Volume 14, Number 6, June 2008 A Message from ARI Co-Hosts Third Conference for John P. McCaskey BB&T Professors professor who wants to include Atlas AShrugged in his classes faces many chal- lenging questions, from “How do I teach the novel?” to “How do I get students to read such John P. McCaskey, PhD, is a long book in the first place?” For participants the founder and chairman in the BB&T Charitable Foundation-sponsored of the board of the programs for the study of , those Foundation for Objectivist questions—and many others—are addressed at Scholarship, as well as an the annual conference for BB&T professors co- Dr. John McCaskey ARI board member. The hosted by ARI and the Clemson Institute for the Left to right: Drs. , , , Anthem Foundation is a Study of Capitalism in Clemson, South Carolina. C. Bradley Thompson 501(c)(3) organization, separate from ARI, that This year marked the third such confer- provides funding to colleges and universities for ence, which drew thirty-one attendees, including Yaron Brook lectured on ’s unique teaching, writing or research on . eleven first-time attendees. defense of capitalism. For returning attendees, “These conferences give us a chance to Brook and Ghate were joined by two econo- Dear Impact readers, meet and interact with the BB&T-funded pro- mists for a roundtable discussion of economics I am excited to tell you about big organizational, fessors,” said Debi Ghate, ARI’s vice president and morality. operational, and managerial changes we are of Academic programs. “They also give the Other talks included “Teaching Ayn Rand’s making at the Anthem Foundation for Objectivist professors a chance to network with each other, Ethics,” by Tara Smith, and “Ayn Rand’s Poli- Scholarship. as well as help them develop content and strate- tics,” by Fred Miller. The Anthem Foundation was incorporated in gies for the courses they are teaching using The conference program concluded with 2001 and since then has experienced remarkable .” a session focused on strategy for how to growth and success in supporting professors who One of ARI’s major contributions was implement the BB&T grants, how to share want to teach or study Objectivism. But as struc- to lead several of the sessions. For first-time resources among the programs and how ARI tured, Anthem can no longer keep up. For the last attendees, ARI senior fellow Onkar Ghate can help. There are now thirty-eight BB&T seven years, the Foundation has operated with just a taught a class introducing them to the ideas of programs across the country. part-time volunteer (me), a mail-forwarding service, Atlas Shrugged, while ARI’s executive director continued on page 4 a bookkeeping service, and a file cabinet beside my desk. It is now time to make some changes. Anthem will take on a paid, part-time Senior Director. This will be Debi Ghate, who is now and will also remain vice president of Academic pro- Student Conference for Capitalism grams for the . Additional part- ecently thirty students from around the goal, ARI senior fellow Onkar Ghate taught time staff will help her. I will remain Chairman of Rglobe took part in the Clemson Institute for a three-part class on ethics and capitalism in the Foundation’s Board of Directors. Yaron Brook the Study of Capitalism’s second college stu- Atlas Shrugged. and Ed Locke will remain on the board. Debi will dent conference. “The best part manage all the day-to-day operations and relations The conference of the conference continued on page 3 brought together was meeting Dr. college students Ghate,” said Roder- to read and dis- ick Fitts, a first- Breaking News: cuss Ayn Rand’s year OAC student novel Atlas and conference Two New Web Sites Shrugged and to attendee. “His active hear lectures on approach to teach- mpact is pleased to announce the complete the moral founda- ing was incredibly Iredesign of its Web site, www.aynrand.org. The tions of capital- helpful. I’ve learned site’s new look reflects a reorganization designed ism. more about philoso- to increase ease of navigation. The site has also “My experi- phy, both from his been supplemented with many new pages of writ- ence was intel- OAC teaching and ten, audio and video content, with additional new lectually invigo- his Clemson course, content to follow in the future. rating,” said Sam than I’ve learned ARI also announces the Tenney, confer- taking sixteen simultaneous launch of a new ence attendee, Student attendees and professors at Clemson credits of college Web site, www.aynrandcenter former ARI intern courses.” .org, dedicated to the work and second-year OAC student. “The students Other courses included “Heroic Capital- of its new public policy and were generally very bright and eager to engage ists,” taught by , “Econom- media center. The Ayn Rand Center for Individual in philosophical discussions, which often lasted ics of Capitalism,” taught by Richard Ebeling, Rights, which opens later this year in Washington, long into the night. The intellectuals were top- “,” taught by Eric Daniels D.C., will promote the philosophical case for notch, and listening to as well as interacting with and “The Moral Case for Abolishing the Gov- individual rights and laissez-faire capitalism to them