Dry leaves are crushed and pounded with Teroastedpowderisboiledinwaterand L L L L R R Fr Se Se Se La Te latex is applied on the wound. Dermal NA78 La L/Sh L/ba/R Table 2: Continued. Scabies Wound Wound Eczema Asthma Gastritis Dysentery Tapeworm Tapeworm Tapeworm Emergency Athlete’s foot Circumcision Bone fracture (“dingetegna”) Disease treated PU Jaundice, rabies Sap Abdominal pain Se Abdominal parasite S S S T T T T T T H H H H Cl Ha Asta Gebis Kosso Smiza Sholla Korch Jatrofa Merqo Ensilal Enqoqo Qulqual Tenbelel Dawa tef Astenagir H Dandruf L Qebercho (Amharic) Local name Nech bahir zaf T ∗∗ ∗ L. ∗ Engl . ) Vatke L. ∗ L. ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ L. (Zucc ) ) ( Fabaceae Forssk. ) ( Poaceae ) ( Asteraceae ) ( Euphorbiaceae Acanthaceae (Solanaceae) Trotter (Poaceae) Scientifc name, family Datura stramonium Dracaena steudneri Echinops kebericho Mesfn Embelia schimperi ) ( Myrsinaceae Eragrostis tef Erica arborea (Ericaceae) Erythrina brucei Schweinf. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtaceae) Euphorbia abyssinica Gmel Ficus sur (Moraceae); NA55 Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Apiaceae) Hagenia abyssinica (Bruce) J.F.Gmel (Rosaceae) Hordeum vulgare Jatropha curcas Jasminum abyssinicum L. (Oleaceae) Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anders ( (Euphorbiaceae) ( Dracaenaceae ) 10 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine NA8 NA33 NA53 NA74 NA72 NA23 NA77 NA24 NA26 number Voucher Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Route Mouth Nostril Nostril Dermal Dermal Dermal NA76 Dermal Dermal NA32 Nasal/oral NA40 nose. drunk. spit out. washed with it water and drunk. Fresh leaves chewed. putontheswollenpart. and mode of applications Te dried root fumigated. minutes and then spit out. with honey and then given. Chewing the fruit for goiter. Fresh root is put on the nostril. Fresh leaf is crushed and pasted. Soaking with water for 3–5 days, applied on the contaminated part. and one glass drunk continuously. Crushed and put b/n teeth for 5–10 then eaten or mixed with butter and preparing in the form of alcohol and Te powder is mixed with butter and Seeds ground into paste-like food and Leaf is inhaled for sometimes through decanting the water, and eating and/or Powder of dried fruit and leaf is mixed Dry root is boiled in water and body is Fresh leaf is chewed for sometimes and Preparations, conditions of plants used, Few seeds immersed in water over night Fresh leaves or stem heated with fre and salt and then applied to the infected skin. Dry fruit powder is mixed with butter and L L L R R R Fr Se Se Se L/St Fr/L Table 2: Continued. Tonsil Goiter Itching Wound Swelling Gastritis Gastritis Evil sprit Diarrhea Diarrhea Toothache Toothache Hypertension Skin infection Leishmaniasis Ba Common cold Disease treated PU T T T H H H H H H H H Ha Atat Feto Telba Kesiy Gibto Jebera Shinet Birbira Gimmie Andahula Feres zeng (Amharic) Local name Yamora misa Cl L. (A. A. Sch. ∗ A. Hochst ∗ L. ) ∗ ∗ Rich. (Crassulaceae) Rich.) Wilczek (Celastraceae) (Fabaceae) Scientifc name, family Kalanchoe petitiana Laggera integrifolia Bip. ex A. Rich ) ( Asteraceae Leonotis ocymifolia (Burm F.) A. Iwarsson. (Lamiaceae) Linum usitatissimum Lepidium sativum L.(Brassicaceae) Lippia adoensis ex. Walp. ( Verbenaceae Lobelia rhynchopetalum (Hochst) Hemsl. ) ( Campanulaceae Lupinus albus Maytenus arbutifolia Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Bak. ) ( Fabaceae Momordica foetida Schumach. (Cucurbitaceae); NA33 Myrica salicifolia Rich. (Myricaceae) (Linaceae) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 11 NA11 NA34 NA47 NA49 NA68 NA48 number Voucher Oral Oral Oral Oral Nasal Route Dermal NA29 Dermal NA31 Dermal NA18 Dermal NA19 Nasal/oral drunk. is inhaled. continuously. fltered, and drunk. rubbed on wounds. and mode of applications threetofourtimesperday. a piece of cloth for two hours. crushed, squeezed, and drunk. being applied on the infected part of cloth on the contaminated skin. Te seeds ground into powder and Te leaf is crushed, mixed with water, and mixing with water then drinking. Pounding and squeezing the fresh leaf Leaf is pounded, mixed with water, and Preparations, conditions of plants used, Leaf powder is mixed with butter and is From three places the leaves are cut and Seeds are put in boiling water and steam Dried root fnely crushed and applied or coveredwithapieceofclothandinhaled Freshleafiscrushedandtiedwithapiece Crushing and tying the infected part with L L L L St Dry/fresh branches used as tooth brush. Oral Se Se Table 2: Continued. Asthma Swelling Dysentery Sun-strike Toothache Ringworm Common cold Disease treated PU Abdominal pain L S S T T H H Ha Ades Zigba Woira Tinjut Endod S Abortion L Amera H Wounds R Gorteb H Cut L Crush and apply it on the cut part. Dermal NA13 Etsesiol H Eczema L Homma T Wound Ba Powdered and tied for 5–7 days. Dermal NA16 Ziqaqibie (Amharic) Dama kesy Local name Tiqur-azmud H . L. L. L. L. subsp (Hook. L . (Wall. Ex G. Don) Cif. (Oleaceae) cuspidate F.) Kalkman (Rosaceae) Scientifc name, family Myrtus communis (Myrtaceae) Nigella sativa L.