From Spatial and Temporal Switching to Web Adoption: Different Approaches to Decision Making and Innovation
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Why We Should Consider the Plurality of Hacker and Maker Cultures 2017
Repositorium für die Medienwissenschaft Sebastian Kubitschko; Annika Richterich; Karin Wenz „There Simply Is No Unified Hacker Movement.“ Why We Should Consider the Plurality of Hacker and Maker Cultures 2017 https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/1115 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Zeitschriftenartikel / journal article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Kubitschko, Sebastian; Richterich, Annika; Wenz, Karin: „There Simply Is No Unified Hacker Movement.“ Why We Should Consider the Plurality of Hacker and Maker Cultures. In: Digital Culture & Society, Jg. 3 (2017), Nr. 1, S. 185– 195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25969/mediarep/1115. Erstmalig hier erschienen / Initial publication here: https://doi.org/10.14361/dcs-2017-0112 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer Creative Commons - This document is made available under a creative commons - Namensnennung - Nicht kommerziell - Keine Bearbeitungen 4.0 Attribution - Non Commercial - No Derivatives 4.0 License. For Lizenz zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz more information see: finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 “There Simply Is No Unified Hacker Movement.” Why We Should Consider the Plurality of Hacker and Maker Cultures Sebastian Kubitschko in Conversation with Annika Richterich and Karin Wenz Sebastian Kubitschko is a postdoctoral researcher at the Centre for Media, Communication and Information Research (ZeMKI) at the University of Bremen in Germany. His main research fields are political communication, social movements and civil society organisations. In order to address the relevance of new forms of techno-political civic engagement, he has conducted qualitative, empirical research on one of the world’s oldest and largest hacker organisations, the Chaos Computer Club (CCC). -
Net Neutrality Reloaded
Luca Belli Editor Net Neutrality Reloaded: Net Neutrality Reloaded: Zero Rating, Specialised Service, Ad Blocking and Traffic Management Zero Rating, Specialised Service, Annual Report of the UN IGF Dynamic Coalition on Net Neutrality Ad Blocking and Traffic Management Luca Belli Editor Annual Report of the UN IGF This Report is the 2016 outcome of the IGF Dynamic Coalition on Network Neutrality (DCNN). The Report gathers a series of case studies on a variety Dynamic Coalition of net neutrality issues from the perspective of different stakeholders. The double purpose of this report is to trigger meaningful discussion on net on Net Neutrality neutrality trends, while providing informative material that may be used by researchers, policy-makers and civil society alike. Researchers, practitioners and policy-makers regularly contribute to the DCNN report, providing a wide range of heterogeneous views. Preface by Tim Wu In 2016, Zero Rating was by large the most debated net neutrality issue, as reflected by the considerable number of contributions focusing on the topic within this report. Such high number of analyses on zero rating seems particularly useful to meet the increasing demand of research exploring the pros and cons of price discrimination practices. Furthermore, the report examines other very relevant and discussed topics, such as specialised services, ad blocking and reasonable traffic management, providing useful insight on some of the most recent policy evolutions in a variety of countries. Net Neutrality Reloaded: Zero Rating, -
Home Computer on the Line - the West German BBS Scene and the Change of Telecommunications in the 1980S
Home Computer on the Line - The West German BBS Scene and the Change of Telecommunications in the 1980s Matthias Röhr 1. Introduction On the evening of 16th June 1987, the system operators of five German bulletin board systems (BBS) received unexpected visitors. Accompanied by the police, officials of the “Deutsche Bundespost” (Federal Post Office) searched the homes of the juvenile computer enthusiasts for evidence of violations of the “Fernmeldeanlagengesetz” (Telecommunications Device Act), in particular the connection of modems or acoustic couplers to the telephone line without official postal approval. The postal officials seized the devices and the home computers (Chaos Computer Club 1987). The young people visited by the Bundespost had experimented with their home computers. They had connected them to the telephone net- work to enable other home computer owners to call them and exchange data and texts via the telephone line. Thus, the home computer was no longer just an isolated device, but a communication tool