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VOLUME: 7WINTER, 2006

towards abetter understanding of the city’s : . The results of the excavation are important for anumber of different disciplines: some of Twenty Years the architectural features are absolutely unique for , certain discoveries have of Excavation changed our way of thinking about certain past theories, and still others have brought us by Maria Bonghi Jovino completely new kinds of information. This is Università degliStudi di especially true of the discovery of aremark- Milano able “monumental complex;” it also holds for the interpretation of the different phases of the Slightly more than twenty temple of Ara della Regina, and for the incon- years of excavation may trovertible evidence for the practice of human seem like along time but for sacrifice. excavators it is never long One discovery involved the earliest history enough: whenever one problem is solved, an of the site, the early Etruscan, “protohistori- infinite number of other problems takes its cal” phase of the city,when the habitation site place. was first founded. In an “ area sacra”were The excavation in the habitation site of found traces of sacred ritual practices, includ- Tarquinia, carried out by the University of ing the lighting of fires and offerings of the , began in 1982, and is still ongoing in first fruits of the earth. This was clearly an two areas: the “monumental complex” on the area where ancient rituals were carried out, plateau of the Civita (fig. 1), and the area of the cult place of an ancestral female divinity the Ara della Regina (fig. 2, p. 4). Aside from who was worshipped there. In the ninth centu- the actual excavation, during all these years ry BC the inhabitants of Tarquinia marked off we have also been carrying out studies of the aquadrangular area, area alpha.Within that history of the sites, their natural environment, area they buried an albino, encelopathic child, Fig. 1: Plan of habitation site of Tarquinia: The monumental complex. and their geology.The results of these studies an epileptic, as shown by the analyses carried have contributed important information [See“Tarquinia”onpage 14] Museum Opening OldDoors

In commemoration of the Florence flood of per iBeni Archeologici della Toscana. This 1966, on November 4, 2006, aceremony was handsome volume, 516 pages thick, contains a held, accompanied by the opening of anew full, preliminary account of all the archaeo- exhibit at the Archaeological Museum of logical activities carried out in the region – Piazza SS. Annunziata, whose original doors including excavations, restorations, area stud- were reopened for the occasion. The opening ies and surveys, and much more. of the exhibit, entitled, “The Archaeological We look forward to seeing the exhibit and Museum of Florence, Forty Years After: entering the museum through its newly and Restoration in ,” opened entrance on Piazza SS. Annunziata. Fig. 5: lituus twisted in order to make it unusable to the living. Found in brings back to life the Salone del Nicchio, front of Edificio Beta. where the public can admire such impressive monuments as the huge fourth-century pedi- ment of the temple of (147 cm high, 882 cm wide) as well as the seventh-century silver urn from the Tomba del Duce in , the newly restored currus from the Tumulo dei Carri, , and old friends, including the beautiful statue-urn from Chianciano of ca. 440 B.C., with ademon holding ascroll. The opening of the exhibit, which will run through February 2007, prominently features the work of the Centro di Restauro della Soprintendenza per iBeni Archeologici della Toscana. The Center was started as an emer- gency center for the restoration of material damaged in the flood of 1966, and has since become aworld-famous reference point for archaeological restoration. Gallery of the archeological museum The commemoration included the presenta- in Florence at the time of the 1966 tion of Notiziario 2005 of the Soprintendenza flood. Letters to the editors

Dear Editors, solid gold) they will remember that first pio- Dear Editors, Etrusker (do any readers of Etruscan News For your information: on November 5, neering “archaeologist“, David Rueger,in 1. Iread with great interest two of Larissa have information about this third volume, 2006, 12:20 on RAI 1, “Linea Verde” present- whose footsteps they have managed to follow. Bonfante’spieces in Etruscan News,volume entitled Account Of The Manners And ed aprogram on the area of southern Etruria, 6: areview of the Wikanders’ Etruscan Customs, Arts And LiteratureOfThe and featured the Castello di , where a Yours, Inscriptions From The Collections of Olof Etruscans?)she wrote avery valuable and characteristic medieval market was reenacted. David Rueger August Danielsson,and adiscussion of a always interesting appendix to her Tour (third Giovanni Bisoni eCecilia Cecchini Oxford University recent review of Lawrence’s Etruscan Places. edition, 1843) based for the most part on her In my private hobby of studying, through own study of everything which the classical Castello di Proceno Dear Editors, digitising, the corpvs inscriptionvm etrvs- and Greek authorities actually said Corso Regina Margherita 155 First of all, thank you for the set of carvm,Iamincorporating every update I about the Etruscans, and sorting through the 01020 Proceno (VT) Etruscan News you gave to the center.We become aware of, including the corrections interpretations and thoughts of Mueller and tel/fax 0763710072 really appreciate people getting involved with and additions of the Wikanders, and Ilook Niebuhr… www.castellodiproceno.it us. forward to their publication of more of the 3. Isaw an interesting article on the The address for our main page of our Web Danielsson material… The absolute necessity Internet, announced by Francesco Rutelli, site is: http://www.columbia.edu/cu/archaeol- of studying true and accurate Etruscan Minister Of Culture, and published by Time Dear Editors, ogy/ and the page where we can have inscriptions goes without saying, and details Online on June 16th, 2006 by Richard Owen, Ilove the Etruscan News and am telling our Etruscan information posted is of the problems encountered and overcome by which describes how avery sorry tombarolo, library about it. Ihope you flourish. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/archaeology/ne Pauli, Danielsson, Herbig, Sittig, and Nogara, very sorry he got caught, at least, led Italian Yours ever, wsletter/main/one/index.html are inspiring…The marvellous thing about the archeologists to aburial chamber at Veio, and John Thank you again for your interest. Hope all results of this Etruscan inscriptional scholar- that it (or more probably its wall paintings are is well, ship is that they have been published by the meant here in the article) were of exceptional John Boardman Joanna Smith Swedes IN ENGLISH, other than for the hun- quality.Its name will be The Tomb Of The Ashmolean Museum Columbia University dreds of —attimes lengthy —quotations in Lions. Besides lions and strangely shaped ani- Oxford OX1 2PH, G.B. German from diaries and letters, which slow Dear Editors, mals, birds have also been painted, which, as one down alittle… Un grazie sincero per il graditissimo invio Richard Owen points out, could be symbols of Dear Editors, 2. About ninety years before Lawrence’s degli ultimi due numeri di Etruscan News. atransition to an afterlife. The paintings have Faced with the dizzying prospect of athree- Etruscan Places was written, Mrs. Hamilton Bello tra gli altri l’articolo “An Etruscan been adjudged the oldest yet found, of the year Undergrad course in Biology,Idecided Gray published her popular and successful Herbal?” Uscirà tra poco un mio articolo che eighth century before the common era. to try something different the summer before Tour Through The Sepulchres Of Etruria In va sulla stessa linea (purtroppo non potrò però Iwent to college, and sought the advice of 1839 (always, Ithink, wrongly called Tour To citare il contributo in EruscanNews visto che [email protected] everyone’sperennial fountain of wisdom, my The Sepulchres Of Etruria In 1839 by anyone l’articolo èinstampa: Science and Sydney. mother’s cousin’smother.She suggested who refers to it…) Technology for Cultural Heritage, 2006). applying for acertain dig in and after In her following History Of Etruria (1843), Buon lavoro, having scoured amap and discovering its in two thick volumes (875 quarto pages), and Armando Cherici thrilling proximity to The Republic of San an additional third volume (1868) consisting Marino Ithought it might be fun. Skillfully of atranslation into English of Mueller’s Die neglecting to mention my age and lack of Dear Editors, archaeological experience, Imanaged to get Thank you very much for the last issue of myself signed on and found myself in the pic- Etruscan News:you do asplendid job of pub- turesque village of Verucchio, lodged in aper- ETRUSCAN NEWS lishing, for the whole community of scholars haps slightly-less-than-picturesque converted Editorial Board, Issue #7, December2006 all around the world, all this information and classroom of the local school. so form alink among all of us. Needless to say,onthe necropolis Iwas at President of the U.S. Larissa Bonfante [email protected] Iamvery grateful to Jane Whitehead for first miserably lost -archaeologists may scoff, Section of the Istituto di Classics Department but imagine -Ididn’teven know what a dolio translating and presenting what Iwrote in Studi Etruschi ed Italici, New York University was! (much less a biconico or a scodella). French about Etruscan glosses. ex officio 25 Waverly Place However,through interpreters, vague gestures With all best. New York, NY 10003 and despairing sighs of resignation my han- Dominique Briquel dlers finally did manage to educate me with La Sorbonne, Paris Editor-in-Chief Jane Whitehead [email protected] valuable Italian vocabulary,including the Modern and Classical Languages token pulireeripulire...e dopo, ripulireanco- Dear Editors, Valdosta State University ra. Avete la pellicola? was another incredibly Iwill soon be moving back to and Valdosta, GA 31698 useful phrase which Iamsure will come in want to be sure my favourite periodical fol- handy someday,while my knowledge of the lows me. My address will be: Language Page Editor Rex Wallace [email protected] terra di rogo will certainly charm the next Classics Department Italian Icome across. Besides this, Ilearned Maria King Constantinidis 84501 Gavrion University of Massachusetts the art of handling the paintbrush, trowel, and Amherst, MA 01003 pickaxe, though my choice of exactly which Andros one to use in any particular situation often Cyclades Greece Editor for the Fellows Elizabeth de G. Colantoni [email protected] alarmed my colleagues. In fact, by the end I Classics Department was working my own grave -Tomba 44 Iwould like to make adonation to benefit Oberlin College (admittedly,agrave which had apparently the Etruscan News but Ihave shipped all my Oberlin. OH 44074 migrated towards the sea and left nothing but addresses ahead of me. Please tell me if Ican aload of bones and ash with afew sporadico use acredit card; if not please e-mail the snail Book Review Editor Francesco de Angelis [email protected] thrown in just to tempt me to dig deeper). The mailing address, and thank you. and Archaeology loving care with which Iphotographed, meas- ured and drew those tiny bits and the celerity Columbia University with which Iwould run to cover them at the Dear Editors, New York, NY 10027 slightest hint of rain meant that by the end my Thank you so much for the copies of little grave was quite close to my heart. Ican Etruscan News.Itisasplendid magazine and Submissions, news, pictures, or other material appropriatetothis newsletter may be sent to only hope that when they find the final resting has been very well liked by my colleagues. any of the editors listed above. The email address is preferred. For submission guidelines, place of Tomba 44, with its associated riches Ingela Wiman see Etruscan News 3(2003) 9. Nominations for membership in the Section may be sent to (I’m betting on an entire chariot, made of University of Götenborg Larissa Bonfante at the above address.