(Apiaceae) Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. ex Benth. (Lamiaceae) Olea europaea Otostegia integrifolia Benth. (Lamiaceae) Phytolacca dodecandra L’Herit. (Phytolaccaceae) Plantago lanceolata (Plantaginaceae) Plumbago zeylanica (Plumbaginaceae) Podocarpus falcatus (Tunb.) R. B. ex. Mirb. (Podocarpaceae) Prunus africana Ranunculus oligocarpus Hochst.exA.Rich. (Ranunculaceae) 12 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine NA71 NA27 NA38 NA70 NA88 NA50 NA42 NA86 NA44 number Voucher Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Route Dermal Dermal NA85 Dermal NA41 Dermal NA43 Myrtus communis drunk. skin part. the patient. then drunk. afer shaking. drop by drop. bread (“Injera”) or tea then drunk. infected skin as gel. swallowed for three days. and mode of applications water for 24 hrs and drunk. Chewing and taking the sap. butter and applied on the skin. and stained for consecutive days. water, and about one cup is drunk. Sap of the fresh root is chewed and chewed and the juice is taken daily. About the size of fngertip of root is Te dry fruit of the plant is made as Te fresh leaf is immersed with cold Juice is extracted from fresh root and and then drunk with one cup of cofee. Te fruits along with It is rubbed with the fresh leaves on the Te dried leaf is ground and mixed in a Root is crushed, squeezed, and given to powder and mixed with water and then Preparations, conditions of plants used, Prepare in the form of stew and eat with cup of water. Drink two spoon solutions Te fruit sap is applied on afected tooth Dry smashed root is mixed with “Abish” Watery/fuid of the fruit is applied on the Fresh stem and leaf are boiled with cofee Fresh leaves are squashed and mixed with Te powder of roasted stem is mixed with and spices are crushed, mixed with butter, L L L R R R R L St Fr Fr Fr Fr Sh St and L Table 2: Continued. Burn Itching activity Eczema Gastritis Gastritis diarrhea, Tonsillitis Dysentery Toothache Heartburn stomachache Stomachache Stomachache Skin infection Common cold Blood pressure Disease treated PU Abdominal pain, To increase mental S S S H H H H H H Cl Ha Tult Awit Atuch Gesho Chifrg S Dysentery L Samma Enbuay Yayit jero Qetentina Enbuacho Tila-adam (Amharic) Local name Zercho enbuay S ∗∗ ) ∗∗ L. Spreng Lam. L. L. Vahl ∗∗ ) Stedel ∗ ( Rhamnaceae ( Solanaceae (Polygonaceae) ) ( Urticaceae Scientifc name, family Rhamnus prinoides L’ He r it Rumex nepalensis (Polygonaceae) Rumex nervosus Ruta chalepensis (Rutaceae) Sida schimperiana Hochst.exA.Rich. (Malvaceae) Solanum anguivi Solanum marginatum L.f. Solanum nigrum Stephania abyssinica (Dill. & A. Rich.) Walp. (Menispermaceae) Urtica simensis Verbasicum siniaticum Benth. ) ( Sclrophularaceae Verbena ofcinalis(Verbenaceae) Hochst ex A. Rich. (Solanaceae) (Solanaceae) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 13 NA92 NA66 NA64 number Voucher Oral Oral Oral Route Dermal NA93 Allium vapour is inhaled. Chewing and eating. taken orally (one cup). and the whole body is rubbed or and mode of applications the stem is boiled and inhaled. the leaf is boiled with water and the It is crushed, mixed with water, and Its leaf is crushed along with and squeezed, decanted, and drunk. Juice is extracted from fresh leaf and decanted, and then one cup is drunk or Fresh leaf is mixed with water, crushed, Preparations, conditions of plants used, sativum L L L Rh Table 2: Continued. Sun-strike Fibril illness Stomachache Stomachache Disease treated PU Intestinal parasite S S H Cl Ha plant species which are used in the treatment of both human and livestock ailments. Girawa Gizewa Zinjible Harg ressa (Amharic) Local name Medicinal ∗∗ ∗∗ ) (L.) (Linn. plant species. ( Zingibraceae Endemic ∗ . F.) Sondll. (Cucurbitaceae) Scientifc name, family Vernonia amygdalinaDel. (Asteraceae) Withania somnifera Dunal (Solanaceae) Zehneria scabra Zingiber ofcinale Roscoe Note 14 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine NA15 NA21 NA81 NA91 NA10 NA73 NA82 NA89 NA67 NA54 NA84 Eye Eye Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Nasal Nasal Route Voucher number Dermal NA79 Nasal/oral NA6 eaf (L), stem (St), bark (Ba), and rhizome ), tree (T), herb (H), climber (Cl), seed (Se), Ricinus could be crushed, into eye. given to cattle. given