from which the callers could connect to each other. On such a bulletin board system, home computer users could exchange files, have discussions and gain ac- cess to information otherwise difficult to get. For some politically-minded computer enthusiasts of the 1980s like the members of the Chaos Computer Club in Hamburg, BBS seemed the ideal medium for a “digital counterpublic”. BBS were a freely accessible and non-censorable medium, ideal for publishing politically relevant in- formation which otherwise would have remained unpublished. BBS and Media in Action | Issue 1/2017 | http://mediainaction.uni-siegen.de 116 Thematic Focus : Fundaments of Digitisation electronic telecommunication therefore had a huge democratic potential for them. -
Multimedia, Internet, On-Line
Section IV: Multimedia, the Internet, and On-Line Services High-End Digital Video Applications Larry Amiot Electronic and Computing Technologies Division Argonne National Laboratory The emphasis of this paper is on the high-end applications Internet and Intranet that are driving digital video. The research with which I am involved at Argonne National Laboratory is not done on dig- The packet video networks which currently support many ital video per se, but rather on how the research applications applications such as file transfer, Mbone video (talking at the laboratory drive its requirements for digital video. The heads), and World Wide Web browsing are limiting for high- paper will define what digital video is, what some of its com- quality video because of the low throughput one can achieve ponents are, and then discuss a few applications that are dri- via the Internet or intranets. Examples of national packet ving the development of these components. The focus will be switched networks developed in the last several years include on what digital video means to individuals in the research the National Science Foundation Network (NSFNet). The and education community. Department of Energy had its own network called ESNET, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration The Digital Video Environment (NASA) had a network as well. Recently, the NSFNet was de- commissioned, and commercial interests are now starting to In 1996, a group of people from several universities in the fill that void. Research and education communities are find- Midwest and from Argonne formed a Video Working Group. ing, however, that this new commercial Internet is too re- This body tried to define the areas of digital video of impor- stricting and does not meet their throughput requirements; it tance to their institutions. -
STUDENT INTERACTION with MINITEL TELECOMMUNICATIONS Joann Hammadou University of Rhode Island
STUDENT INTERACTION WITH MINITEL TELECOMMUNICATIONS JoAnn Hammadou University of Rhode Island The Promise of Telecommunications of how to carry on multilevels of instruction Telecommunications seem to offer an simultaneously. This option may improve ideal solution to several thorny educational the teacher's ability to provide tasks for problems: (1) how to provide up-to-date students at one level of proficiency that will cultural info171Ultion to students when the continue to move them forward while teacher'sownculturalinformationmaydate teacher-centered work continues with an to much earlier personal trips abroad, (2) other group. For example, telecommunica how to provide up-to-date foreign language tions from a computer workstation have informationinspecializedareas outside of the been used to correspond with native speak teacher's realm of personal experience (e.g., ers abroad, to generate authentic reading nursing, business or engineering), and (3) texts· on up-to-the minute news topics, to howtoprovidestudentsin the United States research specialized topics (such as busi with authentic contexts in which to develop ness, science or education), to simulate buy their fledgling language skills. Telecom ing and selling or to actually order goods munications may, therefore, help provide from abroad, and to serve as an example of experiences and information to students that technology in daily life in Europe. are otherwise difficult to obtain. These calls for the use of telecommuni Telecommunications might also be one cations are subsumed under the larger call solution to a logistics nighbnare that teach to educators to incorporate the use of tech ers often face. With a 1982 survey, Brickel nology in education. -
I: the Conception
