DOCSLIB.ORG

~.~ University Computer Center Newsletter

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
~.~ University Computer Center Newsletter I, •" ./ t!t ~.~ University Computer Center Newsletter SPECIAL ISSUE ON SMALL COMPUTERS UNIVERSITY COMPUTER CENTER UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA-TWIN CITIES MINNEAPOLIS, MINNESOTA 55455 C::_«:)~~~~~~------------------------- I:I_IJl~~~-·~~------------------------- INTRODUCTION P · 2 I 6 you aJte no.t a ftegul.M fteade.Jt o6 .tiUJ., Why .t!Uf., .6pec.ia£ .U.,.t.ue; what -i..n6oJtma.tiort new.t.ie;tte.Jt, pieau .t.e.e page 76 • .d c.on:ti:Urt-6 MICROCOMPUTERS p. 3 I 6 you aJte now u.t.irtg, oft aJte pianrU.rtg .to What .they Me, how .they deveioped, U.6 e a .t.mill c.ompu.te.Jt .6 y.t..tem, piecu e .6 ee what .they c.an do 6oft you page 76. MICROCOMPUTERS AT THE UNIVERSITY p. 5 UrU.ve.J1..6ily ac.:ti..v.dy w.dh mic.Jtoc.ompu.te.Jt .t.y.t..tem.t., .the TERAK, .the IBM 5700, .the APPLE II UCC SERVICES p. 6 What know.tedge we have, how we c.an I heip SHORT COURSE ON MICROCOMPUTERS p. 7 WHAT WILL IT COST? p. 7 P!tic.e.t. 6oft equipmert.t, whe.Jte .to go 6oft I mofte irt6oJtma.tiort PASCAL ON MICROCOMPUTERS p. 8 DOCUMENTATION p. 9 How .to .t.eaJtc.h .the UCC Re6e.Jtenc.e Room'.t. data bcue; a .t.hoJt.t book w.t THE TERAK p. 11 I WOULD YOU WANT A TERAK? p. 12 POS ON THE TERAK p. 13 POS meart-6 Pcuc.a£. Ope.Jta.ting Sy.t..tem; 6ea.tulte.t. & 6unc.:ti..o Yl.6 lJL(!lj!l ____tL~JJ!!ilJttJt~-~--------------------- UNIX ON THE TERAK p. 14 Special Issue May, 1979 The UNIX ope.Jta.tirtg .t.y.t..tem on .the TERAK Director: Peter C. Patton TERAK POST-MORTEM DUMP p. 14 Editor : Amy Koepke, Mary Boyd DEVELOPMENT ON THE TERAK p. 15 Comments about the content of this newsletter, or suggestions for changes may be directed to the CLASSICAL GREEK p. 15 editor, 235a Experimental Engineering, UCC'.t. CAT gftoup ha.6 deveioped a c.oU!t.6e 612/373-7744. .to be u.t.ed in .the c.ia.6.t.ftoom The University of Minnesota adheres to the principle that all persons shall have equal opportunity and access to facilities in any phase of University activity without regard to race, creed, color, sex, or national origin. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ May, 1979 UCC NEWSLETTER Page 1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iriiJr_CJHtllfC:Iji()Jjl_ ________________________ _ WHOM TO CALL Welcome to our first special issue of the University Computer Center Newsletter: an issue Service Phone for current or potential small computer users. In this and future special issues, we will be Classes/demonstrations (L. Fetcher) 376-1637 discussing microcomputers, mini-computers, and any Consulting (HELP-line) 376-5592 devices that may appear to fall on the fuzzy line Documentation (Reference Room) 373-7744 between the two. To give unity to our special Newsletter (Reference Room) 37 3-77 44 issues, we shall call this publication the Small User groups/meetings (T. Hodge) 373-4599 Computer Newsletter. In this particular issue, we Development, TERAK (W. Franta) 373-9751 shall be talking about those computers popularly Development, APPLE, IB!1 (M. Skow) 373-7745 called microcomputers. Libraries/program acquisition (M. Skow) 373-7745 Hardware maintenance (A. Franck) 376-7291 We have no publishing schedule for the special Advice, TERAK (W. Franta) 373-9751 issues. When we have information to give you, we Advice, all systems (M. Skow) 373-7745 will publish it. Eventually, we will probably TERAK (SICL) 376-2975 incorporate the small computer information into Who is doing what (M. Skow) 373-77 45 the regular Newsletter. In the same way, we are TERAK (CAl) 376-7267 hoping to integrate expertise in the use of a APPLE II (R. Williams) 373-4573 limited variety of small computers across our APPLE II (!1. Skow) 373-77 45 regular professional staff. IBM 5100 (W. Sackett) 373-4573 We are now, or soon will be, providing support to users of small computers in the following ways: 1. We are now maintaining cross-processors (assemblers and compilers) on the Cyber 74 for the most popular microprocessors, such as the Intel 8080, H6800, and PDP-11. 2. The staff of the Special Interactive Computations Laboratory (SICL) and the CAl group will assist users of the TERAK's Pascal Operating System. SICL has trained staff members who can assist users of the TERAK's RT-11 operating system. Other UCC staff members are working with APPLE II microcomputers so that we can help you later in the year when more APPLEs are available at the University. 