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A New Grafted Rootstock Against Root-Knot Nematode for Cucumber

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A New Grafted Rootstock Against Root-Knot Nematode for Cucumber A new grafted rootstock against root-knot nematode for cucumber, melon, and watermelon Bin Liu, Jiaojiao Ren, Yan Zhang, Jingbo An, Mingyuan Chen, Huaimeng Chen, Chong Xu, Huazhong Ren To cite this version: Bin Liu, Jiaojiao Ren, Yan Zhang, Jingbo An, Mingyuan Chen, et al.. A new grafted rootstock against root-knot nematode for cucumber, melon, and watermelon. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 2015, 35 (1), pp.251-259. 10.1007/s13593-014-0234-5. hal- 01284257 HAL Id: hal-01284257 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01284257 Submitted on 7 Mar 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Agron. Sustain. Dev. (2015) 35:251–259 DOI 10.1007/s13593-014-0234-5 RESEARCH ARTICLE A new grafted rootstock against root-knot nematode for cucumber, melon, and watermelon Bin Liu & Jiaojiao Ren & Yan Zhang & Jingbo An & Mingyuan Chen & Huaimeng Chen & Chong Xu & Huazhong Ren Accepted: 19 May 2014 /Published online: 13 June 2014 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France 2014 Abstract Southern root-knot nematode causes dramatic gall- horticulture. They should benefit to home gardeners, especial- ing on the roots of cucurbitaceous plants such as cucumber, ly to those in areas highly infested with southern root-knot melon, and watermelon. Even low nematode levels can cause nematode. high yield losses. Control of root-knot nematode is usually based on soil fumigation with toxic methyl bromide. Howev- Keywords Cucumis pustulatus . Meloidogyne incognita . er, since methyl bromide is now banned, growers are looking Fusarium wilt . Grafting . Rootstock for alternative pest control. A potential solution is to graft susceptible scions onto nematode-resistant rootstocks. Here, we selected a Meloidogyne incognita-resistant rootstock suit- 1 Introduction able for cucumber, melon, and watermelon scions. First, we screened the resistance against nematode and Fusarium. Then, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White 1919) Chitwood, we tested a wild Cucumis species, Cucumis pustulatus,asa 1949 is the predominant root-knot nematode species possible rootstock for cucumber, melon, and watermelon (Meloidogyne spp.) infecting cucurbitaceous plants such as scions. We measured the survival rate, plant growth, yield, cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon (Cucumis melo), and and fruit quality of grafted plants. Fifty-three accessions from watermelon (Citrullus lanatus). It causes dramatic galling on 16 species were studied. Five accessions exhibited high resis- the roots of host plants, and low nematode levels can cause tance to southern root-knot nematode, and 12 accessions significant yield losses (Sasser et al. 1983). Root-knot nema- exhibited resistance to Fusarium wilt. This research is the first todes can also increase the severity of soilborne diseases such study to report that C. pustulatus is a suitable rootstock with as Fusarium wilt in cucurbit crops (Wang and Roberts 2006). simultaneous resistance to root-knot nematode and Fusarium Control of root-knot nematode is generally based on meth- wilt for cucumber, melon, and watermelon. C. pustulatus yl bromide soil fumigation, but with the withdrawal of methyl rootstocks are thus promising for low-input sustainable bromide, growers are looking for alternative non-chemical pest management approaches (Ristaino and Thomas 1997). Bin Liu and Jiaojiao Ren contributed equally to this work In addition, the markets for organically grown fruit are in- creasing, where the use of chemicals is not allowed. Thus, the B. Liu : J. Ren : Y. Zhang : J. An : C. Xu : H. Ren (*) Department of Vegetable Science, College of Agronomy and use of root-knot nematode-resistant varieties is one of the most Bio-technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly control People’sRepublicofChina measures. However, root-knot nematode resistance has not e-mail: [email protected] been identified in C. melo and C. sativus (Siguenza et al. B. Liu : J. Ren : Y. Zhang : J. An : C. Xu : H. Ren 2005; Mukhtar et al. 2013). Resistance to root-knot nematodes Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for was found in cucurbitaceous species such as Cucumis Protected Vegetable Crops of Beijing, China Agricultural University, metuliferus (Wehner et al. 1991), but attempts to incorporate Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China this resistance into cultivated species have not been successful M. Chen : H. Chen yet (Walters and Wehner 2002). One method to solve this Changping Agricultural Technology Service Center, Beijing 102200, problem is to graft susceptible scions onto nematode- People’sRepublicofChina resistant rootstocks (Siguenza et al. 2005). 