OFFICIAL Pamphletc, Pubiìthediy, the STATE of OREGON for the INFORMATION of HOMESEEKERS, Sgttlers and Billestors

OFFICIAL PAMPHLETc, PubIìthediy, THE STATE OF OREGON FOR THE INFORMATION OF HOMESEEKERS, SgTTLERS AND billESTORS

OREGON STATE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION C. C. CHAPMAN. Orates. State bilmigratian-Agmt o

THE I..AND OF OPPORTUNITY" Oregon is a state 'of agricultural opportunity. Its broad areas of un.developed fanning land offer matchless advantages to -these who will come and till them. Every section of the state waits settlers, To such as have industry and Vvil1 undertake the development of the idle acres, rich rewaids aWait. . . Never before has the state of Oregon been So diligent in the developinent of agriculture, its greatest asset, as now The state is anxious that everY farmer who córnea tó it shill thiive.. Not on/y the Oregon State AgricalturalCollege, onaof the most efatient of all such 'institutions in the whole country, but every bther agency is working for the success of the agticultnral interests.

Experimental and, development farMS clot the state., The commercial -bocUe,s and the business coteraunity are allied- to advance - the interests of the tiller, of the soil, and the .buainesx Men of the - chief cities work fbli the betterment of the farming diaricts, knowing that in doing thia they are building the Surest, foundations for the hiture of Oregon.' 4 The whole state bids' the farmer welcome. Its fertile._ soil, and genial eliMate work in partnership with All these interests to make his life pleasant and his work profitable. With the growing markets and the widening demand for bis 'Products, the husbanchOan find this a region of,uever-failing, bountiful crops .and remunerative rewards.

4'-` THE STATE of OREGON Its Resources and Opportunities,

Official pamphlet published for the information of homeseekers, settlers and investors, by the Oregon State Immigration Agent

tinder the authority ot the Twenty-Sixth Legislative Assembly OSWALD WEST, GOVERNOR

State Immigration Commission THOMAS C. MANE, President. BAKIIR A. F. HOFER. S.usra JOHN M. SCO1T. PoirrLatta W. E. COMAN. PoartAND C. C. CHAPMAN. Palma:in

MARSHALL N. DANA. Secretar. PoirriAND C. C. CHAPMAN, State Immigration. Agent I. A. REXELL. Director. Oregon Etntiodoll BUM

1912

SALES. ORICCON WELLIS S. DuNtwev. ems Palermo For further information address C. C. CHAPMAN, State Immigration Ag Commercial Club Building, Portland, Oregon TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. INVITATIONOswALD WEer, Governor of Oregon Facing Title INTRODUCTION 3 THE OPEN WAY 4 OREGONGeneral Description 5-14

PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON i 15-17 AGRIC.ULTURE 18-25 LIVESTOCK 26-27 D.A.IRYINO 28-31 CLIMATE, MAP 30 POULTRY 32 BEE CULTURE , 33 SHEEP AND WOOL 33 FLAX 34 HOPS 35-36

FRUIT I 37-39 IRRIGATION, AND WATER PO R 40-47 FISHERIES 47 TIMBER 48-51 FOREST RESERVES , 52-54 MANUFACTURING 55-56 1VLINERALS 56-57 TRANSPORTATION ' 57-59 LABOR CONDITIONS ., 60 EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL 61-66 HEALTH 67 SCENERY AND GAME ' 67-69 TAXATION 69-70 STATE OFFICIALS AND PUBLIC BODIES 71 COUNTY AND TOWNInformation and Statistics: Pacific Coast Counties , 72-81 Rog-ue River Valley 81-85 Umpqua River Valley 85-87

Willamette Valley ,. 87-112 Central Oregon and Eastern Oregon 112-138 INDEX ' 139-143 OREGON'S WATER DRAINAGE. , 144 THE COLUMBIA RIVER , 144 ACKNOWLEDGMENT Facing 144

"MADE IN OREGON." All the materiaki entering hito the make-up of the Orftl on Almanac are Oregon products. But a short time ago the paper upon which you are reading of the facto about Oregon, both cover and inside, was in latdin trees that pushed their peaked growths toward the skies of the Willamette Valley.. The trees were cut their fibre crushed to pulp, the paper manufactured in Oregon, and today it carries the tale of OregonSs opportunities to millions of readers East, West, North and South. The printing; the engraving of the zme etchings and half-tones; the drawing of the illustrations; the draughting of the figurative charts and mapseverything was done in Oregon. There is en ever growing sentiment that is daily being put to the practical test of "Madei n Oregon." This sentimeiat means more than the mere words to our people. It is a state-wide loyelty to the idea that Oregon people believe to the utmost in utilizing Oregon's rich resources. They may be depended neon to encourage with their patronage all who come to the state and invest their capital in manufacturing enterprises. The people appreciate every effort put forth for the fullest and quickest development of Oregon. INTRODUCTION. Oregon invites the earliest homeseeker who desires th better his condition, and it is the purpose of the state officers, as Well as the community organizations, to see that accurate representations are made kr the guidance of all who seek to avail themselves of the boundless oppor-, tunities in this large and prosperous, but thinly populated, stale. All authorities unite in stating that Oregon can support in happiness and prosperity, a population of many millions. The people of Oregon ex-tend a spirited and cordial welcome to all who, with the capability and purpose of making homes for themselves, wbuld come to this new country and join in the upbuilding of a proud commonwealth. How to Succeed in Oregon. Oregon's climate is far more faVbrable than can be fotmd anywhere east of the Pacific slope. Oregon's hillsides and valleys are rich and fertile; her scenery is matchless in grandeur. Oregon's home environment is delightfully attractive. Conditions for success are far more favorable than in any of the oldery thickly populated states. All who look to Oregon for a future home should remember, however, that the same qualities of 'industry, prudence and perseverance are required for success here that would be needed anywhere. No one should come to Oregon expecting to "get'lich quick;" to achieve success without work and well applied knowledge. Above all, no one should come to Oregon expecting to find immediate employment in any line, in any of the cities or towns. When you come, bring enough funds to provide traveling and living expenses for a considerable period while you are visiting different localities and searching for th,e opportnnity which appeals to you and in which you have confidence you can ' succeed. Do not build up false hopes of fabulous affluence and easy life without work. In selecting a location for an Oregon home, the newcomer should visit the locality and inspect the land, to learn whether it is suited to the tastes and requirements of his family and the special branch of agricultural industry in which he expects to engage. He should consult the leading business men of the commercial organizations ,of the neighboring community and satisfy himself as to his purchase. If he does not find exactly what he wants in one part of the state, it will pay to investigate further, as conditions are so diversified -in, Oregon tha,t no long search will be necessary to locate satisfactmily. Once located you will find yourself among hospitable and sociable neighbors, whose delight it is to be of service to the newcomer, and by information and 0e-operation- be of every assistance to him and make hint feel at home and help him ceed. A warm welcome into churches, schools, granges, improvenient . clubs, fraternal organizations and other societies awaits every new citizen who comes to Oregon with the honest purposnof achieving independence and making a home. Many thousand families have come to Oregon during the past few years, and by following these simple precautions, have located happily and are prospering beyond their fondest expectations. 3 ,THE OPEN WAY. By MAIism.ill N. Dame, Secretary Oregon State Immigration Commission. Oregon had never so much to offer the seeker for a home as now. The pioneers found in this broad state nothing comparable to the present opportunity for well doing and well being. The dangers of another day are forgotten. The work done is the heritage of today. Those who earnestly desire to make good by investing a reasonable amount of work and cash can nowhere do better than in Oregon. In the yesterday of this state's development the first comers dis- covered millions of acres of rich land that had never been stirred by the plow. So great was the area and so limited the transportation that the immense amount of accomplishmemt since is but a small fraction of that which now opens out to be done. All of modem invention and appliance is now provided for the settler in Oregon. An influ.3, of settlement extending over many years cannot take up all the lands or materially decrease the business chances. Trans- portation has arrived. The wide Willamette Valley is being gridironed with electric suburban lines over its entire 100-mile length. An agricultural population six times as great as now can be prosperously sup- ported there. The Coast region has been reached by railroad lines and here are the forests of fir and the usual dairying regions. Interior Oregon has been reached by two competing railroad lines at a cost of many millions of dollars and transportation is being increasingly furnished to aregionof future homes at great as the entire state of Ohio-. Access to the home opportunity country by water is not being neglected. The millions spent for new rail lines are proportionately balanced by the expenditures of government, state and city, in harbor improVement, channel deepening, lock and canal construction, both' on the Columbia and thetWillamette rivers. With ships from the seas and boats on the with rail lines increasingly covering the state and reaching .bothriver' east and west, the market for the production of Oregon's approximately. 34,000,000 acres of agricultural land is unlimited.' These are the facts of the opportunity in Oregon today. The chief chance is in settling upon and tilling tlie soil. Attention to method, and no greater expense of effort, money and time than is elsewhere necessary are the only requisites for unusual success in growing sheep, hogs, cattle, horses, fruit, grain potatoes, and in dairying and fishing. Nor will the newcomer be forgotten alter he has,eome to Oregun and commenced the important business of cultivating the soil and making- a home. It is increasingly a policy of the state through the agricultural college, the immigration commission and other agencies, aided by the development leagues, to carry on a program of demonstration education- sending to the farms persons who know conditions and production problems who can show how work should be done. The Oregon invitation is: Come! Help till our soil and develop our resources. Make homes. Add productive strength to our`eitizenship. Participate in the rich rewards. 4 OREGON ALMANAC. 5

OREGOk. Geography, Climate and OWL EOGRAPRICALLY the state leys, rolling hills, high tablelands, rivers, is divided into two sections lakes and mountains. The rivers and by the Cascade range of lakes furmsh an abundance of water for mountains. These sections irrigation and other purposes,- and the are commonly known as rivers an enormous wealth of latent Eastern Oregon and Western water powers. The mountain slopes and Oregon. The°, physical and climatic foothills are covered with a dense grovrth conditions of these divisions are en- of merchantable forest, ap oxiinating tirely different and embrace all desir- one-fifth of the standing t r of the able elements of soil and climate umder United States, The moinititin ranges the sun, from. the humid region along not only mark the geographical and the Pacific Coast to the high and semi- climatological lines of division but per: arid Central Oregon section in Eastern form the highly important double 'func- Oregon. The state is oblong in form, tion of serving as immense watersheds being*about 275 miles from North to and Nature's storehouses for millions South and 350 miles from East to West. of tons of winter snowS to stipply, the Contains 96,699 square miles, including needed moisture for the broad and fertile water area, and consists of fertile val- valleys dur'ing the Summer monthii. WESTERN OREGON. portion of the state, lying vound and refreshing sleep is always West of the Cascades comprises assured. Climatological conditions are ,mHATan approximate area of 35,000 so different as between liocalities in this square miles. It is composed of a seetion that, in order tu convey a more series of wonderfully rich and pro- clear and succinct tmderstanding, West- active valleys, in which are embodied ern Oregon will be treated in1 sub- all of the elements of soil and climate` divisions, each of which, while the cli- necessary to produce in abundance matic -conditions blend to a certain ex- and to the highest state of perfec- tent, possesses distinctive features,which tion, any and all of the varieties of can best be described separately. These fruits and vegetation characteristic of sub-divisions are: The Coast Region, a temperate zone, and in which may be Willamette Valley, Umpqua Valley and fotmd any desired altitude, from sea Rogue River Valley. The Chief features level to 5,000 feet, and higher, and an- of &stinction in climate are amount of nual precipitation from 20 inches in the precipitation, sunshine and, length of Southern portion and 40 inches in the growing season, highly important factors lower valley regions, to 133 inches, the from an apiculturel and commercial extreme maximum inn the meuntains standpoint. The ocean ..on the .West along the coast. 'hi valleys vary in and the mountains in the interior greatly octent and importance the latter being modify the climatethe ocean by tein- measured by state of 'development and pering the heat and cold and the mbun- accessibility, and are separated by tams by arresting and increasing the ranges of spuis of mountains. Western precipitation on the windward slopes Oregon has been termed the "Land of and decreasing it on the leeward slopes. Perpetual Green and Flowers " for the Only 10% of the annual rainfall occurs fields are, green the year- round, except durmeune, July, August and September. during the season of harvest, in keeping The months of heaviest rainfall are either. with the laws of Nature; flowers bloom December or January, and of the least throughout the year and root crops rainfall, July or August. - remain in the ground during the winter months without harm. While the tem- The Coast 'aeon. perature occasionally registers above Consists of a strip along the Pacific) the 90-degree mark during the Bummer Coast, 40 miles in width at the widest months, the heat is not oppressive parts, and runniNg the entire length of because of the low humidity and rapid the stat4,, and is composed of rolling evaporation; the nights are cool and a Condiuuid on Pap 7). 6 OREGON ALMANAC. OREGON'S COMMERCIAL ADVANTAGES. In relation to interior America and the commerce of the world, Oregon's location on the Pacific Coast is as advantageous as is that of New York and Pennsylvania on the Atlantic Coast. The area of Oregon js greater than thntombined areas of New York and Pennsylvania. Oregon, 95,607 sq. miles N. Y. and Pa., 92,486 There ia more open country in Oregon, the soil is infiniteli richer and the natural resourcesnf timber, minerals, fisheries, etc., are far greater, so it is entirely reasonable' to expect that Oregon will eventiially support a greater population than the two great states of New York and Pennsylvania. The following comparison of present populations suggests the possibilities of future grovrth: Population. N.Y. & Pa. 16,778,725 Oregon, 672,765mm Switzerland, a mountainous country without a seaport, supports 3,559,349 population in thrift and prosperity on an area of only 15,976 square miles, one-sixth of Oregon's area. Natural conditions are far more favorable in Oregon. If Oregon were settled as thickly as is Switzerland, the population would be 21,224,754. If as thickly settled as Belgium the population woad be 61,570,008. These comparisons are not presented with the idea that so large a population is either desirable or likely, -but to illustrate how immense Oregon is and how large a population could be sup- ported in the state by intensive agriculture, manufactures and world commerce. The thinking man would rather locate where the possibilities for increase are grectt, especially in a Eialubrious climate, than remain in a thickly settled country under un- favorable climatic conditions. LAND AREA AND POPULATION OP OREGON. In Square Miles.

Land Pop. Land Pop. COUNTY. Ares. Pop. Per Se. COUNTY. Area. Pop._ Per Sq. Mile. Mile. Bpi= 3,060 18,076 5.9 LIMO 4,812 33,783 7.3 Benton 688 10,663 15.5 Lincoln 1,008 , 5,587 5.5 Clackamas 1,864 29,931 16.1 Linn 2,243 22,662 10.1 Ciatsop 821 16,106 19.6 Malheur 9,883 8,601 0.9 Columbia 862 10,580 15.0 Marion 1,194 39,80 33.3 Coos 1,628 17,959 11.0 Morrow 2,025 4,357 2.2 Crook 7,778 9,315 1.2 Multnomah. 451 226,261 501.7 Curry 1,498 2,044 1.4 Polk 709 13,469 Douglas. 4,922 19,674 4.0 Sherman 835 4,242 5.1 Gilliam 1,201 8,701 3.1 Tillamook 1,125 6,265 8.6 Grant 4,520 5,607 1.2 Umatila 3,173 20,309 6.4 Harney 9,933 4,059 0.4 Union 2,087 16,191 7.8 Hood River 543 8,016 14.8 Wallowa 3,145 8,364 2.7 Jackson 2,835 25,756 9.1 Warm 2,343 16,336 7.0 Josephine. 1,751 9,567 5.5 Washington 731 21,522 29.4 Klamath 5,099 8,554 1.4 Wheeler 1,704 2,484 1.5 Lake 7,920 4,658 0.8 Yamhill 714 18,235 25.6 'retal Land Area 95,807 Water Area 1.092

Total-Population and Area 96,699 672,785 Population per Square Mile 7.0 OREGON ALMAN.AC.

WE swERIT OREGON. Continued from page 6. IftIls, small but fertile valleys, rich tide- productive of all kinds of agricultural lands, sea beaches, high bluffs, rivers and forage crops. Average maximum and mountain slopes. It is separated temperature for July throughout the and distinguished from the other por-, region is 69 degrees and the average tions of Western Oregon by the Coast minimum for the same month is 51 de- range of mountains, which parallels the grees; average maximum for January is coast from North to South, with an 48 degrees and the minimum average.9 average elevation of 2,000 feet, and for the same month is 37 degrees: Annual occasional peaks or ridges of 3,500 f6et rainfall varies from 133 inches at Glen- or more in height. The principal valleys dora and 55 inches at Doraville, the of this region, which are traversed by heaviest rainfall in the mowatains, to perpetual streams that , transect the 92 inches at Port Orford, the heaviest mountain range at irregular intervals, nearest the coast, and 70 inches at New- are: The Nehalem, Yoimg's river, Lewis port, the lightest. Snow is quite rare. a,nd Clark, the former being the most The rainy season lasts from October extensive and embraces an approximate until 'near the end of April and the num- area of 312 square miles; Wilson, Trask ber of rainy days is greater than any- and , Tillamook, emptying into Tilla- where else in the state. Length of grow- mook Bay; Miami, Kilchis, Yaquina,, ing season ranges between 256 days at Siletz, Alsea, Salmón and Big Elk in the Gardiner and 303 days at Port Orford. North, arid. the Coquille (about 200 The prevailing winds are Northwesterly square miles in extent), Siuslaw, Lower and in midsummer they blow with the Umpqua, Lower Rogue river, Illinois, regularity of trade winds. Smith s river, Sixes river, Pistol river, Chetco river and Elk creek in the South. Willamette Vallo. The total approximate area of the The North Central part of Western entire region is 7,280 square 'iles. Oregon comprises a total area of about Soils of the valleys and lowlands are 11,200 square and is the largest composed of alluvial deposits and silt, a,nd most importantmiles' valley in the state. deep and rich in humus and other essen- It is about 60 miles in width by 150 tial elements, clay loams and sandy miles in length and embraces a most loams, and the uplands of red clay and fertile and productive area, with slightly sandy Foams. Region is especially variable conditions of climate, soil and adapted and devoted to dairying in- other natural advantages to suit every dustry; general farming is becoming requirement of agricultural and indus- extensive and fruit growing is successful trial activity: It is traversed by tlle in certain location,s but in infant stages Willamette river,. which rises in the of development. The general character Calapooia mountams in Southern Lane of this region is timbered2 and the ma- County and flows North into the Colum- jority of the farras, especially upon the bia river, 10 miles below Portland. higher elevations, are composed of cut- Numerous tributaries drain the slopes over or logged-off lands which have and foothills of the mountains on the been cleared for farming and are highly East, West and South all of which

' Comparison of Total Area of Oregon, Including Water.

93,5 492 Pea

.02:434 54 Mo/f9 9100 $43.1 tenets < isS So- 4.1 OREGON ILLINOIS! 2 334 4 7 Pee Sr I 6 2 ,ez Po

[PENNSYLVANIA 8 OREGON ALMANAC, "traverse small but rich subsidiary val- and productive qualities unexcelled any- leys which contribute to the wealth of where. The general elevation of the the Willamette Valley proper. Chief valley, consisting of b,road, open prairies, among these are the Tualatin, Yamhill, is betvteen 100 and 2,000 feet above sea Chehalem, La Creole, Luckiamute, level. The average mazimum temper- Mary's, Long Tom, McKenzie, Mohawk, ature in July is 80 degrees, and the aver-- Santiam Mill Creek, Abiqua, Pudding, age minimum 54 degrees, while the Molalla,' Clackamas and Sandy valleys. average maximum for January is 45 North and West are the rich Columbia and degrees and the average reiniminn for Willamette river bottom and tidelands, the same month is 34 degrees. In the - Pmown as the "Scappoose country," valley' bottoms the average annual rain- Sauvie's Island and the valleys of fall is 42 inches at Portland and 40 Clatskanie river, Beaver and Mince inches at Salem, there being a slight creeks. Alluvial deposits form the basic decrease in precipitation from North to eleme,nts of the soils of the valley bot- South and a rapid increase.-with eleva- toms, supplemented and enriched by tion on the mountain slopes. In the humus and other decayed vegetable and foothills of the Coast range the average animal ,matter, the accumulations of annual rainfall is 52 inches and 70 inches centuries, the lasting and produative in the Cascades at an elevation of 1,500 qualities of vrhich many years of suc- feet. The length of growing season in cessive cropping have failed to exhaust the lower valley ranges betveeen 245 or determine. Common descriptions days in the North and 200 days in the vary from light gray, to dark and black, South. The average ;number of rainy clayey and sandy loams, with clay and days per year are 133 days at Salem, in gravel subsoils, and vary in depth from the heart of the valley, and 172 days at a few inches to many feet. The soils McKenzie's Bridge, well up on the slope of the hills and lower motmtain slopes, of the Cascades. The amount of the which are covered by a heavy growth of snowfall varies, being light in the valley timber, mostly oak, are reddish clay in bottoms and increasing with devation character, which possess rare lasting on the mountain slopes. The prevailing Total PoptilatioN 612,785 or 7 People to the Square Mile. ,4 POPULATION OF OREGON BY COUNTIES 1910 PREPARED BY THE OREGON STNGSTICAL BUREAU . ts44%; ATI Lt. A I %AUG WA `-1 tsE_Rfti..) ' gent! ' :0 4- ROW 14 1 % 14.N14144 WASC 05 .WHEEqER . "4. E. R e ;.11{ I I 1 ArLe I N N 'ORAN T Won, 5 __Li 'ne5i10. : 104`1 " ea R K -N 41' e.