3. We are developing a catalog of software for small computers. This software is accessible on one or more of the large computers and can be copied electronically to the small computers ("down-loaded" is the jargon for this process). 4. In the UCC Reference Room (235a Exp Eng) we have subscriptions to the small computer journals requested most frequently, and information about books and journals that are available in the University's libraries. In the following pages, each of these services is discussed and described in detail with emphasis, in this issue, on services to TERAK users. T.D. Hodge, 373-4599 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Page 2 UCC NEWSLETTER May, 1979 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ MlCBOCDMPllTEBS1________ _ with expensive internal elements, the transistor The microcomputer is functionally no different is a smaller, more reliable element that serves than any other kind of computer: large computers, the same function as the vacuum tube, that is, as minicomputers, and microcomputers all perform the the active element of a logic gate. With the same type of function and have the same logical replacement of the vacuum tube, computers could structure. Therefore, a complete computer now be built from transistors, which could be consists of a unit for performing control mounted on printed circuit boards, and obviously functions, a unit for doing arithmetic and logic required much less space. A typical circuit board operations, a memory unit for storing data, and was five inches square, contained a dozen devices for input and output. transistors, and was equivalent to a single flip-flop (basic memory element for digital r----------, computers; composed of two NOR or NAND gates). I The cost of a board was $100, and there could be 1 ARITHMETIC thousands of them in one computer. By using & LOGIC transistors on printed circuit boards, computers UNIT became so cheap that, by 1960, they were widely (ALU) used for general data processing. I Central In the early 1960's, a new technology was Processing developed; dozens of transistors could be Unit (CPU) fabricated on a single silicon chip, using the same technology as for a single transistor. This fabricated chip was called an integrated circuit; OUTPUT it was about 1/2 inch square and several could be mounted on one circuit board. The board still cost $100 but it now could contain all the circuitry for the arithmetic/logic unit in a computer. This early technology, which incorporates less than 100 gates per chip, is called small-scale integration (SSI). By the mid-1960's, technological improvements had A COMPUTER made it possible to develop chips with 100-1000 gates. This development is called medium-scale integration (HSI). Many large computers today are built with MSI chips. The minicomputer is also a product of MSI technology. In 1965 the DEC PDP-8, at $50,000 each, brought computers into the research laboratory. Many minicomputers are What is different about the microcomputer is the manufactured on a single printed circuit board technology used to implement the computer's with a hundred or so MSI circuits. Minicomputers functions. Advances in solid state physics (or are as cheap as $1000 today and are widely used. semi-conductor technology) have made it possible to reduce the cost and to increase the power of a By the very late 1960's, additional progress in computer. The current results of these semi-conductor technology resulted in large-scale technological advances have been utilized in the integration (LSI) with chips containing more than manufacture of microcomputers. 1000 gates. Since the beginning of computer development, the concept of computing has basically remained unchanged; all computing uses some type of bi-modal logic device that can represent an "either-or," "on-off," "yes-no," or a "one-zero" situation. These logic devices are grouped in such a way that the "grouping" implements a Boolean logic function, or "gate." Vacuum tubes were originally used to implement the gates. One of the first large scale commercial computers was the UNIVAC 1 (c1947) that was built from thousands of vacuum tubes. It was big enough to fill a room, and had less computing power than most of today's microcomputers. This type of computer was used for limited mathematical and pioneering business data processing applications; those which would otherwise have been impossible CHIP to solve. Later in the 1950's the transistor (which had been invented in 1948) took the place of the vacuum tube. A transistor was originally a small piece of germanium (a semi-conductor), suitably doped with impurities; it is now always constructed of silicon. Where the vacuum tube is a bulky device ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ?~y, 1979 UCC NEWSLETTER Page 3 I ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ I From LSI technology then, comes the "micro­ that usually contains information that is not processor" in which the computer's central changed, e.g., a compiler. There is a larger processing unit is implemented in a single, or a amount of fast random-access-memory (RAM) that very small number of, integrated circuits. This contains information that will be changed, e.g., leads us to the "microcomputer," where the major programs and data.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Western Digital
    -<;r ( ( ) 581600 PASCAl/ADA LANGUAGE SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER 8ISi!4a".iJUJ!C!Sit1:tW&e~,!~~~~naJIltMq$d !MItIDlt'.... 'm,."mn fI:c<.~ WESTERN DIGITAL c o R p o R A T / o N I/O MECHANICAL SPECIFICATIONS .>t·Three level interrupt structure supporting disk and I/O • Length: 16 Inches Advanced Systems Division operations. Level 0 is used internally by the system. 8 inches o o • Width: t' "M _.vnpen ., = f'¥'X'" *'1 Level 1 and level 2 are reserved for future user expansion • Height: 1.5 inches and optional real time clock. OJ Two asynchronous, full duplex RS232-C serial 110 ports. Q) Programmable 1, 1 1/2 or 2 stop bi ts, 5 to 8 bit characters ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIFICATIONS 0: and baud rates of 5O-19.2K are provided. The baud rate • Temperature: coW for system console port A is switch selectable; Port B is O' C to + 50' C(Operating) o software selectable. - 20' C to + 100' C(Non-operating) I­ () 22 bit parallel 110 port: 8 output lines, 8 input lines and 6 • Humidity: o control lines. Centronics printer compatible. 10 - 90% (Non-condensing) • 100 pin edge connector for testing and system expan­ 581600 sion. Includes full address, data and control lines, bus grant DMA handshake and interrupt daisy chain. ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS .. 24 pin stacking connector for future calendar clock/data • Power requirements PASCAL/ADA LANGUAGE encryption add-on. VOLTAGE CURRENT +5VDC ± 1% 3.5A, 50mv, pop max SINGLE BOARD COMPUTER +15VDC ± 5% 0.45A, Unregulated -15VDC ± 5% 0.14A, Unregulated CONNECTORS DISK INTERFACE • Serial port: Standard RS232 "D" Type 25 pin connector • Supports up to four double sided, double density 8-inch • Parallel ports: Standard "D" Type 37 pin connector floppy disk drives providing a total formatted capacity of • Floppy Interface: Industry standard flat ribbon, mass 4 megabytes.
    [Show full text]
  • Suneel Kumar Khurmi, B.Sc.(Eng), A.C.G.I
    THE MICROPROCESSOR AND COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN AND MANUFACTURE by Suneel Kumar Khurmi, B.Sc.(Eng), A.C.G.I. September 1982 A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London and for the Diploma of Membership of the Imperial College. Department of Mechanical Engineering Imperial College of Science and Technology University of London - 2 - ABSTRACT The thesis describes the design, implementation and application of software for a low cost microcomputer based Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided Manufacture (CAD/CAM) system. The CAD workstation consists of a Motorola 68B09 8-bit microcomputer, a floppy disc, a Hewlett-Packard graphics ^ VDU, a printer and a plotter. The Numerical Control system consists of a hierarchical multi-microcomputer control system on a retrofitted Student Colchester lathe and a Bridgeport milling machine. t The CAD and NC part-programming software consists of several packages which assist the operator through the conceptual realms of product design and manufacture. They assist in the storage of the geometrical and technological information associated with the product, geometrical t editing, draughting, design analysis, cutter path derivation, NC simulation and part program generation. These packages are executed sequentially to produce 2/2^ dimensional NC part programs for a variety of machine tools, for example the Colchester and Bridgeport machines. Most of the packages are modular and have been developed in * , the high level language Pascal to maintain system modularity, flexibility and expandability. - 3 - ABSTRACT The thesis is subdivided into four main sections. The first section introduces the reader to microprocessors, CAD, CAM and the implications associated with CAD/CAM integration.