to chicken. then given to dog. are crushed, squeezed, mixed, wounds of livestock. mode of applications giventocattletodrink. to animals for 2-3 days. and then given to cattle. Fumigation of dried root. one or two spoon with bread. Fresh fruit sap is given to cattle. cavity to expel the parasite one cup. and then dropped into the cattle’s eye. Its fresh leaves along with the leaves of Leaf powder is applied topically on the squeezed, decanted and given to cattle. then afer cooling applied through nasal and decanted, and then about one can is communis Its leaves along with the leaves of Te leaves are squashed and extracted by Phytolacca dodecandra water, then one or two spoons of juice are bark and mixed with water and then given Te seed is pounded and boiled with water Te root crushed and mixed with food and Te leaves are squashed and extracted with water then the juice is given to chicken pox Fresh root is crushed and mixed with water Te juice is extracted from inner part of the Preparations, conditions of plants used, and Dried root powder is mixed with fresh water Leaves pounded, mixed with water, and then Fresh leaves crushed, squeezed, and dropped L L L R R R R Fr Se Ba Leech Leech Rabies disease Evil sprit Evil sprit (“Qurba”) Coccidiosis Coccidiosis Infected eye Unspecifed disease Anthrax/unspecifed S S Placenta retention L S S Unspecifed disease L S T T H Eye infection H H Cl Ha Disease treated PU Qil Nug Telenj Smiza Merqo Tejesar Limich Dedeho S Wound L Enqoqo Qulqual Gumero Lenquata Woynagif S (Amharic) Local name J. ∗∗ (DC.) Gmel. Lam. Engl. Lam. (L.f.) Vatke Hochst. A. Rich. ∗ ∗∗ (DC) ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗∗ ∗ Stapf. (Poaceae) Dandy (Ebenaceae) Scientifc name, family Achyranthes aspera Capparis tomentosa (Capparidaceae) Clausena anisata (Willd.) Cymbopogon citratus Dracaena steudneri Embelia schimperi (Myrsinaceae) Euclea racemosa Euphorbia abyssinica (Euphorbiaceae) Grewia ferruginea ex A. Rich. (Tiliaceae) Guizotia abyssinica Cass. (Asteraceae) Inula confertifora (Asteraceae) Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T. Anders. (Acanthaceae) Lagenaria abyssinica (Hook. f.) C. Jefrey (Cucurbitaceae) (Amaranthaceae) D. Hook. Ex. Benth.(Rutaceae) (Dracaenaceae) fruit (Fr), fower (Fl), shoot(Rh). (Sh), collection number (Coll. No.), source, condition of preparation (fresh/F and dry/D), parts used (PU), root (R), l Table 3: List of medicinal plants used for treating livestock diseases in the study area, with scientifc name, family, local name, habit (Ha), shrub (S Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 15 NA16 NA57 NA58 NA27 NA65 NA62 NA70 NA47 NA66 NA44 Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Oral Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Nasal Route Voucher number Dermal NA52 Dermal leaf Ruta chalepensis bulb; squeezed juice given. cattle). through nose. the cattle’s nostril. infected cattle skin). mode of applications minutes and then given to calf. Allium sativum Te whole leaf is given to cattle. nasal cavity to expel the parasite. given to the dog with milk and food. Te fruits’ sap is dropped into nostril. Juice squashed from fresh leaf and then mixed with water is given orally to hen. Crushed and immersed in water for few Te cattle’s skin is rubbed with the fuid. and through nasal cavity to expel the parasite Fresh rhizome crushed is mixed with salt Te leaf is pounded, squeezed, and added Leaves and juice sprayed in the house (on Leaf juice is squashed and applied through Whole plant concoction is drunk (given to and then dissolved by water and one cup is Preparations, conditions of plants used, and Leaves crushed, squeezed, and dropped into Fresh leaf is mixed with Leaf juice is pounded with water and applied h L L L L L L L R Fr Table 3: Continued. h W g u o Leech Leech Leech Leech Rabies Bloating Diarrhea Dysentery External parasite S S S S S T Insectrepellent L HC H Stomachache Ha Disease treated PU plant species which are used in the treatment of both human and livestock ailments. Kok Nim Tunjit Gesho Zinjibl Enbuay Tinbaho Qetentina H (Amharic) Yahiya Jero H Coccidiosis Local name Medicinal Yeshikoko gomen S ∗∗ L.f. Benth. L’ He r it L. ∗∗ Roscoe L. Benth. L. ∗∗ Vatke. (L.) Batsch ∗∗ plant species. ∗∗ ∗ Endemic ∗ . (Lamiaceae) (Asteraceae) Scientifc name, family Melia azedarach Nicotiana tabacum Otostegia integrifolia Prunus persica (Rosaceae) Rhamnus prinoides Rubia cordifolia (Rubiaceae) Salvia schimperi (Lamiaceae) Solanecio gigas Solanum marginatum (Solanaceae) Verbasicum sinaiticum Benth. (Scrophulariaceae) Zingiber ofcinale (Zingiberaceae) (Meliaceae) (Solanaceae) (Rhamnaceae) Note 16 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