Page 2 Articles

to look into what might have been the causes That means these people moved here and Ancient Etruscans unlikely of this decline in the population. It may have there,’“ she said. “I tend to be fairly skeptical been quite abrupt. Mostly,it’samatter of and say,‘That’sanice story.’ Before [this guessing.” study] you could tell anumber of stories con- ancestors of modernTuscans, According to Mountain, the field of anthro- sistent with the data. What we’ve done is nar- pological genetics is replete with such educat- rowed down these stories, which for me is a statistical testing reveals ed guesses. “There’ssomuch storytelling that really great leap forward.” goes on in our field where people will see a particular genetic sequence and go, ‘Aha! Editor’s Note: See response by JM Turfa, by Lisa Trei linguistic shifts, scholars see the Etruscans as page 4. StanfordUniversity an enigma.” The Etruscans are the only preclassical For the first time, Stanford researchers have European population to date that has been used novel statistical computer modeling to genetically analyzed, Mountain said. Two simulate demographic processes affecting the years ago, Italian geneticists extracted mater- population of Tuscany over a2,500-year time nally inherited mitochondrial DNA from the span. Rigorous tests used by the researchers bones of 27 people called Etruscans found in have ruled out agenetic link between ancient six different necropoleis ( sites) in Letter to our Readers Etruscans, the early inhabitants of central Tuscany.The female lineage was investigated Italy,and the region’smodern day residents. because, unlike the male Ychromosome, Dear Readers, The findings suggest that something either many copies of mitochondrial DNA are found suddenly wiped out the Etruscans or the group in each cell and thus are easier to extract, In this seventh issue of Etruscan News we are following some earlier traditions and represented asocial elite that had little in Mountain explained. The data represent one inaugurating some new features. Students continue to be an important part of our authors common with the people who became the true of the best collections of ancient human DNA and, we hope, our readership.Ofcourse, these students become scholars in the course of ancestors of Tuscans, said Joanna Mountain, in existence. “If you get DNA out of one bone, time, and Dr.Elizabeth de Grummond Colantoni has now handed over to Hilary Becker her assistant professor of anthropological sci- you can try to say something about the past,” role in reporting on dissertations and theses in progress and student activities. We would ask ences. Mountain said. “But they managed to get graduate students to let her know of any news of interest. “Very often, we assume the most simple DNA out of quite afew bones.” The DNA of The article on Etruscan herbal glosses by New York University student Kyle Johnson in explanation for something,” said Mountain, 49 people living in the region todaywas also Etruscan News 5attracted agood deal of scholarly attention. In addition to John Scarborough an expert in anthropological genetics. “So sampled. Although data from the two groups and Dominique Briquel, who followed up in Etruscan News 6with fascinating articles on when you find in aparticular location the revealed several differences,Mountain said, herbals and glosses respectively,wehave just heard from Armando Cherici, who informs us archeological remains of people, the simplest the researchers could not interpret if these that his article on Etruscan science is appearing in Science and Technology for Cultural explanation is that those people are ancestral were meaningful or significant. “What we did Heritage 2006. Etruscan News 7presents an article on by Claudia Moser,agraduate to whoever is living there now.How often do was address the question: Do the present-day of the University of Pennsylvania, who has been working at the Metropolitan Museum in you get achance to check that? Very rarely.” people look like they could be descendents of New York helping in the preparations for the opening of the Etruscan and Roman galleries in The research advances the field of anthro- the Etruscan population?” April 2007. pological genetics by moving beyond simple The answer surprised Mountain. “Wedid An article in this issue, translated from anews item in La Repubblica by Adriano La storytelling about an ancient people to rigor- the simulation study and there was nothing we Regina, former archaeological Soprintendente of , presents as ashocking piece of news ous testing, using genetic data analysis, of a could do; we couldn’ttweak it enough to get the results of aconservation analysis of the Lupa Capitolina; the conclusions threaten to set of anthropological hypotheses, Mountain the modern people to look like they descend- remove the Wolf as an Etruscan taken over by Rome as her principal symbol. We said. ed from the people in the Etruscan burial invite discussion on this highly controversial question. The findings are documented in “Serial [sites],” she said. “Wecouldn’tmake it fit Good news comes on the museum front, with some important artistic monuments Coalescent Simulations Suggest aWeak with the simple inheritance direct lineage returning home from Boston and New York. Congratulations to the Carabinieri who con- Genealogical Relationship Between Etruscans model.” tributed to this repatriation! Front page news is the renovation of the Archaeological Museum and Modern Tuscans,” published May 15 in The Stanford researchers used recently in Florence. Etruscan scholars around the world were delighted to learn that Fulvia Lo the online version of Proceedings of the developed software called “Serial SimCoal” Schiavo is now Archaeological Soprintendente of Tuscany; her tenure in opened a National Academy of Sciences.Uma to simulate genetic data based on different new phase of scholarly discoveries concerning the island that was crucial for the early devel- Ramakrishnan, aformer Stanford postdoctor- population scenarios, such as small (25,000 opment of the . May her new position on Etruscan soil be equally rewarding al fellow,and Elise M. S. Belle and Guido females) or large (300,000 females) popula- and fruitful, both for the field and for herself. Barbujani of the University of in Italy tions of constant size, an expanding popula- As important as the texts of articles that appear in Etruscan News are the illustrations. co-authored the paper with Mountain. tion, and scenarios involving migration and We are particularly grateful to the photographers who are responsible for the photographs As the paper details, previous extensive selection. Despite the range of scenarios cre- that accompany the articles that we publish. We wish to thank in particular Araldo De Luca archeological excavations have established ated, the scientists could not find amatch for the front page photographs illustrating “The Capitoline Museum and the Castellani that Etruscan culture existed in between the observed archaeological data and Collection,” by Antonella Magagnini in Etruscan News 6. between the eighth and second centuries B.C. the simulations. Twoofthe most important Etruscan sites excavated in recent years are Verucchio and Its origins are still controversial: Some Christian Anderson, aformer Stanford the Civita of Tarquinia. We are proud to be carrying news of ongoing developments concern- ancient historians, including (circa undergraduate, developed the software while ing these sites, including Maria Bonghi Jovino’sown summary of the most significant results 430 B.C.), suggested that the Etruscans came working with Elizabeth Hadly,associate pro- of the Civita excavations. to Italy from Asia Minor.But most modern fessor of biological sciences. She has used the Finally,wenote with satisfaction that the 2007 Annual Meeting of the AIA features archaeologists, along with Dionysius of approach to analyze the ancient DNA of small three Etruscan panels, one of them in honor of the recipient of the Gold Medal for Halicarnassos (circa 100 B.C.), believe that . “I believe it’sthe first time it has Archaeological Achievement. The editor who is receivingn the AIA Gold Medal is pleased the developed locally been used to analyze ancient human DNA,” to accept it as amark of recognition for the field of Etruscan studies. She is also honored to from the 10th century B.C. Mountain said. “It’scomputationally inten- follow in the steps of Margarete Bieber,Eve Harrison, and the long-remembered Etruscan . In the second century sive and requires DNA data from many indi- scholar Emeline Hill Richardson. B.C.,the Etruscansweregiven Romanciti- viduals.” zenship, andsoon afterward their language The finding is important because it ques- Larissa Bonfante disappeared from records, the paper explains. tions the common assumption that residents of Jane Whitehead “The Etruscans seem to be quite different in aparticular place are descendants of its earli- many ways from other ancient , and er inhabitants, Mountain said. “Also, it raises archaeological evidence indicates that they anumber of other questions?what happened spoke anon-Indo-European language,” to the Etruscans?” she said. “It’sstimulating Mountain said. “Because of the cultural and for archaeologists and other social scientists Page 3 crizione della stele arcaica di Vetulonia,” SE tous title, “Etruscan Artifacts: Much Ado Staring down Herodotus: 63:281–90; and D. Briquel, 2002, “’Monsieur About Nothing,” AmJHumGen 75[5] le Grec’ en Étrurie,” KTEMA, Civilisations de November 2004:923-927. (One might mistake l’Orient, de la Grèce et de Rome Antiques the title for their cavalier attitude toward the Mitochondrial DNA Studies 27:265-270.) Asample size in the hundreds archaeological contexts of their specimens…) could have hedged against misleading associ- The most telling criticism appeared in a2005 and Claims About Etruscan ations of DNA sources —preferably,though test-case study of dog DNA sampled from 10 unrealistically for Etruscan bones, an ideal different museums: in spite of careful han- statistical sample size would be at least 1000. dling, all the samples contained ahigh propor- Origins The usable, cloned mtDNA came from ribs tion of human DNA, leading the researchers and long-bones (rather than the customary to warn that we cannot yet reliably discern tooth-roots) from just 28 skeletons said to contamination in ancient DNA (see H. by Jean MacIntosh Turfa keywords include “mtDNA” this study did not come from “museums and public collections.” Malmström, J. Storå, L. Dalén, G. Holmlund produce any laboratory analyses. The data on They cover achronological period of at least and A. Götherström, “Extensive Human DNA No one questions the “origin” of the DNA that are plugged into the computer mod- 500 years, the 7th through 2nd (although the Contamination in Extracts from Ancient Dog or , yet once again, the Herodotean els were acquired from adifferent study,pub- abstract says 3rd) centuries BC, from seven Bones and Teeth,” Molecular Biology and issue of the supposed Lydian origin of the lished in 2004 and also statistically chal- Etruscan urban territories. The only break- Evolution 22(10) 2005:2040-2047. Etruscans has been revived, this time draped lenged. The scenarios for the behavior of down of date and location is Vernesi et al. It is agreat pity that the authors of the in DNA. Because archaeologists and histori- urban or rural populations are hypothetical 2004:699 table 1, but there is no way to asso- “Etruscan DNA” publications were naïve of ans long to adopt demonstrable, unequivocal and conjectural; inserting numbers into them ciate aparticular skeleton with apublished the vast literature on pre- and protohistoric dates and scientific details for our targets of makes some appear more likely than others, tomb, or even determine which are male ver- Italy,and did not collaborate more intensively interest, we too are tempted by the bait of bio- but we are still along way from predicting sus female. Although the authors thank E. with Etruscologists or other archaeologists. chemical surety,but, even without speaking to human behavior –and, like Asimov’sHari Pacciani for furnishing samples from Vernesi et al. (2004) thanked E. Pacciani, R. the laboratory data or computer-program Seldon, we need to monitor large populations Magliano, [sc. d’Albegna] and Tykot, G. Barker and T. Rasmussen for pro- design, we need to critique the recent articles if we are to avoid gross error. Tarquinia, they do not cite her (or anyone viding samples and/or advice, but their gener- with common sense. The source of the mtDNA data is an article else’s) excavation publications. alizations and broad references, citing whole The latest furor was generated by acomput- by C. Vernesi et al., “The Etruscans: A Magliano/Marsiliana (not differentiated here), books without page references, and omitting er-simulation study,“Serial coalescent simu- Population-Genetic Study,” American Journal Tarquinia, , Castelluccio di titles for some articles, do not indicate adepth lations suggest aweak genealogical relation- of Human Genetics 74, 2004:694-704, claim- and are certainly of understanding of the complex historical ship between Etruscans and modern Tuscans,” ing to show “closer evolutionary relationships Etruscan places (17 samples), but the inhabi- and social issues involved. And misspelled Proceedings of the National Academy of with the eastern Mediterranean shores for the tants of (5) and (6) during the 5th terms like “Villanovian” do not enhance the Sciences 103 (21), May 23, 2006:8012-8017, Etruscans than for modern Italian popula- through 3rd centuries BC could have been credibility of their theories. Belle et al. (2006) by E.M.S. Belle, U. Ramakrishnan, J.L. tions” (quote from abstract, p. 694). In fact, quite ethnically diverse. also thank Rasmussen, Barker and Tykot, but Mountain and G. Barbujani, and edited by neither study had an archaeologist among its The modern comparison mtDNA comes again omit page references to the works of R.R. Sokal, Barbujani’sco-author on apast numerous co-authors, and the conclusions are from P. Francalacci, J. Bertranpetit, F. Calafell these authors. This may be standard practice study [“Genetic population structure of Italy compromised by small sample size, and and P.A. Underhill, “Sequence Diversity of for scientific literature, where articles are only II. Physical and cultural barriers to gene skewed selection of sample sources. The 13 the Control Region of Mitochondrial DNA in afew pages long and should be consumed flow,” The American Journal of Human authors of Vernesi et al. 2004 claim to have Tuscany and Its Implications for the Peopling whole, but for lengthy archaeological books Genetics 481991:398-411]. Mitochondrial “determined mitochondrial DNA sequences in of ,” American Journal of Physical and controversial citations, this is not proper. DNA is said to link ancient Etruscanswith multiple clones derived from bone samples of Anthropology 100 1996:443-460. This It is incorrect to cite (Belle et al. 2006:8015 Asia Minor,and not with modern residents of 80 Etruscans who lived between the 7th and claimed that “the pattern of mitochondrial no. 23) Annette Rathje’s1978 study of Near Tuscany,with the implication that the 3rd centuries BC,” but only 27 or 28 of those variation in Tuscany indicates the persistence Easternimports in the princely tombs as Etruscans died out without modern descen- 80 samples were said to be uncontaminated – of an ancient European component subse- claiming “anEastern origin of the Etruscans dants. the rest had to be rejected. Further,the issue of quently enriched by migrational waves, possi- was suggested by comparisons of artifacts” – Stanford University issued press releases Etruscan “origins” is not addressed by asam- bly from the .” The modern sam- apots-are-people methodology that no titled “Ancient Etruscans are unlikely the ple that begins at least several hundred years ple included 49 “Tuscans” selected from an Etruscologist, certainly not Rathje, would use. ancestors of modern Tuscans, study finds” after the crucial developments of cultural/eth- undisclosed set of “villages of medium to Vernesi et al. (2004:703) cite R.S.P Beekes (http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2006/ nic definition or alleged arrival from else- small population, in the hilly internal part of (2002) “The prehistory of the , the ori- may17/mountain-051706.html). where. Any post-9th-century population is the region” of southern [modern?] Tuscany gin of the Etruscans, and ,” The online Italy magazine (May 17, 2006) already likely to be ahybrid because of inter- (Francalacci et al. 1996:444). The only criteri- Biblioteca Orientalis 59:206-242, essentially also picked up on the news, and Italian marriage with other groups, and only one or on for indigenous ancestry was that their the same as Beekes’ booklet, The Origin of the Cooking and Living (September 2006:20-21) two skeletons in the 2004 study are possibly maternal grandmother had been born in the Etruscans (Koninklijke Nederlandse also noted the claims, although many readers as early as the 7th century,while half are 3rd- same area, so their ancestors could have been Akademie van Wetenschappen, Amsterdam probably thumbed straight to “Get Crazy with century or later (table 1, p. 699). Greek slaves, Hannibalic soldiers, Romans, 2003). He maintains that the Etruscans are Prosciutto.” Wikipedia (www.en.wikipedia In fact, the short time-period is otherwise medieval immigrants, et al., and it effectively Lydians, whose “original” homeland was in a .org/wiki/Etruscan_civilization,checked problematic with mtDNA. While Paleolithic eliminates the urban populations of the major different part of from classical , 9/13/2006), parroting anumber found in the development can be traced over the longue Etruscan cities from consideration. Vernesi et and that they migrated ca. 1200 BC when abstract of Belle et al. 2006, but not claimed durée by counting actual mutations in DNA, al. 2004 claimed that the sample of “Turks” is some sites in Italy were destroyed in the tran- by the authors as afinal tally,claims 80 there is not enough time over the past 3000 closer to the Etruscans, but we are not told of sition to Final Bronze/Protovillanovan cul- Etruscan skeletons show Eastern origins. years for many mutations, and the effects of any measures taken to exclude the Roman ture. But scholars familiar with the archaeo- Wikipedia notes, “The seafaring Etruscans genetic drift would probably be more signifi- Empire, Late Antique and medieval nomadic logical sites (few of which were accessible to may simply have sought brides from among cant here. Geographic distance too is acon- populations, or the Levantine and European sea-borne invaders) have suggested not for- their client or host populations, accounting for cern: Etruscan culture certainly did extend to groups that were integrated with the Ottoman eign invasion but internal social change as the the mitochondrial DNA…” (Well, what self- the upper Adriatic and Capua during certain Empire. impetus for this destruction –see E. M. De respecting Pelasgian girl could resist a periods, but without clear chronological con- Beyond issues of statistical rigor,adeeper Juliis, “La prima età del ferro in Puglia,” pp. Tyrrhenian sailor’s promises of aculture with text we have no way of knowing if the bones problem may be the contamination of sam- 453-466 in G. Bartoloni and F. Delpino, eds., women’srights?) Even prestigious journals sampled there were of ethnic Etruscans rather ples.In2004, B.A. Malyarchuk andI.B. Oriente eOccidente: metodi ediscipline a nod when publishing “News and views in than any number of Italic or Greek persons or Rogozin re-analyzed the 28 Etruscan samples confronto. Riflessioni sulla cronologia del- brief,” taking keywords as gospel; Nature hybrid descendents thereof. used by Vernesi et al., and suggested that post- l’età del ferroinItalia, Atti dell’Incontrodi (428, 484, 1April 2004) also recorded apre- Ethnic diversity was proudly proclaimed by mortem damage to the mtDNA was causing studi, Roma, 30-31 ottobre2003 = vious article’sfigure of 80 Etruscans, noting more than one resident of ancient Etruria, as misidentification, leading to the notion that no Mediterranea I ,2004 ( and Rome, Istituti there was little difference among themselves, shown by epigraphic evidence, from the stele descendants of these Etruscans had survived Editoriali ePoligrafici Internazionali, 2005). but clear affinities to modern populations in of Avele Feluske (“the Faliscan”) of 7th-cen- in living populations (“On the Etruscan Unfortunately,itisBeekes’ book that will be the eastern Mediterranean. tury Vetulonia, to the of Lars Mitochondrial DNA Contribution to Modern discovered by the students who search library The research reported in the 2006 article, Pulenas who claimed to be the great-grandson Humans,” AmJHumGen 75[5] November databases in English; he belabors (but relies however,involved only acomputer-simula- of Lars Pule Creices (“the Greek”), not to 2004:920-923). Barbujani et al. responded almost exclusivelyon) secondary sources, tion of scenarios of population growth, migra- mention Demaratus. (See P. Poccetti, 1999, immediately in self-defense, with the infelici- tion, and/or social stratification: although its “Etrusco feluske =faliscus? Note sull’is- [continued on next page]

