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3.0 DIE ENTWICKLUNG VON BILDSCHIRMTEXT Die Idee

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3.0 DIE ENTWICKLUNG VON BILDSCHIRMTEXT Die Idee 3.0 DIE ENTWICKLUNG VON BILDSCHIRMTEXT Die Idee, ein Bildschirmtextsystem zu erstellen, hat seinen Ursprung in der Möglichkeit, herkömmliche TV-Geräte als Datensichtgeräte zu verwenden. Fernseher sind in fast jedem Haushalt der westlichen Welt vorhanden und nutzen nur einen kleinen Teil ihrer Möglichkeiten aus. So müßte es doch durchführbar sein, Daten, die in einem Rechner gespeichert sind, auf den heimischen Bildschirm zu übei— tragen. Der Benutzer selbst soll dabei bestimmen können, welche Informationen er zu sehen wünscht. Bei seinen Forschungsarbeiten für die britische Post setzte Sam Fedita (Kragler, 1984) diese Idee zu Beginn der siebziger Jahre in die Tat um. Er machte den entscheidenden Schritt vom reinen Einweg-System des Fernsehempfängers ("broad- casting") hin zu einem interaktiven Informationssystem. Der erste Versuch in dieser Richtung war 1974 die Eröffnung der Videotext- (Fernsehtext-) Dienste CEEFAX und ORACLE durch die britischen Rundfunkanstalten BBC und IBA. Die Text- seiten wurden hierbei von einem Sender in Sequenzen ausgestrahlt und je nach Wahl des Betrachters einzeln auf dem Fernseher angezeigt (vgl. heutiges System VI- DEOTEXT) . Diese Lösungen waren weder vom Informationsumfang noch vom Bedie- nungskomfort her befriedigend. Sie erhielten ihre Heiterentwicklung in der Idee, das TV-Gerät mit dem Telefon zu einem dialogfähigen Kommunikationssystem auszu- bauen. Ähnlich einem normalen Terminal, welches an einen zentralen Computer angeschlossen ist, könnte so das TV -Gerät mit geringstem technischem Aufwand ein enormes Kommunikationspotential nutzen. 1975 stellte die britische Post das interaktive System VIEWDATA vor, welches später den Namen PRESTEL CPREss TELe- phon) erhielt (Gabel, Heidrich, Worlitzer, 1984). Durch diese Synthese war es möglich, schon vorhandene technische Einrichtungen, nämlich Fernsehen, Telefon und Computer, in ein neues Dialogsystem mit völlig anderen Leistungsmerkmalen umzuwandeln. Ein Rechner konnte jetzt Daten im öffentlichen Telefonnetz über- tragen, wo sie für jeden zugänglich waren. Ein Benutzer mußte nur die technische Verbindung zwischen Fernseher und Telefonanschluß herstellen. Die Kosten für die Installation eines solchen Kommunikationssystems sind im Vergleich zu seinen Leistungen sehr gering. Daher war es von Anfang an klar, daß es nicht nur in speziellen gewerblichen Bereichen, sondern auch in den Haushalten von breiten Bevölkerungsschichten Anwendung finden kann. Mitte der 70er Jahre zeigte auch die deutsche Bundespost an dieser Entwicklung Interesse und stellte 1977 ihr System "Bildschirmtext" (Btx) dem Publikum vor. Das technische "know how" und die Software für dieses erste System wurden von dem britischen PRESTEL übernommen. Neu an Bildschirmtext war die Möglichkeit, vom Benutze!—Terminal aus nicht nur den Postrechner, sondern auch daran ange- schlossene externe Rechner erreichen zu können (Schwab, Wagner, 1985). Gleichzeitig wurden auf der ganzen Welt ähnliche Kommunikationsmedien entwik- kelt, die in ihrem Aufbau zum Teil stark voneinander abwichen. 