DOCSLIB.ORG

Overview of Sensors for Applications

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

OVERVIEW OF SENSORS FOR APPLICATIONS Deepak Putrevu Head, MTDD/AMHTDG EM SPECTRUM Visible 0.4-0.7μm Near infrared (NIR) 0.7-1.5μm Optical Infrared Shortwave infrared (SWIR) 1.5-3.0μm Mid-wave infrared (MWIR) 3.0-8.0μm (OIR) Region Longwave IR(LWIR)/Thermal IR(TIR) 8.0-15μm Far infrared (FIR) Beyond15μm Gamma Rays X Rays UV Visible NIR SWIR Thermal IR Microwave P-band: ~0.25 – 1 GHz Microwave Region L-band: 1 -2 GHz S-band: 2-4 GHz •Sensors are 24x365 C-band: 4-8 GHz •Signal data characteristics X-band: 8-12 GHz unique to the microwave region of the EM spectrum Ku-band: 12-18 GHz K-band: 18-26 GHz •Response is primarily governed by geometric Ka-band: 26-40 GHz structures and hence V-band: 40 - 75 GHz complementary to optical W-band: 75-110 GHz imaging mm-wave: 110 – 300GHz Basic Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy and the Earth’s Surface Incident Power reflected, ρP Reflectivity: The fractional part of the radiation, P incident radiation that is reflected by the surface. Power absorbed, αP Absorptivity: the fractional part of the = Power emitted, εP incident radiation that is absorbed by the surface. Power transmitted, τP Emissivity: The ratio of the observed flux emitted by a body or surface to that of a P= Pr + Pt + Pa blackbody under the same condition. 푃 푃 푃 푟 + 푡 + 푎 = 1 푃 푃 푃 Transmissivity: The fractional part of the ρ + τ + α =1 radiation transmitted through the medium. At thermal equilibrium, absorption and emission are the same. Dominant mechanisms measured by sensors 1) Reflection 2) Emission Optical cameras Radiometers LIDARs RADARs What are passive and active sensors? Sensors which carry their own source of illumination to measure reflection / scattering are called active sensors (LIDARs and RADARs) And, those which do not require are passive sensors (Cameras & Radiometers) EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITES LAND & WATER HIGH RESOLUTION OCEAN WEATHER; CLIMATE OCEANSAT-2 INSAT-3A RESOURCESAT-2, 2A CARTOSAT-2; 2A; 2B (2003) (2011, 16) (2007, 08, 10) (2009) CARTOSAT-2S KALPANA (2016, 17, 17) (2002) RISAT-1 MEGHA- TROPIQUES SARAL SCATSAT-1 RISAT-2 CARTOSAT-1 (2013) (2016) (2012) (2012) (2005) (2011) INSAT-3D (2013) INSAT-3DR (2016) 1 KM IMAGING CAPABILITY 0.8 M Microwave Remote Sensing @ SAC Land Ocean Atmosphere Planetary Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) RADIOMETERS MILLI-METER WAVE For Moon (Imaging Sensor For Land- (Used To Measure Ocean SOUNDER Dual Frequency (L & mapping With Civilian And Parameters Like Wind Speed, Sea (Used To Measure S-BAND) SAR On Strategic Applications) Surface Temperature And Atmospheric Chandrayaan-2 Precipitation For Weather Temperature & (2017) SPACEBORNE: Forecasting) Humidity Profiles For Ka-band Altimeter DELIVERED: Weather as Navigation and C-BAND SAR on Radar Imaging DELIVERED Forecasting) Guidance Sensor Satellite (RISAT-1) (2012) 1. SAMIR On