was very rewarding.” ernment Schools,” by C. Bradley Thompson. the public policy and business communities, the The Clemson Institute’s mission is to All of the attendees had read Atlas media, the general public, and elected officials explore the moral foundations of a free society, Shrugged, but familiarity and agreement with and their staffs. to introduce students to proper principles and Ayn Rand’s ideas varied enormously. “I attended Impact will bring you more details on these practices that are essential to defending capital- the conference to discuss Ayn Rand’s great mas- new Web sites, and on the Ayn Rand Center in ism, and to inspire a new generation of intel- terpiece Atlas Shrugged and learn more about our August issue. lectuals to defend capitalism. In support of that continued on page 3 Spotlight on OAC Auditing: An Interview with Sandra Miller

Sandra Miller, a mar- keting research spe- cialist from Southern California, recently audited Seminar course of action. This does not require omni- on Ayn Rand’s Philo- What One Can Do science or omnipotence; it is the subconscious sophy (SARPO), the second-year OAC course expectation of automatic omniscience in oneself taught by Onkar Gate. She recently spoke to Each month Impact suggests readings and other and in others that defeats many would-be cru- Impact about her experience. resources for fans of Ayn Rand’s fiction who wish saders (and serves as an excuse for doing noth- to learn more about her , Objectivism. ing). What is required is honesty—intellectual first read Atlas Shrugged the summer before honesty, which consists in knowing what one Imy freshman year in college and I was cap- yn Rand’s ideas have changed the lives of does know, constantly expanding one’s knowl- tivated by the propositions Rand delineated. As Amillions—and have inspired many readers edge, and never evading or failing to correct a I looked out on the world I was convinced that to try to change the culture. In her essay “What contradiction. This means: the development of Rand was the first person to truly understand Can One Do?” (reprinted in Philosophy: Who an active mind as a permanent attribute.” man, to place him in the proper reality and to Needs It), Ayn Rand gave her answer to the Once one understands one’s own position, define a moral and social scenario in which he question of what an individual can do to help Miss Rand continued, one’s means of having could not only survive but thrive. Of course, create a rational culture. a positive influence on the culture consists of when I entered college in 1980, my classmates “If you are seriously interested in fighting one simple but crucial action. “[W]hen you ask preferred Marx or Kant to Rand. So, I stud- for a better world,” Ayn Rand wrote, “begin ‘What can one do?’—the answer is ‘SPEAK’ ied Rand’s work on my own. By the time I by identifying the nature of the problem. The (provided you know what you are saying). graduated, I had met one other Objectivist and battle is primarily intellectual (philosophical), “A few suggestions: do not wait for a concluded that there was no purpose in study- not political. Politics is the last consequence, the national audience. Speak on any scale open to ing philosophy formally. Of course, I know practical implementation, of the fundamental you, large or small—to your friends, your asso- now that that was because my early professors (metaphysical-epistemological-ethical) ideas that ciates, your professional organizations, or any had no convictions and no answers. For them, dominate a given nation’s culture. You cannot legitimate public forum. You can never tell when philosophy had become a purely academic fight or change the consequences without fight- your words will reach the right mind at the right endeavor. I saw Objectivism as a philosophy ing and changing the cause; nor can you attempt time. You will see no immediate results—but it for living. any practical implementation without knowing is of such activities that public opinion is made. I have spent my adult life focused on what you want to implement.” “Do not pass up a chance to express your living as an Objectivist. But with no training To fight an intellectual battle, Miss Rand views on important issues. Write letters to the in philosophy I sometimes felt that there were held, requires waging an educational campaign. editors of newspapers and magazines, to TV and pieces of information missing from my under- But to do that, one must first make sure one radio commentators and, above all, to your Con- standing. I wanted to go back and fill those understands the ideas one seeks to advocate. “If gressmen (who depend on their constituents). intellectual holes, to force myself to refocus you want to influence a country’s intellectual If your letters are brief and rational (rather than and ensure that my conclusions were placed trend, the first step is to bring order to your incoherently emotional), they will have more in the proper context. Plus, as my children are own ideas and integrate them into a consistent influence than you suspect.” growing up and our world is slogging along I case, to the best of your knowledge and ability. For further reading on the issue of cultural wanted