Page 4 large . Priapus has as his principal pur- Maecenas, one of the most elite spaces in phallus represent three different kinds of pros- Priapus: pose for exhibiting his erect phallus the Augustan Rome. Garden Priapus and perity: growth, represented by his enormous protection and safety from evil. He his phallus were neither obscene phallus; affluence, represented by the bag of is really nothing but agiant nor comical; they were coins which he holds and weighs; and fertili- Origins, Cult, phallus, an apotropaic guardians, protectors of ty,symbolized by the basket of fruit at his power that wards the crops and ani- feet. The combination of money and the large Roles away the evil eye mals, dominant member allows the viewer to link the two, to and protects an sexual symbols equate the extensive quantity of each, an asso- by ClaudiaMoser area. presiding over ciation evoked in the juxtaposition of the His one- lush gar- phallus and the bag of coins on the scale.17 Priape…fascinogravis tento… poeta nos- piece gar- dens.15 From the first clear evidence of the worship ter (Priapea 79) ment is As the of Priapus and the spread of his cult in the raised up guardian of Mediterranean, in the third or second century In aculture pervaded with protective phal- shameless- thegarden, B.C, Priapus appeared as aprotector deity of lic symbols, the presence of aphallic god is ly to reveal Priapus not mariners, sea-borne traders, and those who not surprising. The Roman Priapus, agod his enor- only “engage in every kind of seamanship.”18 developing out of both the Greek and native mous geni- ensures the Many of the Greek poems devoted to Priapus Italian phallic fertility gods and embodying talia, and he fertility of portray him as the god of harbors, protector of characteristics of divinities in these two cul- usually wears the vegetation mariners,19 adomain that, like the garden, tures, can be seen as the culmination of the ahat or some but also pro- carries with it many sexual metaphors and evolution of phallic gods and their images in turban-like, for- tects his territory connotations.20 Just as Priapus is amarker in the Mediterranean. In his assimilated Roman eign, Phrygian from thieves or the gardens, establishing boundaries and form he is not anative Italian but asynthesis cap.4 His beard is trespassers. His enor- defining territories, so too is he amarker set of different cultures, different influences, a often unkempt, his facial mous phallus becomes a up on rocks, beaches and harbors, anaviga- blend of roles, ideals, symbols and images hair vulgarly recalling his tional indicator for mariners that probably adapted to first-century A.D. Roman beliefs pubic hair,acomparison often found began as just pilings and served both practical and customs. in Latin invective.”5 Although this seems to Fig. 1: with Priapus and religious functions. According to most scholars, the cult of be the standard iconography of Priapus, there (From Walters, H.B. Catalogue of Priapus not only ensured asafe voyage as a Priapus spread through Italy in the beginning are also examples of the god as aclean- , Greek, Roman, and monumental stone marker but also as aper- of the second century B.C., after contact with shaven, well-kept youth.6 Etruscan, , London sonal talisman, avotive statue on aship. In the orientalized Greek culture, possibly imported Priapus’ most widespread role is as 1899, No. 737). wreck of Plainer A, aRoman merchantman of with the ritual practices of the Bacchanalia, guardian and protector of the garden or flocks, the early first century A.D. found near yet escaping the suppression of the cult of arustic role that casts him as anew , Marseilles, was discovered awooden figurine Bacchus in 186 B.C.1 But there is some evi- anew Hermes, avariation on the Italic gods dangerous weapon as well as asymbol of fer- very closely resembling Priapus: the youth dence of Priapus in Etruria in the Hellenistic Liber and Mutinus Titunus. Every garden had tility,anexaggerated member that threatens to lifts up his tunic to reveal an empty socket that era; Priapus is depicted in the company of the its Priapus. According to Latin authors, the punish thieves with rape.16 Priapus’ threaten- likely once held alarge, separately-fashioned infant Dionysus and Hermes on the case of a statue can be made of wood,7 the trunk of an ing weapon brings to mind the Latin words for phallus (fig. 3). bronze mirror in the British Museum (fig. 1).2 old tree,8 useless firewood,9 poplar, 10 oak,11 weapons, or sharp, pointed objects that consti- This wooden votive, together with another The earliest surviving Latin reference to the best cypress,12 or even pastry. 13 Priapus as tute so many euphemisms for the phallus in discovered, wooden -clad figure, likely Priapus is from afragment of the works of the the god of the garden, depicted by statues the Latin language. was an icon of an onboard shrine; its back, left comic writer Afranius (circa 150 B.C), in carved from tree trunks, is first described in This dual role of Priapus, guardian and in an unfinished state, seems to suggest its which Priapus refutes the rumor that he was lines of Furius Bibaculus (103 B.C) “If you, menace, can apply not only to his role as the intended frontward exposure, its placement in sired by an ass.3 by chance, should see my Cato’slair,its shin- god of agarden but also to all his other benef- aniche, much like the placement in ahouse- Despite his many different roles, the one gles painted with red lead, its garden in icent and protective roles. Priapus guaranteed hold lararium.21 constant, prominent, identifying feature of Priapus’ watchful care.”14 There is even evi- both the fertility of natural vegetation and the The safe passage that the Priapic markers Priapus is his exposed, erect, hyperbolically dence of astatue of this god in the Garden of growth of material affluence. He ensured the and votive statues afforded sailors parallels safety of fields and flocks, the fertility of the the safe voyage that funerary Priapic images land; he was also closely connected with mon- provided. Although Priapus is less frequently [continued from previous page] scholars will be in aposition to consult it (I have reviewed it in BMCR 2006.08.10). etary wealth and mercantile prosperity.Inthe depicted as agod associated with death, agod ignoring the dates of the stele and Radiocarbon dates, such as for the Roman city of , in the House of the illustrated on tombs, agod invoked at funer- settlement and lapsing into polemic in place hut, have raised the chronology for the Vettii, Priapus stands as guardian at the fauces als, he nonetheless acts fittingly as protector of proof. Recent-Final Bronze and Iron Ages through- of the doorway (fig. 2, p. 6). It is surprising that Belle et al. and Vernesi [continued on next page] out Italy,and even scholars who adhere to the In this famous , Priapus and his giant et al. did not latch onto the carefully present- most moderate interpretation of these must ed article by Jodi Magness, “A Near Eastern found near the 5-foot-3-inch-long skeleton, acknowledge that the dates of some crucial Ethnic Element Among the Etruscan Elite?” Ancient she said Tuesday. phases should be set back by one or more gen- 2001, Etruscan Studies 8:79-117. She enu- The bones, dug up Monday,would likely erations –which makes it even more difficult merates elements of Etruscan material cul- be put on display in amuseum after being to correlate artifacts/cultural facies with athe- Skeleton ture, most convincingly furniture forms and examined further,DeSantis said. oretical migration or invasion from the East. techniques of divination and engineering, that It was the first skeleton to be found in the Now,toberelevant, DNA samples ought to do seem to derive from Levantine originals Unearthed in 3,000-year-old necropolis, she said. Early this come from the late 2nd millennium to 9th during the 8th and 7th centuries BC, and year,afunerary urn that contained human century BC. would only have been adopted after long-term ashes, as well as bone fragments that appeared As social historians, we must try to inform close association with Etruscan ancestors. Rome to be from asheep, were found in one of the colleagues in other fields lest they fall into the One might make acase for asignificant necropolis tombs. error of rigidly interpreting an idiosyncratic fromTHE ASSOCIATED PRESS Levantine ethnic group having been integrat- Alessandro Delfino, another archaeologist assortment of literature on the Etruscans, (May 31, 2006) ed into the archaic Etruscan elite, but the who took part in the excavations, said some excellent, and some polemical and high- DNA studies as published cannot be applied Monday’sdiscovery highlighted a‘’social ly problematic. If the current DNA bandwag- ROME (AP) —Archaeologists say they to this phenomenon since their samples are change’‘ in thefunerary habits of the people on has any good repercussions, Ihope it will have dug up awoman skeleton dating to the not precisely dated –and the DNA authors who dwelled in the area, from incinerating to encourage students (and the public) to receive 10th century B.C. in an ancient necropolis in clearly intend not evidence of diversity in the burying the dead. headlines very critically,and stimulate nation- the heart of Rome. established, historical Etruscan population, Experts have said the necropolis was des- al academies of sciences to require review of The well-preserved skeleton appears to be but the proof of romantic prehistoric origins tined for high-ranking personalities —such as all articles they publish, whether or not one of that of awoman aged about 30, said archaeol- (they imply adivergence of Etruscans and warriors and ancient priests —heading the the authors happens to be amember. ogist Anna De Santis, who took part in the Italics at 7500 years Before Present). tribes and clans that lived in small villages Certainly,inthe light of current expertise on excavations under the ,part The radiocarbon/chronology volume, scattered on hills near the area that later DNA, there is no more reason to believe of the sprawling complex of the Oriente eOccidente,isofgreat interest, but spawned one of the world’sgreatest civiliza- Herodotus now than there ever was. in central Rome. tions. unfortunately,its cost means that very few An necklace and four pins also were Page 5 Priapus tion in the garden, of marriage, the business world and the deity of safe voyages for sailors Continued from previous page and the deceased, but is now equally the pro- of yet another realm of ancient culture.22 A creator,the god with a“virile force so famed,” Museum News funerary inscription found in ( CIL 5. for whom even “Jove will leave alone his 3634) reveals Priapus’connection with death, awesome thunderbolts …drawn by desire.” referring to the grave as “a place reserved for the works are on display at Bonhams with a amemorial with ashrine of Priapus.” This NOTES 14 Roman view to an eventual sale, they remain tainted 1 H. Herter, de Priapo.Giessen 1932, 25-28. by uncertainty over their provenance and by 2 Herter,127. Found in the British Museum. an outstanding claim by that they See H.B. Walters Catalogue of the Bronzes, Treasures, on were illegally removed from its territory.At Greek,Roman, and Etruscan in the most, then, this private exhibition (viewing is Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities, View and by invitation or special request) is intended as British Museum.London, 1899, Number 737. afirst step toward the treasure’srehabilitation. Priapus is depicted as abearded man dressed Certainly,its owner,the Marquess of in ashort girt chiton, his right hand raised to Debated Northampton, would dearly like to sell it. By his mouth. his own admission, he acquired it in the early 3 W.H. Parker, Priapeia: Poems for aPhallic by Alan Riding 1980’swith this in mind. But two previous God.London: Croom Helm, 1988, 11.For attempts to sell it —in1983 to the J. Paul LONDON, Oct. 25 For the last week, Priapus as the son of an ass, see Macrobius, Getty Museum in Los Angeles and in 1990 at scoresofscholars, museum curators and col- Satire 6.5.6 an auction by Sotheby’s—failed. Meanwhile, 4 lectors have been discreetly filing into awell- B. Rose, “Bilingual Trojan Iconography,” in the collection has been stored in aLondon guarded gallery of the Bonhams auction house Mauerschau. Festschrift fuer Manfred vault. here to admire 14 richly decorated silver Korfmann.R.Aslan et al., eds. Remshalden, “I do not want my wife or my son to inher- objects that lay buried for 1,500 years in afor- 2002, 329-50: it was only in the first century it what has become acurse,” Lord gotten corner of what was once the Roman A.D. that Priapus began to wear the Phrygian Northampton, now 60, told The Sunday Times Empire. cap, “undoubtedly because his principal sanc- of London. “I doubt it will be sold overnight, The excitement is palpable. Only once tuary was located at Lampsakos, in the Troad” but eventually Ihope somebody or some insti- 5 before —for one brief morning in 1990 in A. Richlin, The Garden of Priapus,123. tution will buy it, and it will go on permanent 6 New York —has the so-called Sevso Treasure Herter,20-21. display so that people can enjoy and appreci- 7 been displayed in public. Now the solid silver Vergil, catalepton 1a. ate its exquisite beauty.” 8 plates, ewers, basins and caskets, thought to Columella, r.r 10. 29-34. Robert Brooks, the chairman of Bonhams, 9 be worth more than $187 million, are again Figure 2: Priapus. House of the Vettii , Satire 1.8. said he hoped this private exhibition, which 10 living up to their reputation as one of the (From JohnClarke, Roman Sex: 100 Vergil, catalepton 2a. ends on Friday,would at least provoke a 11 finest collections of ancient Roman silver ever B.C.- 250 A.D.,21) Vergil, catalepton 3a. debate. “In particular,there is the question of 12 found. , 6.49, 6.73. what happens to objects when their early 13 Dated from A.D. 350 to 450, the treasure association of Priapus with death can also be Martial, 17.70. provenance is unknown,” he said in an inter- 14 takes its name from adedication on a22- seen in an inscription found near agrave in Parker,11-12. view.“Do important objects get locked away pound hunting plate, which reads in Latin: Rome: “I, who with unsheathed member forever,orare they exhibited and studied?” “May these, OSevso, yours for many ages be, guard this grave, Priapus am, seat of both But while scholars have jumped at the small vessels fit to serve your offspring death and life.” ( CIL 6. 3708).Even in chance to view the Sevso Treasure, the debate worthily.” Horace’s Satire 1.8, Priapus is awatchman has so far not favored Lord Northampton or This work and others carry intricate designs over acemetery. Bonhams, not least because recent claims by and detailed reliefs of boar and bear hunting, In , the Augustan colony north of Italy and Greece to antiquities acquired by feasting and mythological stories, as well as , awhite marble funerary altar,dating some American museums have heightened delicate geometric forms. from the first to third century A.D. depicted awareness of the international traffic in Yetall this beauty carries ablemish. While the familiar guise of Priapus (fig. 4). [continued on next page] Aseductive Priapus stands in , lifting his tunic and revealing amember masked by a cornucopia of fruit and vegetation. Fertility is granted double importance by both the phallus and the abundant fruit. While at first it may seem unlikely that Priapus, adeity of life and 15 Richlin, Garden,125. fertility,should be invoked at graves and in 16 Richlin, Garden,121. funerary illustrations, his apotropaic, protec- 17 J. Clarke, Roman Sex: 100 B.C.- 250 A.D. tive role appears as perfectly appropriate to New York 2003, 104. the realm of death. As agod of graves, funer- 18 Herter,215, AP 10.4, late first century B.C als and death, he can ensure asafe passage to 19 Parker,5, AG 5.54, describes the activities the underworld much as he provided asafe of lovers in terms of the sea. voyage for sailors, deter the disturbance of the 20 E. M. O’Connor, Symbolum Salacitatis: A grave, protect the dead body from evil spirits Study of the God Priapus as aLiterary of the dead, and promise prosperity and good Character.Frankfurt 1989. 20: the fish may luck in the afterlife. be aphallic symbol, with its head representing In his adaptability,inhis many roles as the glans penis. protector and grantor of fertility and prosperi- 21 H. R. Neilson, “A Phallus from ty,Priapus can perhaps be seen as an Pisa Ship E: More Evidence for the Priapus omnipresent divinity,agod presiding over all Deity as Protector of Greek and Roman the land and all peoples. On aherm-pillar Navigators.” International Journal of from Tivoli along, detailed inscription to Nautical Archaeology 31.2 (2002) 248-253. Priapus ( CIL 14 3565) hails a“genuine wor- 22 Herter,231-232. ship of this godhead among the people.”23 In 23 C. Fischer, Priapeia.Salzburg.1969, 125. the inscription, Priapus is hailed as “of all things holy father,” “the holy father of all things that live,” “father,god of everything,” Figure 4: Aquileia Funerary Altar with for without Priapus’ vigor “no one can imag- Priapus. ine life on earth, in air,insea.” Priapus is no longer just the god of fertility and reproduc- Figure 3. Plainer A(From Neilson, Fig. 2)

Page 6 panion” at Hadrian’sVilla. Rogers said. November 2005. Negotiations went relatively Boston One of the artifacts, atwo-handled ampho- Italian prosecutors contend that over the quickly,over several months, and included ra from the fourth century B.C. attributed to last century museums around the world have two meetings in Rome in May and July.For the so-called Darius Painter,was donated to enriched their antiquities collections by the last year the museum has posted informa- Museum the Museum of Fine Arts in 1991 by Shelby acquiring objects that were illegally excavat- tion on the provenance of its artworks on its White, atrustee at the Metropolitan Museum ed from Italian soil by tomb robbers and sold Website, mfa.org . Returns 13 of Art who owns many other objects that are through unscrupulous dealers, often operating “It’saninvitationfor people to scrutinize being investigated by the Italian authorities. through . the collection,” Mr.Rogers said. “If people Other pieces were sold through the The collecting practices of American muse- come along and question an acquisition, we Ancient Works American dealer Robert Hecht, who is now ums fell under sharp scrutiny after the indict- feel duty-bound to respond.” on trial in Rome with Marion True, aformer ment of Ms. True, former curator of antiqui- Negotiations with the Getty over the return curator of the J. Paul Getty Museum, on ties at the Getty Museum in Los Angeles, of more than 50 objects contested by the to Italy charges of dealing in illegally excavated along with Mr.Hecht in Rome. Italians have been more strained. Though an by Elisabetta Povoledo works of art. The Sabina, for example, was Next week aRome court is scheduled to agreement to return 21 objects was tentative- acquired in 1979 from the Swiss dealer Fritz hear the appeal of their co-defendant, ly reached in June, the details have not been ROME, Sept. 29 After months of negotia- Bürki, with Mr.Hecht as an intermediary. Giacomo Medici, adealer who was sentenced made public. tions, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, on Still others were sold through aSwiss in 2004 to 10 years in prison and afine of 10 Mr.Rutelli, the culture minister,would say Thursday formally turned over 13 archaeolog- gallery,Palladion Antike Kunst, which is the million euros (about $12.7 million). Police only that he hoped adeal was “on the way” ical treasures to Italy that cultural officials focus of another Italian judicial investigation. officers found photographs of the statue of with the Getty. here say were looted from Italian soil. The relief of Hermes was donated in 1992 by Sabina, encrusted with dirt, in araid on Mr. He said he also hoped the pact with the At asigning ceremony at the Italian Cornelius Vermeule, the former curator of Medici’swarehouse in Geneva in 1995. Museum of Fine Arts would “accelerate other Cultural Ministry,Malcolm Rogers, the classical art at the Museum of Fine Arts. Since the trial of Ms. True and Mr.Hecht negotiations” with other American museums, Boston museum’sdirector,pledged his insti- Scholars suggest it might have come from began last November,Culture Ministry offi- which prosecutors say include the Princeton tution’scooperation in halting plunder in Hadrian’sVilla at Tivoli. cials have met with delegations from several University Art Museum and the archaeological source countries. Thursday’saccord closely resembles apact American museums to discuss the return of Museum of Art. “We’re committed to seeing the end of ille- reached last February with the Metropolitan dozens of archaeological artifacts. “This is apowerful message they’re hear- gal excavations and the illicit in archae- Museum of Art in New York providing for the No officials from any American museum ing,” he said. “We’re convinced that we’ve ological works of art,” Mr.Rogers said. He handover of 21 artifacts. As with the Met, the other than the Getty have been formally reached aturning point.” emphasized that the two sides had formed a Italian government will lend “significant charged with wrongdoing. Aside from the Sabina, the works returned collegial relationship. “This is anew era of works” for exhibition at the Museum of Fine Under the terms of Thursday’sagreement, by the Boston Museum will go on view at the legality,” he said. “That’swhy it’svery impor- Arts and collaborate on other projects like the Boston museum will inform the Italian National Roman Museum here. In November tant to see the objects here in Rome.” archaeological digs. Culture Ministry of any future acquisitions, Mr.Rutelli is to travel to Boston with the Although there had been signs in recent Mr.Rogers said the museum had acquired loans or donations of objects that could have pieces lent by Italy.Officials said they have weeks that an accord was imminent, the the works in “good faith.” But he said “the an Italian origin. The Met refused to agree to not yet been chosen. objects involved had not been disclosed. balance of evidence” presented by Italy asimilar clause in its agreement with the On the same trip, Italian officials said, Mr. Among them are amajestic statue of Sabina, “favored the return of the objects.” He Italian government. Rutelli will deliver aLaconian artifact to the the wife of the second-century Emperor declined to provide details on the evidence. Italian officials involved in the negotiations Met for afour-year loan. Hadrian; amarble fragment depicting Hermes The signed accord refers only to the 13 praised the Boston museum’s“open and hon- The Boston museum’saccord is to be from the first century A.D.; and 11 ancient works and will not prevent prosecutors from est” position. “They thought more about cul- deposited with Unesco, which drew up an painted vases. opening an investigation in the future, should tural projects than property,” said Maurizio international convention on the illicit traffic in Lifting awhite sheet with aflourish to questions arise about other artifacts. Fiorilli, the Italian government’schief nego- cultural property in 1970. “This is ahistoric unveil the Sabina, the Italian culture minister, “This closes one chapter as it opens awork- tiator. day,and we’re proud to be participating in it,” Francesco Rutelli, said the piece would be ing relationship that will make it easy for the The museum also took the first step in the Mr.Rogers said. returned to Tivoli to rejoin “her restless com- Italians to come and discuss with us,” Mr. process, approaching the Culture Ministry in

14 Roman Treasures That said, nothing certain is known about State Supreme Court also ruled them to be insists, the treasure was found by aquarry Continued from previous page the collection before 1980, when its first six “without merit,” and Lord Northampton was laborer,Jozsef Sumegh, in the late 1970’s. Mr. Roman and Greek treasures. pieces were reportedly sold by aLebanese- able to return the treasure to London. de Walden said that scholars had testified that In aletter to The Times of London, Lord born art dealer called Halim Korban to Peter Subsequently,hebrought alaw suit charg- the had several places called Renfrew,the former director of the Wilson, aformer chairman of Sotheby’s. Two ing “fraud and conspiracy to defraud” against Pelso. Cambridge-based McDonald Institute for years later,Mr. Wilson and aLondon lawyer, Mr.Mimpriss and his London law firm, Allen The Hungarian claim has nonetheless been Archaeological Research, said it would be Peter Mimpriss, persuaded Lord Northampton &Overy.The case was settled out of court, kept alive by the mysterious circumstances of unethical for any British museum to display to invest in the venture, and four more works and while the terms were never divulged, Mr.Sumegh’sdeath in 1980: first described the collection. And he added: “It is an affront were acquired. British newspapers have reported that Lord as suicide, it was later termed amurder some- to public decency that acommercial dealer In 1983, these 10 were offered to the Getty Northampton won as much as $28 million in how related to the Sevso Treasure. In The should do so —even if many archaeologists, museum, but the museum lost interest after compensation. Guardian this week, Lord Redesdale went so such as myself, will take the opportunity of Lebanese export licenses were proved to be With this private exhibition, Lord far as to say that “there is now aconsiderable going to inspect it.” falsified. That same year Mr.Wilson died, but Northampton has intentionally thrust the body of circumstantial evidence that the treas- Ludovic de Walden, Lord Northampton’s through Mr.Mimpriss’sconnections, Lord Sevso silver back into the limelight. And one ure was indeed found in Hungary.” legal adviser,responded in the newspaper that Northampton later bought four more pieces. predictable result has been arenewed claim Meanwhile, Bonhams is preparing to return it was also “offensive” of Lord Renfrew to The collection of 14, by then owned entirely by Hungary. the treasure to its life behind bars this week- imply that any criminal act might have been by Lord Northampton, was exhibited in New “According to Hungarian law,” Hungary’s end. “What is an affront to public decency,” committed, either by Bonhams or by Lord York in 1990 in anticipation of aSotheby’s Ministry of Education and Culture wrote in a said Mr.Brooks, the auction house’schair- Northampton. auction planned for later that year in letter to Bonhams, “the treasures are the prop- man, “is the thought that these objects will But in an article in The Guardian this week, Switzerland. erty of the Hungarian state, therefore we never be seen by anyone, anywhere, at any Lord Redesdale, secretary of an all-party par- The Lebanese government then obtained an maintain our claim of title to it and will take time. The alternative is to give them to some liamentary archaeology group, called for a injunction barring the treasure’sremoval from all possible legal measures pursuant to this.” country that has not proven its claim.” full examination of the treasure’sorigins. New York, and lengthy legal proceedings fol- But so far Hungary has neither taken fresh “The fact is,” he went on, “no one has come “While the treasure remains here with its sta- lowed. Lebanon dropped its claim to the col- legal action nor presented new facts to bolster up with adecisive answer as to where the tus unresolved, it represents astanding chal- lection, but Hungary and joined the the evidence rejected by New York’s treasure originated, where it was used and lenge to the effectiveness of the measures in case. Finally,in1994, after several lower Appellate Court. One element in its original where it might have been hidden. All we force in this country to combat the trade in courts rejected the Hungarian and Croatian claim is that the hunting plate refers to Pelso, know is that it was probably hidden, which is illicit antiquities,” he wrote. claims, the Appellate Division of New York’s as Lake Balaton is called in Latin. There, it why it survives in unbelievable condition.”