MALHEUR44' TWPITAIVI gEOZIN

1 L H A R N E .1f L L A. it E A MATTO I DISTRIBUTION OFTOTAL POPULATION 1 672765 PEOPLE IN OREGON ACCORDIN670 1910 CEN i -sub tU.S.1 ' EACH DOT NH e NDICATCS 1000POPULATION 60 SONARE - - 207 214 IN PORTLAND

I 41i------rfl...... ---i OREGON ALMANAC. AVERAGE EVRAL POPuLAvioN, SA TO SQUARE W.E.f RURAL POPULATION OF OFtEGON BY COUNTIES PUPAS ED BY THE OREGOS STATISTICAL BUFIEAU ) ,. ., ( ' treAsliLOWA va.AT om14-L A 4 4- lit.,, - Au *es 4. ..:Y WA k... DIAMASit . k .., e ,._ ' . --?:_e____ e g.l1N' /A S O 0 I-1- .-1, .-' ,.-1 '

1: 'o..o..ik C , --,----- rs WHEELER I r-' .5 6

. 1 t''', ,, ,%A I", EoR IQ I -.4.) 1 L N N e:*. I G R A N T 1Kaa -----2,\4Vt 4 ..--,L1 0 ',I 4i--- 041 c . I . 1-1 X47 f -P Am jli4 V V ° `` i_.r 1 i IF IA ¡MALHEUR t [HARNEY i L A...... _. KEr it A 1.1" A217711 DISTRIBUTION OF RURALPOPULATiON -I I 33 ZOO? PORE/SION ON LAM OR IN VILLAGES Of SOO AINEI A CKSON . POPULATION OR LESS - * 0% i EAMOOTOOINDKAlte 1000---j--,-. POPULATION winds are NorthWesterly in the valley of deciduous fruits, vegetables and all and Southwesterly on both mountain apieultural crops. The red soils of the slopes. hills, which are covered with a heavy Rogue River Valley. grovrth of oak timber, are hig.hly productive, a,nd the decomposed granite In the most Southerly portion of soils are esPecially adapted to grape Western Oregon and lies between the eculture. The:surface of the valley is Cascade range on the East, Umpqiia, level, gently.rolling hills and mountain rango on the North, Coast range, broken, slopes; the altitudes range between 900 on the West, and Siskiyou range, which to 2,000 feet in Josephine and 1,100 to divides Oregon from California, on the ,4,000 feet in Jackson counties, with vary- South. It comprises an approximate ing temperatures and decreasing precipi- area of 2,300 square miles and includes tation accordingly. The average maxi- seVeral smaller tributary valleys. The mum temperature for July is 87 degrees, iaain artery of drainage is the Rogue asid the average minimum for the same river, which rises on the West slope of month is 50 degrees; average maximum the Cascades and flows westward through for JanuarY is 48 degrees and-the average the Coast mountaind into the Pacific minimum is 3Q degrees. Annual rain' fall ocean. The lesser valleys, which bear is 32 inches at Grants Pass, 28 inches at the names of the streams which traverse Medford, 22 inches at Central Point and them are the Antelo pe, Apple ate, Bi 20 inches at Ashland. Snowfall sverages and Little Buttes, am's Valley en vary from 4.8 mches at Grants Pass to others, all of which are narrow but fer- 22.5 inches at Ashland, and the nwiiber tile and are lined for many miles with of rainy days per year at Ashland is 103 farms and farm lands. The soils of the and 106 at Grants Pass. Only 8% of valleys are of alluviall disintegrated the rainfall occurs in June, July, August lava and granite formations, black And and f3eptember, hence the dry season deep, ranging in depth from 16 inches : longer and there is more sunshine than to several feet, rich in all of the essen- in the ,Willamette Valley or the coast tial chemical qualities for the production (Co4inned on Paso 12) CLASSIFICATION OF ALL LANDS IN OREGON BY COUNTIES. (In Acres.) LANDS NOT DEEDED OR PA'I'ENTED, LANDS IN PRIVATE 0 P. p Lands, T Total C°17NTY *National }Indian Moren ilPubiki te Not Reserves. Reserves. de. T . D . Towns. Cultivnted. Uneultiv'd. Imi'ved* Lande. Aeree.

Raker 466, 865 741,013 10,840 7, 8,18 :;, 40,781 599,942 740,88 640 6,472 200 7,312 1,920 . 213,069 339,526 , ' 440, ciankan;Lii 807,660 8,289 670,039 6.340 92,439 10,932 508,210 618,921 1,192,960 . , 8,259 6,259 5,450 ,359 7,371 501,001 , 625,440 , 1)ia ...... , _ 40 ...... 40 8,200 4,82L 404,329 423,600 - , Cons 121,853 23,819 120 145,592 6,060 ' 16,702 68,769 804,797 896,828 1. 041,820 Crook. . 288,382 1,216,636 1,502,081 40,200 2,563,238 1,950 70,980 67,368 1,871,388 2,011,682 4,977,920 OuLry...... ,... , 667,388 36,204 940 704,552 100 ' 3,394 19,522 231,092 254,168 958,720 933400 41,532 905 9&3,517 8,750 93,400 23,716 2,015,858 2,166,563 ,160,080 , ' tu 106,880 3,620 109,400 1,620 242,432 390,1142 24,948 659,240 703,840 Grant- - ...... 1,447,649 468,415 21,840 1.035,904 1,740 ' 33,172 19,873 902,111 956,898 2,892,800 ...... 433,797 4,309,873 148,280 4,800,930 460 345,946 691,671 ' 528,093 3,466,170 6,357,120 aoodluver 192,800 840 ...... - .. fr, 700 640 ' 22,180 63,852 54,148 .153,820. 347,520 Taekson ..., ...... 454,817 "53.43653.436 499 818,653 4.740 103,611 183,933 1,004,203 1,996,387 1,815,040 loeephine 418,173 65,725 260 474,158 , ' 1,920 19,476 11,493 813,503 643,482 1,520,940 , Enamath...... 153,680 951,231 1,029,584 862,193 9,220 3,005,904 723 ' '.:, 87,875 656,068 833.452 3,839,380 Lake. , 67,945 1,163,800 2,881,480 94,240 3,907,425 840 171, 230,277 769,170 1,161.365 6,088,800 Lane. , . 1,386,107 20,028 120 ,406,255 4,880 117,!1,. 41,104 1,381,418 1446,425 2,951,680 Lincoln ...... 124,143 57,502 860 182,005 620 6,508 8,732 447,257 153,115 646,120 Mon ...... 421,508 19,037 . 440,645 4,120 189,058 46,076 764,822 994,973 3,436,520

%Gi1lum'. . 699 5,800,958 176,620 5,477,077 1,760 114,858 581,616 169,809 848,613 6,328320 Marion...... , ...... 198,044 40 .. . . _. 198,084 9,100 187,258 23,729 345,889 886,076 764,160 lioriow 118,207 80,240 1,900 200,407 1,920 253;731 830,253 209,684 1,093,593 1,290.000 Kultnomaii. 25,760 2,360 ...... 28,110 34,740 36,001 50,201 139,623 200,625 288,640 Polk ...... 11,620 451 ...... 11,971 2,880 137,1613 123,205 ,176,542 441,700 463,760 58,720 1,170 269,478 89,882 165,790 476,320 535,040 151llamoole . ., ...... - ...... - , - . .. 51,774 29,970 160 111,910 800 . 14,018 30,400 562,787 608,090 720,000 Umatilla..." 4430 i66,774 433,375 115,900 4,350 716,149 4,880 863,662 460,348 180,681, 1,316,571 ,030,720 Unison 489,885 58,960 5,120 653,900 4,187 1613,645 161,733 455,170 781,715 1,335, ,:,1 Wallowa.- ...... , ...... 1,128,810 172,000 3,320 1,304,120 1,380 73,767 22,282 810,930 708,864 2,012,800 Wawa 254,442 1E19,070 238,015 3,560 - - 692,087 1,740 141,020 30,031 634,642 807,438 1,499,520 Washington...... , ...... ,...... - .. 300 360 1,970 - 101,177 6,742 '357,591 467,480 467,840 Wheeler...... -...... 153,724 207,080 8,160 468,964 1,950 21,707 81,689 567,150 621,596 1,000,580 remhill , , 8,161 4,287 ...... 12,428 4,640 121,117 10,340 303,519 444,622 459,960

Total...... - , .., , ,638, , :,:',I 17,255,175 541,008 33,505,623 4,092,101 4,141,980 19,323,482 27,683,117 61,588,480 Bea Notes to this Table on-Paga 11 OREGON ALMANAC. ° 11 OREGON'S LAND AREA; HOW DIVIDED A 2

6 Public Iands, open to entry, 17,253,175 scrag. Area of incorporated cities and tovms,125,648 acres. Indian reserves, 1,638,764 acres. Gevernment lands in foreit reserves, 13,908,389 acres. State school Lands, 541,005 acres. Unimprooved lands, deeded; two-thirds tbnbered, 19,323,482 acres. Uncultivated lands in farms, 4,141,983 acres. Cultivated lands in farms, 4,092,104 acres. National park area, 164,040 acres. Total land area, 61,188,480 acres,

(Notes tO table ett page 10.) *Only one National Park in Oregon, the Crater and includes 422,037 aires allotted in severalty to Lake National Park, all of which, except onerthird of Indians. Net ares public lands within reserves a township in Douglas County, is situated, in 1,213,817 acres. Includes land and water area. Klamath County. There is a Game and Bird Pre- /For detailed classification of Fotest Reserves by serve in Umatilla County, approximating 2,080 reserves and counties, and timber contents within acres. , reserves, see tabulated statement pages 50, 33 and 54. ¡Area 'within /tidier' Reserves obtained from tee- IlFor classification of Public Lands, sato oharsomr. ords of Department of the Interior, April 8, on; etc:, see page 13. 12 'OREGON ALMANAC. WESTERN OREGON. Continued from page 9. eOlIntiaa. The growing season is from of agricultural and horticultural devel- 150 days to 200 days, and averages 170 opment. The soils of the foothills and mountain slopes, which are covered with to 180 days. a heavy grovrth of timber, mostly oak, Umpqua Valley. are of a red clayish loam in character and highly productive. Temperature Is contained wholly within Douglas and precipitation, the former increa,sing County and is enclosed by the Cascade, and the latter decreasing, are governed Coast and Calapooia mountains. It by the altitude which graduates from embraces an aggregate area of about 300 feet in the bottom of the valley to 3,000 square miles of excellent fruit and 5,000 feet at the summit of the Cascades. agricultural lands, and like the other The average maximum temperature for large valleys of Western Oregon, many July is 80 degrees and the average mini- rich but lesser valleys, which extend mum for the same month is 52 degree5 back into thZ creek canyons and conform the average maximum for January is to the mountain slopes,contribute to 47 degrees and the average minimum the wealth and expanse of the valley for the same month is 35 degrees. Annual proper. Among the subsidiary valleys precipitation ranges between 20 inches is the Sutherlin Valley, with an area of at Sutherlin, in the lower valley, where about 25 square miles and drained by irrigation is practiced to a great extent, the Calapoma river, which also furnishes and 40 inches or more on the mountain water for irrigation purposes and power slopes. Average aimual snowfall two facilities. The seils of the valley, bot- inches; length of growing season is from toms are alluvial in character, contain- 152 days at Drain to 198 days at Rose- ing all of the essential elements that are burg. Prveailing wind direction North found in other Western Oregon valleys, west; average wind velocity four miles and are adapted to almost every phase per hour at Roseburg. OREGON. portion of the state lying temperatures and other conditioes which East of the Cascade mountains have to do with agriculture, etc., and, rHATaggregating an area of about for that reason, a more comprehensive 60,000 square miles and consisting qf description can be given by treating vast level and rolling plains (formerly these sub-divisions separately. lake beds) which contain many lakes (some of which have, no surface out- Ventral Oregon Region. let), high tablelands, valleys, rivers The great level plains and rolling up- and mountainscommonly known as 7 lands of this section comprise about one- Central Oregon or the Plateau region, half the area of Eastern Oregon ancl and thn valley, rolling a,nd mbuntain- contain some wonderfully productive ous section, with a gradual slope toward valleys (formerly lake beds) and table- and tributary to the Columbia and lands. Annual precipitation throughout Snake rivers, is known as the Eastern this section is light and is not sufficient Oregon region. There is a wide dis- to mature crops without irrigation or similarity between the climatic and dry-farming methods, the latter being other conditions of this section of applied very successfully and extensively. the state and those of Western Oregon; The soils of the immense tillable areas the climate ef the latter is of a marine are composed of disintegrated lava, and semi-marine character, while that underlaid with porous lava and basalt of Eastern Oregon is of a continental and supplemented by sedimentary soils nature. The chief characteristics of the carrying all of the necessary, chemical, Eastern Oregon climate are a scanty elements in altmdance and highly Pro- rainfall, wide range in temperatines, low ductive. The uplands are of the decom- absolute humidity, rapid evaporation posed basaltic and lava types of soils. and an abundance of sunshine. While The Deschutes Valley is the principal the amount of precipitation does not valley in the North of this region. It vai7 to a great extent in this section, embraces an area of over 8,000 square there is a vast difference in the range of miles, is triangular in shape and extends OREGON ALMANACb 18 frotn Northern Klamath northward into Klamath rivera, and the 'Upper, Lower Central Wasco County. The Deschutes and Little Klamath lakes. Irrigation river, which, with its two principal is in a high state of development in this tributaries, the Crooked and Metolius region and many large projects are in rivers, drams this great valley or basin, operation and in course of construction. flows North into the Columbia river, Decomposed lava, graxilte and basalt All of that region to the South and South- form the basic elements of the soi/ of east of the Deschutes country is composed this section, strengthened by rich sandy, of high and rolling tablelands and val- volcanic ash and silt loams which are leys, rivers and la es, and is known as very fertile. Annual rainfall in the the Great Basin of Oregon. It embraeeS Central Oregon region varies from mite an aggregate tillable area of about to 13 inches, with an average of 12 inches, 16,000 square miles, including the Mal- in the Northern and Eastern parts, to heur Valley; traversed and drained by 17 and 22 inches in the higher altitudes the Malheur axtd Owyhee rivers; Harney of the Southern portion. Snowfall Valley, drained by the Saves river averages about 88 inches over the dis- and the Domier-and-Blitsen rivers and trict with the least, 19 inches, in the their numerous small tributaries, which Upper Deschutes Valley and the great- empty into Malheur and Harney laketi; est, 40 inches or 'more, in the high Warner and Goose Lake Valle s, Southern altitudes. The average maxi- Lake County, which containarner, mum temperature for the district for Summer, Silver, Goose, Christmas and. July is 86 degrees, and the average mini- Albert lakes, all alkaline in character, mum for the same month Is 44 degrees; except Silver lake, but valuable for the average maximum for January is irrigation and power purposes, and the 40 degrees and the average miaimum is Klamath Basin, which covers an area 17 degrees. Length of growing season of about 1,500 square miles and is drained varies between 62 days at Nuns; 122 a,nd supplied with water by the Sprague, and 130 days, respectively, for Paisley Williamson, Lost, Link, Lescardo am! and Warmspring. There are some local-

OREGON C017N.TIES COMPARED WIN EASTERE STATES.

. 'Land Area Land Area County. Square Miles. State. Square Miles. Harney ' 9,933 1 Maryland 9,941 Malheur 9,883 Vermont 9,124 Lake 7,920 , Massachusetts 8,039 Crook 7,778, New Jersey ., . . 7,514 Klamath 5,999 Connecticut 4,820 Douglas 4,922 Delaware 1,965 , Uncultivated but tillable lands in Oregon Counties as compared with cultivated lands in states, as reported in United States Census Bulletin: Acres: Acres. Harney County 3,299,514 Maryland 3,354,767 Malheur County s 2,633,487 Maine 2,360,657 Crook County 1,428,218 New Jersey 1,803,336 Lake County 1,423,836 Vermont '1,633,965 Douglas County 1,091,699 Utah 1,368,211 The tillable farm land in Oregon, 19452,129 acres, that has never felt the touch of the plow, is equal in area to all the cultivated acreage in Ohio (19;227,969 acres). Unappropriated landa in Oregon, open to homestead entry, 17,253,195 acres, is equal in area to one-half the state of Indiana, 9,nd larger than all improved lands in Indiana (16,931,252 acres). Oregon lands under cultivation:, 4,092,104 acres 1111111.111.1.11 .

A Tillable lands not under cultivation: I 19,452,129 acres

Arable land in Oregon, not yet undertilinill.M111.111111.1111111111r».11.1.1111.11111"ion(19,45 ,129 seresTr,.s,nearlyIcul twice the area of the entire acreag4lanted to wheat in all Canada (10,374,000 acres. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Year Book 1911). The total area of Oregon, 61,188,480 acres, is greater than all the acreage planted to wheat in the entire United States,' 49,543,000 acres. (U.' S. Department of Agri- culture, Year Book 1911.) 14 OREGON ALMANAC.

EASTERN OREGON. (Continued front page 12.) ities in which frosts are probable any miles. The soils throughout this region month in the year, but they seldom aré of baseltic origin; they are a deep occur during Jurie, July and August. rich, raixed sand, gravel sud clay loams; Number of rainy ¿aya during the year volcanic ash and silt are found in the is fewer than 100 throughout the region, velleys and along the streams, and all are which. permits of an abundance of Ellin- wonderfully fertile and lasting. The soil shine for the, rapid maturity. of crops. of the foothills and on the slopes of the The small mountain ranges in this re- Cascades is of a reddish alluvial clay gion,.some of the peaks of which rise to especially, adapted to fruit culture. elevations of 5,000 feet or more above Because the amount of precipitation is the level of the valleys, and the East delieient in sorne parts of this region- slope of the Cascades are covered with a annual rainfall varies between nine and heavy growth of merchantable timber. 18 inches, increasing with altitude from the Columbia river. Hood River has 36 Eastern 6regon Region. inchesirrigation is praeticed te secure the best results in agriculture. Thit East and North of the great plateau crops are produced successfully in some region the general trend of the streams localities without irrigation, while in is northward and eastward and they others, dry-farming methods yield pro- empty into the Columbia and Snake fitable returns. Temperature and pre- rivers, respectively. This region is cipitation in this region are very largely mountainous in places but is principally governed by, topography, and local en- rolling hills, high tablelands and narrow vironment. ' Annual snowfall ranges, valleys,. as a rule. They are all highly according to elevation, between 2.4 productive and are all drained by the inches, the least, at Hermis' ton, to 58 streams whose names they bear. The inbhgg, the greatest, atBaker, and 35 streams of this region fermi' an abund- inches at The Dalles. Altitudes increase ance of water for irrigation and power inland from the Columbia river, ranging purposes and are utilized to a great from 100 to 240 feet along the Columbis, extpnt for the former, while the power to' over 4,Q00 feet in the Blue Mountain possibilities have scarcely been. touched. region, the most prominent range of The principal valleys tributary to the mountains in the section. Thesbundance Columbia river are the Columbia River of sunshine in this section is of incal- Valley, approximating an area, of 2,000 eulable benefit in promoting early square miles; Hood River Valley, about maturity of fruits and vegetables, and 82 square miles; Three Mile, Eigt Mile,. a secondary maidnaum of precipitation Mill Creek and Dufur valleys, m Wasco in May, and June in the Blue Mountain County, aggregating about 800 square district is of great importance te 'the miles; Loves Valley, Sherman County, early growth of vegetation. 'The average gbout 300 square miles, and the'. Walla maximumL temperature for .Juiy in this Walla, Hermiston and Umatilla valleys, region is 83 degrees, and the average in Umatilla County, aggregating about minimum for the same Month is 50 '900 square miles. In the interior are the degrees; average maximum tereperetnre Powder River, Eagle, Pine, Sumpter, fqr January is 36.5 degrees and the aver- Grande Ronde, Wallowa,, Insnaha and age minimum is 22 degrees. The length John Day valleys.' The largest of these .of growing season ,ranges between 140 are the Powder River Valley, including days it Canyon City, 200 days at Her- its principal auxiliaries; the EaglePine miston and 209 days at The Dalles. and Sumpter valleys, which approximate Foothills and mountain slopes covered an area of 800 square miles; Grande with dense grovith 'of merchantable tim- Ronde, Union County, 600 square miles; ber, .fhe heaviest growths being in the Wallowa and Imnaha valleys, Wallowa Northeast portion. County, 300 square miles, John Day 170TE-1or detailed deseriptions of Counties and Valley, Grant County, about 400 square Communities, see pages 72 to 138. Note to Table on Page 15. unappropriated public lands, non-mineral and nee- A township diagram, showing only entered lancts saline in character, are subject to entra' under the itt any towaship, may be procured by sending $1.00 homestead laws. to the Register or Receiver of the Land Office for For table showing distribution of public lands that district. The -diagram required ahould be according to land districts and also according to specified by township and range number. All vacant combes see page PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON. Government Lands, Unappropriated and Unreserved, Classified as to Chaxacter (In Acres).