Excerpt from: Mayo, Keenan and Newcomb, Peter. “How the Web Was Won,” Vanity Fair, July 2008. I: The Conception Paul Baran, an electrical engineer, conceived one of the Internet’s building blocks—packet switching— while working at the Rand Corporation around 1960. Packet switching breaks data into chunks, or “packets,” and lets each one take its own path to a destination, where they are re-assembled (rather than sending everything along the same path, as a traditional telephone circuit does). A similar idea was proposed independently in Britain by Donald Davies. Later in his career, Baran would pioneer the airport metal detector. Paul Baran: It was necessary to have a strategic system that could withstand a first attack and then be able to return the favor in kind. The problem was that we didn’t have a survivable communications system, and so Soviet missiles aimed at U.S. missiles would take out the entire telephone- communication system. At that time the Strategic Air Command had just two forms of communication. One was the U.S. telephone system, or an overlay of that, and the other was high-frequency or shortwave radio. So that left us with the interesting situation of saying, Well, why do the communications fail when the bombs were aimed, not at the cities, but just at the strategic forces? And the answer was that the collateral damage was sufficient to knock out a telephone system that was highly centralized. Well, then, let’s not make it centralized. Let’s spread it out so that we can have other paths to get around the damage. -
An History of Videotex the UK Teletext
An History of Videotex From Videotex to the WWW Digital Information Retrieval Services : the french experience and european competition from the 70s Bernard Marti An History of Videotex The origins 1967 In France, Color TV is just starting, using the SECAM system Social behaviour based on TV set purchase In UK, the service based on PAL has already been in operation for 2 years Social behaviour based on TV set renting Looking for new services 1965 1966 1967 An History of Videotex The U.K. Teletext Actors BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) IBA (Independant Broadcasting Authority ) BREMA (British Radio Equipment Manufacturer's Association) Dates 1968 :First CEEFAX (See Facts) experiments First ORACLE ( Optionnal reception of Announcements by Coded Line Electronics) Experiments 1974 : first joint specifications 1976 : UK Teletext experimental service opens 1979 : UK Teletext public service opens What is the principle of this service? An History of Videotex An History of Videotex The principle of Teletext (2) page 1O4 lines 576 visible Consult the ORACLE 625 lines CONTENTS SUMMARY 11O Sports Use "free" lines of 118 Weather 134 Gardening to-day VBI to transport digital data Decode data & build a locally generated image data line An History of Videotex Innovations P15 CEEFAX 100 Mon 17 Jul 13:01/09 mosaic (block- graphic) NEW-LOOK BBC 1 MAGAZINE : Many regular pages now have new nombers. This is the characters basic pattern of the magazine : 101 NEWS HEADLINES NEW 101-119 News in detail Colour FULL 120 FINANCE HEADLINES INDEX 130 FT INDEX -
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet
The People Who Invented the Internet Source: Wikipedia's History of the Internet PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Sat, 22 Sep 2012 02:49:54 UTC Contents Articles History of the Internet 1 Barry Appelman 26 Paul Baran 28 Vint Cerf 33 Danny Cohen (engineer) 41 David D. Clark 44 Steve Crocker 45 Donald Davies 47 Douglas Engelbart 49 Charles M. Herzfeld 56 Internet Engineering Task Force 58 Bob Kahn 61 Peter T. Kirstein 65 Leonard Kleinrock 66 John Klensin 70 J. C. R. Licklider 71 Jon Postel 77 Louis Pouzin 80 Lawrence Roberts (scientist) 81 John Romkey 84 Ivan Sutherland 85 Robert Taylor (computer scientist) 89 Ray Tomlinson 92 Oleg Vishnepolsky 94 Phil Zimmermann 96 References Article Sources and Contributors 99 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 102 Article Licenses License 103 History of the Internet 1 History of the Internet The history of the Internet began with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. This began with point-to-point communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching. Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. -
Proceedings of the 1981 Clinic on Library Applications of Data
RICHARD H. VEITH Manager Video Information Systems Logica, Inc. New York, New York Videotex The New Information Systems Introduction Videotex and teletext are terms that are becoming harder and harder to define, and it is usually necessary to begin by explaining what the terms originally meant. Videotex has been used to refer to computerized informa- tion/entertainment systems using telephone lines to tie home television sets to computers. Teletext has been used to refer to computerized informa- tion/entertainment systems that send data to home television sets by encoding the data into unused portions of a television signal. At the receiving end the television set both videotex and teletext can look identical. And both, from the beginning, employed color and graphics as distinguishing characteristics. However, both