Page 7 The Museo Archeologico Sites del Chianti tried to sell his “finds” in the nearby town of Etruscan . When the finance police trailed him back to Senese they were rewarded with the discov- Temple ery of his unique “warehouse” —ahuge mushroom-shaped structure hidden away in by Nancy T. de Grummond the wooded area known locally as Bagno Florida State University Discovered Sacro. The name and an old monastery near- by reflect the area’suse through history as a Anew archaeological museum for the nearVetralla special, magic place. Chianti region was inaugurated at Castellina The track leading down to the site is simi- in Chianti on April 21, 2006. Located in the lar to other vie cave to be found throughout Piazza del of Castellina, the museum Sincethe days when Napoleon’sbrother, the area which is dappled with Etruscan sites brings together for the first time finds from Luciano Bonaparte, played tomb robber in such as , Castel d’Asso and Grotta the most notable sites in the part of Italy , northern ’sEtruscan sites have Porcina. known as Chianti Geografico: the area north been giving up precious artifacts, including Although not officially announced by the of , comprising the modern towns of red and black-figure Attic vases and gold jew- Sovvrintendenza, the site will surely put Castellina, Gaiole and Radda, as well as ellery. Vetralla on the map as archaeologists contin- Castelnuovo Berardenga. Along with hand- The recent unearthing of an important tem- ue to study the important finds. some didactic displays including multi-media ple complex near Vetralla, 68 kms. north of The temple’ssize (estimated at 500 sq. m.), screens and touch-screen monitors, the cases Rome, is afurther reminder that the Etruscans its decorative columns and the amount of ter- feature evidence for the prehistory and histor- are still very much with us and that their racotta ex votos representing uterie and phalli ical periods of Chianti, especially the Etruscan temple near Vetralla. imposing necropolis and monuments are a show the importance of the site. An almost Etruscan components. major reason for visiting the area. life-sized terracotta statue of the goddess Acarefully considered blend of informa- The temple dedicated to goddess Demeter,rivalling the terracotta winged hors- tion from settlements and tombs helps provide (Vea for the Etruscans) had been alocal tomb es of Tarquinia, has been taken to ’s apanorama of chronology,beginning with the robber’s source of “ cocci”until he unwisely Etruscan Museum for safe keeping. Final , represented by the settle- ment at Poggio La Croce (Radda) and moving on to the Archaic, known from tombs in and Also supporting the claim that this is the around Castellina, such as the famous Fledgling is the fact that the area was of Montecalvario. The remarkable used continuously for religious purposes right lion’shead in pietra serena found in the tumu- from the 6th century BC up to the 15th centu- lus (late 7th century BCE) is the prize piece of Rome ry.Infact Roman templeswere built on it in the museum. Discovered 91 years ago, it is for later centuries and the last church was erected the first time on permanent public display. ‘trembled’ there in the 12th century. One room of the museum is given over to Roman historian mentions the Fanum finds from the Etruscan fortified settlements Voltumnae several times in his works. He of the 4th to 2nd centuries BCE at Cetamura when leaders describes the meetings that took place there (Gaiole) and Poggio la Croce, featuring an between Etruscan leaders. He refers in partic- impressive array of objects that relate to daily ular to ameeting in which two groups applied life and trade, and demonstrating the different of 12 cities to assist the city of in awar it was wag- ceramic types and fabrics from these centers. ing. The council’sanswer was no, because The museum, created under the supervision met Veii had declared war without first notifying of Carlotta Cianferoni, former acting head of it. the Soprintendenza per iBeni Archeologici Livy also says that Roman merchants who della Toscana, is dedicated to the memory of (ANSA) -Rome, September 7-Italian travelled to ahuge fair attached to the meeting Lorenzo Brogi, long abeloved figure in archaeologists believe they have found the acted as spies, reporting back on Etruscan archaeological research in the Comune of mysterious sanctuary which was the religious One of the most famous monuments affairs to authorities in the fledgling city state Castellina in Chianti. ArcheoProgetti srl, a and political centre of the Etruscan civiliza- of , the 6th c. of of Rome. “When the Etruscan League met, dynamic archaeological cooperative that has tion. Veii statue that was restored in 2004 people in Rome -which was still quite small - been active in the Chianti area for nearly 20 The Etruscan world was organized around and can be seen at the began to tremble,” Stopponi said. years under the leadership of coordinator afederation of 12 city states. Each spring the Museum in Rome. Italy’sCulture Minister Francesco Rutelli Marzio Cresci, played akey role in assem- political and religious leaders from the cities believes the Etruscan sites dotted around the bling the research and designing the displays. would meet at aholy place called the Fanum countryside north of Rome offer an important This group has ardently promoted the involve- Voltumnae to hold acouncil. Here they would BC ceremonial vases used for religious rites. opportunity to develop tourism in the area. ment of the local communities, and has espe- discuss campaigns, civic affairs and “It has all the characteristics of avery impor- The Etruscan city of Veii, one of Italy’smost cially provided opportunities for children to pray to their common gods. Chief amongst tant shrine, and of that shrine in particular,” spectacular but neglected archaeological learn about the archaeological patrimony of these was , god of the underworld. said Simonetta Stopponi, professor of treasures, is now part of agovernment bid to their region. The arrangements in the museum Until now it has never been clear where the Etruscan studies at Macerata University. focus interest on the ancient Etruscans. support this mission by providing places for Fanum, which means sanctuary,was located, Listing some of those characteristics, she On September 19 Culture Minister children to work and listen to presentations and historians have been looking for it for at mentioned“the scale of the construction, its Francesco Rutelli was scheduled to visit the and to display drawings and artifacts they least six centuries. intricate structure and layout, the presence of digs at Veio, where archaeologists recently have recreated in classes. Now,after extensive digs at asite near the wells and fountains and the central temple brought to light the oldest examples of paint- Ashort illustrated guide in English or hill town of , 60 miles north of Rome, building”. ing in Western civilisation. Experts unearthed Italianisavailable at the museum. For further ateam of archaeologists from Macerata So far the team has not found an inscription atomb dating to the seventh century BC, the information see the bilingual website, University is sure the mystery has been referring to the god Voltumna. This would oldest ever to have emerged from the ground http://www.museoarcheologicochianti.it/ solved. They have found the walls of acentral prove beyond all doubt that the place is the at the buried Etruscan city north of Rome. It temple, two important roads and part of the famed Fanum Voltumnae. In the meantime, contained wall paintings of five red, roaring perimeter wall of an extensive shrine, all built excavations continue and Stopponi thinks lions and aflock of yellow-tinged waterbirds. in the tufa stone used by the Etruscans. They such an inscription could be found when digs Rutelli intends to work closely with local have also uncovered fragments of 6th century resume next summer. [continued on next page]

Page 8 [continued from previous page] was trying to locate the construction whose administratorstoboost tourism in the area. “If stone foundations had been unearthed during any other country in the world had asite like excavations in 1960, together with abothros Veii, it would feature it as their star attraction. containing inscriptions, inter alia.Weidenti- Italy has so much artistic wealth and, too fied the stone tufa blocks, although heavily often, we just take this for granted,” he said. destroyed by the plough, and unfortunately we must consider the foundation lost. We found two skyphos bottoms, one of which has an inscription tentatively interpreted by Vignale Hill, Giovanni Colonna as reading AI, “to the gods.” We also uncovered the old road with heavy substructures that once led from San SanGiovenale Giovenale over the bridge to the Vignale hill from the north, and also three rock-cut tombs on the southern part of the Vignale hill. We By Ingela Wiman plan to start fieldwork, if permitted, in the University of Göteborg summer of 2007, and will look for five other bothroi, previously located but never excavat- The large Vignale plateau, rising southeast of ed, around the “ceremonial structure” , has never been satisfactorily described above. investigated. This cliffwas connected to the The exhibition in Viterbo, which has been necropolis hill by aroad and bridge system in extended, includes the inscription and other Etruscan times and must have played avital objects from San Giovenale. part in the economy of the site. See also the Swedish Institute’sVignale In February 2006, Yvonne Backe-Forsberg, Archeological Project at: http://www.svenska- Richard Holmbergand Ingela Wiman carried institutet-rom.org/projects/vignale.html out asurvey on the Vignale hill. Our group

cial pit, sunk The Area Sacra into the beat- en earth Figure 1. Plan of the 2006 excavations at Carsulae () at Cetamura floor,meas- uring ca. 1.00 mx architectural elements from other buildings to by Nancy de Grummond 0.90 m, with Excavation of create aflue extending from the furnace Florida State University adepth of ca. across the apse (see Etruscan News 5[2005] 0.25 m. Of 11). At the time, we interpreted the reuse as Excavations in Zone II at Cetamura del the many the Baths at suggesting aconservative rebuilding and Chianti up to 2006 have now made clear much items found retention of earlier architectural forms, which of Area L(=Building L), amonumental in the pit, had perhaps been retained from as far back as Etruscan building evidently dating to the final some were Carsulae 2006 the first bath structure at the site. Other deco- century of Etruscan civilization (2nd half of rative carved stone elements were found scat- the second century/1st half of the first century by Jane K. Whitehead tered around the exterior of the apse in loca- BCE). The building has ahighly irregular Fig. 2: Etruscan potsherd with an Valdosta State University tions that gave no clue as to their original or plan, with stone foundations often one meter incised inscription with the name of the secondary functions. or more in thickness. The interior of the build- god Lurs, worshipped at Cetamura. The baths at the Roman city of Carsulae In the 2006 season, excavation continued in ing features walls running at right angles and have now undergone two campaign of exca- the area of the apse, where the architecture following the compass points. Other walls run clearly ritually burned and others probably vation, in 2005 and 2006; research at the site exposed by Umberto Ciotti in the 1950s at adiagonal to this plan, including one wall intentionally broken. began with astudy of the surface remains in remained vulnerable and deteriorating. The or wing of the building about 21 meters long. Most of the finds from the pit have been 2004. Carsulae is generally believed to have 2006 excavation produced more examples, There are paved areas alternating with beaten consigned to Studio Arts Centre International been founded in the late 3rd c. B.C. when the both of reuse of materials outside of their earth floors of yellow clay and what is proba- (SACI), Florence, for conservation and Romans built the ViaFlaminia through intended functions and of decorative blocks bly alarge courtyard in the middle. Some of restoration under the direction of Nora Marosi Umbria to the Adriatic coast; the frequent scattered around the exterior of the apse. The the foundations are so heavy and thick that and Renzo Giacchetti. The exact number of emergence of vernice nera in the area most striking example of reuse is visible in the they could easily have supported multistoried pots present will not be clear until restoration of the baths, though not from secure contexts, crude tegulae mammatae,their hand-formed elements. has sorted out the various shards, but it is evi- would confirm habitation at the site, if not the bosses sticking up from the sub-floor of the Within the building’scourtyard is afree- dent that the pit contained approximately ten existence of the baths themselves, at that early hypocaust, where they serve as pavers. They standing sandstone platform that likely served vessels, including four miniatures. Several of date. must have been taken from an earlier bath, or as an altar.Ithas atetrag- the vases were quite large, including one stor- The 2005 excavations within the area of the earlier phase of these baths, where they would onal shape, measuring age vessel, probably for grain, and alarge apse revealed an odd reuse of decorative [continued on next page] 2.46 x1.32 x1.94 pitcher,probably for wine. There also were x1.85 m. (dis- little cups for drinking and abowl for eating, covered in as well as asmall beaker of the type that holds coin of bronze clad with silver (fig. 1), now religious activity on the site, along with a 2005; pub- oil or spices. All of these vessels were ceram- legible, as aresult of Giacchetti’scleaning, as number of other graffiti and miniature vessels lished in ic, most of them broken, but with most or all atype of coin struck in asilver denarius series found through the years in the area of the kiln Etruscan News of the fragments buried together in the pit. at the Roman colony of Narbo ca. 118BCE; it and the cisterns Structure Aand Structure B. 6, p. 10). Nearby Further,most of the pots seem to be locally provides a terminus post quem for the sacrifi- Building Lmay show an ambitious attempt to was found asacrifi- made rather than imported. No painted wares cial pit, as well as an index for dating the altar monumentalize an already existing sacred were included. and Building L. area in the final years of Etruscan habitation at Fig. 1: Silvered bronze coin found in Also of considerable interest was the dis- In the same Zone of Cetamura (Zone II), in Cetamura. sacrificial pit at Cetamura. Reverse: covery of some ten iron nails deposited in the adeep stratigraphy adjacent to the kiln, For further information and for maps of image of nude Gallic warrior carrying pit, all in arelatively good state of preserva- Structure K, dating to the third century BCE, Cetamura, see http://www.fsu.edu/~classics/ ashield and the Gallic carnyx, in a tion. While the Etruscan regard for the sancti- were found in 2006 several fragments of pot- cetamura/arch_programs_index1.html,espe- two-horse chariot. Inscription of L. ty of nails is well known, it is too early to tery with graffiti. One of these has the name cially “Latest Results and Previous Licinius and Gnaeus Domitius. After comment on what is surely aritual usage at of the god Lurs incised upon it (fig. 2). While Discoveries.” Also see: http://www. 118 BCE. Cetamura. Among the metal objects was a this belongs to an earlier phase and aslightly eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-06/fsu- different spot on Zone II, it certainly shows fee062906.php Page 9 The second shallow limestone arch turned up against the northern exterior face of the apse, very near the displaced column frag- ment, noted in the 2004 season. The front of the arch is carved with reliefs depicting Cupids leaning on upturned torches; these flank arectangular field containing the ruined image of aquadruped (fig. 2). The Cupids are awell-known funerary image, and surprising for this context. Perhaps an area of tombs at Carsulae was destroyed in antiquity by an earthquake that also damaged the baths. The Carsulans may have considered it auspicious to bring elements of the houses of the dead, like spolia,into the service of aplace of the living, especially aplace that fostered health and healing and life. The architectural form of the baths at Carsulae continues to appear atypical. What appeared to be avery tenuous wall, defining Figure 2. Limestone arch carved with the straight side of the apse where it meets the funerary motifs; it was found dis- rectangular room, was partially exposed in Fig. 2. Lions with human in mouth. Capital of column, Church of San Flaviano, placed on the exterior side of the 2005. In 2006, however,after the removal of ,1032. (Photo P. Bevilacqua). northern apse wall. the concrete suspended floor that was bonded into it, it no longer appears to be awall, but have been fixed vertically to create chambers rather adouble-decker hypocaust (fig. 3). This Etruscan Capitals at within the walls for the free passage of hot air. is an uncommon feature, and probably served That role was served in our bath by box flue to heat the side of aplunge bath located in the tiles, found in situ against the mosaic floors of apse. The two-story hypocaust clearly contin- Montefiascone: Etruscan the rectangular room (see plan, fig. 1). ues under,and supports, the mosaic floors of In another example of reuse of materials, the rectangular room. Unfortunately,itseems one of the pilae,the pillars of tiles that sup- from the surface contours that most of the Influence in Romanesque ported the suspended concrete floor of the floors are missing from the rectangular room, hypocaust, was patched with irregular,flat, 3- so it is not certain how far into that space the Architecture cm.-thick stones, which replaced several of its two levels extended. The presence of this terracotta bricks. Half-circle bricks, originally unusual feature further suggests that our bath intended for columns, were found reused may have been built early in the development by Larissa Bonfante and Paolo Bevilacqua sters, unknown to early Christian art or reject- within the apse wall as well as on top of the of the Roman bath typology; alternatively,it ed by it, were represented as climbing on por- carved block, one wall of the flue may indicate adistinctive or unique function The term Romanesque, originally intro- tals, altar canopies, capitals, walls, , from the furnace, where it served as apartial for our bath beyond that of mere daily duced to refer to the art of western Europe and font mouldings. The powerful radiating pila to hold up the suspended floor. hygiene. influence of Etruscan art transmitted them to More decorative blocks emerged, scattered The small object finds of the 2006 season Mediaeval artists: on aportal of from their original location. The most illumi- offer hopes of new insights. Twobrick stamps Cathedral, Romanesque sculptors carved an nating of these are two: aCorinthian lesena, found paving the sub-floor of the hypocaust, Etruscan chimaera with agoat’shead on its or pilaster capital, found to the west of the as well as ten coins, may give us information back and aserpent for atail, similar to the apse; and alimestone arch, resembling one about the chronology of use and rebuilding of famous Chimaera of Arezzo. Also due to found in 2004, but excavated on the northern the structure. The elegance of the finer objects Etruscan influence were the lions supporting exterior of the apse rather than the western. –two carved ivory hairpins and an ivory nee- Romanesque porticoes, or the dragons and The capital, cut down carefully from its origi- dle, much extremely fine glass from delicate griffins seen in the arms of Volterra. nal design to fit another purpose, emerged vessels –increasingly suggests afeminine “Nay,weshall discover many more such from under the edge of alarge rock that had presence in the last days of the baths’ use. connections between Etruscan and Mediaeval fallen from the clifftothe north of the baths; This presence may connect in some way to the art when they are more thoroughly studied.”1 it had been left there no doubt by apillager Cupids on the arch: for example, did the baths Corrado Ricci echoes the words of another caught in the act. It resembles two others on serve as ahealth center for woman at some scholar of this period, G.T.Rivoira, who notes display within the Carsulae park, but the stage of childbirth? that the influence of Etruscan art has yet to be places of their discovery are not recorded. properly taken into account in the origins of .2 These monsters, double-head- ed , and especially the animals with Fig. 1. Lion with tail in mouth. Capital limbs in their mouths, which were so typical of column, Church of San Flaviano, of Etruscan art of the , Montefiascone, 1032. (Photo P. had remained as fossilized elements, and Bevilacqua). become apart of the repertoire of the art of Gaul and other areas.3 Indeed, the local influ- after 814 (the date of Charlemagne’sdeath), is ence in this region of Italy only served to rein- an appropriate name for this art, just as the force motifs of Etruscan art that had traveled term Romance is appropriate for the lan- north in much earlier times, had become guages that derived from Latin and were fused established in the art of northern Europe, and with local dialects and languages. In the art resurfaced in the rich international context of and architecture of this period, as in the lan- Romanesque. guages, the classical tradition was mixed with In this context, we want to look at afew local influences. capitals in the church of San Flaviano in This classical tradition was very much a Montefiascone,4 built in 1032, whose figured part of the powerful revival of art in the year decoration derives from typically Etruscan 1000, and was particularly strong in Italy.As Orientalizing motifs, adopted in the art of might be expected, in the of ancient Europe and incorporated into along Figure 3. View of double-story hypocaust along the eastern side of the apse. the local Etruscan influence lasting artistic tradition. Several of the capi- The pila,orpillar of tiles, in the foreground indicates the single-story height. was especially important. Numerous mon- tals are decorated with figures of lions. No The toppling pilae are packed with sand bags to hold them in place. two are alike. One of the lions has his own tail Page 10 Date of Contested by Adriano La Regina