35 31% 31% 10 9 30 8 25 19% 7 9 20 15% 6 7 15 5 10 4% 4 55

Percentage (%) Percentage 5 3 44 0 2 333 Number of species of Number 1 0 Others Poaceae Fabaceae Rosaceae Lamiaceae Asteraceae Solanaceae Brassicaceae Livestock disease Cucurbitaceae Euphorbiaceae Respiratory diseaseRespiratory Families Dermatological disease Dermatological Gastrointestinal disease Gastrointestinal Figure 7: Families represented by highest number of medicinal Category of disease plant species. Figure 6: Categories of disease.

species (Figure 7; Tables 2 and 3). Our fnding agreed with the dearth of the MPs. Fortunately, the plant parts which are the fnding of Gebeyehu et al. [31] in which Asteraceae is mostly used for the preparation of the remedies in the study the dominant family followed by Solanaceae. Etana [38] also area were leaves and harvesting of leaves has less impact on reported that Asteraceae is the dominant family followed by the plant than harvesting of roots. Fabaceae. Tis may be because the weedy nature of the family Asteraceae takes advantage of disturbance. 3.6. Disease Categories in the Study Area. Diseases can be categorized in diferent ways as dermatological, respira- 3.8. Habits of Medicinal Plants Which Treat Diseases. Te tory, gastrointestinal, and so on. Based on the information fndingshowsthatthemostwidelyusedMPshabitsinthe obtained in the study site, the most prevalent diseases are diferent Kebeles of the study areas were herbs, 42 (45%), related to skin (dermatology) and gastrointestinal ones (31%, followed by shrubs 29 (31%). Trees and climbers account each) followed by livestock (19%) and other diseases (15%) for 15 (16%) and 7 (8%), respectively (see Figure 8). Herbs (Figure 6). Te study showed that dermatological diseases are largest in number; this may be because the plant species such as wound, skin rush, itching, and eczema are prevalent exhibit high level of abundance and it is easy to access them. andanumberofMPswerefoundtobecitedsoastotreat Te results of this fnding agreed with the fndings of other these skin diseases. Similarly, gastrointestinal diseases like indigenous researchers including Berhan et al. [15], Giday et stomachache, gastritis, abdominal pain, intestinal parasite, al. [12], and Teklehaymanot and Giday [39]. On the contrary, dysentery, diarrhea, vomiting, hepatitis, and other related the fndings of Hunde et al. [14], Giday and Ameni [9], Lulekal diseases were treated by many MPs. Respiratory and other et al. [33], and Mesfn et al. [34] revealed that shrubs are the diseases were also treated by various MPs (Figure 6; Tables most commonly used habits in their respective diferent study 2and3). sites of Ethiopia. Te health problems could be as inverse as the MPs and associated ecological zones. For example, Tolasa [32] reported 3.9. Traditional Methods of Preparation, Condition, and Route 49humanhealthproblems,whichhavebeentreatedby85 of Application. Tepopularmethodofpreparationoftra- diferent MPs. Awas and Demissew [36] and Gebeyehu et al. ditional medicine is crushing and squeezing accounting for [31] identifed skin disease as the most commonly reported 54 (45%) followed by powdering (powder form), 22 (18%). health problems in Kafcho people, Menjarna Shenkora and It was also recorded that 13 (11%) were prepared in juice Mechadistricts,respectively.OnonehandBelaynehetal.[37] form, 9 (8%) in boiling form, 8 (7%) in chewing form, and and Lulekal et al. [27] reported gastrointestinal diseases as the 4 (3%) in the form of fumigation and immersion (each). major human health problems. On the other hand, Mesfn et Other methods such as paste form, raw form, and the like al. [34] reported malaria as the most common human health accounted for 6 (5%) (Figure 9). Methods can be used for problem of Wonago district. human and livestock problem except chewing which is used only for humans. 3.7. Diversity of Medicinal Plants in terms of Families. In this Based on the informants’ information the most popular study diferent families of MPs were recorded. Among them method of preparation of remedy in the study area was Asteraceae is the most dominant family that holds 9 (9.68%) crushing. Tis fnding is in line with the results of Yineger plant species followed by Solanaceae having 7 (7.53%) species. and Yewhalaw [16], Getaneh [30], and Amsalu et al. [28]. Other taxa commonly used are Cucurbitaceae and Lamiaceae However, Mesfn et al. [34], in a similar study on people (each 5 spp.), Euphorbiaceae and Fabaceae (each 4 spp.), of Wonago Wereda, reported that powdering was dominant Brassicaceae, Poaceae, and Rosaceae (each 3). Te remaining method of preparation of remedy. forty-two (42) families hold ffy plant species. Eight of them Te result in the conditions of plant part used indi- account for two species. Te rest of the families signify one cated that most medicines (about 61%) of traditional MPs Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17

80 61% 7, 8% 60 15, 16% 40 30% 42, 45% 20

Percentage (%) Percentage 9% 0 Fresh Dry 29, 31% Conditions plant used Fresh/dry

Figure 10: Conditions of preparations of traditional medicine in the study area.