Farming Grazing Mountainous, Carey Act COUNTY. Total. Lands Lands Timbered, Surveyed. Uneurvayed. Segreat1oes (Till' able). (FartlY Minare), e".°- Tillable). 13 ed . Baher 791,013 89,793 199,634 451,588 672,479 25,000 43,039 Benton...... _ ...... - ...... , ...... - . , - - - .. - 3,231 3,241 6,032 490 ...... , ..... Clackamas 8,389 64 8,358 9,124 alataop. . . . 6,259 .... , ...... 1,252 5,007 1,339 ,7.-olumbis, 90 ...... 40 Dom__ , ...... , ...... - ...... _ ...... 23,819 .. 4,764 19,055 16,899 0,920 ... _ .. _ .. Crook 1,502,061 iid,i4i. 494,724 724,544 1,212,073 60,020 ammo Curry_ .. _ ...... _ . , ... :...... , , , ...... ,. 86,224 - - - ...... : 36:2224 34,084 1,240 , ...... Douglas..,... .. - ...... _ ...... - , .. , ...... 41,532 8206 27,072 19,460 Oillia. m...... ,...... , ...... - ...... 105,880 31,764 ...... 74,116 104,120 - Gnat-- .. . .. , ...... - ...... , ., ...... 488,415 89,062 197,321 199,132 -test,rts ' 3,040 ...... , . : Harney.... , ...... ,...... -' 4,309,873 - 2,506,205 1,607,601 195,634 2,084,551 1,325,322 , , ...... , . Hood River - - ...... , .. . 10,867 6;4405 50,556.840 -. 2,880 Yosephine ...... -. , ...... ; ...... 55,726 27,882 , 27,883 e 30,837 25,388 ....7 ...... Klamath - - ...... - - ...... 882,1 : ' 268,478 430,798 172,919 723,841 123,471 15,079 - - - - " " ...... * 2,581,450 - 774,435 774,435 1,032,580 1,122,483 446,939 12,067 20,028 18,025 20,028 ...... Lane- , ...... , ...... , .... - ...... - ' ' ...... o.... Linooln ..... , .... , ..._ ...... - ... 57,502 ...... 12.4/2 45,090 15,980 ii;iiiil ...... UM , -:-. 19,037 ...... , 5,029 14,008 2,037 17,000, ...... Malheur-, ...... 6,01,988 1,955,338 3,180,575 185,048 3,419,918 1,881,940 ...... Marion 40 40 40 ...... Mcgrow. .. , .. , - ...... , ..... -:-...... _ _ 80,240 19,224 23,698 -44,320 80,240 , .... : ...... 2,360 ...... ; ...... __ .. 2,360 451 90 361 .451 ...... 57,3W 17,186 ...... 40,124 88,680 ...... TiUgmook...... , ..... , .... 29,078 . .. 5,985 23,981 -28,978 - Uarlatilla 115,960 ...... 5,iii . 440.386 80,576 115,980 ...... :...... - Un on . . ... , ...... - - - .- ...... - ..... 58,560 5,898 ' 8,844 44,220 58,980 ...... , ...... 77,400 , WIIO). - - ...... - ...... - . 172,000 8,500 86,000 158,580 13,440 ....r...,.... %ice 235,015 35.252 35,252 164,511 - 235,015 - ...... , ...., ...... ; ...... 72 288 ,.. '360 ...... -...... eider ' 297,080 60,070 83,340 173,670 297,080 ...... 1" ...... Yarahill 4,287 . 857 3,430 4,287 . Total ..... ; ...... --..., . .. ; ...... :..... 17,253,175 8,158,558 -1,182.832 3,911,808 12,957,148 3,995,929 300,098

Bee Note to 4.1415 Table cm Page 14. Ca 16 OREGON ALMANAC.

PUBLIO'IANDS IN OREGON. BY LAND DISTRICTS AND COUNTIES. Unappropriated and Unreserved Government Lands, Classified as to Character. .Mountainous; Land District and County. Total ACIVEL Farming Grazing Timbered: Lands. Landa. Mineral, Etc. BURNS DISTRICT- Crook 88,075 70,480 17,815 Grant 183,250 27,487 91,625 64,138 Barney 8,913,279 2,347,987 1,389,648 195,664 Wheelor 13,080 3,270 8,540 3,270 Total 4,197,684 2,378,724 1,538,273 234,687 LA GRANDE DISTRICT- Baker 4271180 42,718 42,718 341,244, Grant 194,680 29,202 97,340' Morrow ' 59,240 5,924 23,698 29,820 Unuttilla 115;960 5,798 40,586 89,576 'Union 68,060 5,806 - 8,844 44,220 Wallowa 172,000 8,800 77,400 86,000 Total 1,028,020 98,138 281,382 868,500 LAKEVIEW DISTRICT- Crook 471,466 94,289 330.012 47,165 Klamath 861,593 258,478 430,796 172,319 Lake 2,581,450 774,435 774,435 1,032,880 Total 3,914,509 1,127,202 1,525,243 1,252,084 PORTLAND DISTRICT- , Renton 2,421 2,421 Clackamas 8,389 839 3,358 4,194 Clataop 6,259 1,252 5,007 Columbia 40 40 Lineoht 58,362 11,272 45,090 Linn 18,760 4,752 14,008 Marion 40 40 Multnomah 2,360 2,380 Polk 451 90 361 Tillamook 20,976 5,995 23,981 Wasanliinaton 360 72 288 Y 4,287 867 3,430 Total 129,705 839 -30,107 98,759 ROSEBURG DISTRICT- Benton., 4,051 810 3,241 Coca 23,819 4,764 19,055 Curry 86,224 38,224 Douglas 41,532 5,306 ...... 83,226 110030II 53,436 5,344 10,887 37,405 Josephine 65,725 27,862 27,883 Risunsith 600 600 lane 20,028 2,003 18,025 Lincoln 1,140 1,140 Linn 277 277 Total 236,832 43,515 17,678 175,839 THE DALLES DISTRICT- Crook 942,520 1811,504 94,252 859,764 Gilliam 105,880 81,764 74,118 Grant 43,020 8,588 - 21,960 15,372 Hood River 840. 840 OrrOW 21,000 8.300 14,700 Olberman 57,320 17,196 40,124 Wm° 235,015 35,252 35,252 184,511 Wheeler 284,000 56,800 58,800 170,400 Total 1,690,491- 342,404 209,104 1,138,987 VALE DISTRICT- Baker 813,833 47,075 156,918 109,842 Grant 44,685 6,685 15,598 22,282 Barney 396,594 158,638 237,956 Malheur 5,300,958 1,955,335 3,180,575 165,048 Total 8,055,980 2,187,733 3,591,045 297,172 Grand Totals 17,253,175 6,158,555 7,14,832 3,911.808 Rota te this Table on page /7. OREGON' ALMANAC. 17 HOW TO ACQUIRE PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON trERE is a total of 17,253,195 prodUce living, to seek remtmerative acres of government lands in the - employment elsewhere and earn means state of Oregon which are sub- of subsistence for his family while im- ject to entry under the Homestead proving his land. It will also enable Aot. Of this amount 6,158,655 acres, hiM to remove from his claim to more or nearly 30%, are classified as farra- tomfortable and congenial diurrotmdings ing lands; 7,182,832 acres are classified ,during the Winter seasons. From the as grazing lands, and 3,911,808 acres date of filing the entryman is allowed - are classified as mountainous tira- six months in which to a.rrange his busi- bered, mineral, etc. Homestead entry ness affairs and ta,ke up actual residence may be made upon any of this land upon his homestead, but his required under the method of procedure pre- term bf residence does not begin to run scribed by the lJnited States Homestead ,tintil he has established actual-residence Act, which requires actual residence of thereupon. - three years, with five months' leave o( absence privilege each year, or the priv- Land in Forest Reserves. ilege of commuting after a residence of There are also , 13,613,181 acres ._of 14 months on the land and payment government land in National Forall of $1.25 per acre. The law also provides Reserves, some of which ietillitble atal that a certain percentage of the acreage subje44. to entry under the Honiestead shall be placed under actual cultivation Act, atter,eit has been cleared prits annually and sown or seeded to crops of forest growth, and is valuable for agri an agricultural character. :The araount cultural puposes. Before land wit reqtured to be improved atd placed un- this forest reserves ,will be permitted of dei cultivation is not less than one- J entry under the Homestead Act until eighth of the total area o( the claim lthe timber* removed, it must be élearly during the third year and -until final proven that the land is more ialuable proof is made. The Enlarged Rompe-', for aglicultural, than forestry purposes, stead Act, which prescribes the Method but most of this land * mountamous, of entry upon public lands classified as >rough and rugged, and the-percentage of semi-arid and non-irrigable, permits la,nd suitable to agriculture is compare, homestead entry upon 320 acres Amder tively small. the same privileges and provisions as 4 township diagram, allowing only en- - prescribed under tlie Three-Year Home- tered lands In any townsbip, raay bepro- stead Act, with the exception of the coin- cured by sending $1.00 to the Registrar mutation privilege, which is denied. or Receiver of the Land Office for tito There are hundreds of thousands , of district in which the land is located. acres of land in Eastern and Central The diagram required should be speci- Oregon subject to entry under 'the En- fied by township and range number. In larged Homestead Act, which, tmder many counties only a few acres are re- scientific dry-farming methods, are cap- ported as vacant. Neither the General able of producing ood cro of all Irinds Land Office nor the local land officers of grains aria t e naraier varieties may furmsh information as to the loca- of vegetables, and of yielding g.00rl tion of such tracts, but such information returns upon the investment. The may be obtained frora the records five months' leave of absence priv- from the local land offices, whir* ilege is regarded as a great boon are open to inspection by 'prospec- to the homestead entryrnen, be- tive homeseekers or their agents. All cause it enables him, during the period stirveyed vacant unappropriated pub- when his homestead cannot be made to lic lands are open to entry.

flote to Table on Page le. not be absolutely =rect., owing to liability of error All vacant unaCiorguilited land& non-mineral and. in a work of such inajoutude and to the necessity non-saline in eharacter, are eubject to entry under ofmalditeeratimates of unsurveyed lands, it is the homestead laws. A TownahiP diagram, showing believed afford a pretty close approximation only entered landa in any Township, can be proof t,he actual arene. In many counties only a few cured by sending $1 to the Register or ReceiVer of aorta are reported as vacant. Neither the the Land Office for that District. The diagram Laud Office nor the local land officers may impish required should be specified by Town/ship and information to the location of such tracts, but Rge 'lumber. such n may be obtained by pacapective While the figures that are given in the tables may homemakers or their lento. 'IILLABLE LANDS IN OREGON. Tabulation of Acreage Susceptible of Cu1tivation in Contrast With Average Acreage Now Cultivated. No Forest Reserve or Indian Reserve Lands Included.

, . _ * PUBLIC LANDS. PR,BPATELY OWNED. '' Total Tillable A.cireage COUN'TY. . I Acreage now I now Under - Govan:anent . CareigableyAct - Lande ja panne . Uncultivated. Cultivation. Open to Entay. Irr. P artlyUnfencedimber'd T Baker ' 89,793 43,034 15,872 *2,609 251,982 432,300 96,998 100 20,847 187,906 158,913 85,304 . 8,746 180,741 ,3 , .. ... - ...... 5,897 - 300,300 306,597 , Cohan la ...... ,...... - ...... -...... _ ...... _ .... 3,862 187,828 ,7 , 26 55,015 287,339 342450 16,702 Crook, , . , . : . , , ...... - .. , ...... : ...... 282,793 237,111 82,160 , 63 :.: 802,268 1,496,218 , Curry...... '...... 752 16,618 120,828 145,698 , la's.- - ...... , ...... _ ... ,...... 8,806 ...... 724 - , 18,272 1,503,897-, 1,091,699 93,400 Gillian. , .... ; . - ...... - _. .7...... 2,816 312,274 7,484 364,338 242,432 17,472 ' 15,898 405,653 508,096 113,172 Harny...... - ...... _ . , ...... 2,600,605 .... , ..... -...... 116,224 .= 473,257 223,428 3,299,514. 846,946 H... iver 63,482 34,244 87,726 22,522, ' 147,148 552,201 --- 709,071 103,511 27,862 ...... ' '208 9,199 384,078 401,342 19,476 Klamath . 258,478 15,079 7,876 70.300 346,820 608,053 88,789 Lake ' 774335 12,037 75,392 184,221 877,751 1,423,836 171,278 06 32,931 789,329 824,359 117,963 288 8,986 248,677 253,961 8,606 " , . ' 37,580 896,447. 384,027 ' .189,058 Linn' -- . Malheur . 1,955,835 - 140,416 440,223 88.445 2,033,487 114,258 - 18,983 163,767 182,750 .. 187,268 , Morrow...... _ . , .. , . , ...... -.. ' 12,224' .. , :...... i, .1,668 594,208 62,905 580,903 - -731 90,200, . 59,800 . ,: . 100,005 '...' ,' -' - . Polk 98,569 -' 08, 192,127 Stierrtia"ii .. . , . ... , ...... ii,iisi, -, ,, .___ ....;:. , .1.,120 - 31,025 -.s., '49737 99;958 " " 280.378 Tillamook 343 ma l04O' Umatilla . . 5,798 -: ' ''' 246' - ' :" ' 0,488 373,078 , ' 84,132 466,736 667, 62

Union... :....*.; ...... , ' * 211,651 850,929 162,646 .... : ...... :. . :...... - 5.896 , ,.- - .., - -:- - CM 129,386- waue.wiL...... : ...... v,...:.,,...... ' 8,000 - ...... ' UR. ' 17,820 3,18,280 847,302 73,702 . 85,232 , ' C.-. : ...... 2,848 ' - 24,025 - - -, 227,893 290,018. . 141,020 Washington . . 1 . , .... , . , ...., ... , , : .....,. , ...... ,...... - ... - ...... , .... 5,394 157,377 162,71 - 101,177 Wheeler ....., ...... C..: ... ; ...... 60,070 -.."...... 6;528 25,351 - 245,145 337.094 21,707 yomhill ' -,.... 12,277 113,656 126,833 121,117 , , T - ....:..; ..,...... , ...... ::...... : .. . 432,804 - 3,213,587 9,9I9,';2 19,452,129 41 Sao storoilsfy of this TsbIe ,on P OREGbN ALMAN'AC. 19 OREGON'S PAR1VII1G, GROWTH IN 40 YEARS AND OREGON'S UNDEVELOPED POSSIBILITIES

.9 -9

1% tfb

A76, 1880 1890

- 1 See opposite page for comparison of Oregon's Cul- tivated and TILLABLE Uncultivated Acreage.

8IIMMARY 07 TABU ON PAGE 18. 9,219,882 acres of tillable,land nearly all covered 8,158,555 acres of farm land open to homestead with a valuable heavy timbered growth, though a entry. In addition, there are 7,182,832 acres of gov- considerable portion is logged.off and needs only ernment land suitable for grazing or containing tim- dewing and plowing to bring it under cultivation. ber, including some mineral and mountainous lands. These timbered and cut-over lands, among the most ' There are also 15,711,183 acres of governnient land in feral,* and productivo of seilsin the world, are suit- forest reserves, Indian reserves and national parks, ablellar fruit growing, gardening, deirying and muoh of it being tillable, but not included in this kinds of intensive farming. Cut-over lands may be tabulation. acquired at a low prica Although the labor of 327,501 acres of farm land segregated for Carey Act clearing is great, thousande of acres are being sub- irrigation projects and subject to entry. dued annually by nevr settlers, who are very rapidly 432,804 acres of state school lands, truitabie for bringing' them under the highest state of oultivation. farnung. Same can be acquired by purchase. 19,452,129 acres, total of tillabie lands not now 8,313,587 acres of tillable land now in farms butiot' under cultivation, in contrast with 4,092,104 acres ef under cultivation. Much is in summer fallow, much, land now under cultivation, indicating the present+ is in wild hay, and much is used for pasture in liVe, opportunities and future possibilities for agrioul- stock ranches. This total does not include woodland tural development under the favorable =ns or hill Iand suitable only for pasture or otherwise of soil and climate in Oraron. unadapted for tillage.

, wad)* ALmANAty. OREGON'S HARVEST FOR 1912 *127.000000

Seo Detailed Tabulation, in Artiele by President W. 3. Karr, pago W. OREGON'S SOIL SUPERIORITY. Fertility of soil of Oregon as compared with the celebrated rich soils of the Mississippi Valley States, is shown by the following figures taken from the U. S. census: Average Yield of Wheat Per Acre for 10 Years, 1901-1910. (Prepared by Oregon Statistical Bureau.) Oregon 21-9 bushels 111111. Indiana, 15.2 a MII101111111111M Kansas, 13..7 a Minnesota, 13..6 Missouri, 11111111 Soutil Dakota, 11.6 North Dakota, 12..1 11111= Average Yield of Barley Per Acre for 10 Years, 1901-1910. Oregon, 3.5 bushels Nebraska, 9 " South Dakota, 5..9 11=11111M Kansas, 5 " OREPQN ALMANAC. 21

AGRICULTURE IN OREGON. By W. J. KERR, Presiclent Oregon Agricultural College.

is a land of agricultural comprising in the aggregate about 1,500i (DREGONopportunity. It is estimated that acres ef land. These stations are geo- there are over 23,000,000 acres of graphically distributed so as to meet agricultural land in this state. This practically every condition of agricul- land in elevation ranges from sea level ttwe found in the state. In addition two to 5,000 feet, thus giving the settler an demonstratiOn farms are maintained by opportunity for a wide choice in selee- business interests and much agricultural -hon. co-operative work among farmers is conT The state is geologically divided duCted. The central atation issues by a mountain range into two grand bulletins and reports from time to time, physical divisions, namely, Eastern and dealing with all phases of agriculture, Western Oregon. Eastern Oregon is and these are sent to the 23,000 addresses known for its wheat and livestock pro- which are on the permanent mailing duction, and Western Oregon for its list. general farming and dairying. Then The agricultural develoOment of the there are sub-divisions known as South- state is making good progress, as in- ern Oregon and the Coast region. The dicated by the estimates of crop pro- former is characterized mainly for its duction for 1912, given below: high class fruits and alfalfa, and the latter for its excellent dairying oppor- Agricultural Crops, 1912. tunities. , In Eastern Oregon some of the beat Amount. Value. Wheat 21,092,274 bu. $15,819,205 wheat land on the American continent Oats 14,744,046 bu. 5,602,737 is found. It is also a great alfalfa and Baxley 4,439,374 bu. 2,663,624 livestock producing section. The live- Clover Seed 125,000 bu. 1,050,000 stock is produced under the most health- Potatoes.. , 8,751,685 bu. 3,500,674 Hay 1,374,201 tons 12,367,809 ful environment. Two general systems Fruit 6,750,000 of farming are followed in this section- Vegetables , 5,250,000 dry farming and irrigation. There are *Hops 85,000 bales 3,750,000 686,129 acres of land farmed tmder irri- Miscellaneous Products 9,500,00Q gation, which not only give opportunity $66,254,049 for a wide ranganf production, but albo *An early estimate. Latest estimate, practically a sure production. 115,000 bales; value $4,140,000. Western Oregon is ideal for the small r farm, soil and climate both being hospit- Other Agricultural Productions. able for all classes of farm crop's, It is a section where a total crop failure is Amount. Value. unlmown, and where seed time and har- Dairy Products $ 16,750,000 Poultry and Eggs 7,250,000 vest are practically sure. Wool 17,500,000 lbs. 2,850,000 Mohair 1,250,000 lbs. 1375,000 Honey 135,000 Farm Demonstration Work. livestock 33,150,000 Oregon is now making liberal appro- $ 60,510,000 priations for agricultural education and 66,254,049 investigations. There are six experimental stations maintained by the state, $126,764,049 AVERAGE PRODUCTION, TTELD AND PRICE OF STAPLE CROPS IN OREGON AND MINNESOTA.* '(Figuies from United States Year Books-1901-1910, inclusive.)

