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Využívanie Húb Autori Martin Pavlík, Marcel Golian, Anna Pavlíková, Pavol Hlaváč „Nové možnosti využívania húb človekom v pôdohospodárstve“ Využívanie húb Autori: © Ing. Martin Pavlík, PhD., Ing. Marcel Golian, PhD., PaedDr. Anna Pavlíková, PhD., Ing. Pavol Hlaváč, PhD. OBSAH 1 Biológia a ekológia húb (Martin Pavlík) ..............................................................5 1.1 Miesto húb medzi organizmami na Zemi ......................................................... 5 1.2 Koľko je húb? ....................................................................................................6 1.3 Život a rozširovanie húb ................................................................................... 7 Otázky ............................................................................................................10 2 Schopnosti a vlastnosti húb (Martin Pavlík, Marcel Golian) .............................. 11 2.1 Miesto húb v lese – drevokazné huby (Martin Pavlík) .................................. 11 2.1.1 Drevokazné huby .................................................................................. 12 2.1.2 Vznik infekcie a ochorenia drevín ....................................................... 13 2.1.3 Rozširovanie parazitických drevokazných húb ................................. 14 2.1.4 Symptómy napadnutia dreviny parazitickými drevokaznými hubami ...........................................................................14 2.1.5 Rozklad dreva drevokaznými hubami .................................................. 15 2.1.6 Drevokazné huby a les ......................................................................... 16 2.2 Huby a človek – v rôznych častiach sveta, v rôznej dobe (Marcel Golian) .......... 19 Otázky ...........................................................................................................21 2.3 Huby a ich perspektívne využívanie človekom (Martin Pavlík) ................... 22 Otázky ............................................................................................................27 3 Mykoobnova (Martin Pavlík, Marcel Golian) ...................................................... 29 3.1 Možnosti využitia mykoremediácie (Martin Pavlík) ..................................... 31 3.1.1 Lignivorné huby v bioremediácii ........................................................ 32 3.1.2 Využitie húb pri čistení priemyselných odpadových vôd ......................33 3.1.3 Polychlórované bifenyly ...................................................................... 34 3.1.4 Degradácia pesticídov hubami ............................................................. 34 3.1.5 Biosorpcia ťažkých kovov hubami ........................................................35 3.1.6 Polycyklické aromatické uhľovodíky ....................................................36 3.1.7 Praktická aplikácia mykoremediácie .................................................... 37 3.2 Príprava inokula huby, inokulácia substrátu (Marcel Golian) ........................ 38 3.2.1 Metodika inokulácie substrátov zrnitým inokulom .............................. 38 3.2.2 Metodika klasickej inokulácie klátikov zrnitým inokulom .................. 39 3.2.3 Metodika inokulácie klátikov kolíkovým inokulom ............................ 40 Otázky ................................................................................................42 3.3 Možnosti praktického využitia húb v lesoch, sadoch a záhradách – mykolesníctvo (Martin Pavlík) ........................................................................43 3.3.1 Materiál ................................................................................................43 3.3.2 Spôsoby inokulácie drevených substrátov v praxi ................................44 3.3.3 Vyhodnocovanie výsledkov využitia mykolesníctva ............................46 3.3.3.1 Pne po ťažbe stromov ..............................................................46 3.3.3.2 Zmes štiepok a pilín ................................................................47 3.3.3.3 Tenké drevené polená ..............................................................47 3 OBSAH 3.3.3.4 Hrubé drevené kláty .................................................................. 48 3.3.3.5 Zmes znečistených pilín, štiepok, kôry a pôdy – mykoremediácia .........................................................................49 Otázky ........................................................................................52 4 Huby ako potrava (Marcel Golian, Anna Pavlíková) .......................................... 55 4.1 Základné obsahové látky v plodniciach (Marcel Golian) ................................ 55 4.1.1 Huby vo všeobecnosti ............................................................................ 