Galaxea, Journal of Coral Reef Studies (Special Issue): 201-207（2013）

Proc 2nd APCRS

Diversity of the shallow water holothurians in , Central,

Serapion N. TANDUYAN1, *, Panfilo E. CIRIACO1, Ricardo B. GONZAGA1, Wilfredo G. ANOOS1, Lourdes M. GARCIANO1, and Berenice T. ANDRIANO1

1 Technological University-Camotes Campus, 6050 San Francisco, Cebu, Philippines

* Corresponding author: S.N. Tanduyan E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract Species diversity of holothurians in Camotes their sides (Colin and Arnesson,1995). They live chiefly Islands, Cebu Philippines were studied as baseline data among corals but are also found among rocks and in for resource and ecological management. A 150 meter muddy and sandy flats and distributed from the shore to transect was laid in sandy, muddy and rocky substrates of great depths (James, 2001). They are consumed either the coastal barrios during the day and night assessments fresh or processed. Because of its beautiful color combi­ of the four municipalities of Camotes Islands which are nations, they are caught live and in great demand for San Francisco, Poro, Tudela and Pilar. Physico-chemical aquaria. Their toxins have antiviral, anti unmoral, anti instruments were used and actual collection of specimen cancerous and anti fertility properties and found to be and other data was done in every 10 meter distance in the useful in the pharmaceutical industries. At present nearly transect where a 1m quadrat was used. Results showed 1,400 species of sea cucumbers are known from the seas that there are 20 species of holothurians belonging to 3 in the world. Of these, only 15 species are used for pro­ families namely Holothuriidae, Stichopodidae and Syn­ cessing beche-de-mer at present (James, 2001). aptidae. Results further show that there are 13 common Holothurian species is now declining due to severe species of Holothurians found in the four municipalities. extraction or overexploitation (Schoppe, 2000) and was The most diverse municipality is San Francisco which has also based from personal observation and some interview 18 species followed by Poro (15); Pilar (14) and Tudela of the gleaners in the area The common and distinct (13). For the distinct species, Holothuria rigida is found species of the holothurians in the four municipalities will only in San Francisco followed by Pearsonothuria graffei be made and taking also into account the profile of the (in Tudela and Pilar); habitats It is on this extent that the different species of this resource should be assessed and monitored so that a man­ Keywords Diversity, Habitat Profile, Holothurians, Camotes agement plan on conservation is formulated for the con­ Islands tinuing span of the species and as baseline data for re­ source and ecological management.

Objectives Introduction 1. To find out the different species of sea cucumber found in Camotes Islands during day and night assessment. Holothuroids, are the only echinoderms which lie on 2. To determine the common and distinct species of 202 Tanduyan et al.: Diversity of holothurians in Philippines holothurians in the three islands of Camotes of the transect which was laid perpendicular to the shoreline up to one meter deep of the water during lowest tide. Three transects were laid in each coastal barangay Materials and Methods (which is local term for barrio) throughout Camotes Islands taking into account the type of substrates which Study Site are either rocky or sandy , muddy and the sea grass beds. Camotes Island is composed of three islands namely: Number and species of sea cucumbers in each quadrat Pacijan, Poro and Ponson. They are found off the north were noted and recorded Collection of the holothurians eastern coast of the island of Cebu and lies 10˚37′ to found outside of the quadrat were also done for iden­ 10º43′10″ north and 124º24′40″ to 124º29′4″ East. Thirty- tification purposes and not included in the distribution six coastal barrios were assessed, 10 in Poro; 10 in San analysis. Francisco; eleven in Pilar and five in Tudela, Cebu (Fig. Assessment was done during the day and night. The 1). same methods were applied during night assessment with the use of rechargeable electric lamps. Night assessment Collection and Distribution was done to account for nocturnal sea cucumbers. Collection and distribution were done by using transect- Physico-chemical parameters was measured and de­ quadrat method by English et al. (1997). A. one meter termined like salinity, water pH, and temperature together quadrat were laid left and right in every10 meter distance with the kind of substrates in every quadrat was deter­ mined.