10-Y , 10-Year 10-Year 10-Year ' h Lowest Efighest Lowest Highest Lowset Highest. Lowest Av Name of Crup. State. Average Average Yearly 'Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly Yearly .Aereage. Prodaction Acreagey° Aereage. Acreage. Products:al. Production. Yield. Yield. Price Price BuBiTeL

Wheat Oregon 740,083 14,996,172 20.3 814,472 651,000 17,058,085 12,438,827 23.4 18.2 .93 .54 .75 hiitmesota.... 5,528,140 75,140,470 13.5 - 6,209,208 5,119,912 99,080,000 55,801,591 16.8 10.9 .96 .00 .78

. ... 285,669 9,029,753 1. 302,000 279,000 10,880,000 6,510,550 37.8 23.1 .52 .34 .94 °atm. ' '" ''''' MinnesOia..... 2,351,110 79,993,226 31.8 2,736,000 2.047,789 90,288,000 -59,004,000 39.2 - 22.0 .43 .24 .31 f Oregon 61,654 1,908,305 82.4 04,000 89,802 2,556,200 ' 1,753,111 42.0 28.7 .06 .49 .57 Bar lay ''''' * \ Minnesota - - 1,128,894 28,5e3,11)1 25.8 1,839,000 840,384 32,500,000 21,680,617 28.6 21.0 .67 .32 .44 _,- .. , I Oregon 9,926 180,281, 15,000 9,009 226,000 147,748 18.0 13.4 1.00 .66 , - 85 Rye- r ''''''' ** ' t Minneeota 97,003 1,825,122 " 18.7 120,000 87,572 2,280,000 1,593,810 22.8 17.0 .65 .43 .55 ' )J f Oregon, . 17,709 . 445,959 26.1 18,000 16,000 522,600 347,589 80.7 20.8 .80 .57 .00 awn" ' ''' ' "1 Minnesoia...- 1,548,224 45,693,369 29.3 1,724,000 1,301,120 58,812,080 33,826,559 14.8- 22,8 .55 .33 .42

{ Oregon. . ... 394,606- ' 821,358 2.08 439,000 843,537 920,000 700,815 2.18 2.0, 2.10 7.10 9.39 tray (by ton) Minneadta-.... -892,035 1,157,630 1.64 927,000 841,710 1,e22,000 908,000 1.84 1.0 9.10 5.36 6.23 - J Oregon - 40,128 4,523,827 108.7 96,000 35,367 7,390,008 3,261,343 160.0 ' 87.0' .70 . .60 potatoce. '( Mimiesota 143,873 12,632,213 85.94 105,000 131,782 18,400,000 8,930,960 -115.0 61.0 .67 . .47

*This tableshows the relative Mee which the individual crops OCOU y in tlae two etates. The higheet and lowest average, single shown in Columna 4-12, inclusive. Prepared by the Oregon Statlstual Jhuzuau.)

FENCE POSTS COST LITTLE. CHEAP LUMBRII, FOR HOMES. Timber is so abundant that fence posts cost little. Even in Central Oregon, As sawmills are scattered all over the where there are vast open prairies, the state of Oregon, lumber is cheap. The oast of fence posts in low, as Juniper lumber bill for neat, four-room .faym trees grow in abtmdance on neig.hboring cottages is from $100 to $150. Lumber hills. They are small, light, soft, easily suitable for sheds and stables may be cut and easily handled, making ideal bought at the mills for I.00 to 610.00 fence posta. per thous:m*1d feet. OREGON ALMANAC. OB,EGON'S YIELD OF *BEAT; OATS AND BARLEY OOMPARED. (U. S. Government Crop Reporier, Aug., Sept., Ont., 1E111.) -

YIEL) IN toUBJamLSI: -- PER ACRE. STATE. Wheat. Oats. Barley.

' Average Average

' 10-Year. 1911 10-Year. 1911 10-Year. Ohio 18,0 18.0 32.1 23.2 27.2 24.7 Indiana '14dt 15.2 30.0 . '., 29.2 28.5 25.7 Illinois 160 15.7 29.5 -31.2 28.0 28.3 Michigan 18.0' 15.5 29.1 31.2 24.0 26.2 Wisconsin 17.5 18.3 29.8 33.1 25.6 28.8 Minnesota *10.1 *13.6 22.8 32.1 18.7 25.5 Iowa 20.0 18.9 25.0 28.9 21.9 25.9 Missouri 15.7 13.5 15.8 24.0 20.0 22.5 North Dakota * 8.5 *12.1 25.4 29.4 20.0 22.8 South Dakota * 4.0 *12.6 7.9 31.7. 5.0 26.7 Nebraska 13.8 18.7 13.9 27.0 9.0 24.1 Kansas 10.8 13.7 16.0 24.5 5.0 19.5 United States 14.5 14.6 24.8 29.7 20.7 25.9 OREGON 22.2 21.9 34.2 31.8 '35.0 32.4 *Spring Wheat. AGRICULTURAL RANH OF COUNTIES IN OREGON. (Figures from Census, 1910.)

6 COUNTY. ..Z 1 ',2' 1 1 1 A ó 1 ,.;.,t' 4 rcl A i:14 o Pa g a., 111 w -N ,.., Baker 'II 11 '14 9 4 6 11 11 1 2 16 Benton 31 17 15 10 27 17 18 . 8 22 , 26 10 Clackamas J17 4 21 4 24 18 1 8 14 29 1 Clatsop 27 15 29 24 31 29 23 31 32 17 Columbia 32 18 27 20 30 24 13 29 30 ' 12 . CAMS 20 12 28 23 25 28 8 19 ,31 8 Crook 4 20 /8 14 11 2 10 8 5 21 Curry 21 34 33 27 29 0 39 32 28 22 Douglas 6 9 18 11 17 23 12 12 18 17 23 Gilliam 22 32 A 30 8 19 34 30 15 Grant 8 26 22 17 19 7 27 17 11 24 Harney 1 31 25 19 10 9 28 8 12 Hood River 34 24 .32 38 ' 20 34, 18 13 Jackson 12 5 20 26 18 18 21 13 13 4 14 Josephine 18 19 .28 29 28 24 10 28 13 18

1 lUsmath 5 22 ,17 15 7 3 17 4 6 27 Lake 3 28 24 31 9 11 29 5 18 Lane 7 3 13 8 18 25 5 8 12 24 9 Lincohm 26 27 '30 25 32 28 22 27 11 Lino 14 8 ' 7 2 14 20 8 7 10 10 5 , Malheur 2 21 21 18 ' 13 8 -25 2 1 25 Marhan 23 .2 ti 1 12 10 2 1 11 25 3 Morrow 18 29 8 32 15 13 33 23 8 Multnotnah 33 1 19 13 28 22 4 524 , 19 8 Polk 29 14 11 6 23 27 14 2 20 ' 25 7 l Sherman 28 39 2 21 8' 31 33 21 Tillamook 24 28 34 34' 28 26 20 Ibaion 15 14 3 7 2 4 7 15 9 19 Ibaudilla 9 8 1 22 1 Is 10 3 . 3 " 28 Wallowa 10 23 9 12 3 1 18 9 7 15 , Wasco 13 13 5 18 5 21 15 9 21 - 14 28 Washington 28 7 12 3 20 14 3 3 7 7 2 Wheeler 19 33 23 28 21 8' 32 28. 10 Itatolaill ' 80 10 -10 5 22 12 9 4 18 . 22 4 24 OREGON ALMANAC.-

AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS OF OREGON.

Average Miles of Miles Bonded COUNTY. - Land Th.T ax,_ 4. Navigable , of Indebted- - 1 Price. (1) - .""". 4 River. Raihnad. new. (2) Baker - .. 336.68 80.0105 as 189.88 'Renten 39.48 .013 59 50.65 Clackamas 78.29 .0175 ' 27 84.04 Clatsop 35.09 .0284 36 52.17 Columbia 35.90 .0105 80 63.98 Coos i 33.411 .0175 29.51 *Crook ' 17.54 .0135 37.40. Curry 16.23 .012 r Douglas ' 26.17 .0135 151.10 Gilliam .., ' 18.86 .006 30 90.05 Grant 10.00 .020 Barney 12.35 .013 Hood River 340.92 .0108 , 24 42,08 Jackson , 90.60 .011 88.65 . Josephine 41.58 .018 37.15 *Klamath ,, 20.18 .013 23.01 Lake 14.67 .01175 18.00 Lane 39.34 .013 26 110.89 Lincoln - 20.85 .011 0.45 'Lino 45.34 .013 ' 55 130.17 Malheur 35.32 ' .0124 49.85 Marion 6 73.40 .0147 58 t140-13 Morrow 12.36 .007 30 94.95 Multnomah 228.61 .0101 66 t349.84 Polk 54.08 .0156 30 47.60 Sherman 25.14 .0075 12 117.55 Tillamook 65.87 .0174 30.00 Umatilla 31.26 .008 24 243.30 Union 33.49 .014 30 83.75 Wallowa 20.20 .011 - 10 46.40 Wasco " 22.19 .016 30 187.35 Washington 97.18 9204 19 111.30 Wheeler 9.12 .015 *Yarehill 69.89 .013 48 58.75 835.238 80.011738 707/ 2,797.87/ *Benton, Crook, Klamath, Linn and Yarn1,111 Counties have not reported their respective tax levies to the Tax Commission to date, hence the rate given is basad upon estimates of general taxes. Accurate with these exteptiona. (1)-Data secured from report of U. S. COMM Bureau, Thirteenth U S Census. (2)-Very few comities in state have any bonded indebtedness. The state has no bonded indebtedness. , tOf Marion County's total mileage reported 12.91 miles are in street railway, and of that of Multnomah County, 79.33 Miles. *Number of mills tax levied for general expenses of govemment-State, County and General School and Roads. Average for State. ¶From rePor,t of State Engineer (1911) on Mileagenavigeble streams. Beports of Railroad Companies to Railroad Commission for year 1911.

_ FACTS REGARDING OREGON'S RESOURCES. (From report of Oregon Conservation Commission, 1912). Oregon streams are capable of supply- the Carey Apt, 11.3% through commer- ing water to irrigate fully 4,000,000 cial enterprises, and most of the balance acres of land. has come about through individual or Of the above fully 2,000,000 acres can partnership enterprises. be irrigated at a cost of $20.00 to $40.00 'Oregon streams now unused are cap- per acre, and the land nowl worth $10.00 able of producing 3,300,000 electrical to $30.00 per acre would be worth from horsepower. Steam engines would con- $100.00 to $500.00 per acre, as well as sume 36,000,000 tons of coal annually. supporting from six to ten times its to produce the amount of power that present population. is now being allowed to go to waste in Of the total asea (686,129 acres) of Oregon's streams. irrigated land in Oregon only 3.2% has The total amount of power used in received water throuih the United New York State at the present time does States Reclamation Service,3.6% through not exceed 1,000,000 horsepower, bitE0ON ALAI ANAC

AGRICULTURAL STiTISTICS OF OREGON. (Figures from U. S: Census, 1910.) All Farms-Number and Average Acreage of; Value and Average Value Farm Piop- erty; Increatke in Value 1900-1910, and Average Value of Land Per Acre. Average Per Averme Average Number Acres Value Farm Cent Value All Value COUNTY. of Farros. Per Property. Ineream Property Und Farm. , 1900-10. (Per Fkrm). Per Acre.

Baker 1,304 228.3 8 1032,080.00 ' 811,681,00 538.68 Benton 1,008 214.5 11,950,338.00 1112.8 10,884.00. 89.48 Clackamas 3,646 82.6 29,725,795.00 221.3 8,153.00 78.29 Clatsop 146.9 2,688,077.00 23.4 ' 7,285.00 38.09 Columbia 813 112.4 4,008,278.011 104.0 5,740.00 35.90 Coos 1,128 179.2 8,820,700.00' 176.5 7,828.00 33.41 rook 1,355 421.8 14,124,843.00 182.7. 10,482.00 17.84 ry 292 365.7 2,345,576.00 60.4 8,038.00 16.23 Douglas 2,124 271.9 19,170,380.00 171:0 9,028.003 26.17 Gilliam 432 1,005.3 10,721,357.00 300.4 24,818.00 18.86 Gmnt 773 575.9 7,654,412.00 154.5 9,902.00 10.00 Harney. , 443 1,269.1 11,679,664.00 213.2 26,365.00 12.38 Hood River 744 81.1 14,408,138.00 19,366.00 840.011 Jackson 1,714 173.4 30,617,669.00 475.3 17,883.00 90.60 Josephine 855 142,5 6,301,459.00 314.3 7,370.00 41.58 Klamath 926 490.0 12,083,776.00 504.8 13,017.00 20.18 Lake 712 564.0 9,031,775.00 164.3 12,685.00 14.07 Lane 2,828 171.7 23,947,624.00 182.6 8,474.00 39.34 Lincoln 981 164.7 4.038,764.00 855.0 4,203.00 20.35 Lirm 2,751 168.1 27,047,815.00 151.4 9,832.00 45.34 Malheur 801 287.4 12,795,304.00 137.1 15,074.00 85.22 Marion 3,490 113.0 38,256,854.00 170.8 10,389.00 7340 Morrow 614 1,097.7 10,962,640.00 194.3 ' 17,854.00 12.30 Multnomah 1,478 - 58.4 23,227,688.00 175.8' 15,716.00 228.61' Palk 1,551 167.2 17,602,029.00 159.7 11,305.00 84.08 Sherman 466 799.4 11,460,534.00 219.1 24,593.00 25.14] Tillamook 651 145,9 7,721,789.00 268.8 11,861.00 65.87 Umatilla 2,005 523.8 39,876,434.00 209.5 19,888.00 31:26 Union 1,309 $02.3 16,999,077.00 12,986.00 38.49 Wallowa 1,058 835.3 11,319,248.00 301.9 10,699.00 -20.20 Wasco 1,331 408./1' 15,669,186.00 11,778.00 22.19 Washington 2,871 83.7 28,816,033.00 805.1 10,037.00 97.18 Wheeler 387 1,073.8 5,875,825.00 181.4 is,igs.00' 9.12 Yamhill 2,218 123.7 23,416,123.00 184.9 10,857.00 09.89 The State 45,502 256.8 2528,243,723.00 205.8" 811,609.00 585.23 *Change of boundary. Hood Ttiver,County was organized from a part of Wasco County in 1908; of Union County was annexed to Baker County in 1902. fin 1900,484,039 acres of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation in Crook County, were counted as one farra; they are not so figured in the mama of 1910. Thusthe statistics for Crook County and for the state asa who. e for 1910 are not entirely comparable with those feir 1900. The apparent decrease of 24.2 acres in the average size of farms during the decade is due largely to thin fact. The actual deerease, omitting the Indian tion figures, should be 10.7 acres. NO WIND STORMi. Indicative of the mild and equable cli- LaGrande, Oregon ' 7.2 mate of Oregon are the report and maps Walla Walla, Wash. (7 miles of the U. S. Weather Bureau. The aver- from Oregon line) 6.5 age velocity of wind for 1911 was only 4.6 San Francisco, Cal 20.2 miles per hour at Roseburg, Oregon, the Bismarck, N.,. D 12.0 lowest average velocity reported from Duluth, Minn rr "-.. 14,0 any station in the United States. Detroit, Mich 12.0 A. comparison of the U. S. weather Boston, Mass .. 10.0 bureau reports on the Average velocity Oklahoma City 12.0 of the wind at points east and west is as Chicago, III 10.0 f ollows: Cleveland, Ohio 12.0 Miles - Buffalo, N. Y - 12.0 Station. pee Hour Cyciones, blizzards and destructiVe Roseburg, Oregon 4. windstorms are unknown in Oregon. Portland, Oregon 6.3 - 26 OREGON ALMANAC.

DISTRIBUTION OF BEEF CATTLE - PR EPARED BYTHE DEFARTM ENT OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY L7.3rA OREGON AGR CURALOOLLEGE. lo W.:2` %V OD ,-- UM ATI L LA& 0 Li , l'' - IVERfl )43,- 0 _7. -._,_J : 1' , ROW' ( .' e (, 0 0 e ''''''!"/#..--I . S 0' ei ) 1.14,t/ I 60. ,,Ni -f_-,._,_ ACKAMA ,/fe cifok' (GUI _5-1.4.-.. o. - .-1,,..4 w P. S C.00 e L 71-i--- %....) ..,,...... _._. 1,- 1 ,....., 41._. __-__.._4 0. o -- ,-, -er, --: i 0,WHEELER.i e -AO' t vAsE -R

.,, 4/. 1 BENT .; ,,..... - ' lo.o.0 iii GOR A N_ fr.. ? - N - N 0 - -.it. ; o : , % e 0 ____ 14 0 .4. 0 A. ,.... Illi 411. e -10 r-- ' 7- , .. èt-7, A '... 4.e.° .v1 Ne * ri.41s.e e. je '. e a! e ! o .0,-JA 0 e ( O 7..INI A L I-I 6 t..ri N-----,-^, 9iPttiAlli--1 1 4-1,* ,:! , 0 u t 'I_ A S all; . 1 e , tvAllaurr if.,* ID lotl6 '',3 ) , ° 1 /14k.,,.0 ' L ne. ) HoA 42*N Ai -eip i 1.! L0,.. K. É L °le _jot ----Oil I ikkl E Raw id'A fr6,1444:1-il 4°5-4111° " .. V MANY IIM e BEEF CATTLE 425.000HEADIN OREGON ! 0 INDICATES MOO HEAD. , iaL 7,'HEiN i JiA C K' .5 O _N II r EAER DOT ( * e!- el d.,e- e-., 0 ei IN,.,0 ....211 e e P 11,- II. 40......

PISTRIBUTION OF HORSES PREPARED BY THE DEPARTMF-NT IVAN MAL HuseAMORY. OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 41i. - , Is \ wA LIOwc.,: Idoo,p, i \ 4.- I e Li' ufbm At 1 L.L....\ 4- . 1 'r ZitifEiFtr ,4- ). D.,. g FIlowili ...---- - 4'61. -.4 o (44: f N ...... ql..LIAM 1,7"( Av.,.,,i (., 4, N 10 0 , 0 - -?---- - '' ____,....ert--.-;`,_.-r. 0-, W A 5 C 0 el:; i.-14 '. -.-.: -- ---7-- . '1 ,WHEELER l c:d 1 1 1 pl,,,A M E. r', ) .7./...----NL e ovs L..,n o R toNele)

. .-x, i .,,,, .. ; i___ 4s*A... N. ,,,,,,i; _ o -,_..... e e .. 1 - .,..4:,,,k .. r.., .1 M -ALHEUP8"1---I p*Z.41 1T P ff171 13.- -A-1 1 4,, 0 u.G , so. a I 0 ' ' 01 AI VALLEY ;IV .0,-,Enok. r'. 8 il H A R N '''''t e i i$4 .. i L.. I.- As K E i______. --.-- .-_--'ht., - lqv 1 PRIIVER , . ;,* m NI' H 1 u ,., r., . 1 IVY 14, 1 . !! Iv rc wv... .272,0,00 HEAD tH OREGON], . EACH DOT IC INOI CATES 1000 HEAD 'lli.5EPHINE J AC K S_CO 1.1% .. to C) r i , 0 ; !;4 _1_ jit i 1: , ---1 . .-- -2--I i. OREGON ALKAN4C. 27 LIVESTOCK IN OREGON. By DR. JAMES Wrrnycomsx, Director IL \ S. Experiment Station; . Oregon Agricultural College. The agriculture of Oregon is cliarao- Hoge of the very best qhality are pro- terized by its high class farm livestock. ducecl. They are mainly grown on alfalfa, . Conditions are ;phenomenally favorable clover, rape, etc., an' Thjshd for the for the production of superior specimens market on wheat or barley, thui3 furnishing of aIl classes of domestic animals. The a, very high class packing product. horses of the state are noted for tlieir Livestock in Oregon are produced individual excellence. In Eastern Ore- under two general conditions, viz., range gon they are characterized by their'great and farm. In Eastern Oregon cattle, power of endtrance and for their sound sheep and horses are produced largely feet and limbs. The Western Oregon under range conditions, while inWestern horse is equally noted for his splendid" Oregon they,, are grown under strictly physical slevelopment. Some of the finest farm condititlbs. Tlie, livestock industry t). types of draft horses are prodticed here., in Qregon is rapidly tuisuming . large In fact, draft horses grown in the Willa, proportions, as indicated by' the esti- mette Valley have outclassed in the slim mates given of the number and value ring some of the best horses brought from , for 1912; which are as follows: England, Scotland, Belgium and France. Numbers. Value.. The cause of this is not difficult to Cattle 594,000 819,790,000 determine, when we consider the climate Dairy Cows 192,937 9,646,850 and range of crop production. Borges 295,061 36,882,625 Cattle, sheep and hogs also find a most 9;460 1,192,500 hospitable home in this state. It is not Sheep ' 2;052,855 9,237,847 uncommon to .find unusual weights for Goats 254,100 1,016,400 age. This is due to an abundance of Swine 466,560 , 4,879,720 nutritious succulent vegetation. The NOTE.--Owing to the high prices of Cattle. and mutton breeds of sheep do remarkably the heavy shipments of the last few years, the leading packing houses and kook authorities admit that, well in Western Oregon, which has a this Fall, there are only from 280,000 to 360,000 beef climate and soil very similar ,to the cattle in Oregon. This does not include calves. best sheep districts of England. The 1911 assessment roll shpWs 880,968 head of cattle, beef and dairy. DISTRIBUTION or 'SWINE PREPARED BY DIE OEPARTMENTOF AN I-MAL HUSBANDRY ORD3ON AGRICULTURAL PoLLEGE. I. e WA, L. m AT I LLA Le eklf 1-1 ely-t,R OW i '.--'-:u qt-;' \ -.\ Z.t U NigON... 1.: 4P),),...1 IT_ ....."-4 0

i HE ELE R <"" -, p,../A olk 41.

