Instrumenta 2

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Instrumenta 2 Vittorio CREA e Vincenzo ROSSI La città di Veio: un’antica civiltà parte seconda CULTURA La visita di Veio Provenendo da Isola Farnese, la visita alla città può proseguire dal Santuario di Portonaccio. Lasciato il borgo, si prende Via Tenuta Campetti, che ricalca probabilmente un antico percorso, fino al Fosso della Mola, all’altezza dell’antico mulino ad acqua (documentato già nell’XI secolo, sostituito nel secolo scorso dalla struttura attual- mente conservata, rima- sta in funzione fino agli anni ‘50), posto nei pressi di una piccola suggestiva cascata. Superato il fosso, si raggiunge l’ingresso degli scavi in località Portonac- cio (il nome deriva dal- l’arco qui presente). Percorrendo una strada romana basolata, si entra nell’a- rea del santuario extraurbano dedicato a Minerva. All’interno di un grande tèmenos (recinto) erano ubicati, oltre al tempio, altri edifici fun- zionali al culto oracolare. Il complesso ha subito gravi danni a seguito del cedimento di gran parte della vasta piat- taforma tufacea su cui si svilup- pa l’articolato gruppo di strut- ture. L’edificio templare, par- 830 Vittorio CREA e Vincenzo ROSSI 01. Cunicoli 02. Conduttura antica 03. Cunicoli 04. Cunicoli 05. Strada romana 06. Vasca 07. Pozzi 08. Tombe romane 09. Piscine 10. Cava di tufo 11. Altare 12. Tempio 13. “Thesauros” (?) 14. Pozzi 15. Pozzi Veio. Portonaccio, pianta del santuario (da Torelli, 1980) zialmente restaurato, presentava in origine un impianto planimetrico di tipo tusca- nico, con unica cella e due alae, o colonnati laterali; meno probabilmente tre celle. Della decorazione architettonica fittile del tempio sono stati rinvenuti mol- tissimi frammenti, datati alla fine del VI secolo: oltre a splendide lastre di rivesti- mento, antefisse, affre- schi su terracotta, sono state ricomposte nume- rose statue a grandezza maggiore del vero, di eccezionale livello artisti- co (ora conservate al Museo di Villa Giulia a Roma). Collocate sulla som- mità del tetto, a formare una serie di gruppi, le sta- 831 CULTURA tue sono in gran parte da attribuire ad un’unica bottega, verosimilmente identificata con quella di Vulca, ricordato dalle fonti letterarie antiche come autore della decora- zione del Tempio di Giove sul Capitolium a Roma. Alcuni di questi gruppi acroteriali sono stati identificati: Apollo in lotta con Eracle, Latona con in braccio il piccolo Apollo. Accanto al tempio sono presenti i resti di una piscina in blocchi di tufo, con rivestimento impermeabile, connessa con i riti cultuali. Più oltre, coperta da una tettoia, si trova la piattaforma lastricata su cui era l’altare, destinato ai sacrifici. Alle spalle di quest’area sono i resti di un edificio al cui interno è stato ritrovato materiale votivo. Anche dopo la conquista romana, il santuario rimase in funzione e fu assi- duamente frequentato; abbandonato forse nel corso del I secolo a.C., l’area venne poi smembrata dalla costruzione della strada romana che l’attraversa. All’interno della città sono presenti i resti di altri due santuari: il santuario di Porta Caere, che si trovava presso il lato nord-ovest delle mura ed è databile all’i- nizio del V sec. a.C., ed il santuario di Campetti, che era situato in una località meno decentrata, a nord dell’area occupata successivamente dal municipio di età augustea. Visibile (chiedendo ai custodi all’ingresso degli scavi di Portonaccio) e di par- ticolare interesse è la Tomba delle Anatre, in località Riserva del Bagno. Si tratta della più antica tomba dipinta di tutta l’Etruria (secondo quarto del VII sec. a.C.). La camera, con volta a vela e banchine laterali, è decorata da affreschi in vivaci colori. Sulla parete di fondo sono raffigurate cinque anatre - alternativamente in rosso e giallo, con particolari in nero - volte verso sinistra. A Picazzano, oltre ad una tomba databile alla metà del VII sec. a.C., caratte- rizzata da un lunghissimo dromos (corridoio d’ingresso), è la cosiddetta Tomba dei Pilastri: la camera presenta al centro un pilastro di ordine tuscanico ed una nicchia di fondo, destinata ad accogliere il contenitore delle ceneri del defunto (metà IV sec. a.C.). Si consiglia, infine, a completamento della visita alle rovine di Veio, di rag- giungere, lungo la valle del Fosso Valchetta (Cremera) all’estremità nord-ovest della città, Ponte Sodo, una galleria scavata nel tufo, lunga oltre 70 m., entro la 832 Vittorio CREA e Vincenzo ROSSI quale vennero canalizzate le acque del fiume, probabilmente da attribuire alla tarda età repubblicana-imperiale. La vita quotidiana nella civiltà etrusca ̈ la religione. La concezione che gli Etruschi ebbero della religione e del rap- porto con la divinità è molto diversa da quella dei Romani e dei Greci. La menta- lità etrusca, infatti, era legata alla costante necessità di interpretare il volere degli Dei dai quali era preordinata la sorte degli uomini. I Greci non conoscevano un tal senso di annullamento