Habit of MPs 60 51.61 Herb 50 Shrubs Trees 40 Climbers 30 24.73 Figure 8: Habits of medicinal plants. 20

Percentage (%) Percentage 9.68 10 5.38 4.3 4.3 6, 5% 4, 3% 4, 3% 0 Oral Nasal Others

8, 7% Dermal

54, 45% Nasal/oral

9, 8% Oral/dermal Rout of administration 13, 11% Figure 11: Route of administrations.

22, 18% plants became dry. Nevertheless, this contributes much a lot to the threats of MPs given that local people have no practice of preserving dry form of traditional medicine. On the other hand, the most common route of administration is internal particularly oral that accounted for 51.61% Preparation followed by dermal, 24.73%. Te oral/dermal, nasal, and Crushing and squeezing Chewing nasal/oral ones and others are indicated in Figure 11. Tis Powdering Fumigation result is being in agreement with the fndings made by Immersion Latex (juice, sap & fuid) Megersa et al. [23] and Amsalu et al. [28], who reported that Boiling Others the leading route of application used by the given community Figure 9: Ways of preparation of traditional medicine in the study in their respective study areas of remedies is taking orally. area. 3.9.1. Dosage. Dosages were estimated using lid spoons, pinches, or handfuls (“woket”) (for powder preparations), were prepared from fresh plant materials in the study site cups (“sini” or “fnjal”), “tassa” (can), and glasses (birchiko) whereas 30% and 9% of medicinal plants were reported to (for liquid mixtures to be administered), numbers or in some be used dry and in both dry or fresh form, respectively caseshandfuls(forleaf,seed,andfruits),and“atik”(forroots, (Figure 10). Te most common use employs fresh (intact or stems, or barks). Te measurements used to determine the pounded/crushed) leaves for external administration. dosages are not standardized and depend on the age, physical Tisfndingisalsoconsistentwiththefndingof[23,26, appearance of the patient, degree of the illness, diagnosis, and 28–30, 32, 34, 36, 40] that reported that the majority of the experience of individual herbalists/knowledgeable person. remedy preparations were in fresh form. In contrast with this, Children are given less than adults, such as one-fourth of a Tolasa [32] stated that 60% of the preparations are fresh or cofee cup whereas an adult is given up to one glass depending driedfollowedbyfresh,36.47%,anddried,14%. onthetypeofillnessandtreatment.Getahun[40]andAbebe Respondents argued that they use fresh plant parts mostly [41] were also reporting independently lack of precision because they believe that using fresh materials increases and standardization as drawback for the recognition of the efcacy as compared to the dry ones. Tis is because of the traditional healthcare system. Giday and Ameni [9] also fact that the ingredients may be lost or reduced when the reported similar results. 18 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Table 4: Preference ranking of six medicinal plants against leech in livestock (cited by six respondents).

Respondents (R1–R6) Medicinal plants Total Rank R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 Guizotia abyssinica 32222 1 126th Lagenaria abyssinica 32232 2 145th Otostegia integrifolia 14333 2 164th Rhamnus prinoides 44344 4 232nd Solanum marginatum 44344 4 233rd Nicotiana tabacum 44345 5 251st Note. Scores in the table indicate ranks given to medicinal plants based on their efcacy. Highest number (5) is given to the medicinal plant which informants thought to be most efective in treating leech and the lowest number (1) is given to the least efective plant.

Table 5: Paired comparison of fve medicinal plants used to treat toothache.

Respondents (R1–R7) Medicinal plants Total Rank R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Acmella caulirhiza 3444353 271st Laggera tomentosa 3433334 232nd Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata 2333323 193rd Solanum marginatum 3223223 174th Momordica foetida 2222323 165th Note. A paired comparison of fve highly cited MPs used to treat a highly cited human ailment (toothache).

