European Journal of Turkish Studies 14 (2012) Ideological Productions and Transformations: the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) and the Left ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya and Joost Jongerden Reassembling the Political: The PKK and the project of Radical Democracy ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Warning The contents of this site is subject to the French law on intellectual property and is the exclusive property of the publisher. The works on this site can be accessed and reproduced on paper or digital media, provided that they are strictly used for personal, scientific or educational purposes excluding any commercial exploitation. Reproduction must necessarily mention the editor, the journal name, the author and the document reference. Any other reproduction is strictly forbidden without permission of the publisher, except in cases provided by legislation in force in France. Revues.org is a platform for journals in the humanites and social sciences run by the CLEO, Centre for open electronic publishing (CNRS, EHESS, UP, UAPV). ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ Electronic reference Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya and Joost Jongerden, « Reassembling the Political: The PKK and the project of Radical Democracy », European Journal of Turkish Studies [Online], 14 | 2012, Online since 18 janvier 2013, Connection on 18 janvier 2013. URL : http://ejts.revues.org/index4615.html Publisher: European Journal of Turkish Studies http://ejts.revues.org http://www.revues.org Document available online on: http://ejts.revues.org/index4615.html Document automatically generated on 18 janvier 2013. © Some rights reserved / Creative Commons license Reassembling the Political: The PKK and the project of Radical Democracy 2 Ahmet Hamdi Akkaya and Joost Jongerden Reassembling the Political: The PKK and the project of Radical Democracy Introduction 1 One of the most important secular political movements in the Middle East, the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) underwent a profound transformation in the 2000s, following the capture of its leader Abdullah Öcalan in 1999. After a long period of a ‘national liberation struggle’ aimed at establishing its own state, the PKK changed its course towards a project of radical democracy, based on the rejection of the state (Akkaya and Jongerden 2011). The PKK, which had taken its orientation from the revolutionary left in Turkey, was providing a new basis for radical politics in today’s Turkey. In this article we will argue that the PKK reinvented itself ideologically through this transformation, and gave shape to new forms of politics on the basis of an exploration of the concept of democracy. In this article we explore the content of this new project, and its practical implications. We will not discuss the organizational re-structuring related to the PKK’s new political project, since we have discussed this elsewhere (ibid.). 2 Through this discussion, our study addresses a gap in Turkish and Kurdish studies. Although the Kurdish question in Turkey has been studied considerably, the focus has been on state discourse and security policy, with little attention devoted to the role of the Kurdish agency itself, and in particular the PKK (Barkey and Fuller 1998; Yegen 1999; Heper 2007). Only few studies deal explicitly with the political ideology of the PKK.1 Furthermore, works on the PKK tend to treat the PKK as an anomaly, rather than making sense of it. In this article, we study the PKK’s political project as developed in the first decade of the new millennium and try to understand how the PKK itself makes sense of this project. In doing so, the present piece promises both to advance knowledge related to our understanding of political life in contemporary Turkey, and to make a critical contribution to contemporary discussions related to radical democracy. 3 The data for this article has been collected through a study of Öcalan’s defence texts and his ‘prison notes’, along with key PKK documents, such as congress reports, formal decisions and the writings of its cadre, such as Mustafa Karasu. The article is composed of four parts. First, we trace the evolution of radical democracy as an important concept in political philosophy on the basis of its foundations and the subjectivities which shape it. Then, we take a closer look at the changes the PKK underwent after the arrest of Öcalan, mainly considering its ideology. What the PKK refers to as “radical democracy” will be elaborated on in this part, with the political projects developed within the context of radical democracy – democratic republic, democratic confederalism and democratic autonomy – discussed in detail, with consideration given to theoretical implications. Third, the political dimension of these projects will be studied in answer to the question of how they currently determining PKK strategy and day- to-day activities. Finally, in the fourth part, this project of radical democracy and its political implications will be discussed in terms of the contingencies they create in finding a solution to the ongoing conflict in Turkey. Radical Democracy as alternative to Liberal Democracy 4 Since the late 1970s, the understanding of radical politics within the framework of Marxism has changed.This change focused on its approach to three important pillars of politics; state, class and party, and radical political thought took the form of ‘politics beyond the state, political organisation beyond the party, and political subjectivity beyond class’ (Badiou 2002: 95-97).2 Within this understanding of radical politics,the reformulation of ‘radical democracy’ has emerged as the main alternative to liberal democracies of the West. It has given a fresh impetus to the social and political movements, from ‘liberation movements’ in Latin America to anti-globalist demonstrations in the US and Europe. In this sense we can talk about a wide European Journal of Turkish Studies, 14 | 2012 Reassembling the Political: The PKK and the project of Radical Democracy 3 spectrum of radical views of democracy beyond the liberal version. In critical academia the most well-known was the reconsideration of the concept of democracy in Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe’s pioneering study Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, first published in 1985. Laclau and Mouffe had sought to spell out a left- wing alternative of radicalising democracy, deepening it in the light of ever present conflicts and power.3 5 In the context of this article, however, our focus will mainly be on the studies by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri (2004, 2009), which provided a new momentum to the discussion concerning radical democracy because of their emphasis on the importance of political struggle.4 Hardt and Negri’s tripartite structure moves from an analysis of the sovereignty in the age of globalisation – form what they call ‘Empire’ (2000), ‘the living alternative that grows within the Empire,’ through ‘Multitude’ (2004), an ‘institutional structure and ... [the] political constitution of society’ – to what they call ‘Common Wealth’ (2009)..This scheme can be summarised as an analysis of sovereignty in the globalised world (Empire), of the revolutionary subject of the period (Multitude) and of its political project of ‘expanding our capacities for collective production and self-governance’ (Commonwealth) (2009: xiii). It is this latter sense of radical democracy as developed by Hardt and Negri that is more meaningful to the Kurdish project, especially how they conceive representation and sovereignty. 6 Hardt and Negri aimed to work out the conceptual basis for a new project of democracy. For them, democracy has remained an incomplete project throughout the modern era, and they try to revitalize its liberating content as constituted in the idea of popular sovereignty (the word sovereignty derived from the Latin supremitas or suprema potestas, meaning ‘supreme power’), which may be defined as a power that belongs to the people with no power above it. They identify several debates related to the idea of democracy today, but for us the most important are the debates on the subversive characters of democracy and of representation. 7 The subversive character of democracy is related to the fact democracy has been an incomplete project. Hardt and Negri argue that it was only through social struggle that democracy started to include the excluded, such as “women, the propertyless and the non-white.” In a similar fashion, democracy came to be discussed in the domain of economy, which in liberal theory is not governed by democracy, but markets. This extension of democracy can be referred to as the ‘subversive character of democracy’: it allows its extension to all facets of society. 8 The second is related to (political) representation,