Methods Meristic and morphometric measurement of the col­ lected Holothuria and other associated species were done. Holothurian species collected was then measured using a ruler for its length and then weighed in a weighing scale for its weight. Spicule analysis was done taking samples from tentacles, dorsal and ventral body walls and from the anal papillae. Identification of the collected Holothuria was done using the book of Colin and Arnesson, 1995; Gosliner et al. (1996) and by Schoppe (2000. Identification keys by Conand (1993, 1998); Rowe (1969 and 1977), Kerr (2006) and Samyn (2006 and 2010). GPS reading on the different collecting sites was done by using the instrument, Magellan Explorist 100. The physicochemical attributes of each collecting area throughout Camotes Islands were taken. Salinity was taken using the hand held Atago refractometer. Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH) was taken using the Coening Checkmite pH 10 pH meter and Milwaukee portable pH. Temperature was taken using the laboratory thermometer, conductivity and total dissolved solids using the TDS meter. Transparency was also taken using a secchi disc. Fig. 1 Map of Camotes Islands, Cebu, Philippines Five hundred grams substrate was collected from each Tanduyan et al.: Diversity of holothurians in Philippines 203 quadrat and transects and placed in plastic bags and was Table 1 Dominant holothurians in day and night assessment brought to the laboratory and air dried. This was subjected for grain size analysis using the U.S. Standard Brass Mesh Testing Sieve with mesh of 100,200 and 400 microns. All the collected holothurians species and other assoc­ ­ iated species were then transferred to the laboratory for further analysis and identification. Preservation was done using of formalin (5%). After two weeks samples were transferred to 35% ethanol solution.

Results

Table 1 revealed that Stichopus variegatus (naso) has the highest frequency in both during the day and night assessment. This was followed by Stichopus hermanni, Holothuria scabra, Holothuria albiventer, Holothuria sp1., Euapta godeffroyi, Bohadschia marmorata, Holothuria fuscopunctata, Bohadschia paradoxa, Holothuria nobilis, Actinopyga lecanora, Holothuria impatiens, Stichopus horrens, Holothuria sp., Holothuria rigida, Bohadschia sp., Holothuria inhabilis, and the lowest frequency was Pearsonothuria graeffei. It is noted that Stichopus variegatus (naso) has the total frequency of 250 and 328 pcs in day and night assessment respectively and Pear­ sonothuria graeffei has the frequency of 1 individual in both day and night assessment. It was found out that based on the frequency there are 12 species that are abundant during the day and 7 species that are abundant during night assessment (Table 2).

Physico-chemical parameters

Salinity In San Francisco, the salinity ranges from 30-38 ppt during the night assessment while during the day it ranges from 30.0 to 35 ppt with a mode of 33.5 ppt. Salinity in Poro (night assessment) ranges from27.5 ppt to 33.8 while in the day assessment it ranges from 25 ppt to 38 ppt. Salinity in Tudela ranges from 23 to 35 ppt. during the night assessment while during the day it ranges from 29.3 to 33.5 ppt. In Pilar (night assessment) the salinity ranges from 30 to 33 ppt while during the day it ranges from 29 to 35 ppt. 204 Tanduyan et al.: Diversity of holothurians in Philippines

Table 2 Common and distinct species of holothuria found 8.0 during night and day assessment. In Tudela it ranges in Camotes Islands, Cebu, Philippines from 7.0 to 8.0 during the night and 7.0 to 7.5 during the day. In Pilar this ranges from 4.5-9.0 during the night assessment and 5.0-7.0 during the day.

Transparency The transparency of all the collecting sites was clear because the area covered is shallow (0.5 m to 3.0 m) where penetration of the light just reaches the bottom. Turbidity was felt only during heavy rains and wash out on the receding tide.

Substrates Substrates in San Francisco range from sandy, rocky to muddy with seagrass and algal beds but this was dominated by sandy and rocky substrates. In Poro the substrate ranges from sandy, rocky to muddy and similar to San Francisco, the dominant substrate is sand and rock. In Tudela the substrate were sand and rock but dominated by rocky substrate. In Pilar, the dominant substrates were sand, rock and mud.

Grain Size Analysis There are 3 sizes of grain size measurement used which are 100, 200 and 400 microns. In San Francisco, grain size mean values in 100 microns which ranges from 70 g to 456 g while in 200 microns unit the mean values range from 8 g to 255 g and for the 400 microns unit this range from 1 g to 80 g. In Poro, the 100 microns measurement ranges from Temperature 140 g to 468 g while in 200 microns this ranges from 1 g The range in temperature in the collecting sites of San to 35 g and for the 400 microns this ranges from 1 to 9 g. Francisco during the night assessment ranges from 29℃ For Tudela the 100 microns ranges from 105 g to 350 g to 34℃ while during the day it ranges from 30 ℃ to 36℃. while the 200microns ranges from 2 g to 16 g. For the In Poro it 28℃ to 30℃ during at night and 28℃ to 400microns this ranges from 1 g to 3 g. 31℃ during the day. In Tudela the temperature during the Pilar, being the farthest municipality has a grain size night assessment was 29℃ to 31℃ while during the day it mean values of 92 g to 495 g in 100microns measurement, ranges from 28℃ to 31℃. for 200 microns, the mean value ranges from 0 to 280 g In Pilar the temperature ranges from 26℃-29℃ during and for the 400 microns this ranges from 0 to 45 g. the night and during the day it ranges from 29℃ to 34℃.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration (pH) The pH in San Francisco ranges from 7.0-8.0 during the night and day assessment. In Poro, it ranges from 5.0- Tanduyan et al.: Diversity of holothurians in Philippines 205

