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Cómo Citar El Artículo Número Completo Más Información Del Multequina ISSN: 0327-9375 ISSN: 1852-7329 [email protected] Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina Dalmasso, Antonio; Duplancic, Andrea Malephora crocea var. purpureo-crocea (Haw.) Jacobsen & Schwantes (Aizoaceae) exótica de valor en xerijardinería Multequina, núm. 27, 2018, Enero-Diciembre, pp. 35-39 Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina Disponible en: https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=42857911003 Cómo citar el artículo Número completo Sistema de Información Científica Redalyc Más información del artículo Red de Revistas Científicas de América Latina y el Caribe, España y Portugal Página de la revista en redalyc.org Proyecto académico sin fines de lucro, desarrollado bajo la iniciativa de acceso abierto ISSN 0327-9375 ISSN 1852-7329 on-line Malephora crocea var. purpureo-crocea (Haw.) Jacobsen & Schwantes (Aizoaceae) exótica de valor en xerijardinería Malephora crocea var. purpureo-crocea (Haw.) Jacobsen & Schwantes (Aizoaceae), alien species of interest for xeriscape Antonio Dalmasso1 y Andrea Duplancic1, 2 1 Geobotánica y Fitogeografía (IADIZA) 2 FCEN-UNCUYO [email protected] Resumen Malephora crocea var. purpureo-crocea (Aizoaceae) presenta gran adaptación a las condiciones de zonas áridas y semiáridas de Argentina. El objetivo fue evaluar parámetros de crecimiento de la especie bajo diferentes niveles hídricos. Se aplicaron 6 tratamientos entre 100 a 500 mm/ año de riego y con frecuencia variable. Cada tratamiento consistió en 10 repeticiones y el ensayo duró dos ciclos vegetativos. Posteriormente las plantas fueron descalzadas y se determinó: peso seco de biomasa aérea y de raíz, número de vástagos y de entrenudos, longitud de los vástagos (valor medio de la suma de todos los vástagos) y de la raíz primaria. Se contabilizó además el número de flores por planta. Todas las variables resultaron estadísticamente mayores en los tratamientos de mayor aporte hídrico. En ningún tratamiento se produjo muerte de las plantas. Con un suplemento de riego de 100 mm/año resultaría una especie interesante en xerijardinería para la región árida de Argentina. Summary Malephora crocea var. purpureo-crocea (Aizoaceae) presents great adaptation to the conditions of arid and semi-arid zones of Argentina. The objective is to evaluate the response of growth parameters of the species under different watering levels. Six treatments were applied between 100 mm to 500 mm/year of irrigation and variable frequency. Each treatment consisted of 10 replications and the study lasted two vegetative cycles. Then the plants were removed and the following variables were determined: dry weight of standing and underground biomass, number of stems and internodes, length of stems and primary root, and number of flowers. All the variables were statistically higher in the treatments with higher water input. None of the treatments had loss of specimens. With an irrigation supplement of 100 mm/year it would be an interesting species in xeriscape for the arid region of Argentina. Palabras clave: niveles hídricos, crecimiento, Key words: hydric levels, growth, ornamental ornamental Multequina 27: 35-39, 2018 35 Introducción En Argentina, esta especie ha sido in- corporada en numerosos jardines de zo- Las Aizoaceas comprenden 146 géneros nas áridas y semiáridas desde Tierra del y 2271 especies (The Plant List, 2013). Fuego y Santa Cruz hasta Jujuy, siendo Malephora crocea es una de las 15 espe- probablemente la especie exótica con cies de Malephora originaria de zonas mayor difusión en la región árida y se- áridas de Sudáfrica (Hartmann, 2001), miárida. Se adapta a condiciones de alta que por su rusticidad y gran tolerancia salinidad, soporta suelos arenosos, como a la sequía se ha naturalizado en Califor- así también limo-arcillosos. nia y otras zonas áridas de Norteaméri- El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la ca donde fue introducida (Ferren et al., supervivencia y el crecimiento de la es- 1981); lo mismo ocurre en la Patagonia pecie bajo distintos niveles de riego y argentina (costas de Chubut) donde se conocer su potencial como planta orna- encuentra bastante distribuida. mental. Se reconocen dos variedades de M. crocea: crocea con la cara adaxial de los pétalos anaranjada y purpureo-crocea Material y Método con los pétalos púrpura en ambas caras Se emplearon plantines de un año re- (Ferren et al., 1981). producidos por vía agámica en envases Es una caméfita suculenta, de tona- plásticos de 100 µm de espesor. Los plan- lidad grisácea glabra, de ramificación tines recibieron riego dosificado hasta decumbente, con brotes jóvenes erectos; completar el segundo ciclo vegetativo. Se hojas semicilíndricas, glaucas y glabras, consideraron seis tratamientos (niveles 13,5-20 mm de longitud por 6 mm de de riego) con diez repeticiones, distri- diámetro, flores solitarias, cáliz de 4 sépa- buidos en bloques al azar. los y 5 sépalos. Los pétalos se forman con estaminodios coloreados, dos veces más • T100: riegos