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National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Early Detection of Invasive Plant Species in the San Francisco Bay Area Network A Volunteer-Based Approach Natural Resource Report NPS/SFAN/NRR—2009/136 ON THE COVER Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy employee Elizabeth Speith gathers data on an invasive Cotoneaster shrub. Photograph by: Andrea Williams, NPS. Early Detection of Invasive Plant Species in the San Francisco Bay Area Network A Volunteer-Based Approach Natural Resource Report NPS/SFAN/NRR—2009/136 Andrea Williams Marin Municipal Water District Sky Oaks Ranger Station 220 Nellen Avenue Corte Madera, CA 94925 Susan O'Neil Woodland Park Zoo 601 N 59th Seattle, WA 98103 Elizabeth Speith USGS NBII Pacific Basin Information Node Box 196 310 W Kaahumau Avenue Kahului, HI 96732 Jane Rodgers Socio-Cultural Group Lead Grand Canyon National Park PO Box 129 Grand Canyon, AZ 86023 August 2009 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner. This report received formal, high-level peer review based on the importance of its content, or its potentially controversial or precedent-setting nature. Peer review was conducted by highly qualified individuals with subject area technical expertise and was overseen by a peer review manager. Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations and data in this report are solely those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the National Park Service. This report is available from the Natural Resource Publications Management Web site (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM) or from the San Francisco Area I&M Network website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/im/units/SFAN) on the internet. Please cite this publication as: Williams, A. E., S. O'Neil, E. Speith, and J. Rodgers. 2009. Early detection of invasive plant species in the San Francisco Bay Area Network: A volunteer-based approach. Natural Resource Report NPS/SFAN/NRR—2009/136. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado. NPS 963/100210 ii Revision History Log: Prev. Revision Author Changes Made Reason for Change New Version # Date Version # June 2007 Williams, A. 1st draft sent for review 1.0 1.0 May 2008 Williams, A. Refined questions and Match questions/objectives 1.1 objectives to focus on and methods; respond to roads/trails, added comments received from language from PWR Dr. Jim Agee and Dr. Penny handbook Latham 1.1 Oct 2008- Williams, A. Clarifications, largely Respond to peer-review 1.2 Feb 2009 to data analysis section comments 1.2 May 2009 Williams, A. Clarifications, largely Respond to peer-review 1.3 to data analysis and comments budget sections; inclusion of SOPs in main document 1.3 July 2009 Koenen, M. Minor clarifications in Respond to peer-review 1.4 responses to peer- comments. review comments. iii Contents Page Figures............................................................................................................................................ ix Tables............................................................................................................................................. xi Standard Operating Procedures....................................................................................................xiii Appendices.................................................................................................................................... xv Executive Summary....................................................................................................................xvii Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... xix 1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Why Perform Early-Detection Monitoring for Invasive Plant Species?........................... 1 1.2 Policies and Guidance Related to Invasive Species.......................................................... 4 1.2.1 Guidance Documents and Existing Plans.............................................................. 4 1.2.2 Laws and Policy..................................................................................................... 6 1.3 Parks Involved in Monitoring ........................................................................................... 6 1.4 Vital Sign Integration........................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Significance to Management............................................................................................. 6 1.6 Exotic Species at SFAN Parks.......................................................................................... 7 1.7 Past Invasives Work at SFAN Parks................................................................................. 9 1.7.1 Golden Gate National Recreation Area................................................................. 9 1.7.2 Point Reyes National Seashore............................................................................ 11 1.7.3 Other Network Parks ........................................................................................... 11 1.8 Collaboration................................................................................................................... 12 2.0 Monitoring Design.................................................................................................................. 13 2.1 Monitoring Questions ..................................................................................................... 13 2.2 Protocol Objectives......................................................................................................... 14 v 2.3 Using Rapid Assessment Techniques ............................................................................. 14 2.4 Creating Management Units ........................................................................................... 15 2.4.1 Using Subwatersheds as Management Units............................................................... 16 2.4.2 Other Management Unit Types.................................................................................... 17 2.5 Prioritizing Management Units....................................................................................... 17 2.6 Prioritizing Species ......................................................................................................... 21 2.7 Revising the Species List ................................................................................................ 23 3.0 Survey Methods ...................................................................................................................... 25 3.1 Opportunistic Sampling .................................................................................................. 25 3.2 Revisit Schedules ............................................................................................................ 26 3.3 Gathering Field Data....................................................................................................... 26 3.3.1 Naming Conventions............................................................................................ 26 3.3.2 Survey Data.......................................................................................................... 27 3.3.3 Negative Data ...................................................................................................... 27 3.3.4 Collecting Specimens ........................................................................................... 27 4.0 Data Management and Reporting ........................................................................................... 29 4.1 Database.......................................................................................................................... 29 4.2 Data Management ........................................................................................................... 29 4.2.1 Data Entry, Verification and Editing................................................................... 29 4.2.2 Database Rollup and Data Exchange.................................................................. 30 4.2.3 Survey Quality Assurance .................................................................................... 30 4.2.4 Annual Map Review ............................................................................................
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