Bhaskara-1(1978) 2. SAMIR On Bhaskara-2(1981) Temperature Ongoing .. ONGOING: 3. Microwave Scanning Microwave Sounding Unit NISAR (S-Band SAR) Radiometer (MSMR) On (TSU) For Mars RISAT-1A (Repeat of RISAT-1) Oceansat-1(1999) Humidity P-band SAR X-BAND SAR (RISAT-2A, 2B) 4. MADRAS On Meghatrophiques Sounding Unit Radiometer (2011) (HSU) AIRBORNE: For Venus FLOWN: SCATTEROMETERS S-band SAR Airborne SAR (ASAR) (1992) (Used To Measure Wind Radiometer Disaster Management SAR Velocity, On Ocean Surface RO payload (DMSAR) – C-BAND (2005) For Weather Forecasting) L&S-band Airborne SAR (2017) ONGOING: DELIVERED DMSAR – C-BAND 1. Ku-band Scatt onbrd Oceansat-2 DMSAR - X-BAND (2009) GB Scatt 2. Scatsat-1(2016) Ground Penetration Radar - GPR ONGOING: Oceansat-3 Scatterometer X-band SLAR – Side Looking Airborne Radar (1983-89) The ‘BASIC’ Radar 9.6 GHZ, HH 25 KW PEAK POWER ALTITUDE 3 KM SWATH of 5 Kms PLATFORM DAKOTA DC-10 (Aircraft) Synthetic Aperture Radar •MAKES USE OF DOPPLER VARIATION BETWEEN Velocity SENSOR AND TARGET •RESOLUTION: Rλ/2LSYN = L/2 •SAR RESOLUTION INDEPENDENT OF RANGE C-band ASAR – Airborne Synthetic Aperture Radar The ‘BASIC’ Radar + Signal Processing for Azimuth resolution improvement = Synthetic Aperture Radar First Flown On May 20th, 1992 Badhbasti Sabhan Kansi * * * Simra * Manlari * *Chatiriya Affected Kamrauli *Ganawli * Embankment *Jalwara DARBHANGA Kadaria *Baliya * Rampur * *Bajrdpur Banauli * Yaunga * Baluwahi Bharaul FLOOD INUNDATION * * *Mahnauli Panchobh * Baghia * *Ballapur LAHERIA SARAI Dih Rampur * Kamalpur * Ekmighat Baghla * * Chandih During Floods - ASAR dataTaralahi of 24* -Jul-2003* C-band Disaster Management SAR (DMSAR) DMSAR Rack Inside The Aircraft BEECHCRAFT DMSAR ANTENNA BEING INSTALLED AHMEDABAD AIRPORT C-band Radar Imaging Satellite •India’s first spaceborne SAR, active array, indigenous •High resolution to wide swath modes •Polarimetry mode HRS Mode Resolution = 1 - 2 m, o = -16dB FRS-1 Mode Resolution = 3 - 6 m, o = -17dB FRS1/FRS2 Mode FRS-2 Mode 536 km 536 Resolution = 6 m (circular), 6-9m HRS Mode (QuadPol), o = -20dB / -19dB MRS Mode CRS Mode Resolution = 25 m, o = -17dB CRS Mode MRS Mode Resolution = 50 m, o = -17dB Hybrid Polarimetry results •Circular Transmit and Linear Receive (H &V) • Derivation of Stokes parameters and decomposition for target characterization Odd bounce: BLUE Even bounce: RED Vol scattering: GREEN Andaman Pali, Antarctica Tunisia Sea Ice Sea Rajasthan Andaman SABARMA OIL SPILL, AHMEDABAD Sea TI NORWAY L & S-band NISAR (NASA-ISRO SAR) •Dual frequency SAR based on SweepSAR technique. •High resolution (~6m) and wide swath (240km) simultaneously •Airborne version developed for technology demonstration and L & S-band science data generation L & S-band Airborne SAR Airborne SAR L-band Full Pol Data •First phase of flight campaign over; more to follow @ Shoolpaneshwar forest, Narmada •Data analysis is in progress Freeman-Durden Decomposition Image EVEN VOLUME ODD Multifrequency Scanning Microwave Radiometer (MSMR) (1999) 6.6 GHz Sea surface Temperature 10.65GHz Wind speed 18GHz Precipitation 21 GHz Cloud Liquid water Conical scan of MSMR antenna 43.3° and imaging geometry 11.2 rpm Oceansat-2 Ku-band Scatterometer (2009) (OSCAT) Scatterometers measure surface backscatter cross- section with very high accuracy. 