3.10. Ranking of Medicinal Plants values. Te major uses include frewood, furniture, forage, charcoal, and eating. For ranking seven key informants were 3.10.1. Preference Ranking. If a number of species are pre- askedtogivevalue,5tothemostusedplantforthatparticular scribedforthesameailment,peoplewouldtendtoshow purpose and 0 to the least used one. In view of that, Cordia preference of one over the other. Tus, preference ranking of africana was found to be the most multipurpose plant scoring six MPs which were reported against leach (livestock disease) 93, followed by Carissa spinarum scoring 87,and the least one was conducted afer selecting six key informants. Te infor- was Croton macrostachyus having score of 72 (Table 6). Te mantswereaskedtocomparethegivenMPsbasedontheir highest direct matrix ranking on the topic of Cordia africana efcacy and to give the highest number (5) for the medicinal wasalsoreportedinGebeyehuetal.[31].Tisconfrmsthat plant which they thought most efective against leech and the as the value is getting high the plants have multiple uses in the lowest number (1) for the least efective plant in treating the context of the local community. disease. Te results showed that Nicotiana tabacum was the most preferred followed by Rhamnus prinoides and Solanum Direct matrix of randomly selected MPs with diferent marginatum (see Table 4). uses including medicinal value on given use criteria revealed Result of the preference ranking exercise also indicated that MPs broadly collected for diferent purposes such as that Nicotiana tabacum is the most preferred ethnoveterinary charcoal, construction, fencing, frewood, forage, furniture, MPsusedtotreatleech,themostcommonlyreporteddisease andthelikewerealsoindicated[28,38]. inthearea.Tismaybeattributedtothepresenceofbioactive compounds against leech in this plant species. Hence, the 3.11. Jaccard’s Coefcient of Similarity (JCS). Jaccard’s Coef- species should be further investigated in the laboratory for fcient of Similarity (JCS) revealed that the study area has further activities and even against diferent ailments. the highest similarity with 45 common species (34.66%) to the study conducted around Wonago Wereda, followed by 40 3.10.2. Paired Comparison. In this study, seven key infor- common species (28%) with Debre Libanos Wereda, followed mants made the pairwise comparisons of fve MPs and the by 39 common species (21.91) with Chelya Wereda, followed values were summarized as follows. It was found that Acmella by 30 common species (17.65) having similarity to Gimbi caulirhiza species stood frst followed by Laggera tomentosa Wereda, followed by 23 common species (17.16%) having for the treatment of toothache. Olea europaea subsp.cus- similarity to Zegie. Te least similarity was linked with the pidata, Solanum marginatum,andMomordica foetida were study conducted on Bale Mountain National Park (Table 7). placed 3rd, 4th, and 5th, respectively (Table 5). Tis rank is because of the efectiveness of the plant in the point of view 3.12. Fidelity Level. Fidelity levels were calculated for Plum- oftheindigenouspeopleofGozaminWereda. bago zeylanica, Prunus africanus, Solanum anguivi Lam., and Withania somnifera having highest scores (100%) which treat 3.10.3. Direct Matrix Ranking. Many MPs were found to be diseases like wounds, eczema, and fbril illness (Table 8). On used for diferent purposes in addition to their medicinal the other hand, Rhamnus prinoides which treats tonsillitis, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 19

Table 6: Direct matrix ranking for the multipurpose of six medicinal plants [average score of 7 key informants (5 to the most used plant for that particular purpose and 0 to the least used one)].

Use categories Medicinal plants Total Rank Medicine Firewood Furniture Forage Soil con. Edible Cordia africana 24 20 24 5 10 10 93 1st Carissa spinarum 27 17 5 10 12 16 87 2nd Prunus africanus 20 21 20 5 8 8 82 3rd Olea europaea subsp.cuspidate 20 22 14 5 9 5 75 4th Vernonia amygdalina 30 20 15 0 8 0 73 5th Croton macrostachyus 29 19 18 0 6 0 72 6th

Table 7: Jaccard’s Coefcient of Similarity index with six other areas with respect to plants species composition.

Sample of study areas A B C JCS% References Gozamin Wereda 93 - - - Present Bale Mountain National Park 101 86 15 7.42 Yineger et al. 2008 Chelya District 89 50 39 21.91 Amenu, 2007 Debre Libanos District 90 50 40 22.22 Getaneh, 2009 Gimbi District 85 55 30 17.65 Tolasa, 2007 Wonago District 65 20 45 34.66 Mesfn et al. 2009 Zegie Peninsula 67 44 23 17.16 Teklehaymanot and Giday, 2007 skin infection, and dysentery has the least score (50%) plants documented as endemic from Ethiopia to the study site (Table8).Plantsthatareknownasremediesofasingle were Brassica carinata, Eragrostis tef, Cynoglossum coeruleum, ailment have 100% fdelity level as compared to those that Echinops kebericho, Erythrina brucei, Guizotia abyssinica, areusedasremediesformorethanonetypeofaliment. Inula confertifora, Lippia adoensis, Lobelia rhynchopetalum, MostoftheplantswithhighFLvalueshavepharmacological Millettia ferruginea, Solanecio gigas,andUrtica simensis efects that have been proven scientifcally. On the other hand, which accounted for 13% (12 plant species) of the total the lowest one indicated less preferred species for treating collected MPs. Out of these, Cynoglossum coeruleum, Inula specifc ailments. In contrast, these plants have been widely confertifora, Laggera tomentosa,andLobelia rhynchopetalum used against several diseases. Plants with highest fdelity are nearly threatened while Lippia adoensis, Solanecio gigas, level values could also be targeted for further photochemical and Urtica simensis were under least concern (LN) [44]. Tis investigation to prove the bioactive components that are list could be used for collection of the rare plants of Ethiopia responsible for their high healing potential [42]. and contribute to national plant conservation target.