252 B. Liu et al. Recently, Cucurbita moschata and Cucurbita ficifolia were Beijing, China (40° 02′ Nand116°02′ E). The temperature evaluated as rootstocks for commercial production of was maintained at 26–30 °C (day) and 18–22 °C (night). The cucurbitaceous cultivated species (Huang et al. 2010; soil pH was 6.5–7.5. Trionfetti Nisini et al. 2002). In China, where farming land is limited and farmers have to grow the same crop without 2.2 Nematode resistance screening assay rotation, soilborne diseases such as root-knot nematodes and Fusarium wilt have become a serious limitation for using only Fifty-three accessions of wild Cucumis germplasm from the one Cucurbita species as rootstock. Screening root-knot National Plant Germplasm System, US Department of Agri- nematode-resistant germplasm and developing resistant root- culture, were evaluated for resistance to M. incognita in a stocks would provide an economical and environmentally greenhouse study. The experimental design was a randomized friendly method for disease management (Fig. 1). complete block with 56 Cucumis genotypes×four replicates× In recent years, there were some studies evaluating five plants per replicate (n=20) in the first test in spring and Cucumis germplasm for resistance to root-knot nematodes four replicates×ten plants per replicate (n=40) in the second and on their use for disease management (Siguenza et al. test in autumn. 2005; Wehner et al. 1991). However, suitable rootstocks of Seed from each Cucumis accession was sown in a 15-cm- wild Cucumis species with simultaneous resistance to root- diameter plastic pot filled with autoclaved soil (50 % nutritive knot nematode and Fusarium wilt have not been reported in soil and 50 % vermiculite) and placed in a greenhouse with cucumber, melon, and watermelon The objective of this study temperature maintained between 25 and 30 °C. When seed- was to screen wild Cucumis lines that may be used as suitable lings were at the first true leaf stage, approximately 2,000 rootstocks resistant to southern root-knot nematodes and pro- freshly hatched J2 of M. incognita race 3 (from Institute of duce high yield and good fruit quality on the grafted cucum- Plant Protection, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences) ber, melon, and watermelon cultivars. suspended in 20 mL of water were pipetted into five equidis- tant 3-cm-deep holes around each plant. The inoculation holes were refilled with autoclaved soil, and pots were watered 2Materialsandmethods immediately to moisten the soil. Pots were moved into a greenhouse, which was maintained at 26–30 °C (day) and 2.1 Study location 18–22 °C (night). Eight weeks later, the roots of all plants were removed from The study was conducted in the greenhouse of Jinliuhuan the soil, carefully rinsed in running tap water and evaluated for experimental station, China Agricultural University in galling severity using a 1 to 9 scale in which 1=0, 2=1 to 3 %, a b Fig. 1 Comparison of nematode resistance between Cucumis pustulatus exhibited high resistance, while Cucumis sativus (right yellow loop)root and Cucumis sativus by grafting roots together. a Graft was made by of the same seedlings showed susceptible to Meloidogyne incognita. approach - method. b In order to compare the nematode resistance However, This experiment was only performed for comparing resistance between Cucumis pustulatus and Cucumis sativus under the same soil to nematode, when crops were grew for production, the scion root system condition, the scion (Cucumis sativus) root system was left in place after would not be left in place grafting. Cucumis pustulatus root (left red loop) of grafting seedlings A new grafted rootstock against root-knot nematode 253 3=4to12%,4=13to25%,5=26to38%,6=39to50%, C. lanatus/C. pustulatus, C. sativus/C. sativus, C. melo/ 7=51 to 65 %, 8=66 to 80 %, and 9=81 to 100 % of root C. melo,andC. lanatus/C. lanatus, respectively, were system galled or covered with egg masses, respectively (Thies then placed in a mist chamber in a greenhouse, deliv- and Fery 1998). Ratings were categorized as 1.0 to 2.9=high ering a mist for 10 s/min to maintain at a constant resistance, 3.0 to 3.9=moderate resistance, 4.0 to 4.9=low humidity of 95–100 %. Seedlings were kept in the mist resistance, 5.0 to 6.9=susceptible, and 7.0 to 9.0=highly chamber at 25–30 °C for 6 days with dim light, and the susceptible (Thies and Levi 2003). misting interval was changed from 10 s/min to 10 s/ 10 min over this period. Seedlings were then 2.3 Fusarium wilt screening assay transplanted into a greenhouse randomly with a high soil infestation (approximately 5,100 nematodes per liter Fusarium wilt pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. of soil) of M. incognita under 25/18 °C in day (8:00– melonis Snycler and Hansen) from Department of Plant 20:00)/night (20:00–8:00).
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