The Capitoline Wolf, Rome’smost famous symbol, representing the myth of the city’s origins, has long been considered one of the Ed. note: The She-wolf was seen by masterpieces of . Handbooks on the Dante in Rome in 1300, and appears regularly include it as an exam- at the beginning of the Inferno as the ple of Etruscan craftsmanship. last and most frightening of the Three It used to be attributed to , the famous Beasts. sculptor from Veii who was called to Rome in the late sixth century,atthe time of Tarquin And she-wolf, that with all hungerings the Proud, to decorate the Temple of Seemed to me laden in her meagreness, Capitoline. More recently it was held to be the And many folk has caused to live forlorn! work of alater artist from Veii, asculptor of Dante, Inferno 1, 49-51. the following generation, who created and (Henry Wadsworth Longfellow trans. cast it in the years 480-470 BC. It has been 1867). known for some time that the twins were added in 1471 or shortly thereafter,when the bronze statue, agift of Sixtus IV to the city of Rome, was transferred from the Lateran to the tify it as belonging to the school of the great Fig. 5. Bronze from Watsch, fifth century BC.(Drawing from Bonfante Campidoglio. bronze of the , while 1981, fig. 7). It has been proven, by means of incontro- stylistic characteristics date it to aperiod vertible evidence, that the Wolf itself is also a between Carolingian and Romanesque art. later creation. Certain technical features iden- In 1997 the statue’srestoration was entrust- ed to Anna Maria Carruba, an art historian and restorer who specializes in the study and restoration of ancient bronzes. An accurate study of the casting technique brought out the fact that the statue had been cast using the lost wax process in asingle casting. Such atech- nique evolved and became more sophisticated in the course of the Middle Ages, when it was important to case bronze church free of seams or faults, in order to ensure the clarity of their sound. Ancient bronzes, whether Greek, Etruscan or Roman, are different from medieval bronzes because they are cast in pieces, later welded together to form the whole. According Fig. 3. Lions with human in mouth. to the traditional story,two Greek scuptors of Capital of column, Church of San the sixth century BC, Rhoikos and Theodoros Flaviano, Montefiascone, 1032. (Photo P. “were the first to liquefy bronze and cast stat- Bevilacqua). ues,” in the words of Pausanias, and found a way to make more accurate casts. Their inno- vations probably consisted, as Anna Maria Fig. 4. Back of Etruscan bronzethronefrom Chiusi. Strøm,Die Welt der Carruba has discovered, not in the invention Etrusker 1990, pl. 13 (Drawing from Strøm). of the casting method itself, but rather in the discovery of the technique of soldering together parts of asculpture cast separately, in his mouth (fig. 1). Twoofthe capitals show 2 G.T.Rivoira, Le origini della architettura the fifth-century bronze situla from Watsch, by using adifferent bronze as the soldering lions in the process of devouring aman. In lombarda.Rome 1901, 331-333. we see deer with plants issuing from their agent, amethod known as a“brasatura forte.” one case, the two lions have imprisoned him 3 Larissa Bonfante, Out of Etruria.Oxford, mouths, and, walking in an orderly fashion This technique, adopted in the Greek world with their tails and are sharing him, one lion BAR 1981. ed. P. Gregory Warden, “Men, behind adeer,alion with ahuman leg in his and soon introduced in Etruria and Rome, eating his leg, the other an arm (fig. 2). On Beasts, and Monsters,” Vase Painting. Form, mouth (fig. 5). This limb in mouth motif is results in the modeling of more delicate vol- another capital, the lions have divided the Figure, and Narrative. Treasures of the Nat. ubiquitous in seventh century Etruscan art, umes and sottosquadri,and allows the cre- man between them; one has his head in his Arch. Museum in Madrid. Meadows Museum where countless lions parade with human legs ation of ambitious compositions, going mouth, while the other has the trunk (fig. 3). of Fine Arts, ed. P. Gregory Warden. Dallas, hanging out of their mouths. beyond even the limits of what can be done Both motifs are characteristic features of TX 2004. Etruscan lions, monsters and demons found with marble, the best of the stone used for seventh-century Etruscan art, though the acro- 4 Montefiascone, near the Lago di , ahome in the imagination and art of the sculpture. It also allows the artist to reach a batic tricks the lions perform with their tails will be familiar to readers as the home of the Medieval period, and survived into the remarkable surface finish, as well as reducing are not. The tail in the mouth of the first lion Est! Est! Est! wine. in their own territory,where the risk of failure in the casting process, an looks alot like the plants coming out of the 5 Nancy T. de Grummond, “Rediscovery,” Etruscan angels and devils helped churchgo- important advantage not to be underestimated. mouths of animals in Orientalizing decora- Etruscan Life and Afterlife,ed. L. Bonfante. ers and great artists to imagine Heaven and The Medieval casting technique in one tion, such as the bronze throne from Chiusi, 5 Detrite 1986, 18-46; and, with L. Bonfante, Hell. piece results instead in more rigid forms, less where it appears coming out of the mouth of a “Wounded Souls: Etruscan Ghosts and free in their movement, though it undoubted- chimera (fig. 4). The motif also appears on ’s‘Slaves’,” Analecta Romana NOTES ly has advantages in its practical application, processions of animals, and in the northern Inst. Danici 18 (1989) 99-116. such as the casting of church bells. Only in the situla art of the sixth and later centuries, influ- 1 Corrado Ricci, Romanesque Art in Italy. Renaissance did artists using the technique of enced by earlier Etruscan Orientalizing New York, ca. 1935, V. motifs. In the procession register of [continued on next page]

Page 11 Conferences

Meetings of the Associazione ARCS 2007- Internazionale di Archeologia 2008 Classica (AIAC) Academic

The AIAC was founded in 1945 to be a Produce, Accumulate.” Alessandro Jaia of the center for true practical international collabo- Università di Roma “La Sapienza” was mod- Program ration for all scholars of Classical erator.The program consisted of the follow- Archaeology.Among its activities are the ing papers: For the academic year 2007-2008, the organization of aconference every five years, Martin Köder (Istituto Archeologico American Research Center in Sofia plans to the maintenance of aWeb site that includes Germanico), “ Insediamenti indigeni in offer three programs with accompanying fel- very useful archaeological information, the tra VIII eVsec. a. C.“ lowships in cooperation with various publication of AIACNews,and the recent cre- Francesca Missi (Università di Roma “La Bulgarian educational institutions. ARCS ation of an online version of the Fasti Sapienza”), “ Dinamiche insediative nel will host the programs’ lectures and seminars, Archeologici (www.fastionline.org ), no longer Suburbio fluviale sud-occidentale di Roma provide logistical support, organize related published in hard copy. dall’età repubblicana aquella tardo-antica.” trips, and facilitate opportunities for taking From the year 2000, in addition, monthly Eeva-Maria Viitanen (Institutum Romanum Bulgarian-language classes and access to meetings of the various national archaeologi- Finlandiae), “ Bonus locus. Studi sulla dislo- local libraries, museums, and other education- cal institutes have been organized to permit cazione delle ville romane della Campagna al institutions. young scholars (doctoral candidates, fellow- Romana.” ship recipients) who are involved in research Javier Salido (Escuela Española di Roma), 1. ARCS 2007-2008 Academic Year (9- in Italy to meet and present their work. The “ Igranai privati epubblici nell’Impero Etruscan by Month) Program, September-May lectures are offered preferably in Italian, but Romano Occidentale: la provincia Hispania.” Those interested in the 9-month program other languages are also acceptable. Francesco Martorella (Università degli (only for graduate students) will devote one Studi di Siena), “ Contesti produttivi esistemi Definition semester of their choice to independent Ameeting took place November 20, 2006, di stoccaggio delle derrate nello studio di Conferecne in honour of Sybille Haynes 12/8/06 research and travel, and participate either in in the Istituto Finlandese di Roma on the sub- alcuni granai delle Mauretaniae edella the ARCS Fall Semester or Spring Semester ject “ Insediarsi, produrre, accumulare :Settle, Numidia.” DavidRidgway,“James Byres and the def- program (described below). inition of the Etruscans.” Judith Toms, “Regional Identities within 2. ARCS Fall Semester 2007 Program Fifth Amber Conference, In the Villanovan culture.” This program is intended for graduate and Friedhelm Prayon, “The atrium house and advanced undergraduate students interested in Belgrade life-style: an Italo-Etruscan concept.” the history,material culture, and civilization Stephan Steingräber,“Etruscan Rock of and the Balkan region. The term Tombs –Origins, characteristics, local and Committee on the Study of Amber Palavestra was responsible for the exhibition of the program is from the first Monday of of Amber in Serbia that opened at the same foreign elements.” September through the last Saturday of Stefano Bruni, “Rituals and ideology The Fifth International Conference on time at the National Museum of Serbia and November.The program consists of lectures, among the aristocracy of the Orientalizing Amber in Archaeology was held in Belgrade . He and the conference organiz- seminars and trips relating to the period from Period.” on May 3-7,2006. Like the Fourth ers, Joan Todd and Curt Beck, will edit the antiquity to the present day; ample opportuni- Jean-René Jannot, “Tosleep, perchance to International Conference, which was held in Conference Proceedings. ty for independent research and language dream: Etruscan funerary .” Talsi in 2001, and published in 2003, it was For more informationonthis or other training will be provided. The goal of the pro- Judith Swaddling, “Shake, rattle –and organized by Professors Curt Beck and Joan amber matters, please contact the Conference gram is to engage the participants with emi- Role? Sistra in Etruria.” Todd. Participants came from the Baltic to the Chair,Curt W. Beck, Amber Research nent local scholars in the study of Bulgarian Nancy Winter,“Solving the riddle of the Adriatic, including J. Bouzek, Czech Laboratory,Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, (and to acertain extent, Balkan) history and on the roof.” Republic; L. Bonfante, USA; N. Negroni NY 12604 U.S.A. e-mail:[email protected] civilization in their continuity and facilitate John Penney,“Personal details in Etruscan Catacchio, Italy; P. von Eles, Italy; J. Or the Serbian hosts of the Conference at specialized research in local institutions. inscriptions.” Dabrowski, ; CH.Hughes-Brock, the National Museum in Belgrade: arh@naro- Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni, “The impor- Great Britain; I. Loze, Latvia; K. Marková, dnimuzej.org.yu or sarad@narodnimuzej. [continuedonnext page] tance of being Umaele.” , and many others. Dr.Aleksandar org.yu

Wolf ancient art, at first with some hesitation, but sion of its presentation after the restoration ence, an uncomfortable fit, unable to be Continuedfrom previous page with more and more certainty as time went on, was completed, the Capitoline Museum’s included easily in ahistorical sequence. It is soldering different parts, cast separately, and to attribute its provenance and origin to a publication declared, without any hesitation, no wonder that unlike the other great bronzes, reach results comparable to those of antiquity, center of , or to Rome, or yet that the Capitoline Wolf had been made in a the Chimaera of Arezzo and the Arringatore, the most famous example being the Perseus of again to Etruria. In the first half of the twenti- workshop of Veii. It is to be wondered at that it has attracted little attention on the part of Benvenuto Cellini. eth century the Wolf was considered to be the the results of the careful research into the those scholars who have recently written on The Capitoline Wolf has occupied astrange work of Vulca of Veii, according to the opin- casting technique made possible in the course Etruscan art. The new date, on the other hand, position in the history of art. Afew nine- ion of Giulio Quirino Giglioli; this idea was of the restoration should have been ignored, opens up promising perspectives for the study teenth-century scholars, by now forgotten, accepted in aperiod of enthusiastic response when the work of art in question is one that of this important statue. had intuited the medieval origin of the statue to the discovery of the , and to has been so hard to classify. Some comparisons of its style are already without however being able to prove it. The arampant nationalism that saw the wolf as Anna Maria Carruba has removed from the more easily understood, for example the most important contribution of the twentieth “menacingly ready to defend the people who sphere of Etruscan art one of its masterpieces inclusion of forms typical of Sassanian sculp- century can without adoubt considered that of adored it.” and restored it to the art of the Middle Ages. ture of the seventh and eighth centuries in the Emanuel Loewy,who already in 1934 had Since 1951 the opinion of Friedrich Matz, If it were necessary to confirm the results of art of the Romanesque period. excluded the possibility that the statue could who attributed the sculpture to the years 480- her study it would be enough to point out how (The author,formerly Soprintendente ai have been produced by Etrusco-Italic art. 470, has prevailed. This date has surprisingly Etrusco-Italic art does not suffer in any way Beni Archeologici di Roma, is aProfessor of Since then scholars have however tended to continued to be accepted even after new infor- from this loss: the statue of the Wolf in such a Etruscan Studies at the University of Rome date the famous statue within the sphere of mation was available. In 2000, on the occa- context has always been an irrational pres- “La Sapienza.”) Page 12 ARCS Italia” Maria BonghiJovino, “L’ultima dimora. Continued from previous page Sepolti traivivi: Buried Ritualtà ecomplessità. Nuovi dati sulle 3. ARCS Spring Semester 2008 Program sepolture nell’abitato di Tarquinia” This program is intended for graduate and Amongthe Living Francesca Boitani, “La donna delle fornaci advanced undergraduate students interested in di Veio-Campetti” religious studies and Orthodox Christian civi- The conference “Sepolti tra ivivi: Buried azione.” Maria Paola Baglione, Maria Anna De lization, art, architecture, and music. The term Among the Living,” organized by Gilda Elisa Gusberti, “ Status sociale esignificato Lucia Brolli, “ Le deposizioni infantili of the program is from the first Monday of Bartoloni, was held in the Museo dell’Arte rituale dei morti in abitato aRoma tra VIII e nel’Agrofalisco tra vecchi enuovi scavi.” February to the last Saturday of April. The Classica in Rome, April 26-29, 2006. It con- VII sec. a. C.” Angela Ciancio, “ Necropoli eareeurbane. structure of the program will be similar to the sisted of seven sessions: Anna Gallone, “ Ne sepelito neve urito. L’uso ‘apulo’ di seppellireintra ed extra fall program. The lectures and seminars will Session I: Prehistory and Protohistory Un’eccezione alle XII Tavole nella prima muros nella Peucezia del periodo tra VI eIII give an overview of Orthodox Christianity, Session II: The Ancient Orient Roma.” secoloa.C. ” with aspecial emphasis on the study of Session III: The HellenicWorld Paolo Carafa, “Uccisioni rituali esacrifici Stephane Verger,“Trasepolcreti, santuari e Orthodox Christian art, architecture, and Session IV:Rome and umani nella topografia di Roma” abitati: la gestione dei corpi umani nelle soci- music. Trips to famous Bulgarian monaster- Session V: Preroman Italy and Continental , “Uccisioni rituali-sacri- età della seconda età del Ferro anord delle ies and churches (many of which are part of Europe fici umani nella prima Roma” Alpi” the world’scultural heritage) will comple- Session VI: History,History of Religion, Patrizia Fortini, “Dal Foro al Carcer Bernard Lambot, “Des inhumés singuliers ment the lectures, seminars, and independent Juridical Aspects Tullianum” dans le village gaulois d’Acy-Romance research. Session VII: Round Table: Itineraries for Alessandro Guidi, “Sepolti tra ivivi. (Ardennes-)” Recognizing the Dead among the Living. L’evidenza laziale” For more information about the American Anna De Santis, Maria Fenelli, Loretana Research Center in Sofia, these programs, and Most interesting for our readership were Salvadei, “Implicazioni culturali esociali del contact information please visit the ARCS Sessions IV and V, whose papers are listed trattamento funebre dei bambini nella proto- The Romans website (www.einaudi.cornell.edu/arcs). below: storia laziale” Session IV: Session V: and Water: Dunia Filippi, “ Dalla domus Regia al Alessandro Vanzetti, “Deposizioni umane Foro: Idepositi di fondazione e/o obliter- in abitato dell’età del ferro, tra Europa e Management, Technology, Culture

