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The Effects of the Third Reform Act on Political Activity and Organization in Industrial Britain, 1886-1906

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The Effects of the Third Reform Act on Political Activity and Organization in Industrial Britain, 1886-1906 Pittsburg State University Pittsburg State University Digital Commons Electronic Thesis Collection Summer 7-26-2019 THE EFFECTS OF THE THIRD REFORM ACT ON POLITICAL ACTIVITY AND ORGANIZATION IN INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN, 1886-1906. Michael S. Vernon Pittsburg State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.pittstate.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons Recommended Citation Vernon, Michael S., "THE EFFECTS OF THE THIRD REFORM ACT ON POLITICAL ACTIVITY AND ORGANIZATION IN INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN, 1886-1906." (2019). Electronic Thesis Collection. 342. https://digitalcommons.pittstate.edu/etd/342 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Pittsburg State University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis Collection by an authorized administrator of Pittsburg State University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECTS OF THE THIRD REFORM ACT ON POLITICAL ACTIVITY AND ORGANIZATION IN INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN, 1886-1906 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of History Michael S. Vernon Pittsburg State University Pittsburg, Kansas July 2019 THE EFFECTS OF THE THIRD REFORM ACT ON POLITICAL ACTIVITY AND ORGANIZATION IN INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN, 1886-1906 Michael S. Vernon APPROVED: Thesis Advisor: __________________________________________________ Dr. Kyle Thompson, Department of History, Philosophy, and Social Sciences Committee Member: _______________________________________________ Dr. Christopher Childers, Department of History, Philosophy, and Social Sciences Committee Member: ________________________________________________ Dr. Mark Peterson, Department of History, Philosophy, and Social Sciences ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Kyle Thompson for guiding and advising me both during this thesis and during my entire career at Pittsburg State University. Dr. Thompson’s guidance allowed me to deepen my understanding of nineteenth century British politics. He consistently challenged me to think about British politics more broadly and pushed me to constantly improve both my writing and my understanding of history. Dr. Thompson’s guidance and suggestions helped me tighten and direct the argument of this thesis. I would also like to thank my parents, Terry Vernon and Shelia Ore for supporting and encouraging me throughout my graduate studies. At the times that I felt overwhelmed and unsure of my work, you were there to tell me that you believed in me and that the end result would be worth the struggle. Your words of encouragement and support helped get me to grad school, through grad school, and I am forever grateful for you both. Finally, I dedicate this thesis to the memory of my aunt Hazel Chapmon. It was her encouragement of my natural curiosity that led to me studying history and her admonition to never stop learning that has shaped me both as a person and scholar. iii THE EFFECTS OF THE THIRD REFORM ACT ON POLITICAL ACTIVITY AND ORGANIZATION IN INDUSTRIAL BRITAIN, 1886-1906 An Abstract of the Thesis By Michael S. Vernon The Third Reform Act doubled the size of the British electorate by extending the urban franchise reform of 1867 into the counties. The Act also called for a redistribution of seats in Parliament which eliminated most multi-member constituencies and replace them with single-member constituencies. These reforms changed the political landscape resulting in a more democratic electorate. The twenty years following the Third Reform Act are characterized by a Conservative ascendancy, which saw Conservatives take power and control British politics for the next generation. This Conservative ascendancy was possible because of the increased importance of public opinion in the electoral calculus of British politics. The Conservative party effectively appealed to new voters and formed a broad coalition around maintaining the status-quo, while the Liberal party failed to build a comparable coalition and instead advocated for social reforms that were unpopular outside of faddist pressure groups. The Liberal party split over Gladstone’s support of Irish Home Rule enabled the Conservative party to take power following the 1886 general election and remain the dominant party until 1906. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………1 II. POLITICAL ORGANIZATION AND ACTIVITY DURING THE CONSERVATIVE ASCENDANCY……………………………………………19 III. THE LATE VICTORIAN LIBERAL PARTY COLLAPSE……………………37 IV. POPULAR OPINION AND THE IRISH HOME RULES CRISIS……………..52 V. SOCIOPOLITICAL PRESSURE GROUPS…………………………………….69 VI. ECONOMIC PRESSURE GROUPS…………………………………………….81 VII. CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………..94 v 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The Third Reform Act which necessitated a general election in 1885 had a significant impact on the course of British politics in the late Victorian period. The size of the electorate was more than doubled, and parliamentary representation was redistributed with the creation of single-member constituencies, ushering in a more democratic political process. The two general elections following the Third Reform Act resulted in the Liberal party losing seats in 1885 and falling out of power in 1886. Conservatives ascended to control of parliament following the 1886 general election and dominated British politics for the following generation. This thesis argues that the Conservative ascendancy was possible due to the more democratic nature of the electorate after the Third Reform Act. The increased political organization and activity amongst all classes greatly enhanced the role of public opinion in electoral politics. This is seen in the 1885 general election, the first following the passage of the Third Reform Act. In this election, the Liberal party lost seats compared to the 1880 election. This loss of seats was due to the Liberal party’s failure to effectively organize their base and their support of unpopular social reform campaigns. Although the Liberal party lost seats in 1885, they maintained their position as the governing party as Irish Nationalists aligned with the Liberals because of their support of Irish Home Rule. 2 However, Irish Home Rule split the Liberal party in 1886 and swept them out of power. While the Irish Home Rule crisis played a major role in the electoral defeat for the Liberal party, it was also indicative of their inability to appeal to the ideals of the electorate. The Conservative party, in large part, did not suffer from this problem. Their party organizations successfully appealed to the ideals of several classes of voters, such as national identity among the working-class, and defense of property among the middle- class, to bolster Conservative electoral support. It was this organizational strength of the Conservative party, and the collapse of the Liberal party that created the Conservative ascendancy of 1886-1906. The Third Reform Act brought the total British electorate to over five and a half million voters, while also redistributing seats in Parliament. Although commonly referred to as a single reform, the Third Reform Act is two distinct reforms which combined to alter the British political system. The Representation of the People Act, 1884 granted an extension of household suffrage into all counties of Britain.1 That act also eliminated the multiple voter eligibilities for a single individual within a single district.2 While the largest effect of the Representation of the People Act, 1884 was felt in the counties of Britain, the 1880s were not without significant change for the boroughs as well. The other half of the Third Reform Act, officially known as the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, achieved that change by redistributing parliamentary seats and establishing the modern system of single-member constituencies.3 1 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. House of Commons. The Representation of the People Act, 1884, Oxford University, 1. 2 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. House of Commons. The Representation of the People Act, 1884, Oxford University, 2. 3 The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. House of Commons. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885, Archive, 1. 3 The division of previously multi-member constituencies into single-member constituencies allowed for more concise electoral battles between Liberals and Conservatives, as well as inter-party conflicts. The increased electorate and redistributed parliamentary seats of the Third Reform Act bolstered political activity and organization across all classes, and saw public opinion play a greatly enhanced role in electoral politics in the late-Victorian and Edwardian periods. Over the course of the nineteenth century, British politics became increasingly democratic as Parliament introduced a wave of reforms increasing the size of the electorate and reconfiguring the distribution of parliamentary seats. The Third Reform Act of 1884-5 was the most significant of these nineteenth century reforms, bringing the total electorate to five and a half million voters, and establishing the single member constituency. The largest increase in electoral numbers came from the counties, which received the same voter qualifications as burghs received in the Second Reform Act of 1867. The Third Reform Act had a significant impact on burghs as well, as the creation of single member districts allowed for a more concise electoral fight between Liberals and Conservatives. This
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