to be able to communicate Objectivism This does not mean memorizing and reciting change (in addition to the essay already cited), see clearly and succinctly to others. For the first slogans and principles, Objectivist or otherwise: the titular essay of her book For the New Intel- time, I know colleagues and teachers who were knowledge necessarily includes the ability to lectual. All of the items cited in this column can be receptive when I gave them a copy of Atlas apply abstract principles to concrete problems, purchased from the Ayn Rand Bookstore. To order, Shrugged. So, I wanted to get energized. I to recognize the principles in specific issues, to please visit www.aynrandbookstore.com or call wanted to be confident in my thinking and my demonstrate them, and to advocate a consistent 1-800-729-6149. ability to raise my children properly in a world where altruism is the norm. I first heard about the OAC auditing pro- gram last summer when I was browsing the everyone involved. The product called health insur- ARI website. I’d wanted to study Objectivism ARI Press Releases ance would not exist but for the fact that serious more formally for some time so I was looking ARI regularly issues press releases—short state- illnesses are both unpredictable and expensive. The at the OAC portion of the site. As a working ments of ARI’s perspective on current events. The peace of mind that flows from adequate insurance professional with a family to raise, I thought primary purpose of our press releases is to alert is made possible by insurers who profit by collect- the auditing option was perfect for me. media professionals to our unique point of view, ing premiums from large numbers of people who Auditing SARPO not only gave me enabling us to garner regular TV, radio and print will never become very ill. renewed confidence in my convictions and my interviews. Below are several of the Institute’s “On a , an insurer offering to cover ability to communicate them, it reminded me recent press releases. You can register to receive people who are already sick, or genetically pre- of the sheer brilliance of Rand’s achievement. them via e-mail by registering on our Web site, disposed toward a certain disease, would charge As someone who never studied philosophy, I www.aynrand.org. higher premiums to reflect the greater anticipated was correct in my assessment that I needed a costs of treatment. But laws like this mandate a more formal, disciplined understanding of the lower-than-market premium, with the difference roots of Objectivism. And through auditing New Law Trashes Genetic Science made up by people without pre-existing condi- SARPO, I got that. June 11, 2008 tions or significant risk factors. That difference is Much of the thanks goes to the professor; nothing but a forced welfare transfer from the more Dr. Ghate is phenomenal. He gave additional Irvine, CA—It will soon be illegal for health healthy to the less healthy. depth and context to the reading that clari- insurers to charge higher premiums for individu- “Under this scheme, insurance companies fied the relevance of concepts I might have als whose genes reveal a predisposition to a future are transformed into ersatz government bureaus moved past too quickly or have taken for disease or disorder. President Bush recently signed dispensing welfare benefits to the needy. Such leg- granted. I looked forward to class with him into law the Genetic Information Nondiscrimina- islation illustrates the insidious, essentially fascist every week. It was three hours of clarity that tion Act of 2008, which takes effect next year. process by which creeping government regulation generated a whole new series of questions and “This law tosses useful genetic science into the molds insurance companies and their customers evaluations—mind candy at its best. Dr. Ghate trash can,” said Thomas Bowden, an analyst at the into civil servants who slavishly implement politi- not only helped me attain a clear, systematic Ayn Rand Institute. “It requires insurers to ignore cal decisions handed down from Washington, D.C., understanding of Objectivism, he helped me scientific evidence that would otherwise influence or from state capitals. apply that knowledge and see the areas I need who gets insurance and what premium is charged. “Health care is not a right. It is a value offered to study next. To the extent that such forced blindness to impor- for profit by physicians, hospitals, and drug com- I would recommend auditing SARPO to tant facts results in greater payouts, everyone’s panies. Likewise, health insurance is not a right but anyone who wants to gain a deeper under- premiums will rise to make up the difference. a value offered by insurers for profit. Insurers and standing of Objectivism. The class affords an “This is just the latest in a series of laws requir- the employers or individuals who patronize them amazing opportunity to be guided through the ing insurance companies to ignore pre-existing have a right to set their own terms of trade. This philosophy properly. conditions when making coverage and premium includes an insurer’s right to refuse coverage or decisions. Such laws contradict the essential nature charge elevated