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Forced Migration Policy of Britain and the United States in the First Half of the Twentieth Century

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Forced Migration Policy of Britain and the United States in the First Half of the Twentieth Century FORCED MIGRATION POLICY OF BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF YILDIRIM BEYAZIT UNIVERSITY BY GÜLŞAH DURMAZ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS APRIL 2014 PLAGIARISM iii ABSTRACT FORCED MIGRATION POLICY OF BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY Durmaz, Gülşah Master, Department of International Relations Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Sıtkı Bilgin Co-Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bestami Sadi Bilgiç April 2014, 141 pages Immigrants question has been on the agenda since the ancient times. Immigrants had to abandon their homelands because of social, economic and political factors. However; they faced internment and repatriation policies in the newly arrived countries due to nativism, discrimination, wartime hysteria and xenophobia. These policies mostly associated with the third world countries were also adopted by the Great Powers such as the United States and Britain in the modern times. This study will analyze and compare internment and repatriation policies implemented by the United States and Britain in the first half of the twentieth century. Internment and repatriation of Germans, Irish, Italians, Jews, Japanese, Boers and Philippines during the Anglo-Irish War, the First and Second World War, the Second Boer iv War and the Philippine-American War will be examined. Additionally, segregation and repatriation that Blacks and Mexicans were subjected in Britain and the US will be discussed. Internment and repatriation policies implemented by both countries and civilian experiences will be compared and contrasted. As internment and repatriation policies adopted by Britain and the US were imposed upon civilians as compulsion, they are included in the scope of forced migration. Wars of the first half of the twentieth century and segregation and racial discrimination that came to surface from time to time in both countries became key factors for taking decision of these policies. Laws enacted by both countries against minorities affected them even if they were citizens of these countries and pushed them out of the society. Both countries followed firm and harsh policies against immigrants. Apart from discriminatory policies adopted by the governments, unofficial racism via media, organizations and newspapers were used for the execution of these policies. Keywords: Britain, Internment, Repatriation, the United States v ÖZET 20. YÜZYILIN İLK YARISINDA İNGİLTERE VE AMERİKA’NIN ZORUNLU GÖÇ POLİTİKASI Durmaz, Gülşah Yüksek lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Sıtkı Bilgin Ortak Tez Yöneticisi: Doç. Dr. Bestami Sadi Bilgiç Nisan 2014, 141 sayfa Göçmenler sorunu eski zamanlardan beri gündemde olan bir konudur. Göçmenler sosyal, ekonomik ve siyasi faktörlerden dolayı anavatanlarını terk etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Ancak yeni ülkelerinde de nativizm, ayrımcılık, savaş zamanı histerisi ve yabancı korkusundan dolayı enterne ve ülkesine geri gönderme politikaları ile yüzleşmişlerdir. Daha çok Üçüncü Dünya ülkeleri ile ilişkilendirilen bu politikalar modern çağlarda Amerika ve İngiltere gibi Büyük Güçler tarafından da benimsenmiştir. Bu çalışma 20. Yüzyılın ilk yarısında Amerika ve İngiltere’nin uygulamış olduğu enterne etme ve ülkesine geri gönderme politikalarını analiz edecek ve bu politikaları karşılaştırılacaktır. İngiltere-İrlanda Savaşı, Birinci ve İkinci Dünya Savaşları, İkinci Boer vi Savaşı ve Filipin-Amerikan Savaşında Almanların, İrlandalıların, İtalyanların, Yahudilerin, Japonların, Boerlerin ve Filipinlilerin enternesi ve ülkelerine geri gönderilmeleri incelenecektir. Ayrıca, Zencilerin ve Meksikalıların İngiltere ve Amerika’da uğradıkları ayrımcılık ve ülkelerine geri gönderilmeleri anlatılacaktır. Her iki ülkede uygulanan enterne ve ülkesine gönderme politikaları ve sivillerin tecrübeleri kıyaslanacak ve karşılaştırılacaktır. Amerika ve İngiltere’nin uyguladığı enterne ve ülkesine gönderme politikaları sivillere bir zorlama olarak dayatıldığından, bu politikalar zorunlu göç kapsamında yer almaktadır. 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında tecrübe edilen savaşlar ve iki ülke toplumlarında gözlenen ayrımcılık bu politikaların kararının alınmasında temel faktör olmuştur. Her iki ülkenin de göçmenlere karşı çıkardığı yasalar, ülke vatandaşı olsalar bile onları etkilemiş ve yerli halktan ayırıp toplumun dışına itmiştir. Her iki ülke de göçmenlere karşı sert ve katı politikalar izlemiştir. Hükümetler tarafından uygulanan ayrımcı politikaların dışında basın, sivil toplum örgütleri ve gazeteler vasıtasıyla gayri resmi ayrımcılık bu politikaların uygulanmasında kullanılmıştır. Anahtar Kelimeler: İngiltere, Enterne, Ülkesine Gönderme, Amerika. vii DEDICATION To My Dear A., D. and H. viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Mustafa Sıtkı Bilgin and co-supervisor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bestami Sadi Bilgiç for their guidance, advice, criticism, encouragements and insight throughout the research. In addition, I would like to express my special gratitude and thanks to Abdurrahman Çakır, Manager of the Foreign Affairs Department of YURTKUR and İlker Uzunlar, Head of the Foreign Affairs Department of YURTKUR, as without their support, this study has not been completed. I would also like to thank my beloved family and fiance having understood me through the completion of this study and wished the successful completion sincerely. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM ...................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... iv ÖZET .................................................................................................................................... vi DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ...................................................................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................. xii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................ xiv CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Reason of the Study............................................................................................. 6 1.2. Methodology of the Study ................................................................................... 6 1.3. Limitations of the Study ...................................................................................... 7 1.4. Organization of the Study ................................................................................... 7 2. INTERNMENT AND REPATRIATION POLICIES OF BRITAIN ............................... 9 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 9 2.2. Black Minorities .................................................................................................... 13 2.3. Boers During The Second Boer War Of 1899-1902 ............................................. 17 2.4.German Minorities ................................................................................................. 21 2.5. Irish Minorities ...................................................................................................... 25 2.6. Italian Minorities ................................................................................................... 29 2.7. Jewish Minorities .................................................................................................. 33 2.8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 37 3. INTERNMENT AND REPATRIATION POLICIES OF THE UNITED STATES ...... 39 3.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 39 x 3.2. German Minorities ................................................................................................ 44 3.3. Italian Minorities ................................................................................................... 50 3.4. Japanese Minorities ............................................................................................... 56 3.5. Jewish Minorities .................................................................................................. 61 3.6. Mexican Minorities ............................................................................................... 66 3.7. Philippines During The Philippine-American War Of 1899-1902 ....................... 72 3.8. Conclusion ............................................................................................................. 77 4. COMPARING AND CONTRASTING INTERNMENT AND REPATRIATION POLICIES OF BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES .................................................. 78 4.1. Repatriation of Blacks in Britain and Mexicans in the US ..................................
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