nemmeno di fronte al fato. I Romani, invece, tendevano a risolvere il rapporto tra uomini e Dei in maniera molto concreta e diretta. La ricerca della volontà degli Dei costituì, pertanto, per gli Etruschi una vera e propria scienza, tanto che Tito Livio li ricorda come un popolo profonda- mente dedito alle pratiche religiose E siccome ogni fatto umano era legato al vole- re degli Dei, così gli etruschi ritenevano che anche la loro religiosità fosse di ori- gine divina. L’arte di esaminare le viscere degli animali sarebbe stata insegnata loro da Tages, un essere divino dall’aspetto di bambino ma saggio come un vecchio che sarebbe uscito da un solco prodotto dall’aratro di Tarconte, l’eroe fondatore della città di Tarquinia, al quale Tages avrebbe parlato. L’interpretazione dei fulmini sarebbe stata svelata da una ninfa, Vegoia o Begoe. Tutte le regole erano codificate in libri: libri aruspicini, per l’interpretazione delle viscere; libri fulgurales, con la dottrina dei fulmini; libri rituales che conte- nevano, tra l’altro, le norme per la costruzione delle città e degli edifici; i libri acheruntici che riguardavano l’oltretomba e gli ostentaria per l’interpretazione dei miracoli. ̈ l’arte. L’arte ebbe per gli Etruschi un fine essenzialmente dedicatorio e voti- vo, ma ciò non impedì la realizzazione di autentiche opere d’arte, capolavori di indiscutibile valore estetico. Assai scarse sono le testimonianze dei templi Etruschi a causa dell’uso di materiali facilmente deperibili (basti vedere il santuario di Vejo dedicato a Miner- va rinvenuto nel 1916 da E.Q. Giglioli in località Portonaccio). 833 CULTURA Anche la scultura è tutta a carattere religioso o funerario e i materiali più usati, in mancanza del marmo, che non si trovava localmente, erano il bronzo, la terracotta, la pietra. Sarcofaghi, canopi, statue di dei, urne variamente scolpite provengono da tombe e templi etruschi, mentre tra i bronzi si possono ricordare la Chimera di Arezzo e la Lupa Capitolina. Molto numerose e belle sono le pitture dovute all’uso di decorare con affre- schi le tombe. ̈ la condizione femminile. La donna nella civiltà etrusca godeva di una consi- derazione particolare sia nella famiglia che nella società. In seno alla società etru- sca esisteva una sostanziale parità di diritti e di comportamenti tra l’uomo e la donna a differenza delle altre civiltà dell’epoca che costringevano la donna ad una assoluta soggezione al padre o al marito. Questo aspetto particolare della civiltà etrusca si spiega come una sopravvi- venza di antichissime caratteristiche delle società mediterranee arcaiche nelle quali era frequente un costume sociale improntato al matriarcato. Le donne mantenevano anche da sposate il nome della famiglia di origine ed avevano sempre un nome personale cosa che non accadeva a Roma. Il nuovo stato civile delle donne sposate era indicato dalla formula: “moglie di”. Inoltre nel nome dei figli compariva sia il gentilizio del padre che quello della madre. Le donne partecipavano ai banchetti, agli spettacoli, alle cerimonie sacre, alle gare atletiche e tutto questo doveva apparire sconveniente ai Greci abituati a vede- re le loro donne nel gineceo e fuori di esso solo le cortigiane. ̈ l’abbigliamento. L’abbigliamento dell’uomo etrusco era piuttosto semplice ma curato: si passa da un semplice perizoma, quando il tempo lo permetteva, del periodo più antico, poi accompagnato da un giubbetto di stoffa, alla tunica e a mantelli prima di semplice lana poi ornati con bordure colorate o con applicazio- ni in sottile lamina d’oro o avorio cucite alla stoffa. Dal VI sec. si afferma il “Chitone”, una veste che può essere lunga a pieghe o corta con pieghe più ampie e talvolta cortissima per giovani o atleti, coperto da mantelli di vario tipo, e la “Tebenna” mantello di forma semicircolare, tipicamen- te etrusco che si indossava lasciando scoperta una spalla e da cui discese poi la toga 834 Vittorio CREA e Vincenzo ROSSI romana, e l’“Himation” di tipo greco, mantello rettangolare, molto ampio che copriva anche la testa e che veniva usato soprattutto dalle donne. Di moda anche in questo periodo, come si vede nel Sarcofago degli sposi, il “tutulus”, una specie di cuffia che nasconde i capelli fin sulla fronte, ornata a volte di borchie d’oro. Era diffuso tra i ceti più umili anche il “petasos”, un cappello a larghe tese che proteggeva il viso dal sole. Gli aruspici portavano un cappello terminante a punta cilindrica ed in modo simile sono raffigurati sacerdoti o divinità. Per i calzari i materiali erano il cuoio e la stoffa ed il tipo più caratteristico fu quello dei “calcei repandi”, una sorta di stivaletti più alti nella parte posteriore con punta arcuata verso l’alto. Molto importanti nell’abbigliamento dei più ricchi erano i gioielli: collane, diademi, bracciali, fibule in oro, argento, talvolta con incastonate paste vitree ed ambre, lavorati con maestria eccezionale e procedimenti raffinatissimi.
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