Columbia University. September 22-23, 2006

Most relevant for our interests was the first talk: Albert Ammerrman (Colgate), “Rethinking the Banks of the in Early Rome.” Ammerman was able to make us visu- alize the situation in archaic Rome, long before the embankments were built, when the Tiber’s water level rose and flooded the area on aregular basis. Also of interest were con- tributions dealing with Roman subjects: : “Hispanism, Nicholas Purcell (Oxford), “Rivers and the Geography of Power.” Michael Peachin (NYU), “Frontinus and Verucchio Archaeology, and Collecting” the Creation of aNew Administrative Post: curator aquarum.“ Kathryn Gleason (Cornell), “Designing for Conference in at the Hispanic Society of Water: Above and Below the Surface of the Roman porticus.” Cologne America, NewYork Rodolfo Bargnesi (Pavia), “Rome’s OrganizationofLand and Water in the Valley University of Applied Sciences Cologne October 26, 2006 Madrid) and Jorge Maier (Reale Academia de of the River .” 12-13 October 2006 la Historia), “Archer M. Huntington and the Fiona Greenland (Oxford), “Around the This symposium highlights Archer M. Hispanic Society of America.” impluvium: salutationes and Reflecting Pools Presentations and events included: Huntington’s(1870-1955) contributions to the Teresa Prados (Columbia College Chicago), in Roman Houses.” Annemarie Stauffer,“Hundreds of study of Spanish antiquities. Huntington not “Huntington as Collector,orEsthetic Rabun Taylor (Harvard), “Water,Ritual, Fragments: Tenyears work.” only directed excavations in Itálica, birthplace Rebelliousness.” and Representation in Roman Visual Patrizia von Eles (), “Villanovan of the emperors Hadrian and Trajan, but also Constancio del Álamo (Hispanic Society of Culture.” Verucchio.” amassed acollection of over 2,000 Spanish America), “The Formation of the Pascal Arnaud (Nice), “Sea-lanes, the Annemarie Stauffer (Köln), “Garments antiquities from the Paleolithic to the Archaeology Collection at the Hispanic Average Duration of Voyages, and the Cost of from Verucchio.” Visigothic periods. During the past three Society of America.” Sea-borne Freight in Diocletian’sPrice Lise Raeder Knudsen Vejle, “Tablet years, the speakers have been researching the Sebastián Celestino (Instituto de Arquelogia, Edict.” Borders from Verucchio.” Hispanic Society of America’sarchaeological CSIC), “Gathering Ancient Bronzes at the Christer Bruun (Toronto), “Woman and Ina Vanden Berghe (Bruxelles), “Dye Stuff objects, work that will be published as: Hispanic Society of America: The Collection Water in Rome and Roman Italy.” Analyses.” Catalogue of the Archaeological Collections of Antonio Vives.” Lisa Mignone (Columbia and American Margarita Gleba (Copenhagen), from held at the Hispanic Society of Lourdes Prados Torreira (Universidad Academy in Rome), “Tracking the Intra- “Villanovan Weaving Implements.” America. Autónoma de Madrid), “The Presence of Urban Course of the Aqua Appia (312 b.C.).” Presentation of Original Garments in the The October 2006 symposium included the Ancient Iberian Culture in the Hispanic Christoph Ohlig (Deutsche Textile Section. following papers: Society of America: The Collection of Horace Wasserhistorische Gesellschaft), “’ Manuel Bendala (Universidad Autónoma de Sandars.” castellum aquae (De arch.8,6,1-2) and the Reality of Pompeii’sWater Supply.”

Page 13 Ancient West and East Editor,G.R.Tsetskhladze

Ancient West and East (AWE) and its mono- graph supplement, hitherto Colloquia Pontica will move from Brill. Beginning in 2007 they will be published by Peeters Publishers of Leuven. Henceforth AWE will offer one issue ayear of the same annual length as before (400-420 p.) in paperback. The subscription price has been set at 95 Euros. AWE‘s monograph supplement, Colloquia Pontica,will be expanded, and the better to reflect its coverage, it will be re-titled Colloquia Antiqua (ColAnt).The Black Sea will continue to be its main focus, but other areas covered by AWE will also be included. Thus, all planned volumes of Colloquia Pontica will appear in and as Colloquia Antiqua,aswill volumes planned for the AWE Occasional Papers supplement. Subscription information: Peeters Bondgenotenlaan 153 B-3000 Leuven Fig. 2: Plan of habitation site; area of the Ara dela Regina. e-mail: [email protected] Recent articles of interest to our readers: Ancient West and East 5(Brill 2006) L.C. Pieraccini, “Home is Where the Is: The Function of the Caeretan Brazier” Reviews: “West and East: AReview Article,” (G.R. Tsetskhladze) “The Copenhagen Polis Centre: AReview Article of its Publications, Parts 1and 2” (T.J. Figueira) Publications on Pistiros, Bulgaria New Publications on Etruscan Archaeology: M.B. Jovino (ed.), Tarquinia. Scavi Sistematici nell’abitato Campagne 1982- 1988;A.M. Moretti Sgubini, Veio, , Città d’Etruria aconfronto;A.M. Moretti Sgubini, Tarquinia etrusca (R. Leighton) J.-P.Brun, Le vin et l’huile dans la Méditerranée antique (D. Mattingly) B. Cunliffe, W. Davies and C. Renfrew (eds.), Archaeology (S. Alcock) W.V. Harris (ed.), Rethinking the Fig. 3: Edificio Beta Mediterranean (J. Boardman) V. Karageorghis and I. Taifacos (eds.), The World of Herodotus (J. Boardman) T. Potts, M. Roaf and D. Stein (eds.), Culturethrough Objects (R. Matthews) M.I. Rostovtseff, La PeintureDécorative Antique en Russie Méridionale (J. Boardman) Fig. 4: Bronze objects found in front of Edificio Beta S. Walker, The Portland Vase (J. Hargrave) J.H.C. Williams, Beyond the Rubicon. Romans and in Republican Italy (E. Dench) [continued on next page] Tarquinia agrees with the results of other studies, and allows us to reconstruct the daily life of the Continued from page 1 inhabitants during the ninth century.This IIIe Colloque International out by the paleoanthropologists. The presence information shows that women were mostly of this child must be understood as an excep- involved in household tasks, while the men tional, ominous event, a prodigium ,inacen- took part in the running of the community,and d’Histoiredes Religions tralized community that had already devel- other tasks such as extraction of metals, work- The Third International Colloquium on the tors were: Ingrid Krauskopf (Heidelberg), L- oped asocio-economic center,and had ing the salt beds, hunting, pastoral activity, History of Religion presented papers on the Bouke VanDer Meer (Leyde), Carlo de agreed-upon sacred rituals and cults to be fol- agriculture. The abundant ceramic evidence topic “Mythology in Ancient Religions” at the Simone (Tübingen), and Dominique Briquel lowed in different circumstances. shows that the society of Tarquinia included Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris Ve, (Paris IV/EPHE IV). Information gathered from the excavation [See “ Tarquinia”onpage 19] November 23-25, 2006. Among the contribu- Page 14 Reviews

Books Reviews decoration of abuilding opens up interesting and colonies; they could belong to the eques- Books in Brief trian order,tothe municipal elite, but they by Francesco de Angelis scenarios about the relevance of this myth, by Francesco de Angelis which not by chance, centers on the crucial could also be freedmen or free individuals of low social status. They are to be found all over AEIMNESTOS.Miscellanea di Studi per role of women in the definition of men’ssta- Trésors antiques. Bijoux de la collection Mauro Cristofani,2vols. Edited by tus, for the religious life of the Etruscans. the Roman empire, from the Republican peri- Campana. Cat. Exposition, Paris, , Benedetta Adembri. ( Prospettiva,Suppl. 2). And of course we want to mention the arti- od to late antiquity.This variety and persist- 21 octobre2005-16 janvier 2006. Edited by Firenze, CentroDi, 2005 [2006] cle by Marina Martelli Cristofani, who pres- ence is in itself ahighly interesting phenome- Françoise Gaultier,Catherine Metzger. ents and discusses anumber of interesting non, which suggests that Etruscan divination Paris, Musée du LouvreÈd., 2005. Mauro Cristofani (1941-1997) has pieces of Archaic funerary sculpture from must have met some very fundamental needs As apendant to the exhibition of the undoubtedly been one of the most important Vulci—mainly and hippocamps. In of the Romans; at the same time it urges us to Castellani jewelry (for which see Etruscan scholars in the field of Etruscan studies of the order to counter their current dispersion in reflect about the extent to which it retained its News 5, Winter 2006, pp. 9and 12), in 2005- 20th century; and he would have continued to various museums all over the world, Martelli Etruscan nature in the process of its diffusion. 06 the Louvre had organized its own show of tries to place them back into their original hold such place of pre-eminence in the new Deliciae Fictiles III. Architectural terra- ancient gold artifacts. In this case, too, the millennium, if—alas!—the di superiores et contexts as much as possible by defining their 19th century was pivotal in the conception of stylistic and chronological position. cottas in ancient Italy: new discoveries and involuti had not decided otherwise. His lega- interpretations.Proceedings of the the exhibition. The pieces on display had pre- cy,though, will be alasting one, and these two These few examples should serve as an viously belonged to the Roman Marquis invitation to browse and peruse these two vol- International Conference held at the volumes of essays in memory of him testify to American Academy in Rome, November 7- Giovanni Pietro Campana, who collected this. umes, which will provide surprises for every- them together with many other antiquities body’sinterests and tastes. 8, 2002 (edited by Ingrid Edlund-Berry, As to be expected in the case of ascholar Giovanna Greco, and John Kenfield), between 1820 and 1850. He was subsequent- whose friendships and academic relationships ly forced to auction them after his indictment Prosopographie des haruspices romains, Oxbow Books. Oxford 2006 were as wide-ranging as his interests, the and imprisonment because of embezzlements by Marie-Laurence Haack. Biblioteca di fields covered by the contributors’ articles go Reviewed by Valentina Livi with the Monte di Pietà, whose director he “Studi Etruschi”, 42. Pisa, Rome, IEPI, from the ancient to the reception of had been. On the occasion of the auction in 2006. This, the publication of the proceedings of in the modern era. 1859, before their sale and dispersal, many of the third conference on architectural terracot- Nevertheless, the core of AEI MNESTOS, the jewels had been restored precisely by the Although haruspicina was the quintessen- ta decorations held at the American Academy “Eternally Remembered,” is firmly centered Castellani brothers. tial Etruscan art of divination, the names of its in Rome in 2002, offers an important group of on Etruria. The exhibition catalogue will thus appeal practitioners known to us from epigraphic and contributions not only on the Archaic period, The articles are conveniently arranged not only to experts of ancient jewelry,but also literary sources are overwhelmingly,and par- which was the focus of the earlier confer- according to the chronology of the objects and to those who want to learn more about the his- adoxically,Roman. On the one hand this sit- ences, but also on of the Classical, of the topics they deal with; although their tory of collecting and about the artistic and uation points to the dearth of evidence from Hellenistic and Roman periods. Afirst section number is extremely high, it does not match cultural life of 19th-century Rome. the Etruscan period proper.Onthe other,it deals with avariety of subjects, including the number—481!—of publications by shows what powerful influence Etruscan cul- methodological and technical approches,” by Cristofani himself. It is therefore impossible La ritualità funeraria tra età del Ferro e ture still managed to exert, even after its dis- C. and Ö. Wikander; Cretan antefixes from to do justice to every single contribution. Orientalizzante in Italia. Atti del Convegno, appearance from the historical scene. Houston, by J. Kenfield; the origin of the Suffice it here to note that several extremely Verucchio, 26-27 giugno 2002. Edited by In the wake of her previous studies on the recessed gable in , by interesting new discoveries are announced, Patrizia von Eles. Biblioteca di “Studi topic, Marie-Laurence Haack provides a N.A. Winter; Etrusco-Latial Archaic antefix- pertaining both to (allegedly) well-known Etruschi”, 41. Pisa, Roma, IEPI, 2006. prosopographical list of the 121 Roman harus- es, by C. Carlucci; and architectural terracotta objects and to recent finds. The startling finds from the necropolis of pices attested by inscriptions and ancient decorations during the Romanization of the So, for example, Francesco Buranelli and Verucchio and their recent publication have authors. Each entry includes the text of the Italic territories, by M.J. Strazzulla. The fol- Maurizio Sannibale inform us that, during the prompted this interesting conference which relative source(s), its translation, bibliogra- lowing section deals with material from restoration of one of the Orientalizing paterae deals with funerary rituals of early Iron Age phy,and asubstantial discussion of the issues Etruria, Umbria, , the Faliscan area, from the famous Regolini-Galassi Tomb of Italy in acomparative perspective. Etruria pertaining to the specific mentioned Latium, Magna Graecia, and ,including , they found anew inscription, “Larthia proper is represented only by the case of in the source. The book is meant as an aid, and larger centers such as Murlo, Acquarossa, and Velthurus”, bearing what appears to be the Tarquinia (F.Trucco), but of course many of as abasis for further research—a function Satricum, as well some recently identified, at whole name of the owner of the , and the essays bear relevance also for that area, which it will certainly fulfill. Yeteven simply Cortona, Cuma, and Leontini. The volume is probably of the tomb itself. To switch to a thanks to the specific kind of approach—not browsing its pages proves to be rewarding, without adoubt of great interest, and most later period, Anna Eugenia Feruglio describes to speak of those contributions devoted to since it makes immediately clear how ample useful. Its usefulness might perhaps have been an antefix from Orvieto representing the scene centers like Pontecagnano (P.Gastaldi) or the typology of haruspices was. Experts of the even greater if the texts had been arranged of / being suckled and thereby Capua (M. Minoja). The liveliness and inter- Etrusca disciplina worked for emperors and chronologically rather than in alphabetical adopted by Hera/. The presence of this provincial governors as well as for legions order according to the contributors. [continued on next page] image, so far known only from mirrors, on the