Fig. 2 Holothurian Species Collected in Camotes Islands (Day and Night Assessment)

cisco, Cebu, ten in Poro, Cebu, 11 in Pilar and 5 in Tudela, Discussions Cebu. The number of species in this is lesser than to the study Species Composition of Schoppe (2000) where she found 100 Philippine sea There were 20 species of holothurians found in Camotes cucumber species wiht about 25 species are regularly Islands (Table 1) in which 15 species belongs to family collected and processed into smoked sea cucumber. This Holothuriidae, four species to family Stichopodidae and is also less than the results of Gamboa et al (2002) in her one to family Synaptidae. The species are widely distri­ study status of sea cucumber fishery and mariculture in buted within thirty- six coastal barrios, ten in San Fran­ the Philippines. Same findings of Choo Poh Sze (2004) 206 Tanduyan et al.: Diversity of holothurians in Philippines

Fig. 2 (Continued)

which stated that there are about 20 species of sea based on the fact that rainfall was experienced during the cucumber which are commercially fished in Malaysia. collection; hence the difference. This exceeds the findings of Xiangmin Li (2002) in his The difference of the increase in temperature during the study fishery and resource management of tropical sea day is prominent because sunlight is responsible for the cucumber in the islands of South China Sea wherein 18 increase of the temperature. species of sea cucumber found in the area. The result pH is a measure of water acidity where all biotic ac­ further shows that the diversity of sea cucumber fisheries tivities of the ecosystem was affected. The pH in Pilar was in Camotes Islands is comparable and even higher to the low because of the presence of some decaying materials other Asian countries. in the area most particularly in the barrios of Lower San Francisco was the most diverse in terms of holo­ Poblacion, Kawit and Dapdap under the municipality of thurian species (18 species) compared to Poro Tudela ,and Pilar. The physico- chemical parameters have not affected Pilar this is because San Francisco becomes now the much the occurrence and the diversity of sea cucumbers largest island since is divided into two muni­ in Camotes Islands since they do not go beyond their cipalities (Poro and Tudela). Geographically, San Fran­ normal ranges. cisco is the municipality facing directly Cebu where this contributed to its diversity. Conclusions Physico- chemical parameters The occurrence of low salinity during the day was 1. There are 20 species of holothuria found throughout Tanduyan et al.: Diversity of holothurians in Philippines 207

Camotes Islands where 16 species were identified in their English S, Wilkinson C, Baker V (1997) Survey Manual for scientific names and 4 were unidentified. Tropical Marine Resources: 2nd Edition. Aust Inst Mar Sci 2. Stichopus variegatus (naso) has the highest frequency Gamboa R, Gomez AL, Nievales MF (nd) The status of sea (250 pcs.) during day assessment while Stichopus her­ cucumber fishery and mariculture in the Philippines Gosliner TM, Behrens DW and Williams GC (1996) Coral reef manni during the night assessment with a total of 18 animals of the Indo-Pacific (Animal Life from Africa to pieces assessed. Hawaii exclusive of the vertebrates Sea) Challengers, 3. There are 13 common species of holothuria found in Monterey, California, p 315 the four municipalities and the distinct species is Holo­ James DB (2001) Twenty Sea Cucumbers from Seas Around thuria rigida which is found only in San Francisco, Cebu India in NAGA, ICLARM Quarterly 24 (1 & 2): 4-6 followed by Pearsonothuria graffei (in Tudela and Pilar). Kerr AM, Netchy K, Gawel AM (2006) Survey of the shallow- 4. San Francisco, Cebu found to be the most diverse water sea cucumbers of the Central, Philippines. University municipality where sea cucumber found (18 species) of Guam Marine Laboratory, Technical Report No. 119, p followed by Poro, Cebu (15); Pilar (14) and Tudela, Cebu 56 (13 species). Rowe FWE (1969) A review of the family Holothuriidae (Holothuriidae: Aspidochirotida). Bull British Museum (Nat Hist Zool), 18 (4): 56 References Rowe FWE, Doty JE (1977) The shallow water holothurians of guam contribution, 13 (100): 34, University of Guam

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