Masarykova Univerzita Fakulta Sociálních Studií

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Masarykova Univerzita Fakulta Sociálních Studií Masarykova univerzita Fakulta sociálních studií Mediální systém Ukrajiny optikou teorie Daniela Hallina a Paolo Manciniho Diplomová práce Olena Iermolycheva Vedoucí práce: Mgr. et Mgr. Michal Tkaczyk Brno 2017 1 Masaryk University Faculty of Social Studies Ukrainian Media system from the perspective of Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini's theory Diploma Thesis Olena Iermolycheva Supervisor: Mgr. et Mgr. Michal Tkaczyk Brno 2017 2 Čestné prohlášení Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s použitím pramenů a literatury uvedené v bibliografii. V Brně, dne 02. 01. 2017 3 Ráda bych na tomto místě poděkovala především vedoucí této práce Mgr. Et Mgr. Michalovi Tkaczykovi za vedení a cenné a podnětné konzultace. Zároveň bych chtěla poděkovat svým nejbližším za neutuchající podporu během celého studia. 4 Annotation The thesis presents the analysis of the Ukrainian media system within the comparative framework of Hallin and Mancini’s approach. The media system and the political system were analyzed with the cluster of factors, interpreting the development of the media market, political parallelism, journalistic professionalism, and the role of the state in relation to the existing theoretical framework. The historical background has the biggest influence on the formation of ukrainian media systems as the media was developing along with the country itself. The thesis demonstrates partly match with the Mediterranean polarized pluralist model of media system according to Hallin and Mancini’s theory, and argues that the Ukrainian case refutes the proposition that Hallin and Mancini’s model cannot be applied to new democracies in post-communist Europe. Key words: Ukrainian media system, development of media market, political parallelism, professionalism, role of state, polarized pluralism, research work, case study Anotace Táto diplomová prace se zabývá ukrajinským mediálným systemem optikou teorie Hallina Manciniho. Mediální a politický system byl analýzovany pomoci souhrnu faktorů, tlumočení rozvoje médialného trhu, politického paralelismu, novinařského profesionalismu a role státu ve vztáhu k existujicímu teoretickému rámci. Historické pozadí má největší vliv na formování ukrajinského mediálního systému, protože média se rozvíjela zaroveň se státem samotným. Diplomová práce ukazuje částečné sladení s Středomorským modelem polarizovaného pluralismu mediálného systemu podle teorie Hallina Manciniho, a tvrdí, že ukrajinský případ vyvrátí tvrzení, že modely Hallina Manciniho nemužou byt aplikované na nové demokracie v post-komunistické Evropě. Kličová slova: mediální system Ukrajiny, politický paralelismus, profesionalismus, role státu, polarizovaný pluralismus, výzkumná práce, připadová studie 5 Obsah Obsah .............................................................................................................................................. 6 Úvod ................................................................................................................................................ 8 Kapitola 1. Mediální systém a jeho vývoj .................................................................................. 10 1.1 Koncept mediálního systému a jeho vývoj ............................................................................. 10 1.2 Čtyři teorie tisku .................................................................................................................... 12 1.2.1 Autoritářská teorie ............................................................................................................. 12 1.2.2 Liberální teorie .................................................................................................................... 13 1.2.3 Teorie společenské zodpovědnosti ..................................................................................... 14 1.2.4 Sovětská teorie .................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.5 Limity Čtyř teorií tisku ......................................................................................................... 16 1.2.6 Klady ..................................................................................................................................... 16 1.2.7 Zápory ................................................................................................................................. 17 1.3 Modely systému Hallina a Manciniho ................................................................................. 17 1.4 Přehled dostupných poznatků .............................................................................................. 25 Kapitola 2. Dějiny ukrajinského mediálního systému ............................................................. 28 2.1 Vznik ukrajinského tisku ...................................................................................................... 28 2.2 První tištěná média v Podněpří ............................................................................................ 29 2.3 Západní ukrajinský tisk v první polovině XIX. století ...................................................... 30 2.4 Tištěné publikace v Podněpří ve 40. – 50. letech XIX. Století ........................................... 32 2.5 Tisk po revoluci roku 1905 ................................................................................................... 34 2.6 Ukrajinský tisk v době první světové války a revoluce ...................................................... 35 2.7 Média jako nástroj sovětské ideologie ................................................................................. 37 2.8 Média období obnovené nezávislosti Ukrajiny ................................................................... 40 2.9. Ukrajinský mediální systém za vlády prezidentů Viktora Juščenka a Viktora Janukovyče (2005 - 2014) ............................................................................................................ 44 Kapitola 3. Metodologická část .................................................................................................. 48 6 3.1 Vymezení výzkumného problému ........................................................................................ 48 3.2 Formulace výzkumných otázek ............................................................................................ 48 3.3 Výzkumná metoda ................................................................................................................. 49 3.4 Operacionalizace .................................................................................................................... 50 Kapitola 4. Analytická část ......................................................................................................... 53 4.1 Klíčové ukazatele pro rozvoj ukrajinského mediálního systému událostí ....................... 53 4.2 Stupeň vývoje mediálního trhu a hromadných sdělovacích prostředků na Ukrajině .... 54 4.3. Druhý parametr analýzy: určit stupeň politického paralelismu ...................................... 64 4.4 Míra novinářské profesionalizace ........................................................................................ 68 4.5 Čtvrtý parametr – míra státní intervence do některých médií a mediálního systému jako celku ..................................................................................................................................... 72 4.6 Porovnání Ukrajiny s ostatními modely Hallina a Manciniho .......................................... 79 Závěr ............................................................................................................................................. 84 Diskuse .......................................................................................................................................... 85 Seznam literatury ........................................................................................................................ 88 On-line Zdroje ............................................................................................................................. 92 5. Seznam tabulek a obrázků .................................................................................................. 93 Jmenný rejstřik ............................................................................................................................ 94 Věcný rejstřík ............................................................................................................................... 96 Celkový počet slov: 23 681 slov 7 Úvod Média, jejich fungování a mediální systémy mají v každé zemi svá specifika. Představme si, že někde jsou média veřejná, v jiném státu soukromá, vlastní je politikové nebo jiné fyzické osoby. Někteří novináři jsou vzdělaní odborníci, kteří pracují jen s důvěryhodnými zdroji a ověřují je, v jiné zemi nejsou novináři objektivní a informace, které používají, nejsou nikde ověřovány. Rozdíly v jednotlivých aspektech fungování médií lze uchopit jako odlišnosti mezi většími propojenými celky, tj. mediálními systémy. V této situaci se lze ptát, jak velký je rozdíl mezi mediálními systémy a co jej způsobuje a pomocí jakých parametrů lze charakterizovat rozdíly tak, aby bylo možné získat dostatečné znalosti o národních a regionálních mediálních systémech. Daniel Hallin a Paolo Mancini ve své knize Moderní mediální sýstemy (2004)zdůraznili kritéria na základě kterých navrhli modely, které nám umožní na tyto otázky odpovědět alespoň ve vztahu k médiím demokratických
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