42.620 49.380 Surface roughness α wind velocity Roughness direction: max in the direction of the wind and min orthogonal to the wind Some of the Cyclones tracked by OSCAT SCATSAT-1: 2016 Thane Cyclone, India Neelam Cyclone, India Phailin Cyclone, India (28-12-2011) (31-10-2012) (11-10-2013) Kabayan Cyclone, Phillipines Irene Hurricane, USA Sandy Hurricane, USA (01-08-2011) (27-08-2011) (29-10-2012) • Wind speed range improved from 4 – 24m/s (OSCAT) to 3 – 30m/s (Scatsat-1) • Wind vector cell size improved from 40km x 40km (OSCAT) to 25km x 25km (Scatsat-1) • Other improvements include a host of system and operational features to improve overall accuracy. Ground Penetration Radar (GPR) An initiative with a difference, this instrument looks beneath earth surface. 250-750 MHz stepped frequency subsurface imaging GPR is part of several expeditions to Antarctica for ice/snow studies Sea Ice Thickness Testing Ice Sheet Thickness Testing Signatures in Optical and IR regions •Interpretation of optical images requires knowledge of spectral reflectance signatures of various materials (natural or man-made) Set of characteristics by which a material or an object may be identified on an image or photograph. SENSORS IN RESOURCESAT SATELLITE LISS-IV RESOURCESAT SENSORS Specification LISS-IV LISS-III AWiFS Instantaneous 5.8 at nadir 23.5 56 at nadir LISS-III Geometric Field of (Across Track) (Across Track) View (m) Spectral Bands B2: 0.52-0.59 B2: 0.52-0.59 B2: 0.52-0.59 (micrometer) B3: 0.62-0.68 B3: 0.62-0.68 B3: 0.62-0.68 B4: 0.77-0.86 B4: 0.77-0.86 B4: 0.77-0.86 B5: 1.55 – 1.70 B5: 1.55 – 1.70 Swath (km) 23.9 (MX) 141 740 (combined) 70 (mono) 370 (each head) AWiFS SENSORS IN CARTOSAT SATELLITE HYPER SPECTRAL IMAGING SPECTROMETER Hyperspectral Imaging More than 100 bands with high resolution (~5nm) closely spaced (continuum) bands …. 100’s of parallel spectrometers High spectral resolution spectroscopy has capability to detect sharp absorption features (which is averaged out in broad band) manifested due to composition and certain physical, chemical and biophysical condition of material AVIRIS-NG Airborne Hyperspectral Campaign In collaboration with JPL/NASA (Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer – NextGen) Airborne data acquisition over 57 sites in 84 days Radiance data is used to generate surface reflectance data in 425 bands (VNIR and SWIR – 380 to 2510nm with at 5 nm sampling) LIDAR REMOTE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERE LIDAR: LIght Detection And Ranging LIDAR REMOTE SENSING OF VEGETATION LIDAR: LIght Detection And Ranging Thanks.
Recommended publications
  • Indian Payload Capabilities for Space Missions