1979 führte Frankreich den ANTIOPE-Dienst ein, der unserem heutigen VIDEOTEXT (s.o.) ent- spricht. Die Übermittlung von Informationen zum Verbraucher geschah dabei über Sender, die Auswahl der Bilder jedoch wurde über das Fernsprechnetz getroffen (Schwab, Wagner, 1985). 1981 entwickelte sich daraus das französische System TELETEL, welches mit PRESTEL vergleichbar ist. Erstes Ziel der französischen Post war es dabei, das herkömmliche Telefonbuch abzulösen. Deshalb mußten die ent- sprechenden Abfrage-Stationen von Anfang an standardmäßig mit alpha-numerischer Tastatur (Schreibmaschinentastatur) ausgestattet werden. Die Vermietung dieser Geräte durch die französische Post verhalf dem System zu einer sehr schnellen Verbreitung. Land Name Standard Teilnehmer Australien 7 Prestel 7 Belgien Videotex Prestel wenige Brasilien Videotexte Antiope ca. 500 BR - Bildschirm- Cept/ ca. 13 000 Deutschland text Prestel Dänemark Teledata Prestel ca. 500 England Prestel Prestel ca. 40 000 Finnland Telset Prestel ca. 400 Frankreich Teletel Antiope ca. 3 000 Annuaire Antiope ca. 50 000 electron. (1) Hongkong Prestel Prestel ca. 500 Italien Videotel Prestel ca. 500 Japan Captain Captain ca. 2 000 Kanada Grassroots u. a Telidon ca. 2000 Neuseeland i t 7 Niederlande Viditel Prestel ca. 9 000 Norwegen Teledata Prestel einige 100 Österreich Bildschirmtext Prestel ca. 80 Schweden Datavision Prestel ca. 500 Schweiz Videotex Cept ca. 500 Südafrika Beitel Prestel ca. 700 Spanien Videotex (2) Prestel ? USA Viewtron Naplps ca. 500 Green Thump Prestel 7 AT & T u.a. Telidon 7 (1) "Annuaire electronique" = "Elektronisches Telefonbuch" (2) ab 1984 "Ibertex" im Cept-Standard Übersicht 1. Bestehende Videotex-Systeme in der Helt Quelle: - Bildschirmtext-Anbietei—Vereinigung (Btx-AV e.V., 1984) - Peter Kragler, 1984 In Kanada wurde 1981 das System TELIDON und in Japan 1984 das System CAPTAIN eingeführt. Sie unterscheiden sich von den europäischen Systemen vor allem in Ihrer Fähigkeit, detaillierte Graphiken darstellen zu können. In Deutschland begann 1980 ein Feldversuch mit Bildschirmtext in Düsseldorf und Berlin im PRESTEL-Standard. Schon damals entstand die Idee, dieses System auch Landwirten anzubieten. Im selben Jahr ist es auf einer Landwirtschaftsmesse in Schleswig-Holstein (NORLA) vorgestellt worden (Christiansen, 1983a) . Ab dem 3.August 1982 gelang es dem Verfasser» als Informationsanbieter von Regensburg aus an dem Feldversuch teilzunehmen. 1981 erhielt die Firma IBM von der Bundespost den Auftrag, ein bundeseigenes Medium zu entwickeln, welches so schnell wie möglich der breiten Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung gestellt werden kann. In Europa war man davon überzeugt, daß eine internationale Standardisierung für die Effektivität dieses neuen Mediums unbe- dingte Voraussetzung war. Deshalb bemühte sich die CCITT (Comitee Consultatif International Telegraphique et Telephonique), mit Sitz in Genf, eine interna- tional geltende Formel für das neue Medium zu finden. Als Sammelbegriff erhielt es den weltweit geltenden Namen "interaktive VIDEOTEX-system" (CCITT, 1980). Daraufhin verabschiedete im Mai 1981 die "Europäische Konferenz der Verwaltungen für Post- und Fernmeldewesen" (Conference Europeenne des Administrations des Rostes et des Telecommunications = CEPT) eine