1 1 I L_.1..4--t I G, P A N T2 40KO ' ----7

[1/4 S- -- - O'1 N Frtlt . L. . V. 0__ 1 MALHE ....---,, 4.:. .--k ,, ENNA' \ --.3) kl) NITRAL OUOL A 1 dajEgioN 218,000 HEAD IN OREGON EACH DOT HO) INDICATES 1000 HEA/6 ) to ARNEY L K 6E ilair.5A.r-iIke .4.-r 1 egyi.1164t11V 4 tpHINE JACKSONil I 28 OREGON ALMANAC.

CREAMERIES,CHEESE FAÇTORIES ANO CONOENSERIES IN OREGON PREPARED SY THEDEPARTMENTOFURy HusBANDRY, uttla OREGON AGR 19LTURAL COLLEGE 1912

i Ili am?\WmALLOWA OD V V M AT I L LAI Alt0 i F IN 1 ,--_,., k IN in 111.1117,1.,04 i Ye: i ROwi rU o N.---...... ACHAMAS', Lt \OILLIAML, .4 in r'r 11 1)1.- WA--1-----1-1 5 C 0".4, - -:--- -41;'...-r MI , EELER'II S. bA K E ' IGnANT i Lm--1 ' 1:_f 71r,z-: - R 0 q K i -IA.& i Sy, g IMALHE eitlyirgiarT, tfi-;41-4- ri H A. PI 4\1 E Y '

UO G 51.--12'ÀllVir' ;114411,11ArA S N CREAMERIES, CHEESE FAC- 1 TORIES AND CONDENSERIES. 1 441 t ...Es 11.10,CA1CO S'Y -....,..-,- CHEESE FACTORIES - I wing 1R i; A NI Z-r-T-71 CONDIDISERIES ITY33 4Pi 1 474STA3g6 II k v, i , LA K 'E ' 1 Ì I ...LL. ...L.1 . III- 11.1.' I. ' . IIIM-.....-....------J.--. --]

Di ST RI BUTION OF DAI FtY CATT LE PREPARED BYTI1E DePARTMENTOFANIMALHU,SSANDRY, OREGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE ***) .....,_ th .'''-r Liu m AT I LLAI,°S r,.,.....,.... ,w ..., --. , , ., ,-,7..., 44 ";,-) Ro wl (--;. . , o ug 10Nr- CKAM Ate. ,...\.1,-S-, ,..:; :"...-- ' _ ....,/, ,...,-. =-'t - - N A S C 0 1 in ------,-- .<-"\--1 ° ilt 4-4 1 o ,,, ---p- I _. * ',P... /. .. .--. IWHEELER i `,..os AKER - -..t - Az 1 ....`,1 ..., ,...q ...N. L I ¡RANT/ ._ ....- T. ___ -1--L---1 '1- 1 4,,/ O ....R 000 ' n I A 40:. L-1 "'N.- ' E-M=',- 1 * Ae LH .. . I -----..--.) ..- °MAL 1 o .0 G L A S w. DAI RY CATTLE Al ..., j 300,000 HEAD IN OREGON if Ye 1VAIRALI EY tr., i IV C[DRIEWN ._ i EACH DOT (40) inoicATes1000HEAD ,S, s A VA.% cI-1.ARNEYIL_ A M %OWL, ' I I OREGON ALMANAC. - DAIRY INDUSTRY or OREGON. By Prior. F. L. KENT, Department of Dairy Husbandry, Oregon Agriculthral College. The 1910 census report gives the popu- the San Francisco market. The 'state lation of Oregon as 672,765, and the is well supplied with creameries, cheese number of dairy cows as 172,550, . or factories and condensing establishments, practically one cow for every four in- so that the milk producer has /ittle habitants. This ratio is even lower at trouble in finding a ready sale for his the present time because the human product. Practically all milk and population has increased more rapidly creamsold to factones of the various than the "cow" population. Comparing classes is sold on a bater-fat basis. cows and population in some of the best Cheese factories and condensing estab- known dairy states we find the following: lishments are able to pay a higher, price Pop. per for the fat than the creameries are, but State. Population. No. Cows. Cow. there is a question in the minds of meat Wisconsin 2,333,860 1,473,505 1,6 milk producers as to whether the higher Minnesota 2,075,708 1,085,388 2.0 price compensates for the loss of the Iowa 2,224,771 1,406,792 1 6 skim milk for feeding purposes. Prices paid for butter fat by one of the /argest It will be observed that the number creameries in Western Oregon are shown of cows in proportion to population is In the following tdble: about two a,nd one-third times greater, in the three states referred to than in' Blitter Pat Prices. the state of Oregon. This condition of Month. ' 1909. 191(i. 1911. affairs WouM seem to indicate that there January $0.37 $0.40 80.40 need be no fear of dairy over-production February .341 .40 .351 in Oregon in the very near future. March .36 .38 .32 Further, the census figures show that April .28 .321 .271 the state of Washington on the North May .28 .24 has 1,141,900 people and 186,233 cows, or, June .29 .23/ one cow to about every six people, and July California, our Southern neighbor, has August .31 1°41 '.2267 2,377,549 people and 467,332 dairy cows, September .36 .30 or practically one cow for every five October .36 .37 .32 people. With Oregen alone importing November .36 .371 .351 annually nearly 100 carloads of dairy December .40 .40 * .36 products it does not appear that there can be any question as to the demand , Average .33 .05e -301 for the local product on the Paeifio Coast. *Prices for 1912 (up to November lst) The Oregon market for dairy_prod- have averaged conkderably higher than ucts is. one of the highest in the 1Jiiited during 1911. States. Butter prices in Portland range The sale of surplus stock is ex 'import- from 3 to 6 cents higher than bater ant source of income for the Oregon prices in Chicago, New York and other dairy farmer at the present time. The Eastern markets. The Portland price is farmer in the Eastern portion of the also usually somewhat in advance of (Continueclon Page 81) HIGH PRICES FOR 1117TTER. Compare prices received by Oregon farmers with prices received by farmers in other dairy states. (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Year Book 1911.) State. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. M'ay June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Oregon 38 35 34 34 30 28 26 28 31 31 32 34 Illinois 27 ' 22 21 22 21 19 20 22 23 23 25 27 Nebrafika '25 19 17 17 16 16 16 18 19 20 ' 23 25 New York 32 29 26 26 24 24 24 26 28 28 31 33 Iowa 27 22 21 21 20 19 19 22 23 24'252828 Ohio 28 21 21 21 21 18 18 ' 20 22 23 24 27 Average in U. S.... 23 24 23 23 21 20 20 22 23 24 25 27 Cost of production is less in Oregon, owing to mild climate and abiindance of green feed. 30 OREGON ALMANAC.

WIDE VARIATION OF RArNFALL. In the thickly populated interior val- In Eastern and Central Oregon the leys of Western Oregon, the precipita- rainfall is about the same as in Colorado, tion is about the same as in the Atlantic Montana, Utah, Western Texas and the and Central states (New York, 44.8; Coast counties of Southern California. Chicago, 33.4; Des Moines, 32.4). (Denver, 13.7; Salt Lake City, 15.8). OREGON ALMANAC. . 31 (Continued from mute 29) roots, and other coarse fodder, and the state, being unable to get sufficient mild climate, particularly in the Western stock in the Western portion to supply portion of the state,,permits of a longer the needs of a rapid/y developing dairy growing sea,sonin fact, the pawing of section, are sending representatives into certain Crops, kale, for instance, through; Wisconsin, Illinois and Iowa to secure out' the Winter. The importance of foimdation stock. Such Oregon dairy- dgirying in connection with fruit growr , men as have stock for sale are reeeivmg ;lug; is just beginning.. to t43 realize& most satisfactory prices. YParticularly is j this true in ,the case of The statement is sometimes made the small fruits. On geost,oils suited that the higher prices of feed stuffs in to small fruit Iproduetion, fertilization . Oregon in a large measure offsets the soon becomesiinecemary, and, stable gain due to the higher price at which ' manirre is well suited to this use. Poe dairy products are sold, when corn, - prominent sma fruit grower says that parison is made. with Middle West con, the fertilizer produced by his COWS fully, ditions. While it is true that some of pays for the feed and care of the &di:1141C the concentrated feed stuffs are higher, so that the value of the diry product a lower value should be assigned to hay, may be regarded as all pro t.

OPPORT'UNITIE$ FOR DAIRYING IN OREGON. While the dairying industry of Ore- Cascades will be an important factor in gon is already one of its most important the dairy bid try. industries and yields a substantial The truth of hese statements i borne revenue annually, it may be said that ont by the sci tific and practical tests it is still in its infancy. Vtrhen the rie, that have been made. "Adelaide of culiarly ideal condition,s of soil , and,' Beechlands," a registered Jersey, the climate found in Oregon are taken into property of W. M. Ladd, of Portland,.in consideration, particularly in that part competition with other cows of the finest of the state lying West of the Cascade dairy breeds of the world, at the con- mountains, its futnre greatness is un- elusion of a teet on November 24,01908, questioned. won the world's championship with a The statements of the remarkable record of a net return, 'over feed cost, of possibilities for the dairy industry of 8267.98 for a period of one year. Hir Oregon may seem overdrawn to those nearest competitor, an Illinois product, not acquainted with conditions here, but earned for the same period, $205,15. The they have been verified by some- of the diffkrence in favor of the Oregon eow highest authorities of the leading dairy- as against the Middle Western pow, ing countriesEngland, Germany, Hol.- is the much greater when it is understand land, Denmark and Switzerland. They that the cost' of concentrated feeds- have given it as their unbiased opinions', bran, shorts, , and oil gale mealwas that within the confines of the Wiliam.: 162.83 per year per head greater in Ore- ette Valley and the Pacific Coast regions gon at that tirne than it was in Illinois. of Oregon there are greater possibilities This greater cost of concentrates is for the dairying industry than are offered more than offset by the mild andeguable in any other section of the countrror climate of Oregon, partioularlf in the any foreign land. Coast region .aid the Willamette Valley. For low rates of sustenance of daiFy It perimts of almost perpetual green

stock, computed upon the head basis; . pasturage for te stock. The absencejof in productivity of soil, and in ideal clim severe wind st rms and other elemental matic conditions, which permit of the disturbances also make unnecessary the cheap housing of the animals during the constructiWof expensive storm shelters, "Winter" season and provide green feed for the tele'crer-skinned and highly sen- the year round, the Western Oregon coun- sitive dairy co*. Foremost among the try may justly be termed the "Dairy most favored breeds of dairy .cattle Heaven of the World." . In the irrigated Oregon are the Jersey, Guernsey, Hots sections of Central and Eastern Oregon, stein and Ayrshire, in the order men- the conditions are also first clase for the tioned. development of the dairy industry, and The conditions of soil alia plinlate favor' it is only a question of a short time when the productioi of abundant crops Of the vast semi-arid region East of the grains, hay and the rbot vegetables,. in 32 OREGON ALMANAC.

varieties which provide a supply of green While not indispensable, the silo is of feeds tIvoughout the year. The crop of great value, if the herd be large. For most importance to the dairy industry, filling the silo, corn is used, with vetch however, both from the standpoint of or clover as substitutes. Al of the roots economy as well as milk and butter-fat do well especially in the bottom lands producing qualities, is the "thousand- of the Coast counties, where they make ° headed-kale." It is naturally adapted to unusual growth. They include turnips, Western Oregon conditions, and provides rutabagas, beets and mangles, and are an excellent green, succulent and nutri- of value as a supplemental food. Of the tious food for the dairy cow the year concentrates, bran, shorts and oats are round. The yield is A tons and higher fed, althou h the cow will do with rather to the acre. With all abundance of kale lesa grain t an in the East. In the spring in the field the Western Oregon farmer -the herd is turned into pasture--either is 'independent of the silo. of native gra,ss, or, preferably, clover.

POI7LTRY INDI7STRY OF OREGON. By PROFESSOR JAMES DRYDEN, Department of Poultry Husbandry, Oregon Agricultural College. No one need fear embarking in the That amount could easily be doubled business of raising poultry in Oregon. without seridusly, if at all, affecting There will always be a good market for the prices, beeause there are markets poultry and eggs in the coast cities. to the north and south of Oregon that The coast cities are growing faster than would take any surplus supply. The cities in the interior and there will always Willamette Valley is now shipping con- be a larger proportion of consumers to adorable quantities of eggs to Seattle total population in the coast states than and the North, and this trade is bound in the middle states, where the great to grow. bulk of the people are producers. The The prices of poultry foods axe low prices of poultry products in Oregon are in Oregon. Wheat is now selling in about on the same level as those of different section's at from 60 to 80 cents New York and Boston. On this date per bushel, and oats at from 35 to 40 (October 18, 1912) eggs are retailing in cents. The poultry districts of Cali- Portland at 50 cents a dozen. The fornia are drawing upon the great wheat lowest price dining the year wtis about fields of Eastern Oregon for their feed. 25 cents in Portland for fresh eggs. Oregon could manufacture that wheat During the year 1911 over 200 carloads into eggs justas well as California. This of eggs, and a considerable quantity of state should be, and no doubt in a few poultry were shipped into Oregon from years will be, the great poultry producing the Middle West states. The value of section of the coast. The markets are' poultry and eggs produced in Oregon good, the climate is favorable and foods this year amounts to about $7,250,000. are cheap.

HIGH PRICES FOR EGGS. Compare the prices received for eggs by Oregon farmers with prices received by farmers in other poultry states. (U. S. Department of Agriculture, Year Book 1911). State. Jan. Feb. Mar. A2.3r. 1V2Ity1212ne Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov.3. oe° Oregon 42 36 Nebraska 26, lik9 14 13 12 12 11 12 14 16 20 26 Illinois W 21 15 14 14 14 13 /4 15 18 22 28 II IOWa 26 21 14 . 13 14 13 12 12 14 17 . 20 25 Virginia 29 19 16 15 15 15 15 16 18 20 23 27 Texas 25 20 14 13 12 12 12 12 14 17 18 22 Average in U. SI 30 22 17 15 15 15 14 16 17 20 24 29 Cost of production in Western Oregon is about the same as in Southern states, as the climate is mild; in Eastern Oregon the cost of production is less, owing °to almost perpetual sunshine and dry, mild climatei OREGON ALMANAC. S 38 If anything were needed to prove that Station at Corvallis. Ddring 1912, egg conditions are favorable in Oregon to the records were secured that exceeded poultry industry it would be found in those made in any other state, in the the egg records that base been made by -Union so fax BA authentic records are laying fosvls at the Oregon Experiment concenied. BEE OUL'illRE IN OREGON. By PROFESSOR H. F. Wnsorr, Department of Entomology, . Oregon Agricultural College. Bee culture in Oregon is in its infancy,, Valley and along the coast on account yet it adds each year several hundred s of the great lack of nectar produchig. thousand dollars to the total produced, plants. However, along the hills of by the agricultural industries of the the Coast range, there is a flower known state. For the money invested there is as the Fire Weed, which, svhen found probably no agricultural ptirsuit which . grovving over large areas, offers ideal will brmg greater returns than does ' conditions for the honey producer, and bee keeping, when carried on in a seien- the honey secured is superior to that tific manner. secured from all other sources. In sections where alfalfa is grown in . During the season of 1911 17 carloads great abundance bee keepers fmd little . of honey were shipped from Ontario, trouble in securing large crops of honey; and in 1912 this amount will probably be especially is this true in sections east increaaed to 20 or 25 cars. of the Cascade mountains an.d in the The sage, vrhich is the great honey Rogue River Valley. There is not very plant of California, produces practically much honey produced in the Willamette no honey in Oregon. SHEEP AND WOOL. Ranking well up among the important , confined to smaller holdings and grana industries of Oregon, and one that has -sing groimds. The National Forest Re- flourished for a number of years is the serves and public lands within the sheep and wool industry, in which Ore- state, however, which aggregate a total gon ranked seventh among the states of over 31,00(4000 acres, will afford of the Union in peint of number of sheep grazing facilities for the sheep flocks of shearing age, April 1 1911; tied for and cattle herds for many years to come. first place with Wyommg in average There are eight woolen mills in operation weight of fleece (8.1 pounds); second in in the state that consume a large quan- point of shrinkage, and seventh in total tity of the output of wool, and the high amount of wool produced, washed and grade products from these mills find a unwashed, in 1911. In point of quality, ready market throughout the civilized Oregon wool ranks in the first class of world. Oregon bred sheep. have won states with a rating of "fine, fine medium international championships in competi- and medium." ' In 1911 Oregon waa tion with the best stock in the world credited with a total of 1,800,000 fillez a.nd Oregon rams are in great demand in and a total production of 15,300, Australia, Argentina, South Africa and pounds of washed and unwashed wool, other foreign countries for breeding valued at $2,466,360. In 1912 Oregon , purposes. had a total of 2,409,800 sheep; the total clip of the state amoimted to 17,500,006 Goats and Mohair. - pounds, with a valuation of $2,850,000. The value of the sheep at $4.00 per head, Fifty years ago Angora goats were is $9,639,200. Climatic and other condi- introduced in Western Oregon being tions in Oregon are ideal for fostering' raised from ure bred stock iinported the sheep industry, and it is flourishing., from Asia Minoi. All conditions for throughout the state as a whole. The the development of an industry were days of the advantages of the unre- f ound so peculiarly ideal that it has stricted range are numbere'd in this state, flourished and broadened until now there however. With the cutting up of the is scarcely a county in the state of large land holdings to provide homes Oregon where goats may not be found. for the steady influx of settlers, the many The value of the animals are two-fold as great flocks, too, once so common te profit-producers: The yield of an excellent Eastern and Central Oregon, are being quality of hair, which finds a stable and gradually depleted and the sheep are highly remunerative market, ad the 34 OREGON ALMANAC. goat itself is a valuable asset' in the STATE SCHOOL- LANDS. clearing of otherwise waste and brush- There remain unsold of the state covered land. Angora husbandry now school lands a total of 541,005 acres, ranks well in importance with the live- which may be purchased" at prices stock pursuits of the state. Oregon is ranging from a minimum of $7.50 per second, if not fust, in the number of acre upward. Payments upon 'state Angora goats and production of mohair lands, except tide lands, may be made as in the United States. The clip of mohair follows: One-fifth do,wn, one-fifth in one for 1912 amounted to 1,250,000 pounds yeart_ with interest at 8% per &mum; and is valued at $375,000, while the value one-fifth in two years, with interest at of the yearly increase approximates 7% per annum; two-fifths on demand, $400,000. More than half a million with interest at 6% per annum; interest dollars of new wealth- is added to the on all deferred .payments payable an- yield of Oregon farms annually from An- nually. The, demand payment will not gora goats." Oregon mohair ranks with be allowed to stand for a period longer the best in the Eastern markets and than five years from the date of the commands the highest market prices. issuance of the certificate. For tide Oregon Angora goats have carried away lands full payment is required: and championship prizes at National and In- special app 'cation is prepared for this ternational exhibits and, aside from the clasS of lands, which will be sent upon annual sale of mohair, for years the sale request by the Clerk of the State Land of bucks throughout the Eastern states Board. No more than 320 acres of any and in foreign countries for breeding one kind of land will be said to one per- purposes, has been a source of good profit son. For table showing distribution of to the owners. Single animals sell school lands among the counties of the readily at $3.00 to $5.00, while as high state see page 10. For information as $7.50 per head for high bred bucks address G. G. Brown, Clerk of State has been paid. Land Board, Salem, Oregon.