    Indian Payload Capabilities for Space Missions

    INDIAN PAYLOAD CAPABILITIES FOR 13, Bangalore - SPACE MISSIONS July 11 A.S. Kiran Kumar Director Space Applications Centre International ASTROD Symposium, Ahmedabad th 5 Application-specific EO payloads IMS-1(2008) RISAT-1 (2012) MX/ HySI-T C-band SAR CARTOSAT-2/2A/2B RESOURCESAT-2 (2011) (2007/2009/2010) LISS 3/ LISS 4/AWiFS PAN RESOURCESAT-1 (2003) LISS 3/ LISS 4 AWiFS CARTOSAT-1 (2005) (Operational) STEREOPAN Megha-Tropiques (2011) TES(2001) MADRAS/SAPHIR/ScARaB/ Step& Stare ROSA PAN OCEANSAT-2 (2009) OCM/ SCAT/ROSA YOUTHSAT(2011) LiV HySI/RaBIT INSAT-3A (2003) KALPANA-1 (2002) VHRR, CCD VHRR Application-specific EO payloads GISAT MXVNIR/SWIR/TIR/HySI RISAT-3 RESOURCESAT-3A/3B/3C L-band SAR CARTOSAT-3 RESOURCESAT-2A LISS 3/LISS 4/AWiFS PAN LISS3/LISS4/AWiFS RESOURCESAT-3 LISS 3/LISS 4/ CARTOSAT-2C/2D AWiFS (Planned) PAN RISAT-1R C-band SAR SARAL Altimeter/ARGOS OCEANSAT-3 OCM , TIR GISAT MXVNIR/SWIR/ INSAT- 3D TIR/HySI Imager/Sounder EARTH OBSERVATION (LAND AND WATER) RESOURCESAT-1 IMS-1 RESOURCESAT-2 RISAT-1 RESOURCESAT-2A RESOURCESAT-3 RESOURCESAT-3A/3B/3C RISAT-3 GISAT RISAT-1R EARTH OBSERVATION (CARTOGRAPHY) TES CARTOSAT-1 CARTOSAT-2/2A/2B RISAT-1 CARTOSAT-2C/2D CARTOSAT-3 RISAT-3 RISAT-1R EARTH OBSERVATION (ATMOSPHERE & OCEAN) KALPANA-1 INSAT- 3A OCEANSAT-1 INSAT-3D OCEANSAT-2 YOUTHSAT GISAT MEGHA–TROPIQUES OCEANSAT-3 SARAL Current observation capabilities : Optical Payload Sensors in Spatial Res. Swath/ Radiometry Spectral bands Repetivity/ operation Coverage (km) revisit CCD 1 1 Km India & 10 bits 3 (B3, B4, B5) 4 times/ day surround.
  • History of the Indian Remote Sensing Programme

    History of the Indian Remote Sensing Programme

    History of the Indian Remote Sensing Programme Ranganath Navalgund Vikram Sarabhai Distinguished Professor Indian Space Research Organisation Bangalore, India Workshop on Small Satellites & Sensor Technology for Disaster Management, Indo-US S&T Forum CANEUSMarch SSTDM 31, 2014 2014 BEGINNING Stared with the pioneering experiment of detecting Coconut Root Wilt Disease using Color Infrared Film in 1970s by Prof. P. R. Pisharoty. Jun 07,1979 Bhaskara-I (1979) and Bhaskara-II (1981) – Experimental Remote Sensing Satellites provided the Aerial view of Grove Area foundation for the operational Indian Remote Sensing Programme. Nov 20, 1981 (Coconut Root Wilt Disease Study) The Result is operational Indian Remote Sensing Programme with the launch of IRS-1A on March 17, 1988 CANEUS SSTDM 2014 DURING 1980s NRSA established Earth Station Complex at Annaram Village, Shadnagar, 59 km from Balanagar in 1979 to receive Landsat Data TERMINAL-1 (10M DIA) L & S Band 15 Mbps 1980-83: Landsat 2,3 & NOAA- 2, 3 1983-88: Landsat 5, ERS, SPOT & NOAA Today: Multimission ScenarioCANEUS - 4 SSTDMTerminals 2014 (7.5m) - upto 960Mbps EVOLUTION OF (Microwave RISAT-1 (2012) Capability) INDIAN EO SYSTEMS C Band SAR (5.35 GHz) IMS-1 (2008) (Hyperspectral HySI Sensor (64 bands, 506 m) Capability) TWSAT-MX (4 bands, 37 m) TES, Cartosat-1, 2/2A/2B (1999, (High Spatial Resolution 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010) & Stereo Capability) PAN : 2.5 m, 1m Fore +26o Aft: -5o Resourcesat-1/2 (2003, 2011) (Multi resolution, Frequent LISS-3: 23 m, 4 XS, observations, Better LISS-4: 5.8
  • Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1

    Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on Behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1

    Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Spectrum and the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry Prepared by Strand Consulting on behalf of the Satellite Industry Association1 1 AT&T, a member of SIA, does not necessarily endorse all conclusions of this study. Page 1 of 75 Spectrum & the Technological Transformation of the Satellite Industry 1. Table of Contents 1. Table of Contents ................................................................................................ 1 2. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 4 2.1. What the satellite industry does for the U.S. today ............................................... 4 2.2. What the satellite industry offers going forward ................................................... 4 2.3. Innovation in the satellite industry ........................................................................ 5 3. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 7 3.1. Overview .................................................................................................................. 7 3.2. Spectrum Basics ...................................................................................................... 8 3.3. Satellite Industry Segments .................................................................................... 9 3.3.1. Satellite Communications ..............................................................................
  • Digital Radio Broadcasting Network in the Arctic Region

    Digital Radio Broadcasting Network in the Arctic Region

    ______________________________________________________PROCEEDING OF THE 24TH CONFERENCE OF FRUCT ASSOCIATION Digital Radio Broadcasting Network in the Arctic Region Oleg Varlamov, Vladimir Varlamov, Anna Dolgopyatova Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics Moscow, Russia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Successful economic development of the Arctic 81°), where the geostationary orbit (GEO) is observed very low zone is impossible without creating a continuous information field above the horizon and only a small portion of it is visible, that covers its entire territory and is available not only at where the satellites of the required operator are not always stationary objects, but primarily in moving vehicles - ships, cars, present, providing information fields using satellites located on airplanes, etc. This information field must consist from the GEO is not possible. Approximately from 81 ° to the poles transmission of audio information (broadcasting programs), data (weather maps, ice conditions, etc.), navigation signals, alerts and GEO from the surface of the Earth is not visible even information about emergencies, and must be reserved from theoretically. different sources. As a backup system (and in the coming years, The most promising for the formation of the main the main one) it is advisable to use single-frequency digital information field in the Arctic zone can be considered satellite broadcasting networks of the Digital Radio Mondiale standard in the low frequency range. This is the most economical system for systems in highly elliptical (HEO) or low Earth (LEO) orbits. covering remote areas. For the use of these systems, have all the At the same time, the high cost of such systems, the long period necessary regulatory framework and standard high-efficiency of infrastructure deployment and the limited lifespan, combined radio transmitters.
  • High-Frequency Radiowa Ve Probing of the High-Latitude Ionosphere

    High-Frequency Radiowa Ve Probing of the High-Latitude Ionosphere

    RAYMOND A. GREENWALD HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIOWAVE PROBING OF THE HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE During the past several years, a program of high-frequency radiowave studies of the high-latitude ionosphere has been developed in the APL Space Department. Studies are now being conducted on the formation and motion of high-latitude ionospheric electron density irregularities, using a sophisti­ cated high-frequency radar system installed at Goose Bay, .Labrador. The radar antenna is also being used to receive signals from a beacon transmitter located at Thule, Greenland. This information is providing a better understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of high-latitude propagation channels and their relationship to disturbances in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system . INTRODUCTION turbances prior to their impingement on the magneto­ At altitudes above 100 kilometers, the atmosphere sphere is quite limited. Therefore, we still have only of the earth gradually changes from a predominantly limited success in forecasting sudden changes in the neutral medium to an increasingly ionized gas or plas­ high-latitude ionosphere and consequently in high­ ma. The ionization is caused chiefly by a combination latitude radiowave propagation. of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation and, at high lati­ In order for space scientists to obtain a better un­ tudes, particle precipitation from the earth's magne­ derstanding of the various interactions occurring tosphere. Because of its ionized nature between 100 among the solar wind, the magnetosphere, and the ion­ and 1000 kilometers, this part of the atmosphere is osphere, active measurement programs are conduct­ commonly referred to as the ionosphere. In this re­ ed in all three regions.
  • A Layman's Interpretation Guide L-Band and C-Band Synthetic