Empfehlung für die 24 daran ange- schlossenen Nationen, den sogenannten "CEPT-Standard", für das interaktive VI- DEOTEX. Im Juli 1984 startete nach Monaten von technischen Schwierigkeiten der offizielle bundesweite Bildschirmtext-Dienst der Deutschen Bundespost (DBP) im CEPT-Stan- dard. Dieses Medium besteht in seiner Form bis heute und hat in vielen anderen Ländern z.T. ähnliche Systeme (Übersicht l auf Seite 6). Die Teilnehmerzahlen seit Beginn des Feldversuches 1980 haben sich, wie auf Übersicht 2 auf Seite 8 dargestellt, entwickelt. Wie leicht zu erkennen ist, steigt die Zahl der Btx-Anschlüsse zwar ständig, die sicherlich weit überzogenen Erwartungen der Bundespost (Übersicht 3 auf Seite 9) erfüllen sich aber bei weitem nicht. Es scheint hier eine allgemeine Scheu vor neuen technischen Medien in breiten Schichten der Bevölkerung zu Tage zu treten, die auch in anderen Bereichen (z.B. Kabelfernsehen) sehr stark zum Ausdruck kommt. Nie die An- schlußzahlen in Großbritannien und Frankreich beweisen (Übersicht l auf Seite 6), scheint diese Medienfeindlichkeit besonders in Deutschland aufzutreten. BTX - Anschlüsse Juli 1980 3 491 Juni 1981 6 2SO Juni 1982 8 375 Juni 1983 9 65O -Ende Feldversuch Aug. 1984 14 O13 Feb. 1985 24 233 ...-..-- : ::XX-X::-::>::.:>:T.;.X-:::^X-:::-:>::-:-:->: •--.--•-:-::_ :.:. ":->:->:-.:-- ... .__; '_ --•_-:--. Aug. 1985 Mä 45 637 Dez. 1986 57 177 Übersicht Z. Anschlüsse für Bildschirratext in Deutschland Entwicklung der Btx-Teilnehmerzahl 87 88 89 Vorhersagejahr aufgestellt: 126-1,10.10.84 Übersicht 3. Die Entwicklung der Btx-Teilnehmerzahl Quelle: DBF, 1985 b 3.l Technik des Systems 3.1.1 Gesamtkonzept Bildschirmtext ist ein kostengünstiges, überall verfügbares Dateninformations- system, also eine Art "Volks-EDV". Es ist als offenes Netz angelegt. Das heißt, jeder Btx-Anbieter oder Benutzer kann an jedem Punkt des öffentlichen Fern- sprechnetzes mit speziellen Schnittstellen Zugang finden (Dorn, 1984). Es lassen sich drei Bestandteile des technischen System unterscheiden: • Der Rechner (Daten, Programme, Verwaltung, Übermittlungsroutinen) • Das Netz zur Datenübertragung (öffentliches Fernsprechnetz, Datex-P-Netz, Datex-L-Netz; vgl. DBP, 1983) • Das Endgerä't beim Benutzer (Terminals mit entsprechenden Schnittstellen und Zusatzeinrichtungen) / D Zentrale Rechner /- E?y— / / D D Netzwerk Verbund Dalex-P-Netz Rechner Rechner ) i // // /. Btx-Vermittlungsstelle Öffentliches Fernsprechnetz Übersicht 4. Der technische Aufbau des Verbundsystems Bildschirmtext Quelle: BTX-A.V., 1984 Der Aufbau der Rechnerseite und der Datenübermittlung ist in Übersicht 4 darge- stellt. Basis des Systems ist die sogenannte Btx-Leitzentrale, in der alle eingegebenen Btx-Seiten "im Original" gespeichert sind. Diese Zentrale im Fern- meldeamt Ulm steuert, überwacht und verwaltet den gesamten Bildschirmtextbetrieb in Deutschland. 10 Ihre Bestandteile sind: • zentrale Datenbank • Kommunikationsrechner (IBM 3083) • Verwaltungsrechner (IBM 3083) • Netzwerkrechner (IBM Serie/l) • Verbundrechner (IBM Serie/l) (Schwab, Wagner, 1985) Der Kommunikationsrechner ist über den Netzrechner an das Btx-Infranetz ange- schlossen. Letzteres erlaubt sehr hohe Geschwindigkeiten bei der Datenübertra- gung
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