55 4.1.2 Huby a antibiotika .................................................................................. 56 4.1.3 Huby a vitamíny, minerálne látky a jedy ................................................ 56 4.1.4 Huby a aromatické látky......................................................................... 57 Otázky .....................................................................................................58 4.2 Správne spôsoby spracovania a konzervovania húb (Anna Pavlíková) ........... 59 4.3 Jedlá z húb – možnosti kulinárskeho využitia plodníc bežných lesných húb (Anna Pavlíková) ..........................................................................67 Otázky ...............................................................................................................78 5 Liečivé a jedovaté huby (Marcel Golian, Anna Pavlíková, Pavol Hlaváč) ............... 81 5.1 Obsahové látky v plodniciach húb s liečivými účinkami (Marcel Golian) .......... 81 5.2 Najvýznamnejšie druhy liečivých húb a ich využitie (Marcel Golian) .......... 86 Otázky ............................................................................................................108 5.3 Spracovania plodníc húb na liečivé substancie (Anna Pavlíková) ................109 5.4 Praktické postupy úpravy húb (Anna Pavlíková) ..........................................116 Otázky ............................................................................................................117 5.5 Vlastnosti húb s negatívnym účinkom na ľudský organizmus (Pavol Hlaváč) ...............................................................................................118 Otázky ............................................................................................................122 5.6 Najvýznamnejšie jedovaté huby (Pavol Hlaváč) .......................................... 138 Použitá literatúra ........................................................................................................148 4 1 Biológia a ekológia húb 1 Biológia a ekológia húb 1.1 Miesto húb medzi organizmami na Zemi Pod skupinou organizmov, ktorú nazývame „huby“ myslíme tú skupinu organiz- mov, ktoré zaraďujeme do ríše húb – Fungi. K hubám je v širšom chápaní priraďo- vaných aj niekoľko ďalších skupín organizmov, ktoré sa už dnes často systematicky zaraďujú do skupiny Protista ríše Protozoa a ríše Chromista. Do samostatnej ríše Fungi sú začlenené oddelenia Chytridiomycota a Eumycota – tzv. pravé huby. Takéto širšie chápanie termínu huba používa aj vedná disciplína, ktorá sa zaoberá štúdiom týchto organizmov – mykológia. Celá táto dosť heterogénna skupina organizmov rôz- neho vzhľadu má spoločné to, že sa jedná o eukaryotické, heterotrofné stielkaté organizmy (Váňa, 1996). V minulosti sa huby zaraďovali medzi rastliny a často sa ešte aj dnes vyučujú ako súčasť botaniky. Neskôr s pribúdaním poznatkov o hubách a relatívne rýchlym rozvojom mykológie v druhej polovici 19. storočia, sa považovali za akýsi prechod medzi rastlinami a živočíchmi. V súčasnosti sa však huby považujú za samostatnú ríšu a s rastlinami majú spoločné len to, že vznikli súčasne s nimi a teda skôr ako živočíchy. Keďže nemajú asimilačné pigmenty, sú odkázané na heterotrofný spôsob výživy. Pre svoj život teda, na rozdiel od rastlín, nepotrebujú ani slnečnú energiu a do ovzdu- šia nevylučujú ako pri fotosyntéze kyslík, ale uhlík, ktorý vzniká pri rozklade organic- kých látok v podobe oxidu uhličitého. Produktom metabolizmu je u húb, tak ako u živočíchov, polysacharid glykogén. V bunkách húb, tak ako v živočíšnych bunkách, sa nachádzajú lyzozómy, ktoré v rast- linných bunkách chýbajú. Hlavným stavebným materiálom všetkých živých organizmov sú bielkoviny, ktoré sú zložené z aminokyselín. Kvalita bielkovín nie je vždy rovnaká a rastlinným bielkovinám mnohé esenciálne aminokyseliny chýbajú a teda nie sú plnohodnotné. Bielkoviny húb obsahujú všetky esenciálne aminokyseliny nevyhnutné na stavbu bielkovín ľudského tela a sú teda rovnako hodnotné, ako bielkoviny živočíšneho pôvodu. Hnilobným rozkladom živočíšnych bielkovín vznikajú tzv. ptomaíny. Sú to mŕtvolné jedy a vyskytujú sa tiež v rozkladných produktoch hubových bielkovín (Škubla, 1989). Jedy obsiahnuté v rastlinách a hubách taktiež nemajú rovnaký pôvod. Toxické látky jedovatých húb sú podobné hadím jedom a sú to spravidla veľmi účinné bielko- vinové jedy. Pre jedovaté rastliny v tomto prípade sú porovnateľné alkaloidy. V literatúre sa uvádza viacero ďalších znakov, ktoré odlišujú huby od rias, či rastlín. Nemusia však vždy platiť absolútne pre všetky huby. Najčastejším znakom, 5 Nové možnosti využívania húb človekom v pôdohospodárstve ktorý sa okrem heterotrofie uvádza ako spoločný pre živočíchy a huby, je chemická stavba bunkových stien. Základnou zložkou bunkových stien
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