    A Layman's Interpretation Guide L-Band and C-Band Synthetic

    A Layman’s Interpretation Guide to L-band and C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar data Version 2.0 15 November, 2018 Table of Contents 1 About this guide .................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Briefly about Synthetic Aperture Radar ......................................................................................... 2 2.1 The radar wavelength .................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Polarisation ....................................................................................................................................... 3 2.3 Radar backscatter ........................................................................................................................... 3 2.3.1 Sigma-nought .................................................................................................................................................. 3 2.3.2 Gamma-nought ............................................................................................................................................... 3 2.4 Backscatter mechanisms .............................................................................................................. 4 2.4.1 Direct backscatter ......................................................................................................................................... 4 2.4.2 Forward scattering ......................................................................................................................................
  • Portable Shortwave Receivers

    Portable Shortwave Receivers

    Portable Shortwave Receivers ● Longwave, AM, FM and Shortwave ELITE SATELLIT ● VHF Air Band ● HD Radio Reception ● RDS Display ● Superior Sensitivity and Selectivity ● Dual Conversion Design ● Huge 5.7 Inch Backlit Display ● Drift-free Digital Phase Lock Loop ● Direct Frequency and Band Entry ● Single Sideband Synchronous Detector ● Selectable Bandwidths ● High Dynamic Range ● Dual Programmable Clocks ● Dual Event Programmable Timers ● Stereo Line Level Input ● Stereo Line Level Output ● Earphone Jack ● Separate Bass and Treble Controls ● Adjustable AGC: Fast or Slow ● Telescopic Antenna AM/FM/SW ● Battery (4xD) or Included AC Adapter ● Scan and Search ● 1700 Total Memories (500 alphanumeric) ● Deluxe Carry Bag The Elite Satellit is simply the finest full-sized portable in the world. The Elite Satellit is an elegant confluence of performance, features and capabilities. The look, feel and finish of this radio is superb. The solid, quality feel is second to none. The digitally synthesized, dual conversion shortwave tuner covers all long wave, mediums wave (AM) and shortwave frequencies. HD Radio improves audio fidelity and adds additional programming without a subscription fee. Adjacent frequency interference can be minimized or eliminated with a choice of three bandwidths [7.0, 4.0, 2.5 kHz]. The sideband selectable Synchronous AM Detector further minimizes adjacent frequency interference and reduces fading distortion of AM signals. IF Passband Tuning is yet another advanced feature that functions in AM and SSB modes to reject interference. AGC is selectable at fast or slow. High dynamic range permits the detection of weak signals in the presence of strong signals. All this coupled with great sensitivity will bring in stations from every part of the globe.
  • Hans Knot International Radio Report April 2016 Welcome to Another

    Hans Knot International Radio Report April 2016 Welcome to Another

    Hans Knot International Radio Report April 2016 Welcome to another edition of the International Radio Report. Thanks all for your e mails, memories, photos, questions and more. Part of the report is what was left after the March edition was totally filled and so let’s go with this edition in which first there’s space for a story I wrote last months after again doing some research: ‘Ronan O’Rahilly, Georgie Fame and the Blue Fames. Where it really went wrong!’ On this subject I’ve written before but let’s go back in time and also add some new facts to it: ‘Was Ronan O’Rahilly the manager of Georgie Fame?’ I can tell you there was a problem with an important instrument. When in April 1964 Granada Television came with an edition of the ‘World in action’ series, which was a production from Michael Hodges, they informed the television public about a new form of Piracy, the watery pirates. Two radio ships bringing music and entertainment under the names of Radio Caroline and Radio Atlanta. Radio Caroline was the first 20th century Pirate off the British coast with programs, at that stage, for 12 hours a day. Interviews with the Caroline people were made in the offices of Queen Magazine in the city of London and included – among others – Jocelyn Stevens and the then 23-year old Irish Ronan O’Rahilly. During this documentary it became known, which we would also read in several newspapers in the then following weeks, that Ronan O’Rahilly had started his radiostation Caroline as he couldn’t get his artists played on stations like Radio Luxembourg.
  • Downloaded 09/25/21 09:30 PM UTC

