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A Brief History of Radio Broadcasting in Africa
A Brief History of Radio Broadcasting in Africa Radio is by far the dominant and most important mass medium in Africa. Its flexibility, low cost, and oral character meet Africa's situation very well. Yet radio is less developed in Africa than it is anywhere else. There are relatively few radio stations in each of Africa's 53 nations and fewer radio sets per head of population than anywhere else in the world. Radio remains the top medium in terms of the number of people that it reaches. Even though television has shown considerable growth (especially in the 1990s) and despite a widespread liberalization of the press over the same period, radio still outstrips both television and the press in reaching most people on the continent. The main exceptions to this ate in the far south, in South Africa, where television and the press are both very strong, and in the Arab north, where television is now the dominant medium. South of the Sahara and north of the Limpopo River, radio remains dominant at the start of the 21St century. The internet is developing fast, mainly in urban areas, but its growth is slowed considerably by the very low level of development of telephone systems. There is much variation between African countries in access to and use of radio. The weekly reach of radio ranges from about 50 percent of adults in the poorer countries to virtually everyone in the more developed ones. But even in some poor countries the reach of radio can be very high. In Tanzania, for example, nearly nine out of ten adults listen to radio in an average week. -
Overview of Sensors for Applications
OVERVIEW OF SENSORS FOR APPLICATIONS Deepak Putrevu Head, MTDD/AMHTDG EM SPECTRUM Visible 0.4-0.7μm Near infrared (NIR) 0.7-1.5μm Optical Infrared Shortwave infrared (SWIR) 1.5-3.0μm Mid-wave infrared (MWIR) 3.0-8.0μm (OIR) Region Longwave IR(LWIR)/Thermal IR(TIR) 8.0-15μm Far infrared (FIR) Beyond15μm Gamma Rays X Rays UV Visible NIR SWIR Thermal IR Microwave P-band: ~0.25 – 1 GHz Microwave Region L-band: 1 -2 GHz S-band: 2-4 GHz •Sensors are 24x365 C-band: 4-8 GHz •Signal data characteristics X-band: 8-12 GHz unique to the microwave region of the EM spectrum Ku-band: 12-18 GHz K-band: 18-26 GHz •Response is primarily governed by geometric Ka-band: 26-40 GHz structures and hence V-band: 40 - 75 GHz complementary to optical W-band: 75-110 GHz imaging mm-wave: 110 – 300GHz Basic Interactions between Electromagnetic Energy and the Earth’s Surface Incident Power reflected, ρP Reflectivity: The fractional part of the radiation, P incident radiation that is reflected by the surface. Power absorbed, αP Absorptivity: the fractional part of the = Power emitted, εP incident radiation that is absorbed by the surface. Power transmitted, τP Emissivity: The ratio of the observed flux emitted by a body or surface to that of a P= Pr + Pt + Pa blackbody under the same condition. 푃 푃 푃 푟 + 푡 + 푎 = 1 푃 푃 푃 Transmissivity: The fractional part of the ρ + τ + α =1 radiation transmitted through the medium. At thermal equilibrium, absorption and emission are the same. -
Analogue & Digital Radio Worldwide
Analogue & Digital Radio Worldwide MASS COMMUNICATION VIA SHORTWAVE HAS UNIQUE ADVANTAGES EVEN IN THE INTERNET AGE Global radio transmission via shortwave How it works Advantages of Shortwave Radio Simple, non-discriminatory reception Shortwave radio is radio transmission › Analogue or digital radio with of information on portable end user using shortwave radio frequencies, gen- one transmitter around the globe devices, independently from network erally 3.9–26.1 MHz (75–11 meter-band), › Audio transmission and data- providers and technical infrastructure: just above the medium-wave AM broad- transfer are possible These are the unique features which cast band. Shortwaves are directed at continue to make shortwave an impor- an angle into the sky can › Flexible transmission booking tant form of mass media. Therefore be reflected back to earth at great (daily, weekly, monthly or on- shortwave is an important platform for distances, beyond the horizon. Short- demand) public and commercial radio broad- wave radio is usually used for broad- › Reach thousands of people with casters as well as political and religious casting voice and music to shortwave one transmitter organisations to distribute their pro- listeners over entire continents or even grammes. larger areas. › Signals are hardly to disturb compared to Internet or satellite IONOSPHERE › Easy to receive with low-cost receivers SKYWAVE TRANSMITTER RECEIVER Shortwave stations of our partner service providers around the globe From Germany to the whole world › For providers of radio programmes intended for reception around the globe, Media Broadcast offers comprehensive consulting services and customised solutions for broadcasting signals via shortwave. We offer all required services- from one source, from IT-supported calculation of the desired transmission parameters and coordination of the suitable frequencies to technical broadcasting of the signals via our shortwave station in Nauen near Berlin. -