systems are still evolving technically and conceptually. Newer systems have been developed (for example, on cable television installations) which incorporate a little bit of both, as well as features of traditional timesharing computer systems. In many cases, the termf ideo- tex is used to refer to all of these systems that are designed to bring digital data to television sets or television monitors, usually using color and graphics. Background Since the 1960s, it has been recognized that the computer and telecom- munications industries were overlapping more and more. Computer power has become widely accessible via telecommunications, and telecom- munications techniques and methods have become computerized. Infor- mation services in the form of large online databases, both public and 74 VIDEOTEX 75 private, grew during the 1970s into worldwide systems offering access to millions, perhaps billions, of items of digitally stored data. -
The First 31 Years of the Internet -- an Insider's View. Bob Braden
The First 31 Years of the Internet -- An Insider’s View. Bob Braden USC Information Sciences Institute May 3, 2001 Bob Braden -- 3 May 2001 1 Outline A. Historical Overview o 1961 - 1968: Pre-history o 1969 - 1973: ARPAnet research period o 1974 - 1983: Internet Research Period o 1984 - 1990: Academic Internet o 1990 - ??: Commercial (and Popular) Internet B. The Internet Architecture C. Conclusions and Challenges Bob Braden -- 3 May 2001 2 1961 - 1968: Pre-History MIT: Len Kleinrock, J. C. R. Licklider, Larry Roberts o Kleinrock: Paper on theory of packet switching, 1961 o Licklider: Memos on "Galactic Network", 1962 o Roberts: Plan for the "ARPANET", 1967 Rand: Paul Baran Report on packet switching for secure voice, 1964 NPL (UK): Donald Davies & Roger Scantlebury: Paper on a packet-switching network, 1967 IRIA (France): Louis Pouzin -- Cyclades Bob Braden -- 3 May 2001 3 1969 - 1973: ARPAnet Research Period o ARPAnet: a prototype packet-switching network. -- The unit of multiplexing is a packet of data, bearing a destination address. -- Packet switches ("IMPs") : Minicomputers -- DDP 316, 516 -- High-speed leased lines (56Kbps) -- Distributed adaptive routing algorithm ARPA selected Bolt, Beranek, and Newman (BBN) to design, build, and operate the IMPs and the ARPAnet infrastructure. Bob Braden -- 3 May 2001 4 ARPAnet Protocols o IMP-Host Interface: defined by BBN Report 1822 >> Bit-serial o Communication Service: Reliable delivery to a specified host system of a message of arbitrary bit length. -- I.E., a “reliable datagram” service -- The 8-bit byte not universal yet; computers used 8, 12, 16, 18, 24, 32, 36, 48, .. -
List of Internet Pioneers
List of Internet pioneers Instead of a single "inventor", the Internet was developed by many people over many years. The following are some Internet pioneers who contributed to its early development. These include early theoretical foundations, specifying original protocols, and expansion beyond a research tool to wide deployment. The pioneers Contents Claude Shannon The pioneers Claude Shannon Claude Shannon (1916–2001) called the "father of modern information Vannevar Bush theory", published "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" in J. C. R. Licklider 1948. His paper gave a formal way of studying communication channels. It established fundamental limits on the efficiency of Paul Baran communication over noisy channels, and presented the challenge of Donald Davies finding families of codes to achieve capacity.[1] Charles M. Herzfeld Bob Taylor Vannevar Bush Larry Roberts Leonard Kleinrock Vannevar Bush (1890–1974) helped to establish a partnership between Bob Kahn U.S. military, university research, and independent think tanks. He was Douglas Engelbart appointed Chairman of the National Defense Research Committee in Elizabeth Feinler 1940 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, appointed Director of the Louis Pouzin Office of Scientific Research and Development in 1941, and from 1946 John Klensin to 1947, he served as chairman of the Joint Research and Development Vint Cerf Board. Out of this would come DARPA, which in turn would lead to the ARPANET Project.[2] His July 1945 Atlantic Monthly article "As We Yogen Dalal May Think" proposed Memex, a theoretical proto-hypertext computer Peter Kirstein system in which an individual compresses and stores all of their books, Steve Crocker records, and communications, which is then mechanized so that it may Jon Postel [3] be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. -
Information to Users
INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor MI 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 PRIVACY-IMPLICATED SYSTEM DESIGN IN THE VIRTUAL MARKETPLACE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Huichuan Liu, B.A., M.A.