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Interspecific Hybridization in Gucuinis

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Interspecific Hybridization in Gucuinis Interspecific Hybridization in Gucuinis JOHN it 1)EAKIN. C. W. IIOIIN AX) THOMAS W. \VIIITAKE11 Introduction tis (9), and for resistance to several diseases by Leppik (18, 19, 20). Corley (7), Sowell Among the genera of the Cucurbitaceae et al. (32), and Leppik et al. (21) suggest (Gourd Family) used for human food, the that resistance to still other destructive pests genus Cticnnns contains two species of great may be found within the genus in species Cuctirnis mclo L., the economic importance. other than C. snelo. muskmelons, and C. sativus L., the cucum- An exchange of genes between the cul- bers, are widely grown for their edible fruits tivated and feral or semi-feral species of or seeds in nearly all of the tropical, semi- Cncnwis would open a vast potential re- tropical, and temperate regions of the world. source of variability for exploitation by A few other species such as C. angtiria (the breeders attempting to improve muskmelons gherkins) and C. rnctnliferns (the African and cucumbers. The exploratory studies Horned Cucumber) are grown on a smaller reported here failed to achieve that objec- scale for food or ornament (38). tive, but some successful species crosses Cncumis niebo is extremely variable. Some were achieved. These studies extend our forms produce round fruits ranging in size knowledge of this large but little-known from 1 inch in diameter in feral forms to genus and will aid the work of other inves- several inches in diameter and weighing up tigators in achieving crosses between C. to 20 pounds in cultivated varieties (can- mebo or C. sativns with the noncultivated taloup, Honeydew, Crenshaw, Persian, and species. Golden Beauty Casaba). Other forms are moderately to extremely elongated, reaching Literature lengths of 2 to 3 feet in some cultivars such as Banana melon and Chinese cucumber. A major deterrent to investigations of The species is equally variable in other species crosses in Csicurnis has been the vegetative and fruit characters so that a absence of an accurate monographic treat- wide range of variability is available for ment of the entire genus. The only com- exploitation by plant breeders. Valuable prehensive monograph was published by genes within the species include those con- Cogniaux (6) and was based entirely on ferring resistance to several diseases such as herbarium specimens. Cogniaux described powdery mildew (4), downy mildew (3), many species that were separated from one Alternaria blight (3), gummy stem blight another by minute differences poorly defined (32), watermelon mosaic virus 1 (35, 37), in keys. Systematic studies by taxonomists and cucumber mosaic virus (4, 35) and have reduced many of Cogniaux species to resistance to at least one insect (12, 13). synonymy and have removed a few species Despite great variability in Cticnwis mebo to other genera. and diligent search among its multitude of Since our own studies were initiated, parts cultivated, semi-feral, and feral forms from of the genus have been studied critically by all parts of the world, no plants have been Meeuse (23) and Jeffrey (14). Mecuse found with sharply defined, potent resist- collected and studied plants in their natural ance to crown blight, watermelon mosaic habitats in southern Africa and in experi- virus 2, Verticilliurn wilt, several nematodes, mental plantings used for Enslin & Rehm s (8) work on bitter principles. Meeuse (loc. and several insects. Screening studies for cit.) gives good descriptions of the species, nematode resistance by Winstead & Sasser their habitats, and ranges. Also there is a (39), Fassuliotis & Rau (10), and Fassulio- good key to 17 species of Cncninis found in southern Africa. Jeffrey (loc. cit.), an au- 1 Geneticists, Plant Science Research Division, thority on the family Cucurbitaceae, col- Agricultural Research Service, Charleston, South Carolina, and La Jolla, California. Submitted lected and studied plants in their natural for publication February 24, 1971. habitats. His treatise of the Cucurbitaceae 195 ( ()\O\Il( 110 1 \N) TABLE I CUCUMIS SPECIES USED IN HYBRIDIZATION STUDIES Chromo- some Entry Species No. (2n) Source Origin la C. sativus L. 14 Breeding lines United States lb C. hardwickii Boyle 14 P. I. 183,967 himalayan foothills, India 2 C. melo L. 24 Breeding lines United States 3 C. hIluIiJructIIs Stent. (Meeuse) South Africa 4a C. dioteri Cogn. 24 P. I. 282,444 (Rehm) Southwest Africa 41) C. sagittatus Peyr. 24 P. I. 282,441 (Rehm) Southwest Africa 5 C. rnetoiifcrus Naurl. 24 P. 1. 202,681 (Rehm) Northern Transvaal 6a C. anguria L. 24 P.1. 196,477 (Rehm) Brazil Oh C. anguria var. ion gipes P. I. 282,442 Southern Rhodesia (Hook. f.) Meeuse 24 7 C. dipsaceus Spach. 24 P. 1. 193,498 Ethiopia P. I. 282,440 (Rehm) Northern Cape Province, 8 C. africanus L. f. 24 Witfontein, Transvaal 9a C. leptodermis Schwcik. 