Proposed Changes to the Morse Code (CW) ) RM-10784, Proficiency Requirement for Operator ) RM-10785, Access to the Amateur Radio Bands ) RM-10786, and Below 30 Mhz
Before the Federal Communications Commission Washington, DC 20554 ) In the Matter of ) RM-10781, ) RM-10782, The Amateur Radio Service: ) RM-10783, Proposed Changes to the Morse Code (CW) ) RM-10784, Proficiency Requirement for Operator ) RM-10785, Access to the Amateur Radio Bands ) RM-10786, and Below 30 MHz. ) RM-10787 ) COMMENTS TO PETITIONS FOR RULEMAKING GREETINGS: INTRODUCTION As all parties concerned are no doubt aware, the Morse code telegraphy proficiency requirement for Amateur Radio Service operators has been eliminated from the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Radio Regulations. This change was effected on 5 July 2003 at the World Radiocommunication Conference 2003 (WRC-03), Geneva, by revising Article 25.5 §3 1 of these regulations. The revised Article 25.5 now gives the administrations of individual member nations, such as the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC or Commission), discretion to “…determine whether or not a person seeking a license to operate an amateur station shall demonstrate the ability to send and receive texts in Morse code signals.” Previously, knowledge of or demonstration of Morse code proficiency had been required by ITU regulation for amateur radio operation on all frequencies below 30 MHz. These 1 Dixon Comments frequencies include all of the amateur High Frequency (HF or shortwave) bands, and the one amateur Medium Frequency (MF or medium-wave) band. Note: For purposes of this document, references henceforth to “HF” or “High Frequency” or “shortwave” shall be deemed to include MF or Medium Frequency or medium-wave, as well. This is in fact colloquial nomenclature among amateur radio operators. The various petitions for rulemaking captioned above seek various degrees of relief from the somewhat burdensome requirement for US-licensed Amateur Radio Service operators (amateurs), presently needed to access the very popular and preferential international High Frequency amateur radio bands. -
Digital Radio Broadcasting Network in the Arctic Region
______________________________________________________PROCEEDING OF THE 24TH CONFERENCE OF FRUCT ASSOCIATION Digital Radio Broadcasting Network in the Arctic Region Oleg Varlamov, Vladimir Varlamov, Anna Dolgopyatova Moscow Technical University of Communications and Informatics Moscow, Russia [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract—Successful economic development of the Arctic 81°), where the geostationary orbit (GEO) is observed very low zone is impossible without creating a continuous information field above the horizon and only a small portion of it is visible, that covers its entire territory and is available not only at where the satellites of the required operator are not always stationary objects, but primarily in moving vehicles - ships, cars, present, providing information fields using satellites located on airplanes, etc. This information field must consist from the GEO is not possible. Approximately from 81 ° to the poles transmission of audio information (broadcasting programs), data (weather maps, ice conditions, etc.), navigation signals, alerts and GEO from the surface of the Earth is not visible even information about emergencies, and must be reserved from theoretically. different sources. As a backup system (and in the coming years, The most promising for the formation of the main the main one) it is advisable to use single-frequency digital information field in the Arctic zone can be considered satellite broadcasting networks of the Digital Radio Mondiale standard in the low frequency range. This is the most economical system for systems in highly elliptical (HEO) or low Earth (LEO) orbits. covering remote areas. For the use of these systems, have all the At the same time, the high cost of such systems, the long period necessary regulatory framework and standard high-efficiency of infrastructure deployment and the limited lifespan, combined radio transmitters. -
Digitalization of Radio Through DRM Standard on Mediumwave And