OREGON AND THE FLAX INDUSTRY. By Da. E. A. PIERCE, Chairman Committee on Flax Industry, Portland Commercial Club. That flax can be successfully grown in yield that can be depended upon when Oregon in quality superior to that pro- the culture is canied on, on the rich duced anywhere else in the world and in alluvial lands of the Willamette Valley, quantity sufficient to yield a greater is greater than the tvio and a half tons return per acre to the farmer than can per acre of the short fibre flax grown be realized from wheat or any other in Minnesota and other Northwestem cereal crop, was demonstrated several states." While the farmers of Minne- years ago in the vicinity of Salem by sota realize an average weight of two Mr. Eugene Bosse, a Belgian flax expert, and one-half tons of flax fibre per acre, and substantiated by recent investiga- with an average length of 12 inches, for tions and experiments conducted under which they receive a return of $35.00 the auspices of the Portland Commercial per acre, the average length of the flax Club. After extensive and careful in- grown in the Willamette Valley is 36 quiry, in which the services of eminent, inches and more, 8,nd time yield is from authorities upon the question of flax three, to four tons per acre, representing culture, linen manufacture, etc., were a return of $45.00 to $60.00 per acre to enlisted, the special committee of the the farmer. The peculiar advantages of Commercial Club in its final report upon Oregon's climate and soil for the suc- the subject, said: "The evidence is con- bessful development of this industry is clusive that Oregon, and Western Ore- =readily apparent. Contrary to the belief gon in particular, is suited to produce, of some, that the cultivation of flax im- not only excellent flax fibre, but fibre of poverielaes the soil, it has been demon- such exceptional quality, in length, fme- strated conclusively that it can be ness, evenness and gloss, that it is in a grown successfully in a five-course rota- class by itself when compared with any tion and takes less out of the ground and all flax fibres now used in flax and than wheat. Notwithsta,nding the fact linen manufacture in America. The that the season was too far advanoed OREGON ALMANAC. ,85 when the seed was sown, and the crop peated upon a larger and more extensive in some sections of the state was seriously scale next Spring (1918) in order to deter- damaged by inclement weather, the mine which localities are better suited results obtained from 150 samples of to the production of flax f or fibre and seed distributed among the farmers in where flax can be grown to better advan- different sections of the state by a local tage for seed. A large linseed oil plant linseed oil company, and under the aus- In Portland is equipped to handle all pices of the Portland Commercial Club, of the seed and fibre that can or may be this Spring, proved eminently satis- produced in Oregon at the ruling market factory. Tire experiments will be re- price and a guarantee of a mínimum price. OREGON'S HOP CROP FOR 1912 IS 3810 OF CROP FOR ENTIRE U.S. VALUE $4.140.000

OREGON'S HOP CROP 1912 115.000 BALES

BALANCE OF U. S. 185.000 BALES

OREGON'S, HOP INDUSTRY. With ov er 23,000 acres in bearing vines, At an average of 20 cents per potmdthe the state of Oregon, in 1912, produced' price having fluctuated between 14 cents an aggregate of 115.000 bales of hops, and 27 cents per potmd during the sea- which, at an average of 180 pounds to sonthis represents s total revenue to the bale, amounted to 20,700,000 pounds. the state of $4,140,000. Since the shrink- biaGON ALMANAC., age in hops in the curing process is 76%, the culture of hops and the standard of or 38 pounds to the box of 50 pounds, quality is so high that the Oregon hop this yield would ammmt to 65,550,000 is in great demand in the English mar- pounds in the green state, for which the ket, where the great bulk of the Oregon picker receives 1 cent per potmd; 8665,500 crop is disposed of and consumed, and of the total revenue from the hop in- commands a premium above the ruling dustry is distributed, during the six weeks market quotations for the choice grades. of the harvest, among the piekers, many One particularly notable feature in con- of whom are women and children of nection with the Oregon hop industry neighboring families. The cost of pro-: of 1912 was the shipment of 15 carloads of hops, consisting of 1,750 bales (grown duction, to put the hops in the bale and on one yard in Polk County) from Salem, ready for the market, is about 9 cents in Marion County, direct to England. per pound, at the highest estimate, or While practically all of the hops pro- 81,863,000 (including cultivation, train- duced in Oregon are grown in Western ing,, spraying, picking, curing and bal- Oregon, it has been demonstrated that ing), leavint a net return to the growers thii highly remunerative product (under of $2,277,000. Since the 81,863,000 repre- favorable market conditions) can be senting the cost of production, is paid successfully produced in certain localities in Eastern and Central Oregon, when out for the greater part for labor, there water is applied to the soil.. With the is no other 'industry in the state that completion of the numerous irrigation can compare with the hop industry for projects now in process of development, putting foreign money into general cir- the right of supremacy in this class of culation. The latest authoritative esti- Oregon's natural resources, now held mate places the total hop crop of the indisputably by Western Orcgon, will United States at approximately 300,000 be closely contested by certain districts Of these 35,000 bales were grown east of the Cascade mountains. The bales. present hop acreage of the state is dis- in New York State, 40,000 bales in Wash- tributed aniOng the several counties as ington, and 110,000 bales in California. follows: Thus Oregon, with a yield of 115,000 bales, produces %8%, or about three- Cotmty. Acres. eighths, of the entire crop of the United Benton' 204 States. Since it requires the richest kind Clackamas 1,472 of soil toproduco hops successfully in qual- Douglas 82 ity and quantity, the industii in this state Jackson 61 The chief Josephine, 250 is cenfined to a few counties. Lene 750 ranches are in the Willamette Valley Linn 300 with some acreage in Jackson, Josephine Marron 11,000 and Douglas counties, where the richest Polk 5,000 and best of the beaverdam and overflow Wasco ') 25 bottom latida are found., There are some Washington .1,600 instances, however, where hops are pro-' Yamhili 2,500 duced to a limited degree of success, from the standpoint of quality, upon the Total 23,244 uplands of the Willamette Valley, but such instances are exceptions rather, than GRAPE PRODUCTION. the _rule and only occur in isolated cases. (Figures from U. S. Census, 1910.) An average yield in the Willamette Val- In 1909 Oregon had 381,000 mature ley is about 2,000 pounds to thfs acre, grape vines, which yielded 3,207,000. but there are some yards, where scion. pounds of grapes. In grape production tific methods of cultivation and care Oregon ranked ahead of Washington, Colorado and every other Western state, (acquired from long years of experience excepting.California; ranking e ual with and study) are practiced, which produce Florida. Oregon had 469,111 young as high as 3,000 pounds per acre. The grape vines, which will mature to coma soil, climate and other natural condi- 'menial bearing age in 1913. In this tions in the Willamette Valley, on the respect Oregon ranks seventh in the Willamette river bottoms, are ideal for Umon FRUIT PRODUCTION 0F COCK, OREGON.-1910.

'4 t Tr s.' A _ a Pa A

Beker 17 46,204 3, 0,150 17 8,888 13 3,501 2 1,160 16 2.1 15 14,660 18 42,977 18 23,256 19 4,230 -5- Benton.. 14 54,743 12 1,788 12 10,045 10 40,815 14 3,821. 12 34 9 181 14 52,849 13 87,800 11 48,992 20 3,515 12 957 Clackamas., . 4 144,329 7 6,662 4 28,152 4 132,232 2 19,736 8 104 1 1,280 1 535,267 1 1,080,302 4 190,214 3 71,913 5 4,653 Clatsop 24 13,723 27 18 27 736 23 2,308 25 4 ...... 20 19,349 27,059 29 785 2 Columbia- 20 9 9 4,894 6 9,690 0 5,078 23 12,407 28 4,025 28 1,027 15 126 858 827 0,800 4 15,359 ,692 25 2 6,380 4 88,142 41,033 10,407 15 Curry ... . . , 22 - 118 1,3851 5,877 671 7 12 2 8,117 9,160 5,691 2,012 450 Crook 28 420 29 881 380 5 475 -1.347 2,622 184 .19 75 Dour,las 2 4,1 22,844 161,905 6 70 214,501 112,051 110,532 31,140 7 ,985 '792 1,113 1 as 1,35533' '78827 1,337 47,208 2,339 5,873 22 538 9 23 1,102 11,5321 21 10.927 1,005 Harney. .... 54 45 1,158 32 58 . ... Hood River.. 23 7,280.27 1,894 iò 1,270 (151,145 se Jackson 1 79, 87,589 15 12,966 4498/ 1 02,218 4 88,467 845 Josephine 19 14 7,740 22 4,195 16 14 184,752 7 43,191 6 670 , . Rlamath 32 2,073 124 83 808 3 89 204 34 420 Lake...... 13,252 861 28 1,586 23 445 2 2,936 29 2, 2,040 Is 80 Lane_ ,.. . 7 98,157 11 10,537 47,119 12,158 18 2 Yob: . 74,277 6 87,580 80,121 4 4,332 Lincoln 18 40,972 2 166 1,381 5,989 24 491 . 7 19 89,581 18 25.468 2,304 90 Linn 8 95,899 727 15,072 68,030 9 10,065 6 1 91 155,180 39,327 8 5,178 .245

Malheur 29 5, 29 226 BOO 28 153 2 22 4 4,158 4,282 2,184 Illarion...., ., 2 153, 34,208 458,272 4 17,947 21 9 101,725 259 2 423,143 13 12,833 8,557 Morrow.. . , . 81 3, -259 440 33 17126 5,055 1,480 2 2,328 Multnomah 10 47,190 19 18,253 26,230 22,781 5 172 377 69,435 777,879 312,442 8,787 Polk 13 70.408 10 ,61 0 22,709 128,082 13,108 14 8 288 65,906 7 84,444 7 32,381 Sherman 33 2,127 28 459 29 13,150 5.138 19.540 Tillamook ... . 27 7.326 25 1,858 32 7 17.259 10 26.310 17 21 . Umatilla. .. 12 80,764 20 441 16 7,208 19 25.677 10 7,853 I e 4 8 872,032 4 418,406 9 54,307 2 183,1 21 Union 5 127,979 11 2,781 1 10.625 9 40,997 6 13,026 I 9 94 23 285 9 129.989 9 68,731 11 19,766 21 Wallowa 22 20,408 15 1,149 2 8,557 19 3.981110 90 23 19 8,170 22 10,306 22 8,087 30 488 50 Waeso 21 24,65514 1,41813 8,445,11 37.24811 5. 2 485.09712 93.50039 14.34210 27,2716 110 Washington 10 92.843 1 853 5 32,881 6 110.553 7 12.800 118 11 827 4 414,706 10 116,512 12 44,470 15 9,820 I 1,163 Wireekir.. 1.2.288 28 35 22 1,439 24 1,716 30 108 . 2,125 32 828 26 4,735 33 111 1 110 Yainblll 11 89,292 6 10,170 7 20,238 384,232 8 18, 105,043.8 240,308 3 414 928 88,111 1 29.873 ,999 179,030 374,820 1,747,597 i81áiJ 4,628 2,644 948 935.746 78,000 OREGON ALMANAC.

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As the apple industry, which has been developed from an insignificant beginning to one of leading importance--the Oregon apple is now known the world overso is the promise for the dairy industry. The resources of climate, long open season, and the milk and butterfat producing foods which reach their higliest development in this state, are a trilogy which cannot be under estimated in value. The need is men who are willing to work and to use their best energies. OREGON ALM' ANAC. 39

HORTICULTURE IN OREGON. By W. K. NEWELL, President Oregon State Board of Horticulture. Since the time of earlied settlement very well indeed in this climate, and Oregon has been noted fog her fine fruit, several thousand acres of them have and now fruit growing is rapidly becom- been set in the Willamette Valley. Many ing one of the state's most important of them are now bearing successfully industries. In many localities, such as and production will increase very rapidly. Rogue River and Hoock River valleys, The filbert is right at home here also; it is the industry, and it may be said, they bear prolifically and are very pro- without boasting., that nowhere else in fitable. The almond is groini in pouth- the world has the science of fruit pro- ern Oregon on a commercial scale also. duction and marketing been so highly' The value of the fruit crop for the state developed. in 1910 was $6,662,500 and it will un- Oregon fruit growers have learned the doubtedly reach $10,000,000 or more in very important lessons of specializing 1912. The apple crop is consetvatively in growing and co-operating in marketing, estimated at 225% greater than ever and their, great success is due to these before. Large numbers of young trees methods. Under modem conditions the are coming tato bearing each year and lone grower can have but indifferent production will increase rapidly. siiccess. Space will not permit a detailed description of the various localities and their leading fruits, but the Rogue River APPLE PRODUCTION IN OREGON. Valley's g.reat specialty is pears, with Yellow Newtown apples and peaches (Figures from U. S. Census, 1910.) also very important; the Umpqua Valley, In 1909 Oregon had 2,030,000 apple early strawberries, prunes, peachea? and trees of bearing age and 2,241,000 apple with many young apple and pear orchards trees of less than bearing age. The being planted; Western Oregon, prunes, yield was 1,931,000 bushels, rettuming cherries and all kinds of small fruits, $1,657,000 to the growers, or an average with large plantings of young apple return of 86 cents a bushel, as compared orchards; Hood River Valley and Mosier, with 54 cents in New York State? 49 Spitzenberg and Yellow Newtown apples cents in Michiga,n, 51 cents in Virginia, and strawberries; The Dalles, peaches, 40 cents in Kentucky and 60 cents in chenies, plums and _prunes, cantaloupes Arkansas. The number of young trees and apples; Milton-Freewater, peaches, was fewer in Oregon than in any of the early strawberries, prunes and apples; states named. Grande Ronde Valley, apples, cherries According to the 1910 census, the and prunes; Snake River Valley, prunes, apple yield of the United States for the peaches and apples. year preceding was 147,516,000 bushels. Nut growing is beéoming an important Of this total only 1,931,000 bushels item in Western Oregon also. The were grown in Oregonless than II% English walnut has been found to thrive (Continued on Page 42,)

OREGON'S FRUIT CROP. ,Arnowat and Value of Principal Fruits Growrt in Oregon in'1910. APPles 2,650,000 boxes 82.500,000.00 Pears 292,000 boxes 420,000.00 Peaches 970,000 boxes 485,000.00 Cherries 000,000 pounds ,,, 200,000.00 Plums and Fresh Prunes 800,000 orates 195,000.00 Dried Prunes 28,000,000 pounds 1,080,000.00 Apricots 15,000 boxes 10,000.00 Grapes 4,500,000 pounds 135,000.00 Strawberries 10,500,000 pounds . 577,000.00 Blackberries , 1,750,030 pounds 75,000.00 Raspberries 2,250,000 pounds 105,000.00 Loganberries 4,000,000 pounds 165,000.00 Currants 425,000 pounds 25,500.00 Gooseberries 500,000 pounds 20,000.00 Quinces. etc 35,0 00.00 250,000 pounds 85,000.00 Total Value 86.662,500.00 IRRIGATION IN OREGON. au on "Irrigation in Oregon," U. Census, 0.)

Acreage c nal Cst costAverage pot d v Fio COUNTY. d 0 g Acre lo- , Frrns 1800. ' . o eluded in . o Projects.4

'Baker ...... , 95 137,759 48,754 129,673 130,014 241,919 5 1446,384.00 63.00 821.79 Crook 571.600 138,364 13,021 55,900 111,360 453,811 1,961,817,00 4,842,082.00E 10.87 117,115 . . 1,708 4,500 0,349 78,127.00 78,127.60, 8.30 ' ... . ; ...... 434,277 235,666 6 2,087' 2,367 3,370 32,809.00 9.73 G . 445,170 53,045 2 36,069 38,831 73,578 . .00 3,41

...... 582,204 190,271 129,135 ; 130,621 581,548 ' 410,980.00 2401,980.00 4.48 ver...... 88,040 14,284 8,071 .14,150 48,064 361,714. 14.00 8.01 keen, ..... , ...... - ...... "...... 297,171 103,238 7,054 12,239 17,978 82,427 457,036. 00 21.48 Josephine - ...... 121,845 30,969 4,121 12, 14,503 24,059 239,327. 239,321.00 9.95 Klamath...... 454,340 176,504 23,911 46,975 ' 62,785 .208,105 1,910,580.00 5,110,580.06 24.56

... Lake...... , .... - ...... ,...... 401,555 104,410 51,995 07,078 59,612 273,540 ;q,00ß,00 7,338,681.00 26.83 Malheur ...... ,...... 230,175 81,901 49,205 67,626 70,210 .208025 2, ,636.00 0,057,171.00 24.31 Morrow 673,907 236,029 8,865 7,641 11,116 14,937 187,716.00 187,716.00 12,57 ztherman 872,526 273,918 112 218 329 469 9,812.00 9,612.00 20.72 li ma -1,050,258 544,513 5,168r 31,022 50,213 91,189 2,019,161.00 2,503,387.00 27.54 , *Union...... ,: ...... 805,789 165,409 213,795 35,831 45,517 138,304.00 1311,204.00 09 Wallowa- ...... 364,732 86,049 14,016 '39,370. 54,692 198,064. 211,114.00 8.88 '.' WBSSO...... :...... 513,754 171,061 3,342 5,703 17,276 06,10Z. 96,167.00 5.57 Washington; ...... 240,328 107,919 ...... 179 582 6,381. 6,381. 03 11.35 Wheeler 415,667 4,0118 6,253 6 9,414 76X4.00 76,305.00 8.11 53,396 , all other counties...... 8,goo,661 1,248,844 1,215 585 01,481 452.00 3,012,471.00 29.69

Total...... - 4,274,803 -388,3,10 686,129 830,528 2,527,208 $12,760,214.00 3U ,216;81L00

*Change iii'boundsries. The organization of }loòd River Ciumty from a part of Waseo County In 1908 Armeyationbf a partof Union Ceounty to Baker Comity IThe group of an ether counties comprises-for 10011 and 1910 twelve in which there wee some irrigation: Clatsop, Columbia, Benton, Clackamas, Camp, Curry, ',liner 14,100in't Linn, Marion, Molts ""mh, Polk, Tillamook and Yrouhiril. , / 1010 rises were ready to supply, water to_ 144;397 acres mom than were irrigated in 1909. The acreage included in projects exeee'da the acreage. nested in by 1,841,070 seres, which is more than sia times the acreage brought under n in the last decade and nearly three times the total area ungated in 1009. This acreage resente the area which will be available for the extension of irrigation in the next few years upon the completion of the projects now under construction. It Indicates us a general way the area available for settlement, although much of this murngated land is in /arios already settled. Illilhowe the total neat of existing enterprises up to July 1, 1910, including construction of works and acquisition of rights, but not operation and maintenance. ¢The average cost per acre, acreage included in projects, is based upon the total acreage included inlveieele and the estimated final cost of eraelokrting eXiEt, ' ing enterprises, and mit actual cost of construction reported up to Ally 1, 1910. OREGON ALMANAC. 41

TOTAL WATER SUPPLY AND AMOUNT AVAILABLE FOR IRRIGATION. (Data from Biennial Report Oregon Conservation Commission, 1912.)