3.13. Nutraceuticals. Of the total MPs collected, twenty 3.15. Treats and Conservation of Medicinal Plants in (21.51%)ofthemareusedasasourceofbothmedicine the Study Area and food (nutraceuticals). Te ethnobotanical information revealed that many food crops have medicinal efects 3.15.1. Treats of Medicinal Plants. As elsewhere in Ethiopia, (Table 9). Te following plants like Allium sativum, Brassica plant resources are vital for the livelihood of the Amhara carinata, Brassica nigra, and so on are directly used as a people of Gozamin community. In the study sites, the sourceofmedicineandfoodinthestudyareaofthegiven resources are eroded from time to time because of the community. From this one can easily understand that the increment of population. Associated with this, the demand local people have IK and age-old experience in the use of of agriculture (raring of livestock and cultivation) is high plants as a source of medicine and nutrition. Similar fndings and therefore overgrazing and clearance of vegetation/forests were reported by Reta [43]. Most TMPs are safe, some are high. Tere is evidence of remnant plants at the spot in are nutraceuticals, some are functional foods (wild fruits, the grazing lands and farmlands of representative Kebeles vegetables, and other crops), and hence they are preferred. in the Wereda where the data were collected. Tis indicates that overgrazing and deforestation were the main cause of 3.14. Treatened and Endemic Medicinal Plants in the Study the devastation of plants in the study area. Priority ranking Area. In the study area, ethnobotanical information dis- factors (Table 10) also indicated that overgrazing contributed closed that MPs like Hagenia abyssinica, Olea europaea subsp. the major factor (26.12%) to the threat of MPs followed by cuspidata, Podocarpus falcatus, Juniperus procera, Euphorbia charcoal and frewood (23.42%) and deforestation (23.42%) abyssinica, Myrica salicifolia, Cucumis fcifolius, Withania (for agricultural expansion, furniture, and building). Drought somnifera, Cordia africana, Brucea antidysenterica, Ficus sur, and mining are other destructive factors, which account for and Millettia ferruginea are highly threatened. Medicinal 14.41% and 12.61% of the total scores, respectively. 20 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Table 8: Fidelity level of traditional medicinal plants cited by informants against the corresponding human ailment.

Plant species Diseases treated �� FL values (%) Plumbago zeylanica Wounds 7 7 100 Prunus africanus Wounds 8 8 100 Solanum anguivi Lam. Eczema 10 10 100 Withania somnifera Fibril illness 5 5 100 Verbena ofcinalis Stomachache and intestinal parasite 12 15 80 Rumex nepalensis Blood pressure and stomachache 18 24 75 Brucea antidysenterica Diarrhea, wound and leishmaniasis 15 20 75 Laggera tomentosa Common cold and toothache 25 35 71.42 Carica papaya Gastritis, malaria, and diarrhea 25 45 55.56 Rhamnus prinoides Tonsillitis, skin infection, and dysentery 20 40 50 FL = fdelity level; �� = number of informants who independently cited the importance of a species for treating a particular disease; � =totalnumberof informants who reported the plant for any given disease.

Table 9: Lists of nutraceutical (used as both food and medicine) plants.

Local names Botanical names Family Uses as food Disease treated (Amharic) Allium sativum Alliaceae Nech shinkurt Bulb and leaf as food Cough, evil eye, asthma Brassica carinata Brassicaceae Gomen Leaf/seed as food; oil Skin rush Brassica nigra Brassicaceae Sinafch Used as spice Abdominal pain Capsicum annum Solanaceae Qaria Fruit used as spice Vomiting, dysentery Carissa spinarum Apocynaceae Agam Edible fruit Evil eye Cofea arabica Rubiaceae Bunna As stimulant Wound Eragrostis tef Poaceae Tef Human food Bone fracture Ficus sur Moraceae Shoal Edible fruit Dysentery Foeniculum vulgare Brassicaceae Ensilal Used as spice Abdominal pain Guizotia abyssinica Asteraceae Nug Sources of oil and fodder Leech Hordeum vulgare Poaceae Gebis Food and fodder Gastritis Linum Linaceae Telba Oil crop and fodder Gastritis usitatissimum Lepidium sativum Brassicaceae Feto Used as spices/food Diarrhea Lupinus albus Fabaceae Gibito Seed used as food Hypertension Nigella sativa Apiaceae Tiqur-azmud Used as spice Common cold, asthma Prunus persica Rosaceae Kok Edible fruit Diarrhea Leech, tonsils, skin Rhamnus prinoides Rhamnaceae Gesho Stimulant/spices infection Ruta chalepensis Rutaceae Tila-adam Seed/leaf as spices Stomachache Urtica simensis Urticaceae Samma Edible leaf Gastritis Zingiber ofcinale Zingiberaceae Zinjibl Used as spice Stomachache

Table 10: Ranking of threats on medicinal plants cited by 7 respondents (values 1–5: 1 = the least destructive and 5 = the most destructive) (a single respondent mentioned two or more threats).