ISSN: 2277-3754 ISO 9001:2008 Certified International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT) Volume 3, Issue 9, March 2014 Digitalization of Radio through DRM Standard on Mediumwave and Shortwave Branimir Jaksic, Mile Petrovic, Petar Spalevic, Ratko Ivkovic, Sinisa Minic University of Prishtina, Faculty of Technical Sciences, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia University of Prishtina, Teachers College, Leposavic, Serbia areas where analog technology AM (amplitude modulation) Abstract— this paper work offers an overview of DRM was used. It is planned that AM should be replaced with standards used in digitization of radio on medium and short waves digital technology which is similar to technologies DAB and in the world. Firstly, it provides the raw characteristics of DRM DVB-T (all of these listed technologies use OFDM technology and its working principle, with a special focus on audio coding. After that, the state of DRM transmissions in modulation) [3]. The primary purpose of DRM technology is February 2014 is given. Also it gives an summary of radio stations for transfer of the audio content. With this basic purpose, which broadcast the program using DRM technology (country DRM also supports the transfer of some multimedia content and language transmission). Broadcasting areas of radio stations with lower transmission capacity: are also provided, as well as the number of active DRM - DRM text messages; frequencies by regions of the world, for each radio station - EPG (Electronic Program Guide); separately. Then, a map of DRM transmitters in the world is - Information text services (Journaline text based shown, with their main characteristics. information service); - Transmission frames (Slideshow); Index Terms—DRM, frequencie, radio channel, transmitters. -
High-Frequency Radiowa Ve Probing of the High-Latitude Ionosphere
RAYMOND A. GREENWALD HIGH-FREQUENCY RADIOWAVE PROBING OF THE HIGH-LATITUDE IONOSPHERE During the past several years, a program of high-frequency radiowave studies of the high-latitude ionosphere has been developed in the APL Space Department. Studies are now being conducted on the formation and motion of high-latitude ionospheric electron density irregularities, using a sophisti cated high-frequency radar system installed at Goose Bay, .Labrador. The radar antenna is also being used to receive signals from a beacon transmitter located at Thule, Greenland. This information is providing a better understanding of the spatial and temporal variability of high-latitude propagation channels and their relationship to disturbances in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system . INTRODUCTION turbances prior to their impingement on the magneto At altitudes above 100 kilometers, the atmosphere sphere is quite limited. Therefore, we still have only of the earth gradually changes from a predominantly limited success in forecasting sudden changes in the neutral medium to an increasingly ionized gas or plas high-latitude ionosphere and consequently in high ma. The ionization is caused chiefly by a combination latitude radiowave propagation. of solar extreme ultraviolet radiation and, at high lati In order for space scientists to obtain a better un tudes, particle precipitation from the earth's magne derstanding of the various interactions occurring tosphere. Because of its ionized nature between 100 among the solar wind, the magnetosphere, and the ion and 1000 kilometers, this part of the atmosphere is osphere, active measurement programs are conduct commonly referred to as the ionosphere. In this re ed in all three regions. -
Implementation Considerations for the Introduction and Transition to Digital Terrestrial Sound and Multimedia Broadcasting