Idean Yearly Capable a Stream and Locality. .Run-off lJttion (Acre-Feet) (Aore-Feet) liasiern Oregon. Tributarles of Columbia River Owyhee river 1,100,000 600,000 Malheur river and Will0V7 creek 550,000 440,000 Burnt river 140,000 50,000 Powder river 440,000 350,000 Grande Ronde river, above Wallowa river 572,000 350.000 Wallowa river 780,000 200,000 Walla Walla rivet 200,000 - 50,000 Umatilla river 550,000 350,000 John Day river 1,450,000 900,000 Deschutes river. at Benham Falls 1,220,000 1,100,000 Crooked river 810,000 250,000 Tumalo creek 97,000 80,000 Squaw creek 72,000 50,000 Nood river 948,000 120,000 Other streams 200,000 100,000 Total Columbia river drainage 8,827,000 4,990,000 Streams in California Drainage:

Link river at Klamath Falls 1,780,000 i 500,000 Lost river at Olene 283,000 250,000 Total 2,063,000 750,000

Streams of Interior Drain. age: Goose lake tributaries 134,000 107,0e0 Warner lake tributaries 300,000 240,000 Albert lake tributaries 180,000 144,000 Anna river 100,000 40,000 Silver lake tnbutaries 05,000 52,000 Catlow Valley and Alvord lake tributaries 50,000 40,000 Donner uhd Blitzen river and tributaries- , 190,000 144,000 Silvies river and Silver creek 212,000 170.000 Total Interior drainage 1,220,000 937.000 Total Eastern Oregon 11,910,000 5,677,000

Western Oregon. Willamette River ad Tributarles: Clackamas river 2,420.000 50,000 Molalla river 656.000 70,000. Santiam river , 5,000,000 650,000 . McKenzie river 3,500,000 800,000 Middle Fork, Willamette river 3,000,000 . 370,000 Coast Fork, Willamette river 1,270,000 30.1100 Luakiamute river. 740,000 20,000 Yamhill river 1,500,000 40,000 Tualatin river , , 1,500,000 ' 80,000 Total Willamette river 19,586,000 2,060,000

Umpqua River and Tributaries , 5.000.1 50.000 Rogue River and Tributaries 3,200, I 250.000 Total Pacific Ocean drainage 8,200,000 300,000 Total Western Oregon 27,786,000 2,300.000 GRAND TOTAL 39,698,000 9,037.000

*The total of 6,877,000 aere-feet of water in Eastern Oregon streams, capable of utilization for irrigation, is sufficient for the reclamation of apptorimately 3,000,000 eases of riot' desert land. ,This would provide homes for 30,000 families, which, at an average of five members to the family, would mean 150.000 additional populat on. The total of 2,360,000 acre-feet avallabha for irrlgation in Western Oregon streams is softie/tout to water 1.000,000 acres Of land, and the combined wafer resources of the state, capable of Utilization for irrigation, is suffioient to irrigate over 4,000,000 acres of land. O v4,60 V 94cr-.0 crN.* 4 "000. e ,k,0 ,,sf>. e0> o 5 *""4 o N 1`.> . t;s. t, 4.,; é..,9. 05 ,,,e.. \e No'z' 4, ,....,,,o o Ao 4,4, >ZO' 9)$. 4e' ^,,.,p4.,,, 4o s%.S. . ov :.,4-.:,No,,,''.1",,o> b,c3,.'" 81/4'0, 0.1> i,O .4,. ' .e r,,, >I> C o0.04,,, tYdcoVe Oig Q45.» Nr cS..s..9 e clo.to 11/4, gy *e v.0"4,`" '104oe',,e'Y...». s0 cfp.4:15:14V,A,,i.°0.°4s 01.01>o,a. ts.v.0-+0.04410,;,olos,,,,-,..,$._07,,t,044i.' 4e.' ,,0 21. 4, 0))9.1)). .45 .01,o ab, t' ov:130, 400 ''°klt,N , II>, .k)10,se,t, 0*5' 49 O'' o. ,...». '1))%'> ipo'' o O4... PI,00'4.11,1:}-. 4>9, .4> o . , e S, o ,,z.t,o ep ..,z:,N, ,9, #,:po K5S''ot -o' e '`e. et6N'Oe'to .,-N1 ' ,,490,,,,«V'eNt. .,;.: 4. , '9,,(5ti>..F, 0 b,vez. 11' ,.,. ,0 0,,R,,e,.;z\.0 ,\'',"04."..,'45 N,..\4 '11 cei5,01:040vile0",c4tt".509-$:,§e,,,kO ,,r, ..,. 0á.ee e 4, .,20,, j,0 >1.>.," 4. q),,,.. .43 a 4 VA9le45, 4o e"7 Ss. 'k".¿Y 4t,e,,,,e,,ep's',,. o o,4.50-KP X.) ie, 4;0'1,1, ,,,,AA 4O 1.1154,crIt',15 445 404 4, V. ,I, ,0,, cr *Cp ,z,,%, ...,1,els e.4. zs>,,,, ,6 N.s, Ao zt,,o 4, 0-Y 01,"\b 4>q>ev . t. 4 \b'i ,,,.4e,.",,,r.;..,1,0> 90-4 N. ,,0 o o 4K. 'e' 4b.-,,,. os7c, . J.> 04 b. eP % 4 .4, &.'' ,z;,15e, 09',e, (4, O d> ,,,e o .,,Nt z).., ''$.' " V '4'...Ob ,v-_el' 41' . e, ,z?,$,4 1> 07 O Ap. \`'°- 'k' -.5. 49. ,,t,i ,t, .41,-Ne, ,09sle.t t' b, ;3,414"t' zk,e¢,e 'k'4S.''' 41,61,e1:51.4:014:sro.leso):(144(10:45-1:3P:',(,....,5, .0. os e 4...e, sty:4, 2,, N.,,,1,4' ,gp 5.4,44.0,'CA6 6)1'.9 ,c,(5 4% O eZ5\,,,,tridePo.1.,.4(5,1,'otéb,,,, e6o'$,.-0:5.0,,,,,,,4sz,1- V d.. /s,, o 'd' e á 410:zcs z,er s.6, O P t, ko .1. A)4z,,, \e' ty0O <2 4V, '»¢i> 'a,,,,0,rte'_öie el, 4b 20 o 01, ,P e, , ...> s e,e 04, 0..,.,0 -). e t. 4' -07.:9'q%, 4,0 ,'''''N` teke'"se N, I '14 ,,1,,c 45>. 4se.4, ''ti>IV( 4P 4c..'.4.sPo:$'1,q Y. k°P >;$ 6.ye 4° e.§°,z1Vib-o.a4s" z5.05r, # '1i, , 4"0. v.

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. 11I It:::1 11" OREGON ALMANAC. 43 Oregon the heaviest rainfall at any point now irrigated in Oregon, the increase in the United States is believed to for the past 10 years being 77%, accord- occur. (Glenora, 135.3 inches.) ing to the U. S. census. Only 11.3% qf Our streams can thus be used for both this increase in irrigated acreage has power and irrigation without serious been due to the U. S. Reclamation Act, conflict. the Carey Act, the Irrigation District Owing to the uneven distribution of Law, and private capital operating on rainfall, irrigation in many districts is a large scale, as compared" with 81.7%, absolutely essential for those crops which was accomplished through indi- which, like grain, cannot be produced vidual or co-operative enterprise. The by dry farming methods. This uneven- acre cost of construction increased from ness of rainfall is illustrated by the total $5.00 to 815.00 during this period. Many annual rainfall at Glenora, 135.3; Port- attractive openings for individual effort land, 45.1; Government Can*, 904; The in the construction of small, projects Dalles, 15.0; Umatilla, 8.3 inches, as must, therefore, still remain. ahown by the United States records, each Value of WaterDry farmirtg land is point being approximately 50 Miles east worth from 85.00 to $25.00 per acre but of the point mentioned previously. with water, it is worth from $75.60 to For years irrigation in the Willamette 8500.00 per acre. The question of legal Valley has not been 'considered necessary, title to water is therefore a most im- but owing to the great variation in sea- portant matter. Before investing in a sonal precipitation (Spring 23.5%, Sum- water right in any state one should first mer 6.6%, Fall 26.6% and Winter 43.3%), inquire if the laws of that state give one it is now considered beneficial for certain adequate protection. crops, as during the Summer only about Water LawsOregon leads her neigh- three inches of precipitation occurs on boling states in the protection granted the average. water users. Her laws are recommended In general, irrigation is necessary for by "The Outlook," published in New diversified farming in Eastern and South- York, as a model for other states. In ern Oregon. A total of 686,129 acres is three years' time, complete determina-

PER CENT OF NUMBER OF FARMS IRRIGATED. 1Per meter the state,14.7.] 44' ' OREGON ALMANAC. SVPIMARY OP CAREY AOT (IRRIGATION) LANDS IN OREGON. Segregated by United. States and Contracts Executed Between Company and Board. Annual Name of Company. Location. Acre. byLien Board. Fixed 141inte'mina ' Remarks.' (Per Acre) Deschutes Reclamation & Irrigation Co Crook County.. 1,280 35,000 50o Gravity system from Des- - chutes nver. Central Oregon Irrigation ., . Co Crook County.. 139,204.83 32.50 per , waste acre. . 840 per irrigable acre. 80o Gravity system front Des- ehuteanver. Central Oregon Irrigation ^ Co Crook County.. 74,198.02 $2.50 per waste acre. ' 880 per irrigable acre. OmvitY system from Des- - hutesnver and storage in G'reme Prairie reservoir. Deschutes Land Co Crook and Itle. . math Counties 81.082.21 338.Sore. 50e Gritvity system from Des- chutes river and storage in Crescent lake. Desert Land Board Crtiok County. 27,004.83 Attempt now being made (Laidlaw Prole:et.) to reMganize this project on 3141W and firm basis. Portland Irrigation Co .. .. Lake County... '12,037.54 8553,724-54 81.00 Gravity system from Che- (Northwest Townsite Co.) . waucan'river and storage .. in reservoir. Powder Land lit Irrigation . Co Baker County.. 43,033.54 84,388,020 81.00 Gravity system from Pow- dér nverandother streama , and atorage in Thief Val- . ley. and Balm Creek reser- VOWS. Completed Projects. Lands all Deeded by State. Milne of 'Couipany. Location. Acres. Remarks. Brownell Desert Reclam- ation Association ..... Umatilla Co.... 240 Gmvity system from Uroatilla river. Total under contract with the 'United States 327,840,77 acres. Applications for Segregation Under Carey Act Now Pending Before general Land Office. Neme of Coropany. Location. Acres., Jordan Valley Irrigation Co ALliieur County 37,870:79 Harper Valley Irrigation Co Malwur Clounty 14,633,11 astern Oregon Irrtgation Co Baker County 21,624.46 owder Land & Irngation Co Baker County, 1,356.15 ,Deschutss Irrigation & Power Co Crook County 12,470.23 Warner Lake Irrigation Co Barney and Lake Counties 79,602.12 Total 167,656.88 TEMPORARY WITHDRAWALS. (Under the Act of Maréh 15, 1910.) Narita of Company. Location. Aarga.

Dosed Land Board Crook County 4,761.55 Central Oregon Irrigatitm Co Crook County 160.00 Total 4,921 .56 Gmnd Total of lands affected by the Carey Act 500,319.19 Only, one project has land now open for entry and sale: The Central Oregon Irrigation Company, oft Deschutes, Oregon. Totalaoreage in pmieot, 139,204.63. Sales approved by Desert Land Board, up to Cet- i ober 1, 1912, 61,49748 acres. Additional area now open to entry and sale, 16,115.13 acres. Construotion work on north canal, last big =alto complete pmieet, commtmeed in .April, 1912. October 1, 1912, 64 per tent of the work neeessary to completothe diversion dam and the firist mile and a half of canal (concrete lined with carrybriaptioley of 1,000 decond feat) had been completed by the company. OREGON ALMANAC. 45 tions have been made by the state's and on any adjudicated stream the state water board of 965 rights, which were tmdertakes, through the employment of initiated prior to the adoption of the water meters, to see that stored water new law, and all of which have been con- is delivered, no matter what the size of firmed by the courts without a single the reservoir or its distance from the appeal to the Supreme Court. Adjudi- land may be. This opens up a new field cations are well under way on 25 com- for investment. plete stream systems, including all trib- Water PowerOregon has 3,317 000 utaries. The most important of these undeveloped water horsepoWer, accord- are the Umatilla, Grande Ronde; Pow- ing to the best available information. der, Siivies, Crooked, Chewaucan and To produce this power, which is now Rogue rivers; Willow creek in Malheur going to waste in the streams of Oregon County, Willow creek in Morrow County every year, by steam engines, would and Squaw and Turns.lo creeks in Crook require the consumptien of 56,000,000 County. Old rights which have been' tons of coal annually, at an average cost adjudicated have an increased value, of $4.00 per ton, or $224,000,000. The due to the fact that definite record evi- lack of cheap cal in Oregon is there- dence of title can be quickly obtained fore no serious handicap. In fact, this and without cost. "white eoal" is a greater asset than its In three years new rights have been equivalent in black coal, if the recent initiated, by applications to the State ) unprecedented development in Norway Engineer, in which the estimated cost and Sweden, due to abundant and cheap of the proposed works exceeds $32,000,000. water power, is any guide. This shows confidence in our water U. S. Consul T. H. Norton, of Ger- laws. many, states in the Consular reports that Storage rights are equally protected "in Sweden the cost per annual horse-

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0.11/7vr el CDo 09 DEVELOPED AND UNDEVELOPED WATER POWERS OF OREGON CD CD to CO e4.. go 4 CD PREPARED BVTNE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEP'T.- 0 2 to CD 0;iCrrr. re"P " OR EGON AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE 40eN '019 o oso 1403 o *5 OAP 127000 5 :cpu_f2 i-3E1 éia opo°6 0,660° 9 PO' rl 4:1:0 4.00 g CD 0 , 4,3po Dos 0 CD 0 p4A0 \ :3914 r g gag Is, k '04°' ' ' 92 .Ni ;44rRowLiUMATrUj..,, 6, 344? i'l(11-r ';";T.'. 214 4 Ocrs6oe r";' L AR40. , 0100ot368' - 43;._I,ap- pats . "tt 240 ILL IAM-'!' I.JKIION'' ,t,LC LAP< AmAwe '/' 'i S,._ ..15 O Cr GO< ' i CD ed: L Ster"E; Ft. C 0 ti --.400_ i-:000 CD o a4 0 000sft: co 5 575 , 040.--.05- -,--,,,, .Ttr g 8...6 ,J o tr' o P CD #2,5 ° citt>14 82° 5 Vas kiO4 0 a' "It:rtzeCn 51 L. 1 N 1\1 !WHEELER ;Leo gz. '-- S40 J. l201 L. ,G 1R ,,,,1\17-,t(z) 0.0 P4500 P3610 o g o ---I____I ,,,..0,z_ t r15.4 A:0MP, c P246000R 00 K ssia° o 5.8 L' 15* 4 PV' )-35,0 ,1 tl-'-' 4 ° o Eg I521: I-1 ... o P18500 . 0 lo.'1*'110 c°. 4 --1 rcD :t Im:ALH it° Cirto 5.1 206, p52500 `. CD z.; NTRAILd ' 8 :6-1...--.7,1 b5 UDNEvD EELE LpOEPDE D POWER IPDS 2374 IGL A S-* 4 El P" 4auv (1-1DREG o = ,. cr, TOTAL UNDEVELOPED 3,352,1101P *1 g E '1'41 41) l'r (.0 e+ tIl P. P p 13 00 TOTAL DEVELOPED 117,8701P .-1 CD .1- r I t7-.g .4 Alab, 0- g P-. FIE LI A K E LHARNEY *1 (.., 0 , `gor A MAT F-71 0/ byCql 'c'i't*Tlil:r P33, co .. g 0146 4 co o o AN'HINE 5 tc ia. 0 m C>.1 -0/3845 AMO .0 g 0w 0 961* 0c+- to C) 5f--- 0 DO 4 :1 40 8 .±11. rá PI i icrq to" OREGON ALMANAC. 47 from $40.00 to $180.00 per horsepower prominence, as with the openimg of the per annum, depending upon the size of Panama Canal, the problem of shipping the plant. (Coal $4.00 per ton.) heavy freight to Atlantic markets, as Cheap water power may be used in well as the labor problem, will be solved. pulp and paper factories, fertilizer plants Detailed InformatIonThose desir- (extracting nitrogen from the air by an ing further information relative to Ore- electric process), aluminum, iron, steel, gon s water resources should address the copper, carbortmdum and carbide works, State Engineer, Salem, Oregon. Bul- and in many chemical, processes. Many letin No. 2 on "The Oregon System of industries might well utilize our timber Water Titles," will be mailed upon re- and other abundant raw material as quest. The State Engineer will aluso well as our water power. The production furnish general information as to the of pig iron from low grade ores in Sweden amount of unappropriated water in any by electrical processes is now a commer- particular streani under investigation. cial success. Some general information as to large Oregon in the near future should be water power projects will also be fur- a manufacturing center of considerable nished. FISHING INDUSTBY OF OREGON. By R. E. CLANTON, Master Fish Warden. Protected and fostered by a code of and this plant alone, with its auxiliary laws which is as loyally observed by the feeding and nursery ponds Avill be fishing interests as it is rigidly enforced capable of handling 30,000,600 salmon by the authorities, the salmon industry fry. per year, besides the hatching and has developed into one of the most stable carmg for upwards of 5,000,000 trout eggs of the leading industries of the state and per season. Of the $8,000,000 revenue is productive of a substantial revenue realized from the salmon industry during which is annually on the increase The the past year does not include hundreds total salmon product of the coast streams and thousands of tons of rush which were and of the Columbia river, the past yeax locally consumed and of which no records represented a total value of apprmdmate- are available and at least $5,000,000 was ly $6,000,000. The number of yotmg fry returned for the product sold out of the liberated from the state hatcheries state. in the streams tributary to the Coll umbia river during the 1911-1912 Halibut, Oysters, Clams, Etc. season was 131871,000. The number of While the shell fish (including oysters, fry liberated in the coast streams was crabs, etc.) industry ha,s been flour- 15,995,028. The operations in the twelVe ishingalongclams' the Oregon coast for a number hatcheries of the state during the pa,st of years and is productive of considerable year (1911) have been the most success- revenue, recent investigations have ful in the history of the industry and brought about the discovery of greater the turning out of approximately. 30,- possibilities in the oyster industry along 000,000 young salmon fry is the record the coast, to the development of which for one season. As a result of scientific the State Fish and Game Commission investigation and experimentation on are turning their attention, afid which the part of the State Fish and Game gives promise of excellent results within Commission, a systematic method of a few years. It has also been known for retaining and feeding the young fry, by years that immense halibut "banks" the aid of a series of feeding and thinning exist along the entire coast of Oregon, ponds, was adopted for the first time the extent Of which has never been sur- this year. Under this plan the young fish veyed, but known to exceed 700 square are held until they have reached an oge miles. No effort heret of ore has and size sufficient to protect themselves been made to develop this industry. from their predatory enemies before The State Fish and Game Commission, being turned out into the streams on howevert have recently taken the matter the way to the ocean, and it has proven up and will devote their energies toward most successful. The Bonneville hatchery, the early development of this industry, on the Columbia river, in Multnomah by urging state and government aid in se- County, is the laxgest.plant of the kind curing surveys and charts of the great in the world. It is equipped with central banks, which will in time prove a pro- electric apliaratus f or grmding and retorts lific producer of revenue to the state for cooking the food for the young fry, and the people. - OREGON ALMANAC. TELVIBER IN OREGON. One-Fifth of All in United States. More than one-fifth of the standing tiznber in the United States is in Oregon. Standing timber, in Oregon : 496,048,000,000 feet IMIN111111111- Standing timber in the 'United States : 2,240,000,000,000 feet This lumber, sawed, at the rate of $10.00 per thousab.d feet, will sell for $4,960,480,000, a sum over five times the National debt.

TIMBER ACREAGE IN OREGON.

In Foreat Privately COUNTY Total: Reserves. Owned.

Baker 691,640 451,540 240,000 Benton' 120,800 640 120,160 Chicks me s 660,815 566,655 94,280 Clatsop 500,000 500,000 Columbia 222,000 222,000 ¿ow. 253,270 100,270 158,000 Crook 2,024,231 1,194,221 830,000 Curry 818,703 618,703 200,000 Douglas 2,419,384 919,384 1,500,000 Grant 1,882,988 1,432,988 450,000 Barney 585,317 485,817 150,000 Vood 'River 238,762' 188,782 50,000 Jackson 1,276,908 428,906 850,000 Josephine 970,104 870,104 600,000 Ightmath 1,528,079 1,020,079 600,000 Lake 1,849,989 1,149,969 500,000 Lane 2,618,214 1,368;874 1,249,840 Lincoln 493,265 118,265 376,000 Linn 821 009 421,099 400,000 Malheur 1251599 599 125,000 Marion 898,044 198,044 200,000 Morrow 117,938 117,936 MUltnomah 85,756 25,755 60,000 Polk 162,720 2,720 150,000 Tillamook 679,718 79,718 500,000 yzntilla 533,079 433,079 100,000 739,278 489,278 250,000 Wallowa 1,563,981 1,113,981 , 450,000 WILSCO 822,030 197,030 125,000 Washington 167,000 167,000 4- Wheeler 413,724 163,724 ,40,000 83,161 8,151 j6,000

Total 25,049,441 13,613,181 11,43%260

Norm.-A considerable proportion of the Indian Reserves and almost the entire area of the National Park, are timber landa, making approximately 800,080 acres not included in the above. There are alao 358,368 acres within the Forest Reserves, upon which homestead entries or locations are pending acillnUca- . lion by the Forestry Department, of which a large percentage is timbered lands not inducted in the above. For Forest Reserve area of state, by counties and by reserves, see tables on pages 00 and 53. OREGON ALMANAC. 49

LTIMBERING AND FORESTRY IN OREGON. By. GEORGE M. CORNWALL, Editor The Timberman, Portland, Oregon. The state of Oregon contains approid- including lumber, sash and doors boxes, mately, 496,048,000,000 feet of standing .oles and piling, approximated 40,000,- timber, or an amount equal to one-fifth PI 1. With the building of new railroads" of the standing timber of the Tinited to traverse the timber belts of Western States. The principal species are Dons and gastern Oregon, a,nd the improve- las fir (Oregon pixie), spruce, heroine ment of her ports, Oregon will within the red and Port Orford cedar, sugar an next fifteen years probably be the largest yellow pine. The yellow pine is the pre- producer of lumber of any state in the dominating species of the section lying 1Jnion. East of the Cascade range. The abundant rainfall and deep riCh The cut of lumber in Oregon in 1911 soil of Western Oregon insures .the best approximated 2,000,00%000 feet. possible condition for reforestation. The There are 16,014,219 acres of land present average grovrth of fir timber lying within the National Forests, of lying. West of the Cascades, now being which it is estimated 2,401,039 are held cut, 113 probably about 400 years. With by private interests through variotis suppression of fires, Nature) tmassisted, titles. It is estimated the timber hold- will do her own reforesting and thus in- ings of the Government aggregate sure a perpetual crop o/ timber. Legis- over 136,488,000,000 feet. lation bearing on forest protection is Las year 21,286 carloads of lumber propessive and earnestly enforced. were shipped to various states in the The organization of voluntary forest Union and in Canada; the total cargo tire patrols by individual owners, co- shipments were 583,927,594 feet. The operating with state and federal author- remaining output of the millsv.v,as cop, ities has done much to safeguard the Burned locally. The lumber mdustry timlier of Oregon from destructive forest is yet in its infancy.. fires, thus effectually protecting the The value of the entire lumber prOduct, state's most valuable asset.