Respondents (R1–R7) Treats Total % Rank R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 Overgrazing 5 4 4 5 4 4 3 29 26.12 1st Charcoal and frewood 4 4 5 4 3 3 3 26 23.42 2nd Deforestation 4 4 4 4 3 4 3 26 23.42 2nd Drought 3 3 3 2 1 2 2 16 14.41 4th Mining 3232112 1412.615th Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 21

Almost all of the informants are familiar with one and reported medicinal plant species were harvested from natural more than one threat for the scarcity of medicinal plants habitats. Furthermore, about 13% of medicinal plants of the in the study area. Deforestation for frewood, charcoal, study area were found endemic to Ethiopia. Both human construction, agriculture, and mining is common practice in and livestock health problems were most frequently treated the study areas. Te previous vegetation site has been changed by fresh plant material. Herbs were reported as the most drastically and the most useful plant species are at risk and dominant growth forms in the preparation of traditional theyareonthewaytobevanished.Similarly,Balemietal. remedies followed by shrubs, trees, and climbers. Leaves [13] reported that overgrazing was principal threat to MPs in followed by roots were the dominant plant parts used for Fentalle area. On the other hand, the fndings of Leulekal et preparationofmostremedies. al. [33], Megersa et al. [23], and Chekole et al. [25] indicated Tis study showed that traditional herbal medicine is that intense deforestation became the major threat on MPs in playing a signifcant role in meeting the primary healthcare their respective study sites. Berhanu et al. [15] and Kefalew needs of Gozamin community. Acceptance of traditional et al. [24] also reported that agricultural expansion was the herbal medicine and limited access to modern healthcare major factor contributing to the local decline of medicinal services could be considered as the main factors for the plants. continuation of the practice. Some plant species were also reported to have uses other than their medicinal values. 3.16. Conservation and Management Practices. In Gozamin However,theefortsontheuseandconservationofmedicinal Wereda, irregular remnants of aged dry Afromontane ever- plants and associated indigenous knowledge were observed green forests that contain many MPs can be found mainly tobepoor.Hence,awarenessabouttheneedforinsitu around the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Churches. Hence, andexsituconservationshouldbecreatedamongthe someone sees a patch of indigenous old-aged trees in the local communities and urgent measures must be given to study area; he/she can be sure that there is an Orthodox threatened plant species. Church in the middle. Patches of forests are visible from a great distance. Similar fndings were reported in Chekole et Conflicts of Interest al. [25]. Tis shows that culture, belief, and religion contribute much a lot to the conservation of MPs. Te authors declare that they have no conficts of interest. Some traditional practitioners in the study area have brought the diferent curative plans from diferent corners Authors’ Contributions and started to conserve these MPs by cultivating at home- gardens. On the topic of this, Asfaw [11] in his fndings All authors had signifcant intellectual contribution to the reported that the home-garden is a strategic and ideal farming design of the study, data collection and analysis, and write- system for conservation, production, and enhancement of up of the manuscript. Authors conducted the feldwork, MPs and valuable IK. Te same information was also doc- identifedtheplants,analyzedthedata,wrotethedraf umented by Etana [38]. manuscript, and actively followed it up through revisions Likewise, few management practices are carried out in up to submission and afer. Nigussie Amsalu designed the the home-gardens of Gozamin’s indigenous people. One study, collected data, and confrmed the identifcation of ofthepracticesistothemakeanefortformaintaining the plants and data analysis; Yilkal Bezie was responsible diverse plant species in the garden as much as possible. for data collection, data analysis, and write-up and checked Diversity is achieved through planting and protecting annual the fnal version; Mulugeta Fentahun was responsible for and perennial herbs and woody perennials in combinations. data collection, reviewed and edited the draf manuscript, Management practices like intercropping and crop rotation provided comments and suggestions, and checked its fnal were observed among very few farmers of the study area. In version. Addisu Alemayehu and Gashaw Amsalu were also doing so, herbal remedies continued to exist because of the responsible for data collection and reviewing the paper and existence of other plant species. As a result, indigenous people hence all authors read and approved the fnal manuscript and can be excellent conservators of plant diversity. However, agreed to its submission. according to the informants, in most cases attempts regarding conservation were weak. Similarly, Lulekal et al. [27] reported Acknowledgments that although traditional practitioners and local communities in their study sites mainly depend on the natural environment Te authors gratefully acknowledge the fnancial support for collecting MPs, the efort to conserve and sustainably received from Research and Directorate Ofce of Debre utilize resources was frail. Markos University in implementing this research. Tey are indebted to the inhabitants of Gozamin Wereda, especially 4. Conclusions herbal healers who undeservedly shared with them their knowledge on MPs along with their wonderful hospitality Trough the ethnobotanical survey conducted from January and kind response to their inquiries on information in the 5, 2014, to February 15, 2015, a total of 93 MPs under 51 study areas during feld activities. Finally, they would like families and 87 genera were recorded and documented from to extend their gratitude to Wereda Agricultural and Rural 12 sample Kebeles of the local people for the treatment of Development Ofce for providing various secondary basic diferent human and livestock ailments. Te majority of the datainsupportoftheirstudy. 22 Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

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