premiums for individuals with pre- To learn more about auditing OAC classes, of insurance and violate the contractual rights of continued on page 4 please visit www.objectivistacademiccenter.org. 2 A Message from John P. McCaskey, continued from page 1 Preserving the Ayn Rand Papers with those seeking Anthem’s funding or support. I will concentrate on existing relationships and The Ayn Rand Archives, a special collection of the So what does the conversion process larger emerging ones as needed. Ayn Rand Institute, collects and houses Ayn Rand’s involve? At the same time, Anthem is going to assume papers and related documents. We are now in the To start, each box of the Rand papers has ARI’s Professor Outreach program. This program, process of converting those papers into digital and to be prepared for shooting, a process which only recently launched, reaches out and offers sup- other formats for long-term preservation purposes. involves nine separate steps that have to take port to already over two hundred professors who ARI archivist recently discussed the place before a box is ready to be picked up want books, course syllabi, training, campus speak- conversion process with Impact. for the actual shooting by our micrographics ers, or even just a helping hand and some moral vendor. support in their efforts to bring Ayn Rand’s ideas ight now we are working on converting Next we have a person from our vendor into the classroom. ARI’s Academic Division has Rabout 165 boxes of material comprising operating the camera in a special room. The also occasionally made direct grants to professors. the Ayn Rand Papers housed in the Ayn Rand vendor has a one-camera set-up with two Such grants will now be made by Anthem. These Archives into digital form. Our primary goal is lights, a shooting surface and computer which Academic Division activities increasingly overlap preservation, so, at a later date, we will be con- manages the data of the operation—that data with Anthem’s, and since Anthem has built up such verting the material onto several stable media, we put together in the preparation process I a strong reputation in academia, it makes sense to such as microfilm and acid-free paper. To date, was describing. consolidate the activities under the Anthem brand. we have digitized about 20% of the papers. Once a box has been shot, the final phase Anthem’s day-to-day operations will move A further goal of the conversion project involves taking the .tif files the operator has to a new facility in Southern California, in Irvine, is to enable access to the Rand’s papers. By created and transferring them to a server. Post- in the same building and down the hall from the putting our files into digital form, we can take production work is completed in Los Angeles. current ARI offices. The new address will be 2121 elements of our collection and put them online This involves a process called “deskewing,” Alton Parkway, Suite 225, Irvine, CA 92606. to highlight the richness of what we have. In i.e., making sure the images read properly on There will be no change in Anthem’s legal or the future, we may be able to accommodate the page—that they aren’t cropped or distorted. financial structure or its tax status. Though they researchers from afar who want to see some Once the material has been “deskewed,” it is will work closer together than they have in the portion of our collection. then placed on our server, and is available for past, Anthem and ARI remain separate nonprofit Digital files also assist with the custodial us to check, and finally to bring the digitiza- corporations. For perk status, ARI will continue to management of the papers. By using special tion phase of the process to a close. give donors credit for gifts made to Anthem. This transition will have some costs. Anthem has been run with record-setting, low overhead expenses. But we can’t change the intellectual culture of America’s humanities departments with an operation run out of my house. So Anthem now needs some money for salary and overhead expenses. It also needs money for some exciting opportunities, including a new three-year Fel- lowship for the Study of Objectivism. I hope our current donors can be as generous as they’ve been in the past. The organization of Anthem is changing, but its mission is not. We will continue to provide financial support to those in colleges and universi- Ayn Rand’s papers being prepared for photographing ties who want to study, teach, research, and write about Objectivism. By doing so, we will continue Ayn Rand’s papers being photographed by technician to get Ayn Rand’s ideas a fair hearing on college collections management software, we can have campuses and thus contribute to a fundamental descriptive information both for research and change in our country’s intellectual culture. custodial purposes. For instance, we will be What we’re creating is a new object: My sincere thanks for your support these able to list information concerning rights and a digital collection of images that have to seven years and I hope you will extend the same to permissions for a given item, its history, etc. be managed, just as the other objects in the Debi Ghate. My best wishes to her, to past, present To put it simply, once these items are digitized, archives have to be managed. They have to be and future Anthem-supported scholars, and to all we’ll have an all-purpose dumping ground for handled with long-term care, preservation and of us in the years ahead. information about the pieces in our collection. access in mind. —John