    Downloaded 09/25/21 09:30 PM UTC

    1434 JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY VOLUME 9 NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Local Scale Observation Site ϩ JANET HARDY,* ROBERT DAVIS,* YEOHOON KOH,* DON CLINE, KELLY ELDER,# RICHARD ARMSTRONG,@ HANS-PETER MARSHALL,@ THOMAS PAINTER,& ϩϩ GILLES CASTRES SAINT-MARTIN,** ROGER DEROO,** KAMAL SARABANDI,** TOBIAS GRAF, ϩϩ TOSHIO KOIKE, AND KYLE MCDONALD## *Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire ϩNOAA/NWS/National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center, Chanhassen, Minnesota #USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado @University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah **University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ϩϩUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ##NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California (Manuscript received 12 January 2007, in final form 19 March 2008) ABSTRACT The local scale observation site (LSOS) is the smallest study site (0.8 ha) of the 2002/03 Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX) and is located within the Fraser mesocell study area. It was the most intensively measured site of the CLPX, and measurements here had the greatest temporal component of all CLPX sites. Measurements made at the LSOS were designed to produce a comprehensive assessment of the snow, soil, and vegetation characteristics viewed by the ground-based remote sensing instruments. The objective of the ground-based microwave remote sensing was to collect time series of active and passive microwave spectral signatures over snow, soil, and forest, which is coincident with the intensive physical characterization of these features. Ground-based remote sensing instruments included frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars operating over multiple microwave bandwidths; the Ground-Based Mi- crowave Radiometer (GBMR-7) operating at channels 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89 GHz; and in 2003, an L-, C-, X- and Ku-band scatterometer radar system.
  • India's Early Satellites – Spin-Stabilized and Bias Momentum

    India's Early Satellites – Spin-Stabilized and Bias Momentum

    India’s Early Satellites – Spin-Stabilized and Bias Momentum ISRO Aryabhata – for Space Science (Launch date 19 April 1975) Aryabhata was India's first satellite It was launched by the Soviet Union from Kapustin Yar Mission type Astrophysics Satellite of Earth Aryabhata was built by the ISRO Launch date 19 April 1975 engineers to conduct Carrier rocket Cosmos-3M experiments related to X-ray astronomy, solar physics, and Mass 360.0 kg Power 46 W from solar panels aeronomy. Orbital elements Regime LEO The satellite reentered the Inclination 50.7º Orbital period 96 minutes Earth's atmosphere on 11 Apoapsis 619 km February 1992. Periapsis 563 km *National Space Science Data Center, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Bhaskara (Earth Observation) Satellites (launched in 1979-1981)* Bhaskara-I and II Satellites were built by the ISRO, and they were India's first low orbit Earth Observation Satellite.They collected data on telemetry, oceanography, hydrology. Bhaskara-I, weighing 444 kg at launch, was launched on June 7, 1979 from Kapustin Yar aboard the Intercosmos launch vehicle. It was placed in an orbital Perigee of 394 km and Apogee of 399 km at an inclination of 50.7°. The satellite consisted of- Two television cameras operating in visible (0.6 micrometre) and near-infrared (0.8 micrometre) and collected data related to hydrology, forestry and geology. Satellite microwave radiometer (SAMIR) operating at 19 GHz and 22 GHz for study of ocean-state, water vapor, liquid water content in the atmosphere, etc. The satellite provided ocean and land surface data. Housekeeping telemetry was received until re-entry on 17 February 1989.
  • AN1597 Longwave Radio Data Decoding Using an HC11 and an MC3371