Report ITU-R BS.2384-0 (07/2015) Implementation considerations for the introduction and transition to digital terrestrial sound and multimedia broadcasting BS Series Broadcasting service (sound) ii Rep. ITU-R BS.2384-0 Foreword The role of the Radiocommunication Sector is to ensure the rational, equitable, efficient and economical use of the radio- frequency spectrum by all radiocommunication services, including satellite services, and carry out studies without limit of frequency range on the basis of which Recommendations are adopted. The regulatory and policy functions of the Radiocommunication Sector are performed by World and Regional Radiocommunication Conferences and Radiocommunication Assemblies supported by Study Groups. Policy on Intellectual Property Right (IPR) ITU-R policy on IPR is described in the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC referenced in Annex 1 of Resolution ITU-R 1. Forms to be used for the submission of patent statements and licensing declarations by patent holders are available from http://www.itu.int/ITU-R/go/patents/en where the Guidelines for Implementation of the Common Patent Policy for ITU-T/ITU-R/ISO/IEC and the ITU-R patent information database can also be found. Series of ITU-R Reports (Also available online at http://www.itu.int/publ/R-REP/en) Series Title BO Satellite delivery BR Recording for production, archival and play-out; film for television BS Broadcasting service (sound) BT Broadcasting service (television) F Fixed service M Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services P Radiowave propagation RA Radio astronomy RS Remote sensing systems S Fixed-satellite service SA Space applications and meteorology SF Frequency sharing and coordination between fixed-satellite and fixed service systems SM Spectrum management Note: This ITU-R Report was approved in English by the Study Group under the procedure detailed in Resolution ITU-R 1. -
Hans Knot International Radio Report April 2016 Welcome to Another
Hans Knot International Radio Report April 2016 Welcome to another edition of the International Radio Report. Thanks all for your e mails, memories, photos, questions and more. Part of the report is what was left after the March edition was totally filled and so let’s go with this edition in which first there’s space for a story I wrote last months after again doing some research: ‘Ronan O’Rahilly, Georgie Fame and the Blue Fames. Where it really went wrong!’ On this subject I’ve written before but let’s go back in time and also add some new facts to it: ‘Was Ronan O’Rahilly the manager of Georgie Fame?’ I can tell you there was a problem with an important instrument. When in April 1964 Granada Television came with an edition of the ‘World in action’ series, which was a production from Michael Hodges, they informed the television public about a new form of Piracy, the watery pirates. Two radio ships bringing music and entertainment under the names of Radio Caroline and Radio Atlanta. Radio Caroline was the first 20th century Pirate off the British coast with programs, at that stage, for 12 hours a day. Interviews with the Caroline people were made in the offices of Queen Magazine in the city of London and included – among others – Jocelyn Stevens and the then 23-year old Irish Ronan O’Rahilly. During this documentary it became known, which we would also read in several newspapers in the then following weeks, that Ronan O’Rahilly had started his radiostation Caroline as he couldn’t get his artists played on stations like Radio Luxembourg. -
Downloaded 09/25/21 09:30 PM UTC
1434 JOURNAL OF HYDROMETEOROLOGY VOLUME 9 NASA Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX 2002/03): Local Scale Observation Site ϩ JANET HARDY,* ROBERT DAVIS,* YEOHOON KOH,* DON CLINE, KELLY ELDER,# RICHARD ARMSTRONG,@ HANS-PETER MARSHALL,@ THOMAS PAINTER,& ϩϩ GILLES CASTRES SAINT-MARTIN,** ROGER DEROO,** KAMAL SARABANDI,** TOBIAS GRAF, ϩϩ TOSHIO KOIKE, AND KYLE MCDONALD## *Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hanover, New Hampshire ϩNOAA/NWS/National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center, Chanhassen, Minnesota #USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, Colorado @University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado &University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah **University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan ϩϩUniversity of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan ##NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California (Manuscript received 12 January 2007, in final form 19 March 2008) ABSTRACT The local scale observation site (LSOS) is the smallest study site (0.8 ha) of the 2002/03 Cold Land Processes Experiment (CLPX) and is located within the Fraser mesocell study area. It was the most intensively measured site of the CLPX, and measurements here had the greatest temporal