Student Conference for Capitalism, continued from page 1 the powerful philosophy it describes,” said Olena Fomina, a Ukrainian student, who attended the conference after having only recently discovered Ayn Rand’s works after receiving a free copy of Atlas Shrugged from ARI at an earlier stu- dent conference. The dynamic of the interaction between Objectivists and non-Objectivists led to lively debates. ARI gave each attendee a copy of ’s book Objectivism: The Philosophy of Ayn Rand, and the attendees took advan- tage of the offer of free copies of Ayn Rand’s The Virtue of Selfishness and Capitalism: The C. Bradley Thompson lectures to student attendees Unknown . The attendees also received information about ARI’s other student pro- grams; a number have asked for information on starting campus clubs or have said they will OAC Application apply to the OAC. Deadline Approaching “We hope that the Clemson Institute con- ference attracts more and more high quality ur regular admissions deadline for students,” said ARI’s vice president of Aca- Othe Objectivist Academic Center is demic programs, Debi Ghate. “By giving them July 30. For more information or to apply, an opportunity to interact with other people please visit www.objectivistacademiccenter interested in Ayn Rand—including the knowl- .org, or e-mail [email protected]. edgeable faculty—it helps bridge their interest in a novel to a serious study of Objectivism.” Onkar Ghate in discussion with student attendees 3 ARI Press Releases, continued from page 2 equal to men. “This creates an impossible dilemma for existing conditions or genetic indications of future judges. If fish and men are equal before the law, disorders.” whose welfare should prevail when their interests conflict? There can be no rational answer. Blame Big Congress, Not Big Oil, For High “With standards out the window, it’s impossi- Prices ble to predict which irrational or subjective factors May 30, 2008 will end up controlling the outcome—the judges’ sentiments, their personal political views, or ran- Irvine, CA—Congress has spent weeks accus- dom outside pressures. All we can know for sure is ing oil companies of driving up gasoline prices that the result will be neither rational nor consistent through “price gouging” and “market manipula- with America’s founding ideals.” tion.” “These accusations are worse than base- less,” said Alex Epstein of the Ayn Rand Institute, Expelled Gets an F “because they divert attention from the real, urgent April 18, 2008 problem in the oil market: Congress itself.” “Oil and gasoline prices are determined by Irvine, CA—Today Ben Stein’s anti-evolution supply and demand—and Congress severely documentary, Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed, restricted the supply of oil. In the name of safe- opens in theaters. The film claims that advo- guarding a tiny portion of caribou habitat in the cates of “”—the view that life Alaskan wilderness, it prohibits drilling in the is so complex it must be the product of a “higher Alaska National Wildlife Refuge—a potential intelligence”—are the persecuted victims of a source of 1 million barrels a day, 5 percent of “scientific establishment” dogmatically committed America’s daily oil consumption. Also off-limits to evolution. is 85 percent of America’s coastline, which Shell “The premise of Expelled is that proponents of ‘intelligent design’ have been shunned, denied estimates contains some 100 billion recoverable Impact is published monthly by the Ayn Rand® Institute (ARI) and is barrels—13 times America’s annual oil consump- tenure, and even fired because of a conspiracy complimentary to current donors who contribute $35 or more per year. to quash the scientific evidence supporting their For information on how you can support ARI and to learn about tion—and the vast majority of oil shale in Colo- our projects, please visit our Web site: www.aynrand.org. Atlantis rado, estimated at 1.5 trillion barrels. theory,” said Dr. Keith Lockitch, resident fellow at Legacy®, the Institute’s planned giving program, and related indicia “And how about the effects of Congress’s open the Ayn Rand Institute. “But the truth is: there is no are registered trademarks. The Ayn Rand Archives is a special collection of the Ayn Rand Institute. Objectivist Conferences (OCON) hostility toward the future of oil? Our politicians evidence supporting their theory. Intelligent design and the Ayn Rand Bookstore are owned by Second Renaissance, damn oil as an ‘addiction’ to be eliminated, and is completely devoid of any positive scientific con- Inc., which is operated by the Ayn Rand Institute. Second tent, and consists of nothing more than a religiously Renaissance, Inc., and the Ayn Rand Institute do not necessarily seek to cut—by up to 90 percent—the use of oil endorse the content of the lectures and courses offered. All photos and other vital fossil