AWE “The Copenhagen Polis Centre :AReview L. de Ligt, E.A. Hemelrijk and H.W.Singor Alexandria between and Greece (S. Continued from page 1 Article of its Publication,” Part 3(T.J. (eds.), Roman Rule and Civic Life (R. Raja) Burstein) Figueira) C.M.A. De Micheli Schulthess, Aspects of S. Kane (ed.), The Politics of Archaeology Ancient West &East 6(Peeters 2007) B. Isaac, The Invention of Racism in Roman Pottery in Canton Ticino (M.-F. and Identity in aGlobal Context (K. Abdi) M.C. Miller,“The Poetics of Emulation in Classical Antiquity (C. Tuplin; S. Burstein; A. Meylan Krause) K. Lomas (ed.), Greek Identity in the the Achaemenid World: The Figured Bowls of Domínguez) V. Defente, Les Celtes en Italie du Nord Western Mediterranean (V.Gassner) the ‘Lydian Treasure’” R. Lane Fox (ed.), The Long March;and C. (J.R. Collis) L. Quilici and S. Quilici Gigli (eds.), S. Babich, “Greeks, Barbarians and Tuplin [ed.], Xenophon and his World (V. M.-P.Detalle, La Piraterie en Europe du Fortificazioniantiche in Italia (C. Gorrie) Archaeologists: Mapping the Contact” Gray) Nord-Ouest àl’Époque Romaine (K. Strobel) M. Rorison, Vici in Roman Gaul (N. K. Vlassopoulos, “Between East and West: J. Bromwich, The Roman Remains of J.M. Dillon, Salt and Olives (E. Barker) Pollard) the Greek Poleis as Part of aWorld System” Northern and Eastern France (A. Fear) H.I. Flower (ed.), The Cambridge R. Seaford, Money and the Early Greek F.A.R. Greenland, “Table for One: J.N. Coldstream, Geometric Greece 900- Companion to the (J.R. Mind (S. Kovalenko) Drinking Alone of Women’sGrave 700 BC (J. Bouzek) Prag) V. Soupault, Les éléments métalliques du Monuments from Roman Celtiberia” D. Collon, First Impressions (J. Boardman) S. Frede, Die phönizischen anthropoiden costume masculin dans les provinces Notes F. Corano and M. Di Salvatore (eds.), Il Sarkophage (H.G. Niemeyer) romaines de la mer Noire (D. Quast) E.R. (Kezia) Knauer,“Hoplite or Amazon? GuerrierodiCastiglione di Ragusa (F.De P. Freeman, J. Bennett, Z.T.Fiema and B. C.M. Stibbe, Agalmata (J. Boardman) Anote on ared-figure hydria in the Odessa Angelis) Hoffmann (eds.), Limes XVIII (J. Bouzek) R. Thomas, Herodotus in Context (L. Archaeological Museum” B. Costa and J.H. Fernández (eds.), M.A. Handley, Death, Society and Culture Irwin) Reviews Colonialismo eInteracción Cultural (M. (A. Cooley) M.S. Venit, Monumental Tombs of Ancient “ West and East 6: AReview Article” (G.R. Hernandez Martinez) W.V. Harris and G. Ruffini (eds.), Ancient Alexandria (S. Walker) Tsetskhladze) Page 15 Books in Brief ered tomb at Sarteano, or the revealing com- of Etruscan culture. The remains of numerous tool, with its handsome casts of statues and by Larissa Bonfante puter reconstructions of the Tomb of the artificial caves and hut foundations have been inscriptions, copies of tomb paintings, and Hescanas at Orvieto. Afinal chapter,“From discovered, as well as drainage outlets, kilns, architectural models covering the whole Maria Bonghi Jovino Città sepolte Asia Minor to Magna Graecia, from Thrace to and other large-scale structures showing that chronological span of Etruscan and Italic art d’Etruria.. Storie ememorie dallo scavo di Alexandria. The Koine and the Place of the settlement was already in a“proto urban” and culture. Some of these modern artifacts, Tarquinia. Edizioni Unicopli: Milan 2005. Etruscan Painting in the Art of the Ancient phase of development. The medieval town of such as the model of the Capitoline Temples, This charming book has on its cover a“his- Mediterranean,” organizes and summarizes Castiglione, with the ruins of atower and a have been often reproduced and are well torical vignette” by , research on the subject, including that of the small church, overlay the ancient settlement. known to professors and students of Etruscan showing, “Larth Tarchunies, king of author himself, and illustrates it with detailed Aseries of publications, edited by Nuccia art alike. The little guide, just 25 pages long, Tarquinia, dispensing justice before the door images of Archaic tomb paintings from Lydia Negroni Catacchio, has been making avail- handsomely produced, and illustrated with of his palace.” (The cover is “freely interpret- and Lycia, and newly discovered fourth-cen- able to scholars the results of this and other color pictures, constiutes asynthesis of the ed” by Federica Chiesa: the original is repro- tury paintings from Thrace showing the influ- important studies on the prehistory of the latest finding on the civilizations of the duced on page 97). An archaeological mem- ence of Etruscan art. The informative and area. Etruscans and their neighbors. oir,ittells of her first meeting, as astudent, insightful text is what we have come to expect Ranuccio Bianchi Bandinelli and Massimo from Stefan Steingräber.Altogether ajoy to Giovanni Colonna, Federico Maras, Vincenzo Bellelli, La Tomba Principesca Pallottino, and of the beginning of her interest own and abook to use for along time to Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum,vol. II, dei Quattordici Ponti nel contesto di Capua in Tarquinia. It evokes the poetry and the mys- come. 1.5, et addit. vol. II, 2.1. arcaica.Rome: L’Erma di Bretschneider tery as well as the problems of excavating this This volume of the CIE,which includes 2006. ancient city,ofother scholars, of former inscriptions from Veii and its territory,aswell Aremarkable case of “recontextualization tombaroli who have become archaeologists. Susan Edmunds, Prudence Jones, as the areas of and , was presented of the disjecta membra of aprincely tomb is She cites poems, newspaper articles — Gli dèi Gregory Nagy,eds. Text and Textile. at aceremony at the Villa Poniatowski, via di placed in the context of both its ancient histo- in magazzino,about discoveries in museum Distributed by Classics Department, Villa Giulia, in Rome, November 21, 2006, by ry and the modern adventures of the various storerooms, evoking the magic of storerooms Rutgers University. Dominique Briquel, Giovannangelo pieces, with acast of characters including containing pieces of the past. This DVD shows how wool was spun and Camporeale, and Gerhard Meiser,under the Wolfgang Helbig, whose descriptions of the The book was presented in September woven in Greece and Rome, illustrated with sponsorship of the Soprintendente, Anna various objects made them known to scholars, 2006, at the Associazione Nestore in Milan, as images of textile work from vase paintings Maria Moretti Sgubini, and the Director, and Jacques Lipchitz, who admired the beau- part of the series, “Un libro al mese” (“A book and other sources. There are discussions of the Francesco Roncalli di Montorio. ty of one of the bronzes and added it to his pri- amonth”). economic and cultural significance of vate collection. Well-known bronzes are final- women’stextile work, and of the importance Linda Jones Roccos, Ancient Greek ly,ifonly virtually placed in their ancient Stefan Steingräber, Abundance of Life. of textile metaphors in Greek and Latin litera- Costume. An Annotated Bibliography,1784- groupings, thus bringing back an important Etruscan Wall Painting. J. Paul Getty ture. For information on purchasing the DVD, 2005,Jefferson, North Carolina, and piece of evidence for the history of Capua in Museum: Los Angeles, CA 2006. see http://classics.rutgers.edu/text_textile/tex- London, 2006. antiquity. Steingräber’s indispensable volume, tile1.htm The work started with abibliography on Etruscan Painting (Johnson Reprint, New Greek dress on the author’s web site Cristiano Iaia, Produzioni toreutiche York 1986) has long been out of print, and Nuccia Negroni Catacchio, Massimo (www.library.csi.cuny .edu/roccos/greekcos- della prima Età del Ferro in Italia centro- new discoveries of Etruscan tomb paintings Cardosa, eds. Sorgenti della Nova. Un abita- tume). The published volume has grown into settentrionale. Stili decorativi, circolazione, had made the publication of anew book on to tra Preistoria eMedioevo. Guida allo awell-documented history of the study of significato. Biblioteca di “Studi Etruschi” the subject an urgent necessity.Weare there- scavo.Milan 2006. Greek dress, with front matter including a 40. Pisa, Rome: Istituti Editoriali e fore very grateful to the author,and to the Excavations carried on since the 1970s by substantial “Introduction to the Subject of Poligrafici Internazionali 2005. publishers, for making available an English the Universita` degli Studi di Milano, in col- Ancient Costume,” ashort essay on “Themes Acareful analysis of the techniques used in translation of this book, which is also being laboration with the Soprintendenza per iBeni of Scholarly Interest,” and the “Introduction central and northern in the early Iron Age Italy published in Italian and German. The striking Archeologici dell’Etruria Meridionale, have to the Annotated Bibliography.” to produce the characteristic bronze armor and paintings from the Etruscan underground are uncovered aremarkably well-preserved pre- vessels found in the tombs of the period, and sumptuously reproduced in color,with many historic site at the Sorgenti della Nova. This Larissa Bonfante and Blair Fowlkes, eds, the distribution patterns as well as relation- full-page plates of details such as the maloc- prehistoric, Bronze Age settlement, set on a Classical Antiquities at New York University, ships with the north. Many drawings and an chio gesture of the dancer in the Tomb of the hill of tufa in the heart of the , dates Rome, L’Erma di Bretschneider,2006. ample bibliography make this book abasic Lionesses, the stunning Infernal back to the eleventh century BC, and offers The publication of the antiquities collection “ strumentodilavoro .” with demon charioteer from the newly discov- valuable information about the earliest period at New York University,formed during the first half of the twentieth century for study Mario Cygielman, Lucia Pagnini, La purposes, offers insight into the history of col- Tomba del Tridente aVetulonia. Monumenti Reviews tains the first part of the proceedings of the lecting at aparticular moment of American Etruschi.Pisa, Rome: Istituti Editoriali e Continued from page 1 symposium Etruscans Now!, held at the scholarship. It includes objects from Egypt, Poligrafici Internazionali 2005. British Museum in 2002, when fifty scholars est of the issues raised in the conference is the Near East, Cyprus, Greece, Etruria, South Like other recent studies, the present vol- from various countries contributed essays on Italy and Rome, many published for the first well illustrated by the debate that followed the ume presents the results of astudy of the doc- different aspects of Etruscan archaeology and time in this volume. umentation of early excavations, in this case presentations and that has been aptly tran- history.The articles published here are dis- the records of an excavation carried out in scribed and published together with them (pp. tributed under two headings, “Cities and Larissa Bonfante and Judith Swaddling, 1902 by Isidoro Falchi of an early 131-152) and with concluding remarks by Settlement” and “Cultural Identity”. Afurther eds, Etruscan Myths,London and Austin, Orientalizing tomb with extremely luxurious Giovanni Colonna (pp. 153-156). section, “Reports on Etruscan Activities,” TX, The British Museum Press and The . These include the remains of provides information on current research con- University of Texas Press, 2006. several chariots, armor,wool working equip- Francesca Fulminante, Le ‘sepolture ducted in countries as distant as e.g. Sweden, This, the most recent addition to the suc- ment, and gold, solver and amber ornaments. principesche’ nel Latium Vetus tra la fine New Zealand, and Japan, testifying to the per- cessful series of world mythology, The Separate chapters study the various types of della prima età del Ferro el’inizio dell’età Legendary Past,deals with Etruscan myths as manent appeal of the Etruscans for modern grave gifts, including one on the presence of Orientalizzante,Roma, “L’Erma” di we understand them from their art and from amber as asign of wealth in the tomb, and at culture worldwide. Bretschneider,2003. the ,which they adopted Vetulonia in general starting from the eighth This book is an investigation of the so- along with the alphabet and used to express century. JUST PUBLISHED: Nancy Thomson de called princely tombs of Latium in the 8th-7th their own customs and beliefs. Grummond, Etruscan Myth, Sacred c. BCE. After atheoretical and methodologi- TwoBooks on : History,and Legend.Philadelphia, Univ.of cal discussion of the phenomenon, acata- Gilda Bartoloni, M. Golda Benedettini, Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and logue collecting all the available information eds., Museo di Antichità Etrusche ed AlessandroNaso, ed, Appunti sul buc- Anthropology,2006. allows athorough analysis of the spatial and Italiche. Università di Roma “La Sapienza.” chero: atti delle giornate di studio.Comune Awelcome Christmas gift for Etruscan demographic structure of the relevant necrop- Guida del Museo.Rome: Università degli di -All’Insegna del Giglio: Florence scholars and enthusiasts, this book is athor- Studi “La Sapienza” n.d. oleis, as well as adifferentiation of the tombs 2004. ough account of Etruscan mythology that This handsome booklet has on the opening Museo Gustavo VI Adolfo, Blera. – according to the degree of wealth and status deserves to be carefully read and meditated page aphotograph of thee that gives Proceedings of aconference, Civitella Cesi representation. Areview of this book by W. upon. For this reason aproper review of it will the Università delle Sapienza its name, and on (Viterbo), 2000. Martini has been published in Gnomon 78, be published in the next issue of Etruscan the facing page apicture of abespectacled, 2006, 374-375. News.For now,wewant to point out that it lively,laughing Massimo Pallottino. The WimRegter, Imitation and creation. comes with aCDcontaining more than 200 museum was founded by Pallottino in the 50s Development of early bucchero design at Etruscan Studies. Journal of the Etruscan ancient images of mythological subjects; no at the same time as the Department of Cerveteri in the seventh century BC.Allard Foundation. Vol. 9, 2002-03 [2006]. doubt it will prove to be extremely useful for Etruscan Studies. It includes astudy collec- Pierson Museum: Amsterdam 2003. - The latest issue of Etruscan Studies con- teachers and students alike. tion, but really constitutes avisual teaching (Allard Pierson series 15). Page 16 Book Reviews of on Cyprus was so unexpected and by Francesco de Angelis Archaeocats exciting,” he said in an interview Thursday. The mouse mainly lives in the Troodos Maria Bonghi Jovino, ed, Tarquinia ele Mountain in the west of the island, Cucchi civiltà del Mediterraneo. Convegno inter- said, favoring vineyards, grassy fields and nazionale, Milano, 22-24 giugno 2004. bushes. Milano, Cisalpino, 2006. Genetic tests confirmed the mouse was a new species and it was named cypriacus, As readers of this issue of Etruscan News or the Cypriot mouse. The findings appeared will have learned from the front-page article in Zootaxa,aninternational journal for animal by Maria Bonghi Jovino, research on ancient taxonomists. Tarquinia is currently thriving. Not only are The biodiversity of Europe has been excavations being conducted and their finds reviewed extensively since Victorian times, being published in atimely fashion, but the and new species are rarely found on large amount of new evidence is fostering the continent. new debates and inviting reconsideration of Cucchi said abat discovered in Hungary traditional problems. The proceedings of the and Greece in 2001 was the last new living 2004 Tarquinia conference held in Milan give mammal found in Europe. No new terrestrial agood idea of the range of the issues and mammal has been found on the continent for scholarly trends originated by such investiga- decades, he said. tions. These run from adiscussion about the Recent discoveries elsewhere have includ- rise of urban structures in Etruria (Gilda ed anew tree rat in Brazil, anew primate in Bartoloni) to apresentation of terracotta Tanzania and another new mouse in the architectural decoration (Nancy Winter); from The cat at the Verucchio Museum, photographed by David Rueger. Philippines. the analysis of ceramic finds (Francesca Serra In Cyprus, Cucchi and other scientists he Ridgway) to the interpretation of avotive Les Chats The strong and gentle cats, pride of the was working with compared the new mouse’s deposit from the Civita of Tarquinia (Annette Les amoureux fervents et les savants house, teeth to those of mouse fossils. The compari- Who like them are sedentary and sensitive Rathje), and examine (or re-examine), agreat austères son showed the new mouse had colonized and to cold. many different aspects of Tarquinian archae- Aiment également, dans leur mûre saison, adapted to the Cypriot environment several ology,often with unexpected results. Les chats puissants et doux, orgueil de la thousand years before the arrival of man, maison, Friends of learning and sensual pleasure, Durham University said in astatement. Moreover,although the conference focuses They seek the silence and the horror of Qui comme eux sont frileux et comme eux The discovery indicated the mouse sur- especially on the first centuries of Tarquinia’s darkness; sédentaires. vived man’sarrival on the island and now life, the later periods are not altogether disre- Erebus would have used them as his garded. How relevant such inquiries can be gloomy steeds, lives alongside common European house Amis de la science et de la volupté mice, whose ancestors went to Cyprus during even for the Archaic age is proved especially Ils cherchent le silence et l’horreur des If their pride could let them stoop to the period, the university said. by ’scontribution. Starting from ténèbres; bondage. two imperial-age portraits of Greek intellectu- L’Erèbe les eût pris pour ses coursiers “All other endemic mammals of als found in aRoman maritime villa on the funèbres, When they dream, they assume the noble Mediterranean islands died out following the Tarquinian shore, Torelli is able to offer new S’ils pouvaient au servage incliner leur attitudes arrival of man, with the exception of two Of the mighty sphinxes stretched out in insights on the site and nature of the Archaic fierté. species of .The new mouse of Cyprus is solitude, harbor of Gravisca, which appears to have the only endemic still alive, and as Ils prennent en songeant les nobles attitudes Who seem to fall into asleep of endless such can be considered as aliving fossil,” said been located on the shores of alagoon, and dreams; not directly on the sea coast. Des grands sphinx allongés au fond des Cucchi. solitudes, resemble mice but have along, Many essays share an interest in tracing Their fertile loins are full of magic sparks, Qui semblent s’endormir dans un rêve sans pointed snout and eat insects. links between Tarquinia and other centers, fin; And particles of gold, like fine grains of both in and out of Etruria, reflecting sand, Cucchi, an archaeologist, found the new species while working in Cyprus in 2004. He Tarquinia’simportant role in the reception of Leurs reins féconds sont pleins d’étincelles Spangle dimly their mystic eyes. was examining the remains of mice teeth from foreign influences, as well as in exerting magiques, influence in its turn. Atopic worth singling Et des parcelles d’or,ainsi qu’un sable fin, —William Aggeler, The Flowers of Evil the Neolithic period and comparing them to out in such context is the discussion concern- Etoilent vaguement leurs prunelles mys- (Fresno 1954) those of four modern-day European mice ing the weight to accord to Pliny’spassage tiques. species to determine if the house mouse was about the arrival of Greek clay-modelers in the unwelcome byproduct of human coloniza- Tarquinia in the retinue of Corinthian —Charles Baudelaire, Les Fleurs du mal tion of the island 10,000 years ago, the univer- Demaratus (N.H., 35, 152). Pliny’swords are (Paris 1857) Mighty mouse! sity said. “The discovery of this new species and the cited by both David Ridgway and Luca C ats Cerchiai. Based on the archaeological evi- riddle behind its survival offers anew area of Both ardent lovers and austere scholars Rare discovery study for scientists studying the evolutionary dence, Ridgway strongly relativizes the foun- Love in their mature years dational character of the Demaratean “event”, process of mammals and the ecological conse- and maintains that it should not be interpreted in Europe quences of human activities on island biodi- as reflecting an alleged “Hellenization” of Prime examples are Bruno d’Agostino’sessay versity,” Cucchi said. Etruscan coroplastics, but rather as alluding to on the arrival of Greeks in Etruria, and Another scientist involved was Eleftherios the integration of innovations into apre-exist- Giovanni Colonna’sreflections on the impli- LONDON,England (AP) —Using DNA Hadjisterkotis, an officer of the Game and ing local artisanal tradition. Cerchiai too ques- cations of the recent discovery of the signa- testing, scientists have discovered what is Fauna Service of the Interior Ministry of tions the historicity of the event, but his ture of Velthur Ancinies, the first and (so far) believed to be the first terrestrial mammal Cyprus. approach to the same passage leads him to only signature on the more than 3,500 known found in Europe in decades: amouse with a In an interview in Nicosia, Hadjisterkotis emphasize the Roman side of the story,asit Etrusco-Corinthian vases. big head, ears, eyes and teeth that lives in a said that for years he had been collecting the were. According to him, Pliny (or his source) Of course these proceedings are directed mountainous area of Cyprus. remains of mice that had been eaten by owls would have mentioned Tarquinia mainly as a primarily to an audience who is well acquaint- The mouse was native to the eastern and noticing unusual characteristics in some mediator between Greece and Rome, thereby ed with Tarquinia’shistory and archeaology. Mediterranean island, survived the arrival of of the body parts. claiming aprestigious ancestry for Rome’sart Those of our readers who would like to catch man on Cyprus and could be considered a “The jaws looked different. Iknew we had and architecture of the Archaic period. There up will find aconvenient preliminary reading “living fossil,” experts said. something different,” he said. is no doubt that these contributions will stim- in arecent book by Robert Leighton, “New mammal species are mainly discov- But Hadjisterkotis said that he and the other ulate further debate about such acrucial issue. Tarquinia, An Etruscan City (London, ered in hot spots of biodiversity like Southeast scientists weren’tsure they were handling a Last but not least, Tarquinia’sopenness is Duckworth, 2004). Its chapters are articulated Asia, and it was generally believed that every new mammal until the DNA testing conduct- reflected by the inclusion of articles that, according to the main phases of the city’shis- species of mammal in Europe had been iden- ed by the University of Montpellier,France. though their focus is not specifically tory,and provide acomprehensive overview tified,” said Thomas Cucchi, aresearch fellow Tarquinia, are nonetheless relevant for the of Tarquinia’sdevelopment from the origins at Durham University in northeast England. definintion of abroader cultural context. to the Roman conquest. “This is why the discovery of anew species Page 17 Notices

OBITUARY Gens antiquis- Dissertationsand M.A. theses Keith R. DeVries, 69, Authority on Ancient City of King Midas, Dies sima Italiae in progress on Etruscan and by Jeremy Pearce (Reprinted)

