Defence Diplomacy National Security Strategy

D The post-cold war era presented security challenges that at one level are a continuation of the EFENCE cold war era; at another level, these phenomena manifested in new forms. Whether the issues of economics and trade, transfer of technologies, challenges of intervention, or humanitarian crisis, the countries of the South (previously pejoratively labelled “Third World” or “developing” D IPLOMACY DEFENCE DIPLOMACY countries) have continued to address these challenges within the framework of their capabilities and concerns. The volume explores defence diplomacies, national security challenges and strategies, dynamics of diplomatic manoeuvers and strategic resource management of Latin American, southern African and Asian countries. & & This path-breaking work is a fresh addition to the comparative literature on defence and security N studies that links concepts and cases, giving voice to scholars related to the Global South and not ATIONAL to the Western powers. Emphasising history, political economy, the military, (human) security and NATIONAL SECURITY politics, contributors to this innovative volume demonstrate ‘how the past reappears because it is a hidden present’, to paraphrase novelist Octavio Paz. A capita selecta of case studies and S dialogue engendered thereby hold much promise for academic researchers, theorists, expert ECURITY STRATEGY practitioners, security and political practitioners, policymakers and students. Apart from comparative potential, the analyses reflect a purposeful blend of theory, history and substance – indeed a worthy and valuable venture in current times. S TRATEGY IAN LI EBENBERG is a sociologist and political scientist. He worked, amongst others, at the Centre for Intergroup Studies (CIGS, now Centre for Conflict Resolution), the Institute for Democracy in South Africa (IDASA), the Human Sciences Research Council of South Africa (HSRC), the University of South Africa (UNISA), and as Director of the Centre for Military Studies (CEMIS), Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University. He remains associated with the latter as Research Fellow. He published widely with more than a hundred articles and reports to his credit, published numerous articles in public media, edited and co‑edited fourteen books, co‑authored one book and published another one. DIKR KRUT IJ is Professor Emeritus of Development Studies at Utrecht University, The Netherlands, and is also a | & Shrikant Paranjpe research fellow at the Centre for Military Studies (CEMIS) at Stellenbosch University, South Africa, and at the Centro Dirk Kruijt Ian Liebenberg, de Estudos Internacionais (CEI) of the Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE‑IUL), Portugal. He has published about Latin American military governments; insurgency and counterinsurgency; peace negotiations and after‑war reconstruction; and urban violence and nonstate actors. In addition, he has been a policy advisor to the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. His most recent edited volume is Latin American Guerrilla Movements: Origins, Views from the Evolution, Outcomes (New York: Routledge, 2020, co‑edited with Eduardo Rey Tristán and Alberto Martín Álvarez). SHR IKANT PARANJPE is Research Fellow, Centre for Military Studies (CEMIS), Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University, South Africa, and Honorary Adjunct Professor in the Department of Defence and Global South Strategic Studies (DDSS), Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune. He was a Jawaharlal Nehru National Fellow of the ICSSR; Professor and Director, Yashwantrao Chavan National Centre of International Security and Defence Editors Analysis (YCNISDA) at the DDSS; and a Fulbright Fellow at the George Washington University, Washington, DC. He has published several books and articles in the area of security studies and international relations. EDITORS ISBN 978-1-928480-54-9 Ian Liebenberg Dirk Kruijt 9781928 480549 Shrikant Paranjpe DEFENCE DIPLOMACY & NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY Views from the Global South Editors Ian Liebenberg Dirk Kruijt Shrikant Paranjpe Defence Diplomacy and National Security Strategy: Views from the Global South Published by African Sun Media under the SUN PReSS imprint All rights reserved Copyright © 2020 African Sun Media and the authors This publication was subjected to an independent double-blind peer evaluation by the publisher. The authors and the publisher have made every effort to obtain permission for and acknowledge the use of copyrighted material. Refer all enquiries to the publisher. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any electronic, photographic or mechanical means, including photocopying and recording on record, tape or laser disk, on microfilm, via the Internet, by e-mail, or by any other information storage and retrieval system, without prior written permission by the publisher. Views reflected in this publication are not necessarily those of the publisher. First edition 2020 ISBN 978-1-928480-54-9 ISBN 978-1-928480-55-6 (e-book) https://doi.org/10.18820/9781928480556 Set in Dante MT Std 12/15 Cover design, typesetting and production by African Sun Media SUN PReSS is an imprint of African Sun Media. Scholarly, professional and reference works are published under this imprint in print and electronic formats. This publication can be ordered from: [email protected] Takealot: bit.ly/2monsfl Google Books: bit.ly/2k1Uilm africansunmedia.store.it.si (e-books) Amazon Kindle: amzn.to/2ktL.pkL Visit africansunmedia.co.za for more information. Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................ vii Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 1 Brazil’s National Defence Strategy, Defence Diplomacy and Management of Strategic Resources ..................................................... 13 Adriana A. Marques and Jacintho Maia Neto 2 Chilean Defence Policy: Moving forward .............................................. 33 Andrés Villar and Francisco Rojas 3 Colombia – Not So Unusual After All: A case study on the transnational making of the boundary between ‘defence’ and ‘public security’ ............................................................................... 49 Manuela Trindade Viana 4 Cuba's Defence Diplomacy: Hard and soft power, 1959‑2018 ............... 67 Dirk Kruijt 5 Venezuela’s Defence Diplomacy under Chávez and Maduro (1999‑2018) ........................................................................ 87 Dirk Kruijt 6 South Africa’s Defence Diplomacy in Africa ......................................... 101 Ian Liebenberg and Raymond Steenkamp-Fonseca 7 National Security in Complex Times: The South African military dimension ................................................................................. 127 Shadrack Ramokgadi, Tobie Beukes and Ian Liebenberg 8 Namibia’s Defence Diplomacy: A first exploration ............................... 155 André du Pisani 9 The Trajectory of Zimbabwe’s Foreign Policy and Defence Diplomacy ............................................................................... 179 Torque Mude and Sadiki Maeresera 10 China in a Global World ........................................................................ 189 Ian Liebenberg and Justin van der Merwe 11 India’s Military Diplomacy .................................................................... 207 Rahul Anand Maslekar 12 Managing India’s Strategic Resources and Reserves ............................. 221 Ajey Lele 13 India’s Security Strategy: Beyond deliberate ambiguity? ....................... 239 Shrikant Paranjpe Epilogue ................................................................................................. 265 Index ....................................................................................................... 281 Contributing Authors ............................................................................. 287 Acknowledgements The editors would like to acknowledge the financial and moral support of the Dean, Professor Sam Tshehla, Faculty of Military Science, and Stellenbosch University during the course of editing and in preparation of the final manuscript. Gratitude is also extended to the Deanery of the Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch, for providing seed funding for the publication of the first edition of this work in South Africa. This consistent support from the Office of the Dean is deeply appreciated as always. We also express our appreciation for the professional services rendered by the staff at African Sun Media, especially Wikus van Zyl for his kind and enthusiastic support and most cordial assistance during the publication process, as well as Davida van Zyl for her careful, professional, kind, dedicated and always prompt assistance during the editing process. We convey our gratitude for the always supportive attitude and splendid spirit by the team of researchers and assistants at the Centre of Military Studies, Faculty of Military Sciences of Stellenbosch University, housed at the South African Military Academy in Saldanha. Their support, critical input and at times taking over responsibilities of one of the resident editors provided space to spend quality time on this work. We wish to thank Jeanne Enslin for superb language editing and assistance with the source lists. Likewise, many colleagues within the Faculty of Military Science, academics, theorists and expert practitioners in the broad national and international networks from which the editors

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