fuels that make our standard motivated attack on evolution. To the extent intel- of Ayn Rand are used by permission of the Estate of Ayn Rand. ligent design advocates are facing obstacles in aca- Purchases from the Ayn Rand Bookstore do not qualify as of living possible. Barack Obama recently equated tax-deductible contributions to the Ayn Rand Institute. demia it is because they are not doing real science: ‘the tyranny of oil’ to ‘the tyranny of fascism Editor: and communism’—and no one objected. Is this a they haven’t been ‘expelled’ they have flunked out Editorial Advisers: Dr. Yaron Brook, Mark Chapman, climate in which oil company CEOs will feel safe of the scientific community, just as a faith healer Debi Ghate, Anu Seppala Designer: Simon Federman Printing: David Antonacci Copy Editor: Donna Montrezza making the billion dollar investments and decades- would flunk out of medical school. “Observe that intelligent design advocates Headquarters: 2121 Alton Parkway, Suite 250 long plans that oil production requires? Irvine, CA 92606-4926 Phone: 949-222-6550 Fax: 949-222-6558 have pumped millions into publicity-seeking, “The congressional crippling of oil production © The Ayn Rand Institute 2008. All rights reserved. Not to be must stop. Next time your congressman rails about rather than appealing to scientists with facts and reproduced without permission. gasoline prices, tell him to look in the mirror.” logical arguments. They have spent more time at Christian ‘apologetics seminars’ than scientific Fish vs. Men in the Supreme Court conferences, and have attempted to use the courts May 12, 2008 to force schools to teach their ideas. Now they are hoping to dupe the movie-going public with a film Irvine, CA—Forty percent of America’s energy that misrepresents Darwin’s theory and the array of comes from 550 electric power plants whose mas- facts that support it—just as the makers of Expelled sive turbines and reactor cores are cooled with bil- misrepresented the nature of the film in order to lions of gallons of water from nearby rivers, lakes, bamboozle respected evolutionary scientists into bays, and oceans. participating in it. The Clean Water Act requires these plants to “Intelligent design advocates will do anything use “the best technology available” to safeguard to advance their views—except science. fish and other aquatic organisms swept up in the “The reason for that is simple: doing science water flow. The Supreme Court recently agreed to has never been their goal. Their goal is to make decide, in the case of Entergy v. EPA, whether the biblical creationism appear scientific in order to Environmental Protection Agency can lawfully skirt the constitutional ban on religion in public allow power companies to avoid hugely expensive schools. Contrary to the film’s claims, the real “closed-cycle” cooling systems in favor of cheaper dogmatists are not the defenders of Darwin, but “once-through” systems that save fewer fish. the religiously motivated advocates of intelligent “This case requires the Supreme Court to design.” pretend that the welfare of wildlife can be incor- porated into a legal system designed to protect the rights of man,” said Thomas Bowden, an analyst at the Ayn Rand Institute. “The ‘best technology’— for whom? Fish or men? There is no rational way ARI Co-Hosts Third Conference for for a court to ‘balance’ a fish’s interest in living BB&T Professors, continued from page 1 against man’s interest in producing electricity. “The Founding Fathers gave us a constitutional “I have been going to academic meetings for structure of checks and balances, including judicial many, many years,” said attendee Calvin Kent, a review by the Supreme Court. But for such review professor at Marshall University, “and this was to be rational, the court must apply an objective clearly one of the best. It was very well orga- standard in each case. The highest such standard— nized and the presentations are a great help to the individual human being’s right to life, liberty, me. The opportunity to network and learn from property, and the pursuit of happiness—is implicit the others who were there was invaluable. I look in the Founders’ recognition that ‘to secure these forward to next year’s meeting.” Rights, Governments are instituted among Men.’ One notable indication of the success of “By the standard of individual rights, any law these conferences is that this was the first year purporting to protect wildlife from men would be ARI did not cover all the costs of attending the struck down immediately, as a violation of man’s conference—but attendance increased. “Judg- right to sustain his life by exploiting nature. But ing by the attendance and the comments from America’s lawmakers have sunk to a level unthink- the attendees, this conference is a real value to able to the Founders. Through such statutes as the them,” Ms. Ghate said. “A number of profes- Clean Water Act, the Endangered Species Act, and sors said that content from previous years helped a variety of other environmental protection laws, them improve how they taught their courses. We Congress has conferred upon wildlife a legal status look forward to co-hosting this conference again next year.” 4