    [Show full text]
  • (J. Bayko) Date: 12 Jun 92 18:49:18 GMT Newsgroups: Alt.Folklore.Computers,Comp.Arch Subject: Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present
    From: [email protected] (J. Bayko) Date: 12 Jun 92 18:49:18 GMT Newsgroups: alt.folklore.computers,comp.arch Subject: Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present I had planned to submit an updated version of the Great Microprocessor list after I’d completed adding new processors, checked out little bits, and so on... That was going to take a while... But then I got to thinking of all the people stuck with the origional error-riddled version. All these poor people who’d kept it, or perhaps placed in in an FTP site, or even - using it for reference??! In good conscience, I decided I can’t leave that erratic old version lying out there, where people might think it’s accurate. So here is an interim release. There will be more to it later - the 320xx will be included eventually, for example. But at least this has been debugged greatly. Enjoy... John Bayko. — Great Microprocessors of the Past and Present (V 3.2.1) Section One: Before the Great Dark Cloud. ————————— Part I: The Intel 4004 (1972) The first single chip CPU was the Intel 4004, a 4-bit processor meant for a calculator. It processed data in 4 bits, but its instructions were 8 bits long. Internally, it featured four 12 bit(?) registers which acted as an internal evaluation stack. The Stack Pointer pointed to one of these registers, not a memory location (only CALL and RET instructions operated on the Stack Pointer). There were also sixteen 4-bit (or eight 8-bit) general purpose registers The 4004 had 46 instructions.
    [Show full text]
  • Warum Unix-Ports Pascal Bis Oberon in Der Bremer Informatik
    Warum Unix-Ports Pascal bis Oberon in der Bremer Informatik Günter Feldmann Universität Bremen [email protected] 1970th, Dept. of Electrical Engineering ● 1974/75: first university computer CII-Honeywell Bull, IRIS-80 ● first Pascal port from a university in Paris. ● learned Pascal by reading the compiler sources ● engineers needed 64-bit REALS, compiler got modified accordingly ● compiling and linking the compiler took 2 days ● N. Wirth: Systematisches Programmieren Since 1981, Dept. of Mathematics and Computer Science ● first personal computers: DEC PDT 11 ● PDP11 instruction set, but some instructions were missing, these had to be emulated in software as the interpreters and compilers used them. ● UCSD Pascal and some times a Modula (not Modula-2) compiler under RT11. ● Small local area network via V24 connections Computer Science ● A series of different computers ● DEC PDP11/44, BSD Unix ● DEC VAX 750 with 8 VT100 terminals, BSD Unix ● 30 Atari 520 ST (M6800) ● 20 Sun3 Workstations (M6820) ● all machines were equipped with Pascal and/or Modula-2 compilers ● Some machines (Pascal Microengine, PERQ) were microprogrammed for Pascal (p-code, Q- code) Computer Science ● workstation pool for students ● 30 machines (1986), 100 machines today ● in the beginning of 1990th we acquired Sun4 workstations (SPARC). No Modula-2 compiler! ● ETHZ released the SPARC Oberon system hosted by SunOS. This system was used in the course “Software Projekt” until 1996. Then “Java” came … ● programming courses got replaced by courses in “internet programming” Keeping Oberon alive on our hardware ● OS change: SunOS (BSD) to Solaris (SYSVR4) ● despite binary compatibility SPARC Oberon failed. Oberon compiler used registers reserved for usage by the system.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Micro-Computers
    M•I•C•R•O P•R•O•C•E•S•S•O•R E•V•O•L•U•T•I.O•N Reprinted by permission from BYTE, September 1985.. a McGraw-Hill Inc. publication. Prices quoted are in US S. EVOLUTION OF THE MICROPROCESSOR An informal history BY MARK GARETZ Author's note: The evolution of were many other applica- the microprocessor has followed tions for the new memory a complex and twisted path. To chip, which was signifi- those of you who were actually cantly larger than any that involved in some of the follow- had been produced ing history, 1 apologize if my before. version is not exactly like yours. About this time, the The opinions expressed in this summer of 1969, Intel was article are my own and may or approached by the may not represent reality as Japanese calculator manu- someone else perceives it. facturer Busicom to pro- duce a set of custom chips THE TRANSISTOR, devel- designed by Busicom oped at Bell Laboratories engineers for the Jap- in 1947, was designed to anese company's new line replace the vacuum tube, of calculators. The to switch electronic sig- calculators would have nals on and off. (Al- several chips, each of though, at the time, which would contain 3000 vacuum tubes were used to 5000 transistors. mainly as amplifiers, they Intel designer Marcian were also used as (led) Hoff was assigned to switches.) The advent of assist the team of Busi- the transistor made possi- com engineers that had ble a digital computer that taken up residence at didn't require an entire Intel.