24 P. I. 282,447 (Rehm) Orange Free State 91) C. myriocarpus Naud. 24 P. I. 282,449 Pretoria lOg C. prophetarum L. 24 P. I. 292,396 Israel 101) C. zeyheri Sond. 24 P. I. 282,450 (Rehm) South Africa ila C. ficifolius A. Rich. 48 P. I. 196,844 Ethiopia llb C. heptadactylus Naud. 48 P. I. 282, 446 (Rehm) Northern Cape Province (in Flora of Tropical East Africa) contains tetraploid clones of C. melo and C. sativus a critical treatment and key to 13 species of cross-pollinated in all combinations. Shan- Cucomis native to tropical eastern Africa. mugasundaram et al. (28) reported a sue- Rosette Fernandes & A. Fernandes treatise cessful cross of C. inelo with C. pubescens. (11) has keys and descriptions in Portuguese This cross appears to be an intraspecific of seven species of Cucumi.s collected in rather than an interspecific cross. Angola. These studies in combination give Andrus & Fassuliotis (1) obtained 1:3 an excellent picture of the genus in areas interspecific crosses including eight with where species of Cucuin 1.5 are relatively Cucurois anguria, but pollinations with C. abundant. meio or C. sativus as a parent yielded no The first recorded attempt to cross Cucu- viable progeny. The present report confirms mis inebo with other species appears to have and extends that of Andrus & Fassuliotis been made by Naudin (24). He was un- (loc. cit.). Studies on morphology, phys- successful in obtaining a cross between C. iology, and compatibility are combined to meio and C. m uriocarpus. Koslov (16), aid a phlogenetic interpretation of available Vavilov (33), and Pangalo (25) apparently species of Cucuinis. reported artificial and natural hybrids within C. niebo. Whitaker & Davis (38) failed to Methods secure hybrids from crosses among the three cultivated species, C. angurlo, C. nselo, and Standard pollination techniques for Cucu- C. sativus. Batra (2) and Smith & Venkat mis (38) were used for crosses in green- Ram (30) were unable to cross C. mebo house and field. with C. sativus at the tetraploid as well as In addition to the standard techniques, the diploid level. In unreported studies some special techniques were used in at- performed at that time we also failed to tempts to secure crosses of Cucumis melo secure species hybrids from diploid and with other species: (1) fruit-setting hor- DEAKTN ET AL.: INTERSPECIFIC 1IYI3111I)IZAFH) 197 lamlit ickii have In.. J. (IcuIuia .OIliUus, C. /U1Ii/tLUIsll. tlI(ir F In hrid, wd thu Ijtukurus to C. sparsely stiff-spined fruits. Size, shape, and color vary in different ctilti ars of C. sativils, and the spines may not persist. mones were applied to pistillate flower buds their parents and used as parents in con- at pollination; (2) chemical senescence in- trolled pollinations. Controlled pollinations hibitors were applied to pistillate flowers at were made to secure selfs, backcrosses to pollination; (3) mixtures of pollen from both parents, and outerosses to other species. several species were applied to stigmas of Pollen fertility was determined by effective- single flowers; (4) pistillate flowers were ness in pollinations and by counts of stained pollinated at anthesis and at 1 and 2 days pollen in aceto-carmine or lacto-phenol/ before anthesis; (5) F 1 , F0, and three-way fuchsin smears. interspecific hybrids were used as parents in reciprocal crosses with C. melo; (6) Materials tetraploid lines of C. inelo and some other Several species of Cucurnis exist as parts species were used in reciprocal crosses; and of the native flora in Africa, India, and (7) embryo culture was attempted with a neighboring lands. Until recently seeds of few minute embryos from several interspe- most of these Old World species were not cific crosses. Several of the wild species available to Western plant scientists. Seeds were used as parents in those crosses, but in of some species are still unavailable to us. Cucv- all cases, C. melo was used as one of the We obtained seeds of 16 species of parents. mis (Table I) through the United States Putative hybrids were compared with Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Re- 198 ECONOMIC( BOTANY A fr.. .3. The w liitu, subterranean fruits of C, huiuifructus are ornamented with net-like ridges. The oblate fruits average 35 mni long x 40 mm across. yellow stripes (Fig. 1). Both species have seven pairs of chromosomes (Table I). 10011 B 2. Cultivars of the annual muskmelon, CMI C. nielo, bear young fruits with abundant, Fic. 2. i\laturc fruits of C. iiiclo ary greatly long, soft, fragile hairs that may persist. The in size, shape, color, aroma, and ornamentation. mature fruits vary greatly in size, shape, Soft hairs on the young ovaries may persist, or color, surface ornamentation, and other char- the mature fruits may be smooth, ribbed, or acters. Cultivars include cantaloup, honey- ornamented with corky net. Cultivars usually dew, casaba, Chinese cucumber, and other weigh in the range of 2 to 20 lbs., but wild types.
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