component of all CLPX sites. Measurements made at the LSOS were designed to produce a comprehensive assessment of the snow, soil, and vegetation characteristics viewed by the ground-based remote sensing instruments. The objective of the ground-based microwave remote sensing was to collect time series of active and passive microwave spectral signatures over snow, soil, and forest, which is coincident with the intensive physical characterization of these features. Ground-based remote sensing instruments included frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radars operating over multiple microwave bandwidths; the Ground-Based Mi- crowave Radiometer (GBMR-7) operating at channels 18.7, 23.8, 36.5, and 89 GHz; and in 2003, an L-, C-, X- and Ku-band scatterometer radar system. -
AN1597 Longwave Radio Data Decoding Using an HC11 and an MC3371
Freescale Semiconductor, Inc... microprocessor used for decoding is the MC68HC(7)11 while microprocessor usedfordecodingisthe MC68HC(7)11 2023. and 1995 between distinguish Itisnotpossible to 2022. and thiscanbeusedtocalculate ayearintherange1995to beworked out cyclecan,however, leap–year/year–start–day data.Thepositioninthe28–year available andcannotbeuniquelydeterminedfromthe transmitted and yeartype)intoday–of–monthmonth.Theisnot dateinformation(day–of–week,weeknumber transmitted the form.Themicroprocessorconverts hexadecimal displayed whilst allincomingdatacanbedisplayedin In thisapplication,timeanddatecanbepermanently standards. Localtimevariation(e.g.BST)isalsotransmitted. provides averyaccurateclock,traceabletonational Freescale AMCU ApplicationsEngineering Topping Prepared by:P. This documentcontains informationonaproductunder development. This to thecompanyleasingitforuseinaspecificapplication. available blocks areusedcommerciallywhereeachblockis other 0isusedfortimeanddate(andfillerdata)whilethe Type purpose.There are16datablocktypes. used foradifferent countriesbuthasamuchlowerdatarateandis European with theRDSdataincludedinVHFradiosignalsmany aswelltheaudiosignal.Thishassomesimilarities data using an HC11 and Longwave an Radio MC3371 Data Decoding Figure 1showsablock diagramoftheapplication; Figure data is transmitted every minuteontheand Time The BBC’s Radio4198kHzLongwave transmittercarries The BBC’s Ltd.,EastKilbride RF AMPLIFIERDEMODULATOR FM BF199 FILTER/INT.: LM358 FILTER/INT.: AMP/DEMOD.: MC3371 LOCAL OSC.:MC74HC4060 -
World Receiver Yacht Boy 400 Pe Important Notice
WORLD RECEIVER YACHT BOY 400 PE IMPORTANT NOTICE NEED HELP? QUICK SETUP CALL OUR SHORTWAVE HOTLINE (But please read the rest of the manual later!) 1. Insert batteries or connect the included AC adaptor. If, after reading this owner’s manual, you need help learning to operate your YACHT BOY 400 PROFESSIONAL EDITION, call us toll free, Monday through Friday, 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m., 2. Set the DX/LOCAL switch to DX (left side of radio). PST at: 1-800-872-2228 from the U.S. 3. Turn the SSB switch OFF (right side of radio). 1-800-637-1648 from Canada OWNER’S RECORD 4. Fully extend the telescopic antenna. This model is the GRUNDIG YACHT BOY 400 PROFES- 5. With the radio off, press and release the AM button once. SIONAL EDITION, herin after referred to as the YB400PE. The serial number is located on the sticker inside the battery compartment. Refer to this number whenever you call GRUNDIG 6. Immediately press and release the STEP button. regarding this product. “10KHz” now appears in the right side of the display, and will disappear in a few seconds. (See page 4 for more information about this procedure. 7. Turn the radio on by pressing the ON/OFF button. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUBJECT PAGE GRUNDIG TOLL-FREE PHONE NUMBER………………………………………………………….............................. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………….……………………............................ 2 YOUR RADIO AT-A-GLANCE………………………………………………….……………………............................. 3 INITIAL SETUP…………………………………………………………………..……………………............................ 4 SUPPLYING POWER…………………………………………………………….……………………............................ 5 GENERAL RADIO OPERATION………………………………………………..……………………............................. 6-8 SHORTWAVE RADIO OPERATION…………………………………………...……………………............................... 9-10 STORING STATIONS INTO MEMORY………………………………………..…………………….............................. 11-12 USING CLOCK, ALARM, AND SLEEP TIMER FEATURES..............................……………………............................