    [Show full text]
  • Accessionindex: TCD-SCSS-T.20121208.043 Accession Date: 8-Dec-2012 Accession By: Dr.Brian Coghlan Object Name: Western Digital W
    AccessionIndex: TCD-SCSS-T.20121208.043 Accession Date: 8-Dec-2012 Accession By: Dr.Brian Coghlan Object name: Western Digital WD90 Pascal Microengine Vintage: c.1979 Synopsis: Commercial microcoded high-level language machine to execute Pascal p- code, based on WD9000 chipset developed for LSI-11 (see VAX 11/780 Console Processor elsewhere in collection). S/N: 668. Description: This unusual commercial microcoded high-level language machine was designed to execute Pascal p-code. It was based on same WD9000 chipset that was developed c.1978 by Western Digital for the DEC LSI-11 (see VAX 11/780 Console Processor elsewhere in collection). The WD90 was introduced by Western Digital in 1979. WD-9000 five chip microprocessor chip set was based on the MCP-1600 chipset for the LSI-11, with a four-phase 3MHz clock. Early CPU boards had poor power and ground layouts, leading to a justified reputation for unreliability. The CPU chipset included a 16-bit Datapath Chip containing the microcode decoder, ALU and register file, a Control Chip containing the portions of the control processor and I/O logic and the microinstruction counter, and 4kB of microcode ROM in three MICROM Chips, each 512 x 22-bits. The five chips are interconnected to an 18-bit microinstruction bus. The p-code interpreter was implemented in the microcode ROM, so the p-code was, effectively, its native (virtual) machine language, referred to variously as the pseudo-machine or p-machine. The WD90 was the first commercial microprocessor to include floating-point instructions without a separate FPU. Typically the WD90 was sold with 64kB of RAM (32k x 16-bits, in 32 x 16kbit DRAMs), but could accommodate 128kB by piggybacking extra DRAM and modifying the PCB layout.
    [Show full text]
  • West Coast Computer Faire Programs
    FIFTH PROGRAM 1980 March 14, 15, 16, Friday Saturday Sunday 9am-6pm 9am-6pm Noon-5pm (415)851-7075 COMPUTER FAIRE 333 Swett Road, Woodside CA 94062 CALL FOR PAPERS, TALKS, DEMONSTRATIONS, & EXHIBITS for the SIXTH WEST COAST COMPUTER FAIRE San Francisco's Gvic Auditorium & Brooks Hall April 3 - 5, 1981 Everyone interested in participating in the 6th West Coast Computer Faire should contact Computer Faire 333 Swett Road, Woodside CA 94062; (415) 851-7075. Those wishing to propose a talk or demonstration, or wishing to organize a Conference Section, should immediately request Speaker's Kits. DEADLINE for completion of Conference Program organization, talks, & papers: Dec. 1st, 1980. CONFERENCE PROGRAM of the 5TH WEST COAST COMPUTER FAIRE L.„. FRIDAY, MARCH 1 4T I SATURDAY, MARCH 15 T H SUNDAY, MARCH 1 6T H 9 am POLK 1 POLK 2 LARKIN 1 LARKIN 2 POLK 1 POLK 2 LARKIN 1 LARKIN 2 9am - 6pm: RTTY Repeater Group, 9 am - 6 pm: RTTY Repeater Group, (open seminar); ROOM 302 9am - 6pm: RTTY Repeater Group, (open seminar) 9 am - 6 pm: Apple Core Meetings; ROOMS 406 - 410 (open seminar) ROOM 302 1 pm - 4 pm: Personal Computer/Telecommunications, ROOM 302 (open seminar); ROOM 204 10 am Teaching Personal Computer Pascal, & Digital Group About Communications Music Pascal Machines Users Computers & & (open meeting) Programming Microcomputers 11 am Noon Computer Business & • Retailers Low-Cost (open meeting) Computing Osborne's 3rd 1 pm Annual Award How to Hold a Low-Cost Tutorials for Potpourri Significant Medical Seminar for Computing for the Novice Software
    [Show full text]
  • UCSD Pascal - Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
    UCSD Pascal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCSD_Pascal UCSD Pascal From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia UCSD Pascal was a popular implementation of the programming language Pascal. Notable extensions to standard Pascal include separately compilable Units and a String type. Both of these extensions influenced the design of the Ada programming language. Some intrinsics were provided to accelerate string processing (e.g. scanning in an array for a particular search pattern); other language extensions were provided to allow the UCSD p-System to be self-compiling and self-hosted. UCSD Pascal was based on a p-code machine architecture. Its contribution to these early virtual machines was to extend p-code away from its roots as a compiler intermediate language into a full execution environment. The