    AN1597 Longwave Radio Data Decoding Using an HC11 and an MC3371

    Freescale Semiconductor, Inc... microprocessor used for decoding is the MC68HC(7)11 while microprocessor usedfordecodingisthe MC68HC(7)11 2023. and 1995 between distinguish Itisnotpossible to 2022. and thiscanbeusedtocalculate ayearintherange1995to beworked out cyclecan,however, leap–year/year–start–day data.Thepositioninthe28–year available andcannotbeuniquelydeterminedfromthe transmitted and yeartype)intoday–of–monthmonth.Theisnot dateinformation(day–of–week,weeknumber transmitted the form.Themicroprocessorconverts hexadecimal displayed whilst allincomingdatacanbedisplayedin In thisapplication,timeanddatecanbepermanently standards. Localtimevariation(e.g.BST)isalsotransmitted. provides averyaccurateclock,traceabletonational Freescale AMCU ApplicationsEngineering Topping Prepared by:P. This documentcontains informationonaproductunder development. This to thecompanyleasingitforuseinaspecificapplication. available blocks areusedcommerciallywhereeachblockis other 0isusedfortimeanddate(andfillerdata)whilethe Type purpose.There are16datablocktypes. used foradifferent countriesbuthasamuchlowerdatarateandis European with theRDSdataincludedinVHFradiosignalsmany aswelltheaudiosignal.Thishassomesimilarities data using an HC11 and Longwave an Radio MC3371 Data Decoding Figure 1showsablock diagramoftheapplication; Figure data is transmitted every minuteontheand Time The BBC’s Radio4198kHzLongwave transmittercarries The BBC’s Ltd.,EastKilbride RF AMPLIFIERDEMODULATOR FM BF199 FILTER/INT.: LM358 FILTER/INT.: AMP/DEMOD.: MC3371 LOCAL OSC.:MC74HC4060
  • NISAR Science Workshop – 2014

    NISAR Science Workshop – 2014

    Science Workshop – 2014 NISAR Space Applications Centre NISAR Mission Overview Tapan Misra (ISRO) & Paul Rosen (JPL) Space Applications Centre (SAC) NASA ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) NISAR Mission Overview Payload / Mission Characteristics Would Enable 1 L-band (24 cm wavelength) Low temporal decorrelation and foliage penetration 2 S-band (12 cm wavelength) Sensitivity to light vegetation 3 SweepSAR technique with Imaging Swath > Global data collection 240 km 4 Polarimetry (Single/Dual/Quad) Surface characterization and biomass estimation 5 12-day exact repeat Rapid Sampling 6 3 – 10 meters mode-dependent SAR resolution Small-scale observations 7 3 years science operations (5 years Time-series analysis consumables) 8 Pointing control < 273 arcseconds Deformation interferometry 9 Orbit control < 500 meters Deformation interferometry 10 > 30% observation duty cycle Complete land/ice coverage 11 Left/Right pointing capability Polar coverage, north and south th th *Mission Concept – Pre-decisional – for Planning and NISAR Science Workshop, SAC Ahmedabad – 17 & 18 Nov. 2014 2 Discussion Purposes Only Key Capabilities for NISAR Repeatable orbits and instrument pointing Swath width sufficient to cover ground-track spacing at equator Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar with “industry-standard” performance parameters valid over the full swath All imaging with the instrument boresight pointed 37 degrees off-nadir and +/- 90 degrees off the body-fixed velocity vector Orbit reconstruction to cm-scale accuracy for efficient interferometric processing and calibration Sufficient duty cycle and mission resources to strobe Earth’s land and ice on ascending and descending orbits each repeat cycle 24-hour turnaround on urgent retargeting and 5-hour latency for data designated as urgent th th *Mission Concept – Pre-decisional – for Planning and NISAR Science Workshop, SAC Ahmedabad – 17 & 18 Nov.