July 29, 2006: Keith R. DeVries, an archae- Culturae Italic (pre-Imperial) Topics ologist and authority on the excavation of by Hillary Becker Evolution of Italy from 338 to 241 BC Gordion, the ancient Turkish city once ruled U. of North Carolina (Advisor: Nicola Terrenato). by King Midas of the golden touch, died on civiltà delle Robert Vander Poppen, “Rural Change and July 16 in Philadelphia. He was 69. Dissertations: Continuity in Etruria from the 6th Century BC The cause was cancer,his family said. genti umbre University of Texas; Department of Art and to the 1st Century AD”. (Advisor,Nicola From 1977 to 1987, Dr.DeVries directed Art History: Terrenato). the University of Pennsylvania’sdig at Lea Cline, “The Altars of Rome Florida State University; Department of Gordion, where members of the staffofthe May-September 2007 Reconsidered: Rome’sSacred Furniture from Classics: Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology at Evander to Constantine” (Advisors, John R. Julia Borek, “Facilis Descensus Averno: the university have been at work since the This series of exhibits will make it possi- Clarke and Penelope J.E. Davies). The Journey to the Underworld in the Greek 1950’s. Gordion is about 55 miles southwest bile to follow the development of Umbrian John N. N. Hopkins, “Topographical and Italic Painting of Italy” (Advisor,Nancy of Ankara. culture from the moment of its formation to Manipulation in Archaic Rome: ANew de Grummond). Dr.DeVries was an expert in Greek pottery that of its encounter with the civilization of Interpretation of Architecture and Geography Wayne Rupp, “The Shape of the Beast: and trade ware of the first millennium B.C. Rome. It will illustrate settlements, necrop- in the Early City” (Advisors, Penelope J. E. Theriomorphic and Therianthropic Deities and was interested in the relationship between oleis, and sanctuaries by means of the Davies and John R. Clarke). and Demons of Ancient Italy” (Advisor, Greece and Anatolia in the Iron Age. objects found there, but also by means of Columbia University; Department of Nancy de Grummond). In recent work, he and others used pottery reconstructions and images, in order to allow Classics: and artifacts to redate an early catastrophe in visitors to become more familiar with acul- Lisa Marie Mignone, “Fare l’Aventino: A Masters Theses: Gordion, which was believed to have been ture that is little known today.The following Social and Urban History of the Aventine in Florida State University; Department of destroyed in Midas’stime, about 700 B.C. By exhibits are planned: the Roman Republic” (Advisor,William V. Classics: coordinating stylistic studies of pottery with Foligno, Palazzo Trinc: Sky,earth and Harris). James Harding, “Sacrifices and Sanctuaries radiocarbon dating of seeds found in the same water: the bases of the power of the Umbrians The University of North Carolina at Chapel of the Etruscans” (Advisor,Nancy de ground layers, the archaeologists concluded of the Apennine region; Hill; Department of Classics: Grummond). that the destruction probably took place Terni, Complesso ex Siri: Warrior aristoc- Hilary Becker,“Production and Melissa Hargis, “An Etruscan Mortarium between 800 B.C. and 825 B.C., or afull cen- racies and metal working; Consumption in North Etruria during the from Cetamura del Chianti” (Advisor,Nancy tury before Midas, after which the city was , Museo archeologico: Umbrian archaic and classical periods. The World of de Grummond). rebuilt. peoples and their Italic neighbors; Lars Porsenna.” (Advisor,Nicola Terrenato). The University of North Carolina at Chapel The study was published in the journal Gubbio, Palazzo dei Consoli: Language Jeffrey Becker,“The Building Blocks of Hill; Department of Classics: Antiquity in 2003, and “finally made the and institutions; Empire: Civic Architecture, Central Italy,and Elizabeth Robinson, “Campanian archaeology and chronology consistent, and Todi, Palazzo del Vignola (tentative): the Roman Middle Republic” (Advisor, Boundary Sanctuaries” (Advisor,Nicola brought sense to what had been unclear,’’said Umbrians and Etruscans. Nicola Terrenato). Terrenato). Naomi F. Miller,anarchaeobotanist and sen- Walter McCall, “ Novi and the Urban ior research scientist at the museum. Dr. Miller worked with Dr.DeVries at Gordion. In the 1960’s, Dr.DeVries participated on digs at Corinth, Greece, and on Ischia, an SevenWorld Wonders Finalists island offNaples. In addition to examining pottery,hestudied atype of decorated safety Etruscan Wine pin called afibula, which has been recovered Picked from excavations throughout the ancient by Jennifer Viegas Sydney Opera House, Australia; the Taj world. in California DiscoveryNews Mahal, Agra, India; and Timbuktu, Mali. Keith Robert DeVries was born in Grand Viering indicated that one goal of the project Rapids, Mich. He earned an undergraduate April 27, 2006: Only 21 finalists remain in is to draw attention to these important land- degree at the University of Michigan and his Planting Roots the final stretch of the public’sselection of the marks, which require regular upkeep and doctorate in classical archaeology from Penn new seven most noteworthy landmarks in the repair. in 1970. He was named an assistant professor Reaping the world, the Swiss-based New7Wonders The idea of compiling such alist of seven of classical studies at Penn in 1970 and an Foundation has told Discovery News.The goes back to Philon of Byzantium, who lived associate professor in 1974. Dr.DeVries was goal of the project is to revise the original from around 280 to 220 B.C. Philon was a also an associate curator in the Mediterranean Harvest “seven ancient wonders of the world,” since Greek scientist who, in addition to his ancient section at Penn’smuseum. He retired from only one, the pyramids of Egypt, still exists seven wonders list, wrote about mechanics teaching in 2004, but continued his research today.Finalists for the new group are, in and mathematical puzzles. Philon’swonders on Gordion and lived in Philadelphia. October11-January 28, 2007 alphabetical order: the Acropolis in ; list consisted of manmade monuments built Dr.DeVries is survived by two brothers, the in Granada, Spain; Angkor, between 2500 B.C. to near the end of his life- David, of Littleton, Colo., and Roger,ofLone In connection with this exhibit at the Museo Cambodia; Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico; time. Aside from the pyramids and the hang- Tree, Colo. ItaloamericanoinFort Mason Center,San Christ Redeemer,Rio de Janeiro; the ing gardens of Babylon, they were the Throughout his career,Dr. DeVries Francisco, Lisa Pieraccini gave alecture on in Rome; Easter Island Statues, Lighthouse of Alexandria, the Temple of deplored the looting of artifacts, which some- “The Wonders of Wine in Etruria: Feasting Chile; Eiffel Tower,Paris; Great Wall, China; Artemis at Ephesus, the Statue of at times seemed to occur under the noses of the and Drinking in Ancient Tuscany,” October Hagia Sofia, Istanbul; Kyomizu Temple, Olympia, the Colossus of Rhodes, and the scholars who were uncovering them. In alet- 26, 2006. Kyoto, Japan; Kremlin/St. Basil, Moscow; Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. ter to The New York Times in 1973, he Machu Picchu, Peru; Neuschwanstein Castle, explained, “The preservation of exact prove- Füssen, ; Petra, Jordan; Pyramids of From: http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/ niences could, in the end, reveal much about Giza, Egypt; the Statue of Liberty,New York; 20060424/7wonders_hum_print.html ancient commerce, which was, one hopes, Stonehenge, Amesbury,United Kingdom; more decent and aboveboard than the modern trafficking in antiquities.’’

Page 18 Tarquinia by those of East Greek sanctuaries. Another BIBLIOGRAPHY Tarquinia. Scavi sistematici nell’abitato. votive deposit was buried under awall of the Campagne 1982-1989, Imateriali 2, acura di Continued from page 14 area sacra in the course of an expansion. Two Tarquinia. Scavi sistematici nell’abitato. M. Bonghi Jovino, Roma 2001 (Tarchna III). new products, and craftsmen who produced jars of archaic shape were set upright Campagne 1982-1989,acura di M. Bonghi Tarquinia eleciviltà del Mediterraneo. Atti objects of aquality that influenced the work next to each other; inside were found remains Jovino -C.Chiaramonte Treré, Roma 1997 del Convegno internazionale,Milano 22-23 of craftsmen in other communities. In fact in of food: cereals (barley,spelt, farricello, (Tarchna I). giugno 2004, acura di M. Bonghi Jovino, the ninth century Tarquinia already appears as wheat), vegetables and fruits. Tarquinia. Scavi sistematici nell’abitato. Milano 2006. afully structured community on the social An important aspect of the discoveries Campagne 1982-1989, Imateriali 1, acura di and economic levels. made in the area is the evidence they provid- C. Chiaramonte Treré, Roma 1999 (Tarchna The excavation seasons have also provided ed for the practice of human sacrifice. There II). important information regarding the second is agood deal of literature on the subject, but half of the eighth century BC. Most striking is the lack of evidence for the existence of the construction of the buildings of the “ area human sacrifice in Etruria has resulted in its sacra”instone, which makes the site more being been studied only marginally.The sub- splendid. The type of pottery found in the ject has been long debated, usually from an Announcements habitation site differs from that of the necrop- ethical and humanitarian perspective, with olis: there are many olla-shaped vessels, or scholars holding avariety of opinions on the jars, together with cups. Symbols become topic. All this discussion has, however,taken important, for example the human figures, place in an atmosphere of general skepticism. logical periodical Archeologia Viva. depicted with afew simple strokes, as decora- The excavation has given adecisive, concrete Human (ROMARCH 21-02-2005). tion on pottery vessels. Perhaps the craftsmen, answer to the many questions involved in 2. “Anche la ‘civile’ Roma praticava sacri- the potters and metal workers, formed groups such an important and controversial ritual Sacrifice fici umani,” reports on the discovery of the or guilds that were privileged above the mem- practice. Domus Regia, and the discovery of two chil- bers of different service categories, like those Twenty years ago the first anomalous dis- dren’stombs. (ROMARCH 22-02-2005). at Rome, as we learn from the so-called con- covery was made: in the third quarter of the in the Roman 3. “Tutto èiniziato dai corredi funebri - stitution of . seventh century B.C. an adult male, 35 or 40 Parla Dunia Filippi, che coordina il gruppo di Later on, Tarquinia takes its place as the years old, was buried at the border of the area ricercatori,” interview with Dott.essa Dunia central focus, the chief city of the area. In this sacra,asthough he had been excluded from Forum? Filippi. (ROMARCH 22-02-2005). Dot.essa role, it develops more direct, intense contacts the community.The corpse was deposited Filippi, prior to the above-mentioned confer- with the Greeks following the foundation of ence, had written an article entitled “Recerche without grave goods, with the exception of a In the ROMARCH(Files -Carandini DR Pithekoussai, as we see from the presence of escavi in corso sulle pendici settentrionali fragmentary Euboean olla placed on his chest. 22-02-2005. pdf) are posted copies of the fol- both Euboean and Corinthian pottery,origi- Palatino,” published by the AIAC of Rome in Forensic laboratory examination showed that lowing news articles from Il Messaggero (21- nating in the two major Greek centers of the their new online version of Fasti Online he was asturdy individual who spent long 02-2005 and 22-02-2005)regarding the dis- time. Tarquinia is by now afully developed Research and Documents:http://www.fas- periods of time on damp, slippery surfaces; in covery of the Domus Regia in the Roman city state. tionline.org/docs/2004-20.pdf other words he was asailor,who worked Forum: The excavation has been especially inform- See also ROMARCH message 999 “Re: around water.They also showed that he was 1. “Carandini: Ecco la Domus Reggia,” ative for the Orientalizing period. The most Prof. Foss and Forum Romanum” for early killed with ablow to the head, perhaps with a interview with Prof. Andrea Carandini, along surprising discovery was that of areligious information on Carandini’sdiscovery: stick. There is no doubt that this was ahuman with amap of the site discovered in the building ( edificio beta,fig. 3, p. 14), the first http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rome- sacrifice made seemingly for expiation. . Prof. Carandini recently and the earliest example of an Eastern type of arch/message/999 Recently asecond case has been found: the announced this discovery at aconference building in Etruscan territory.Its plan consists skeleton of achild, placed in the corner of a sponsored in Florence by the Italian archaeo- of two rooms, with abench serving as an altar room in the area sacra at the beginning of the next to the back wall of the inner room, and a seventh century,with his feet under one of the small drain for the liquids of animal sacri- walls. The skeleton was fairly well preserved, fices. The building resembles the temple though the cranium was missing. The pale- behind the palace of Tell Taynet at the mouth oanthropological information showed him to SUBSCRIPTION FORM of the Orontes River; its similarity to certain be achild of around ten. The most interesting buildings in the Mediterranean is in fact evi- point is that his head had been cut off. All the The suggested contribution for an individual subscription to Etruscan News is dence of its function as areligious building. elements point to this having been apropitia- $25.00 per year.Wewelcome donations of any amount. Please remit this form Adeposit discovered in front of this edifi- tory sacrifice. We do not know the reason for cio beta contained three bronze objects (fig. 4, the head’shaving been severed, nor where it with acheck payable to ISEE –Etruscan News, to Larissa Bonfante, Classics p. 14), alituus (fig. 5, p. 1), ashield and an was buried; it has not so far been found in the Department, 25 Waverly Place, New York University,New York, NY 10003. axe head, and some ceremonial vessels. The excavated area. ______meaning of this group of objects is clear: the In conclusion, the excavation has brought special features of the building and the sym- us archaeological evidence for anumber of bolism of this group of bronze objects both innovations, some of which are particularly Please send me Etruscan News. Iwould like ______subscriptions at $25.00 point to the existence of acentral power,that crucial for an understanding of the history of of asingle ruler,one that was both apriest and the city.These are the following: each. Iwould also like to make adonation in the amount of ______to aking. a. The birth of acentralized community help develop and expand the projects of the U.S. Section of the Istituto di Studi The building was enclosed by two court- was already established in the proto-Etruscan Etruschi ed Italici. yards around the middle of the seventh centu- period, which became astructured communi- ry B.C. At that time the architecture took on ty in the course of the ninth century,and acity The total amount enclosed is: ______the appearance of aspectacular monumental state in the late eighth century. complex, appropriate for aperiod that saw b. Ambitious architectural constructions momentous changes, which brought the were built in the course of the Orientalizing Name: ______establishment of astrongly aristocratic central period, aclear example being the monumental power on astable basis, awider economic complex that points to the existence of apriest Address: ______network, astrongly accelerated process of king. accumulation of wealth, anew organization of c. Evidence was found for avariety of fea- ______craftsmen’sworkshops, and anew culture of tures of religious and ritual practices. sophisticated luxury. d. Evidence was found for the practice of There have also been interesting discover- human sacrifice. City: ______State or province: ______ies about the Archaic period. Iwill mention Such discoveries have opened new vistas only one of several. Along the southwest side for . Postal code: ______of area alpha was found area gamma, with a votive deposit formed by asuccession of five [email protected] Country:______levels of depositions, containing local types of ceramic vessels along with forms inspired

Page 19 Book Accordia LectureHonors the Presentation Ridgways

Alessandra Minetti, La Tomba della Quadriga Infernale nella necropoli delle Pianacce di Sarteano

Presentation was made by Prof. Mario Torelli, Saturday,25November 2006, 17:30, Sarteano,Teatro degli Arrischianti, Piazza XXIV giugno. Dragons in the tomb at Sarteano. We look forward eagerly to its distribution in the U.S. Contest of Connoisseurship

Can you detect which of these drawings interpreted” by Federica Chiesa for the was the original sketch made by Massimo cover of Maria Bonghi Jovino’smemoir Pallottino in one of his excavation note- (reviewed in this issue)? books and which was the version “freely In honor of the publication of Across London, on December 5, 2006, sponsored the Frontiers: Studiesinhonour of David lecture “Greeks, Etruscans and others: ethnic Ridgway and Francesca Romana Serra conflict and multiculturalism in archaic Italy,” 1. Ridgway,the Institute of Classical Studies, by Professor TimCornell, University of School of Advanced Study,University of Manchester. Erminia NewCurator Bretschneider at Harvard Marcucci Prize

L’Erma di Bretschneider announces the establishment of aprize in honor of Erminia Bretschneider Marcucci, who directed the publishing house and book sellers for over sixty years, first with her father,Max Bretschneider,and then on her own unbtil 1994. This prize will be awarded to young art his- torians on the model of the previously estab- lished prize for archaeologists. The areas cov- 2. ered range from the art of the Midlle Ages through . Participation is free and open to all candidates; each author can enter New curator of Ancient Art, Harvard the competition with one or more works. Art Museums The entries will be judged by ajury of uni- versity professors from Italy and other coun- Susanne Ebbinghaus was recently appoint- tries who specialize in the various areas to be ed curator of ancient art at the Harvard covered. The author of the winning entry will University Art Museums and alecturer on the receive amonetary prize (in 2005 the prize Classics. She is an expert on, among other was Euros 2,600), and the work will be pub- things, rhyta with animal foreparts in the lished as avolume by L’Erma di and their reception in the Bretschneider. West. This was the topic of the thesis that The entry form can be requested from the earned her adoctorate from Oxford in 1998, Prize Secretary,«L’ERMA» di after undergraduate work in Freiburg, BRETSCHNEIDER, via Cassiodoro, 19 - Germany,where she was born. She sometimes 00193 Roma. wishes she had picked objects for her atten- tion that did not need explaining to most Copyright ©2006 L’Erma di inquirers, which does not diminish her interest Bretschneider,Via Cassiodoro, 19 -P.O.Box in these typically horn-shaped, animal-headed 6192 -00193 ROMA. Tel. +39.06.68.74.127 - vessels, used for prestige drinking by elites in Fax+39.06.68.74.129 the Persian empire in the later sixth century B.C. Copywright Harvard Alumni Magazine, November-December 2005.

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