UCSD Pascal p-Machine was optimized for 16-bit microcomputers with only 64KB of memory. James Gosling cites UCSD Pascal as a key influence (along with the Smalltalk virtual machine) on the design of the Java virtual machine. The UCSD Pascal compiler was distributed as part of a portable operating system, the p-System. There were four versions of UCSD p-code engine (p-code incompatible) each with several revisions of the p-System (and UCSD Pascal); represented with the leading Roman Numeral; operating system revisions were enumerated as the "dot" number following the p-Code Roman Numeral. vis: II.3 represented the third revision of the p-System running on the second revision of the p-Machine. Version I Original version, never officially distributed outside of the University of California, San Diego.
    [Show full text]
  • The WD9000 Pascal MICROENGINE™ Microprocessor Chip Set
    The WD9000 Pascal MICROENGINE™ Microprocessor Chip Set FEATURES • Direct Execution of Pascal Intermediate Code (P-Code) • High Level Language Programming with Assembly Language Efficiency • 16·Bit Stack·Based Architecture • Executes Full USCD Pascal, Version 111.0 • Program Size to 128K Bytes • 3.0 MHz Four-Phase Clock • Four-Level Interrupt Structure • Hardware Multiply/Divide • Hardware Floating POint • Single and Multi-Byte Instructions • TTL Compatible Three-State Interface- • Memory Mapped I/O Pascal MICROENGINE™ Five Chip Set DESCRIPTION The WD9000 Microprocessor is a 16·bit MOSILSI UCSO Version 111.0 P-Machine, an ideal architec­ Chip Set that directly executes programs written ture (stack oriented) for execution of Pascal pro­ in the Pascal programming language at speeds five grams. This approach replaces the alternative of or more times greater than equivalent systems software interpreters or compilation to architec­ using interpreters. The Chip Set consists of five tures less suited for Pascal. LSI components: . • Arithmetic Component - contains the arithmetic • Sixteen·Bit 110 and Data Paths for High Through­ 10Qic unit, microinstruction decode. register file, put - all address, data and 110 paths are sixteen and paths to control processor operation. bits wide. • Control Processor - contains macroinstruction • Stack Architecture for Reentrant and Recursive decode, portions of the control circuitry, microin­ Programs - all Pascal programs are reentrant struction counters, and I/O control logic. and recursive with no performance penalty • MICROM Components - three high·speed, • High-Level Language Programming of I/O and 512 x 22 bit, custom MICROMs implement P­ Interrupts - simple access to device and sys· Code instructions. tem control provided in the Pascal language.
    [Show full text]
  • Simulation in PASCAL
    Behavior Research Methods & Instrumentation 1983, Vol. 15(2),305-307 Simulation in PASCAL EARL HUNT University ofWashington, Seattle, Washington 98/05 Some of the author's experiences in working with simulation languages are discussed. The use of PASCAL language is detailed. The history of computer simulation of cognitive tion languages are big-city tools, the intellectual equiva­ processes has been intertwined with the history of lent of Dior gowns worn in the Parises and Londons of development of ever more powerful special-purpose cognitive science. Some of us are cognitive hicks. All we languages for constructing simulation programs. The have are blue jeans. (The existence of designer jeans has progression of languages from IPL-IV (for the true nothing to do with this argument.) historian) to today's dialects of LISP attests to the To move away from the analogy, users of special­ usefulness of this effort. Even so, these languages still purpose simulation languages generally have two things: force the psychologist to do a fair bit of "reinventing access to a very large machine and membership in a the wheel" (e.g., rewriting programs for parsing or for substantial community of artificial intelligence/cognitive production execution). To solve these problems, some science research workers who use, support, and under­ more specialized translator systems have developed. stand the languages. The little old lady from Dubuque These are exemplified by PRISM (Langley, 1983) cannot play simulation because she does not have a and CAPS (Thibadeau, 1983). These systems make it good glove and because she does not have enough friends easier for psychologists to write simulations of the type to make up a team.