semanales (equivalente a largos que el cáliz, color púrpura en am- 100 mm anuales) bos lados. Fruto cápsula carnosa, higros- • T150: riegos quincenales (equivalente cópica, que libera las semillas en la tem- a 150 mm anuales) porada de lluvias (Hartmann, 2001). Las • T200: riegos semanales (equivalente a hojas poseen cera que evita la deshidra- 200 mm anuales) tación (Ortiz et al., 2009). Su reproduc- • T300: riegos semanales (equivalente a ción es por vía agámica y también por 300 mm anuales) semillas (Padrón Mederos et al., 2009). • T400: riegos semanales (equivalente a Su nombre vulgar es “rayito de sol”, 400 mm anuales) dado que sus flores permanecen abiertas • T500: riegos semanales (equivalente a con la radiación solar y se cierran por la 500 mm anuales) falta de luz. Es una planta crasa que pre- Luego de dos ciclos vegetativos las plan- senta metabolismo fotosintético CAM tas fueron descalzadas, registrándose las (Veste & Thiede, 2004), permitiendo su siguientes variables como indicadores de adaptación a climas áridos, soporta tem- crecimiento: peso seco de biomasa aérea peraturas de hasta 45 ºC y mínimas infe- y de raíz, número de vástagos y de en- riores a los -15 ºC. trenudos, longitud de los vástagos (valor 36 A. Dalmasso & A. Duplancic medio de la suma de todos los vástagos) De la relación peso seco de la parte y de la raíz primaria. Se contabilizó ade- aérea/peso seco de la raíz resultó que el más el número de flores por planta con peso seco de la raíz representa menos del frecuencia quincenal, a partir del mes de 10% del peso seco aéreo, similar a lo que febrero. ocurre con numerosas especies suculen- Se compararon las medias de estos in- tas (Schenk & Jackson, 2002). dicadores de crecimiento bajo los distin- Los tratamientos con 400 mm/año y tos niveles de riego aplicando el análisis 500 mm/año muestran diferencias es- de la varianza (SC Tipo II). Se constató tadísticamente significativas en el peso el cumplimiento de los supuestos de seco del follaje, número de entrenudos y normalidad y homogeneidad de varian- longitud de raíz. zas. Para los análisis estadísticos se usó el En relación con la producción de ta- programa Infostat (2013). llos, el menor aporte hídrico no resiente el número de vástagos emitidos, pero sí Resultados y Discusión la longitud de los mismos y el número de entrenudos, disminuyendo el tamaño de Se trabajó con el siguiente material co- la planta. lectado: Dalmasso 3895 (CCT Mendo- En relación con el número de flo- za- Parque Gral. San Martín), 3896 (Ciu- res, los tratamientos de menor aporte dad de Mendoza), 3997 (Jocolí, Lavalle) hídrico (T100 y T150) no florecieron y 3898 (El Borbollón, Las Heras). Los durante el período evaluado. A medi- ejemplares se encuentran depositados en da que se incrementa el aporte hídrico el herbario de Geobotánica y Fitogeogra- aumenta el número de flores produ- fía (IADIZA). cidas, llegando a un máximo de 7,3 Ante el mayor aporte hídrico la especie flores por planta (en promedio) en el desarrolla mayor crecimiento en todas T500. Se produjeron además dos picos las variables evaluadas, presentando los de floración (Figura 2). mayores valores en el tratamiento T500. Se considera que un nivel de Las diferencias entre algunos tratamien- 300 mm/ año, 100 mm más de lo que tos fueron estadísticamente significativas precipita en la región complementa- (Figura 1). dos mediante riegos, concentrado en Se observó que la especie puede sobre- las primaveras secas, resultó el nivel vivir y vegetar con riegos semanales que donde la especie logró un crecimiento aporten el equivalente a 100 mm/ año y floración óptimos para su uso orna- (T100). Este tratamiento presentó di- mental. ferencias significativas en el peso seco de follaje, longitud de raíz y número de Agradecimientos entrenudos, registrándose en las dos pri- meras variables los menores valores en Se agradece especialmente a los alumnos todo el ensayo. de 3º año del Liceo Agrícola y Enológi- La frecuencia quincenal de riegos re- co “Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, de la sultó en menor biomasa radical, sin di- UNCuyo, por su colaboración en la ex- ferencias significativas respecto al T100. periencia de vivero. Multequina 27: 35-39, 2018 37 Figura 1. Valores medios y desvío estándar para las variables morfomérticas evaluadas bajo distintos niveles de riego. Letras diferentes indican diferencias significativas Figure 1. Mean values and standard deviation for the morphometric variables evaluated under different irrigation levels. Different letters indicate significant differences 8 T500 7 T400 6 T300 5 T200 4 3 2 1 Número de flores por planta por de flores Número 0 15/02 15/07 15/12 Fecha de registro (quincenal) Figura 2. Número acumulado de flores/planta (promedio) emitidas en cada tratamiento Figure 2. Accumulated number of flowers/plant emitted in each treatment 38 A. Dalmasso & A. Duplancic Bibliografía SCHENK, H. J. & R. B. JACKSON, 2002. Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and FERREN, W., J. BLECK & N. VIVRETTE, below-ground/above‐ground allometries 1981.
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