    [Show full text]
  • The Varied Careers of Kenneth L. Bowles RETROSPECTIVE
    RETROSPECTIVE The varied careers of Kenneth L. Bowles RETROSPECTIVE M. Granger Morgana,1, Mark Overgaardb,2, and Ann E. Bowlesc It is not unusual for the careers of scientists and engineers to span a range of topics, driven by their insatiable curiosity about how things work, the fun they derive from problem solving, an aesthetic sense for “sweet solu- tions,” and a joy in sharing their knowledge with others. Few careers have spanned as wide a breadth, or better reflected the technological explosion in the second half of the 20th century, than that of Kenneth L. Bowles, who died in California on August 15, 2018. Bowles (“Ken” to everyone who knew him) began Fig. 1. The large array of the Jicamarca Radar (Left). Ken Bowles (with his career in experimental ionospheric physics and wheelbarrow) and then graduate student M.G.M. (Right), and a close-up view of space science. In the course of pushing the bounds the field of crossed dipoles. Images courtesy of the Bowles family. of early computers, he became passionate about mov- ing computing off of large mainframes and onto small but powerful individual computers. In 1968 Ken be- scattering from free electrons. Ken took up the chal- came director of the computer center at University of lenge. Using a new 16-megawatt 41-megahertz pulse California at San Diego (UCSD), and in 1974 began transmitter that NBS had acquired, Ken and his col- × development of UCSD Pascal, the project for which leagues constructed a 120-meter 120-meter field of he is best known. Ken went on to found a start-up that dipole antennas in the Illinois countryside, and suc- focused on developing the Ada computer language, ceeded in showing that they could observe profiles of and then in retirement became an accomplished electron densities out to roughly 1,000 kilometers (2, 3).
    [Show full text]
  • The WD9000 Pascal MICRO,ENGINE™ Microprocessor Chip Set
    The WD9000 Pascal MICRO,ENGINE™ Microprocessor Chip Set FEATURES • Direct Exe9ution of Pascal Intermediate Code (P-Code) • High Level Language Programming with Assembly Language Efficiency • 16-Bit Stack-Based Architecture • Executes Full UCSD Pascal, Version 111.0 • Program Size to 128K Bytes • 3.0 MHz Four-Phase Clock • Four-Level Interrupt Structure • Hardware Multiply/Divide • Hardware Floating Point • Single and Multi-Byte Instructions Pascal MICROENGINE™ Five Chip Set • TTL Compatible Three-State Interface • Memory Mapped I/O The WD9000 Microprocessor includes: • P-Machine Architecture - implements the UCSD Version 111.0 P-Machine, an ideal architec­ DESCRIPTION ture (stack oriented) for execution of Pascal pro­ The WD9000 Microprocessor is a 16-bit MOS/LSI grams. This approach replaces the alternative of Chip Set that directly executes programs written software intepreters or compilation to architec­ in the Pascal programming language at speeds five tures less suited for Pascal. or more times greater than equivalent systems • Sixteen-Bit I/O and Data Paths for High Through­ using intepreters. The Chip Set consists of five put - all address, data and I/O paths are sixteen LSI com,ponents: bits wide. • Arithmetic Component - contains the arith­ • Stack Architecture for Reentrant and Recursive metic logic unit, microinstruction decode, Programs - all Pascal programs are reentrant register file, and paths to control processor and recursive with no performance penalty. operation. • High-Level Language Programming of I/O and • Control Processor - contains macroinstruc- , Interrupts - simple access to device and sys­ tion decode, portions of the control circuitry, tem control provided in the Pascal language. microinstruction counters, and I/O control logic.
    [Show full text]