SOME FOREST FAOTS OF OREGON. ZFrom report of Oregon 'Conservation Commission, 1912.) Oregon stands fourth in the list of of the value of its product than any other lumber producing states, having ad- industry: vanced from twenty-third place RI the The last cenius shows that out of 55 last ten years. manufacturing establishments in Oregon The last census shows 34,722 Roo* employing over 100 wage earners, 33 engaged in manufacturing industries in were engaged in the lumber industry. Oropon, of which 16,833., or 50%, are Oregon's timber pays a large part of em eyed by the lumber mdustry. the taxes of the state; in some cotraties Out of a population of 672,765 people the bulk of them. in Oregon, 84)000, or one-eighth of the Eighty per cent of our outgoing freight total population, is directly dependent is lumber. upon 'the lumber industry. No other Oregon has one-fifth of the standing manufacturing industry in the state timber in the 'United States, or 545,800,- employs one-tenth as many men as this 000,000 board feet. (Includes some wood- one. , land area not embraced in statistics Oregon's mill' s in 1910 cut 2,084,633,000 compiled by Oregon Immigration Com- board feet of lumber, 3,19,894,000 shingles mission.) and 190,660,000 lath. The value of this standing timber is The value of the above was 830,200,000, not lesa than 8680,000,000, and when or 32.5%of the total:value of manufact- manufactured it will bring into it, e state ured products in the state. for circulation at least $6,822,, Over 870,000 of outside money is each Already the revenue derived from day brought into Oregon by the lumber Oregon's timber exceeds that from industry. wheat, fruit, vegetables and fish com- Over, 80% of the value of Oregon's bined, and cutting has hardly begun. timber products is paid out for labor, Oregon's timber area is approximatoly taxes, rent, etc. The lumber industrY 25,000,000 acres of which abeut one-half pays out for wages a greater proportion is publicly and one-half prierately owned. 50 OREGON ALMANAC.

TIMMER IN OREGON. (In Board Measure Feet.) Privately Owned.

COUNTY. Aetna. Feet,

Baker 240,000 18,000,000,000 Benton 120,180 .8,000,000,000 Clackamas 94,260 10,000,000,000 Clatsop 500,000 20,000,000,000 Columbia 222,000 10,000,000,000 Coos 153,000 50,000,000,000 Crook 830,000 7,000,000,000 Curry 200,000 10,000,000,080 Douglas 1,500,000 40,000,000,000 Grant 450,000 2,500,000,000 Harney 150,000 10,000,000,000 Hood River 50,000 1,000,000,000 Jackson ..7. 850,000. 22,000,000,000 Josephine 800,000 9,000,000,000 Klamath 500,000 20,000,000,1200 Lake 500,000 10,000,000,000 Lane 1,249,840 50,000,000,000 Lincoln 375,000 15,000,000,000 Linn .400,000 10,090,000,000 Malheur 125,000 1,000,000,000 Marion 200,000 5,000,000,000 Multnomah 80,000 1,500,000,000 Polk 150,000 10,000,000,000 Tillamook 500,000 40,000,000,000 Umatilla 100,000 1,000,000,000 Union 250,000 2,000,000,000 Wallowa 450,000 55.000,000,000 Waseo 125,000 1,000,000,000 Washington 187, 1.I1 5,000,000,000 Wheeler 250, IA I 2,000,000,000 Yamal 75,000 1,500,000,000 Total 11,436,280 357,000,000,000 In National Forest Reserves.

RESERVE. Forest Ana-Acres. Feet.

Cascade 1,019,404 25,000,000,000 Crater 750,140 9,873,000,000 Deschutes 831,667 4,500,000,000 Fremont.. 779,779 7,000,000,000 Malheur 1,060,546 6,682,000,000 Minam 400,000 1,875,009,000 Oahoco 731,912 5,600,000,000 Oregon 7,030,596 14,000,000,000 Pauline, 1,099,312 1,983,000,000 &anti= 595,540 10,000,000,000 Siskiyou 1,008.121 14,000,000,000 Umpqua 952,633 18,000,000,000 Siuslaw 545,003 2,000,000,000 Umatilla 487;310 2,680,000,000 Wallowa 1,013,847 8,675,000,000 Wenaha 420,692 5,200,000,000 Whitman 878,118 4,500,000,000

Total 13,813,181 186,488,000,000

Acres. Feet. Timber privately owned 11,438,280 357,000,000,000 Timber in National Forest Reserves 13,613,181 138,488,000,000 Timber in NatiOnal Parks and Indian Reserves 800,000 - 2,580,000,000 Grand Total 25,849,441 496,048,000,000

These totals do not include brush, wooded lote or rais' cellaneous forest not merchantable timber. OREGON ALMANAC. 51 STANDING TIMBER IN OREGON, 496,048,000,000 FEET. Cut bato lumber, this timber would fill 413,373 trains of 60 cars each or 24,802,400 carloads.

'CS ZIKV r5_ z- ..(1) 4111 I.373 TRAINS 60 CARS EACH

24, 802,41. 00 CARLOADS

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'OVNVIII7V NODSZO gg OREGON ALMANAC .

'OREGON'S NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES. The total area of all lands within the ernment from this source 25% of the net limits of National Forest Reserves in receipts is paid into the state treasury the state of Oregon is 16,014,219 acres. for apportionment among the counties of Of this area 2,042,671 acres are in private the state, in which forest reserves exist, ownership and 358,368 acres are penditt, for the benefit of the public schools and entry and adjudication before the U. S. roads, and 10% is expended for the im- Forestry Bureau, leaving a net area of provement of roads within the reserves. public lands within the reserves of Grazing privileges for stock is also per- 13,613,181 acres. Some of this land is mitted by the Forest Service upon the suitable for agzicultural purposes, and, reserves, for which a graduated scale when it is proven that the land is more of fees is chargtd per based upon valuable for agricultural than for forestry the year long rate of 45season' to 50 cents per purposes, it will be admitted to home- head for cattle, 56 to 65 cents for horses, stead entry by the Forestry Service. 25% to 40% less than the cattle rate for All lands which have been cleared of swine, and, when the quality of range their merchantable timber and are more and advantages for grazing cattle and valuable for agricultural than reforests, sheep or goats are equal, the year long tion purposes, are open to homestead rate for sheep and goats is 15 to 16 cents entry and every encouragement is given per head. The year long grazing rate by the government to the settlement is higher on the coast forests because and improvement of same. The total of. better growth and comparatively timber content of the National Forest longer seasons. The state also receives Reserves in Oregon aggregates 136,488,- 25% of the net revenue from this source, 000,000 feet, board measure, which which is apportioned among the counties being sold by the government at an and applied in the same manner as in. average of between $2.50 and $3.00 per the case of the timber sales fundand 10% thousand feet, according ' to ' the -Value of the,net receipts is applied to improve- of the varieties of the timber. Of the ment of roa.ds within the reserves. The amount of revenue received by the gov- gross receipts from timber sales within

NATIONAL FOREST RESERVES. (Listed 14 Reserves). Showing Total Acreage Area of Each Reserve and, Alienated Lands Erabraced Each, Classified as to Lands Upon Which Final Certificate, Patent or , Grant Has Been Issued; Pending Entries or Locations, and Net Acreage Public Lands in Reserves. . Total Final Cert. Pencling Net Area Reserve. ' Reserve Patent or Entries or Land in Area. Grant. Locations. Reserve. Cascade 1,097.700 71,047 7,249 1,919,404 Crater 1,019,400 224,429 44,831 750,148 Deschutes 942,020 92,979 17,374 831,687 Fremont 852,000 66,452 5,759 779,779 Malheur 1,262,840 189,326 12,969 1,069,546 / Minant ., 448,330 44,412 8,255 I 400.663 Ochoco 819,030 83,348 4,670 731,012 Oraron. , , 1,141.120 103,291 7,233 1,030,596 Pauline L333,860 222,561 11,487 1.099.312 Santiam 710,170 112,040 2,590 895,540 Siskiyou 1,287,990 93,683 , 186,186 1,008,121 Siuslaw ...... , .... 821,000 248,385 27,612 845,003 Umpqua 1,103,439 235,004 8,712 952,633 1Jmatilla i 566920 77,618 1,892 487,810 Wallowa 1,097,670 70,204 13,819 1,013,647 Wenaha 472,000 40,653 1,656 820,692

Whitman. 1 949,230 . 67,049 4,065 878,116 16,014,219 2,612,671 358,368 18,613,181

Compiled from records on file in Department of United States District Forester, Portland. Grego, rt. For tamberea area of stab% reserved end Lis private ownership, and timber contenta or same, by counties and in reserves, MO tables pages 48,49 and 50. 54 OREGON ALMANAC. the reserves in Oregon, July 1, 1911, to and each succeeding year for each net June 30, 1912, amounted to $59,498.45, electrical horsepower for a term of not and for grazing privileges on the reserves, to exceed 50 years, with privilege ot ,244.09, making a grand total of renewal at expiration of penod covered $147,742.54. The number of cattle by the permit. Tlirough government and grazed on the forest reserves in Oregon state co-operation and the rigid enforce- during the fiscal year period ending ment of protective laws and a systematic June 30, 1912, WAS 82,344; horses, 11,380; and effective organization of forest sheep, 855)439; goats, 9; hogs, 74. There patrolz the danger from fires has been are also immensC water power advan- matenally redueed and all public in- tages in the national forests, which is terests within the reserves are carefully being conserved for the benefit of the conserved. For any information desired public, and title to which is never trans- regarding the Forest Service policy ferred outright to individuals or cor- within the reserves, or regulations con- porate interests. Development and util- cerning grazing, timber or power utili- ization privileges of the water power zation,permits address George H. Cecil, resources of the forest reserves will be U. S. District Forester for the District granted by the Forest Service, the an- of Oregon, Beck Building, Portland, nual charges forj same, based upen the Oregon. net electrical horsepower capacity, rang- For table showing acrea.ge in the several ing from 10 cents per horsepower for forest reserves in Oregon, by counties and the fust year and rising upon a graduated by reserves and amount of standing annual scale to $1.00 for the tenth year timberin each, see below and on page 50.

FOREST RESERVES IN ACRES, LISTED-BY COUNTIES, TULY 1, 1912. Showing Status of Lands Embraced Within National Reserve Limits: Total Area by Counties; Total Area Upon Which Final Certificate, Patent or Grant has been Issued; Pencling Entries and Net Area by Counties. Total Final Cert. Pending Ent. Total Net County. Reserve Patent or "Reserve Ares. or Grant. Locations. Ares. Baker 517,618 60,953 5,125 451,540 Benton 800 160 640 Clackamas 621,910 54,200 1,095 566,555 Clatsop Columbia Coos 150,323 28,670 21,383 190,270 Crook 1,352,260 136,625 214404 1,194,231 Curry 702,361 34,973 48,085 618.703 Douglas 1,170,253 236,853 14,018 919,384 Gilliam Grant 1,680,893 233,214 14,681 1,432,968 Ile.rnev 472,023 36,226 480 435,317 Hood haver 212,248 19,388 4,098 188,762 Jackson 659,361 194,544 37,911 426,908 Josephine 534,247 53,074 111,069 370,104 Klamath , 1,252,314 222,730 9,505 1,020,079 Lake 1,262,027 98,227 13,831 1,140,969 Lano 1,594,776 208,509 17,823 1,368,374 Lincoln 176,586 53,443 5,878 118,265 Linn 519,214 97,705 409 421,029 Malheur 599 599 Marion 211,530 13,486 198,044 Morrow 152,814 34,607 271 117,936 Multnonaah 38,798 13,043 25,755 Polk 11,520 8,800 2,720 Tillamook 112,345 30,571 2,056 79,718 Umatilla 480,190 44,815 2,296 433,079 Union 530,915 31,030 607 489,278 Wallowa 1,202,380 73,564 /4,835 1,113,281 %see 215,670 16,600 2,040 197,030 Washington Wheeler 178,348 14,524 163.724 Ysmhill 9,898 1,745 8,151

Total . 16,014,219 2.042,570 358,368 13.613,181 Cennpiled from records on file in Department of United States District Forester, Portland, Oregon. OREGON 4LMANAC.

MANUFACTURING IN OREGON. By W. H. McMoisnms, President Oregon Manufacturers' Association. Oregon's inanufacttuing industries are Flour and [gristmill products rank gairung in importance each year. They second in importance in the state. In are producing approximately $100,000,000 1909 they had an aggregate value of worth of manufactured products annually, $9,000,000. The business has ' almost and yet Oregon has just started as a doubled since then. The "water level" manufacturing state. haul down the Columbia is making Port- Oregon has nearly 2,500 manufacturing land a great *heat center. It exports establishments of all sorts, giving em- more wheat than any other port in the ployment to 40,000, people, who earn $26,- United States. 000,000 a year. In 1909 Oregon's factories Dairy products are worth many mil- utilized raw products valued at $42,- lion dollars each year and the industry 500,000. is merely in its infancy. The state's greatest industry is lumber More than $5,000)000 has been invested and timber, Oregon ranking ninth among in the meat packmg industry in Port- the states in the total cut of rough land in the last three years, and this is lumber in 1909. This industry alone a business that is gainmg in importance gave employment to 16,000 men, or each year. two-fifths of the factory hands in the Oregon ranks high ab a wool producing state. Allied to the timber industry is state, and in a few years her nvers will the furmture raanufacttinng business, give support to many. woo/en mills. Native timber, together with foreign Wool which is now going East to be hardwoods that are unloaded from ves- scoured will be cleaned here and then sels in Portland harbor, give Oregon worked into various useful products. furniture manufacturers a variety of Oregon has the best water in the United wood to select from and permit them to States for scouring wool ,Eight woolen compete with Eastern manufacturers, mills are in operation in the state.

SUMMARY OF OREGON INDUSTRIES. (U. S. Census me.)

Num- 'WAGE EARNERS. warns or ram:mars. ber of INDUSTRY. estab- Per cent Per cent 118h- A verage - tostri- Amount. distai- ments. number' bution. . button All Industries 2,248 28,750 100.0 03,005,000 100.0 Lumber and timber protluots 713 15,066 52.4 20,200,000 32.6 Flour-mill and gristmill products 114 394 1.4 8,891,000 9.6 Slaughtering and meat packing' 14 368 1.3 5,880,000 6.3 Printing and publishing 324 1,469 5.1 5,041,000 5.4 Butter, cheese, and condensed.milk 96 420 1.5 4,920,000 5.3

Canning and preserving 71 681 2.3 3,207,000 3.4 Foundry and machine-shop products 82 1,055 3.7 3,135,000 3.4 Bread and other bakery products 151 813 2.1 2,829,000 3.0 Liquors, malt 18 204 0.7 1,857,000 2.0 Leather goods 48 353 1.2 1,629,000 1.8 Copper,tin, and sheet-iron products 39 431 1.5 1,611,000 1.7 Confectionery 19 283 1.0 1,215,000 1.3 Cars and general ahop .construction and repairs by steani-raiiroari companies 8 777 2.7 1,163,000 1.2 Clothing, men's, including shirts 5 544 1.9 1,103,000 1.2 Furniture and refrigerators 19 552 1.9 1,094,000 1.2. Woolen, worsted, and felt goods, and wool hats 8 489 1.6 929,000 1.0 Brick and tile 61 385 1.3 875,000 0.7 Shipbuikling including boat building 24 212 0.7 477,000 0.6 Tobacco manufacturers 56 ig 0.13 474,000 0.5 Stoves and furnaces, including gas and oil stoves 11 0.3 351,000 0.4 6fattresses and spring.beds r 83 0.3 350,000 0.4 6farble and stone work 23 78 0.3 297,000 0.3 ice, manufactured 25 89 0.2 257,000 0.3 Leather, tanned, curried, and finished 8 49 0.2 244,000 0.8 All other industries 303 3,958 13.8 15,174,000 15.3 APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF MI NERALS IN pREGON spi go et- et- pi CLATS0Pr ".1 ?"' PREPARED BY THE MIN I NG DEPARTMENT. IIIMBIAGSIOAIP OR EGON AGR !CULTURAL COL-LEGE r*i v4.'" 'AYPAseir '777 *147 GRAN/TE ' 00 D U M AT I LLA \ WALLOWA lb* 0 111;,RIVER L 4=w, I AL Di. CmOvPPER j V) ,(01 CO AL "-.fr.,,,,,,EA, 0 S ER 1"g- ROW rfrNeAsoAPsrrej(COPPER PLA77NOM GRANITE. M uNio e4 Ps E. -4 LÁCK AM 477- iILLIA GOLDZKSILVERFL\.-4r,.,,,E57°.,W ra PLATINUM CY to - IcgotABAD,,7.1 Nt, _ -7-- V, GRANIT.S_I^N_ GOLD L K ( iWA SC 0 t COAL o :roe. VOLD .--' .4NTNIONY coPPER ' 5' , CO'CaP ' CO' 7./.. I GOLD & SILVER 2+ a CM -1WHEELER I CD EA, c,: E e- .0, COPPER GYPSUM ri GOLD 1 cozo -COPPER II ER 0. 0 NTO4c) L. IGZ N Si) P.NIESTONEE R ,-, LtS/IVER laRANT IGRAitorEatiosravE g o W0/NG sroivElA tv4f 1,, '574 VER I COAL GOZO SILVERI Z-- -Th co 'LIMESTONE GOLD " g 8 2 c4faivil SILVERNNwa.comalZ-___,- BO---j-----"-----,Ti: . PHI TE g CD A.... A -i-i I- C R SILVER, GYPSUM. P21 at PAWN 0 0 K LIRON, SANDSTONE J pL47-mpl AND =---, ...- 1 QC,NeRS/tvER 4 , --,, :....P ,, GOtD GOLD&SILVER ,---/...-:$ B /LVER aptAaAn ON/c/rsizvER r ., GOLD f_4E44'51.-;:to (SANDSTONE , . ' ) 15 4. --'3 C ....LIMESTONE1 1% co ._-_,. t ANCHEL INIALH -a _cOAL ,-..:.:,. COBALT //vrosORIAL EARTH G040 A..1 to It) 0 U O L A S a NT111411 ati oGOLO <--,---, = Osttve:Fr -J 0 SILVER ERE aON 1-1 \COPPER MI N-E-RALS E48-4 IVIDINGSTONErco,olaiEAr OPAL . sroNe SODA 4 \Aim - ...4WD MAROLE HARNEY' ---- COAL g% soDA L- A K E L,_ BORAX . AssEsT0s1 BORAX NITER' g G's'§ C2,44,- S.We A M Al 7H-1 ' 7-1 5"1. p, rtHE -SERPENTINE BORAX , ' Af /TER POTASH °Porn INTER POTASH , COAL o cot° Linn , JACKS° N I q, I ' t z POTAsiy ' 1 to aav.e kry15.14. 1:4: I CD 5 - av,, L/MESTONE I - . . A XI J.A.2.2f.t.0A adittlai, Got° sr savea g E 0 .44...... E.0.21;: GOL tO - Z.' Z.- COPPER mMg 0 g o a-, fa,-; pa OREGON ALMANAC. 57

A BRIEF OUTLINE OF OltEGON'S MINERAL INDUSTRY. By PROFESSOR H. M. PARKS, Bureau of Mines, Oregon Agricultural College. The annual mineral production of the state of Oregcm is now passing Oregon now amounts approximately ,to through a transitional period between $4,000,000, an exceptional showing when the placer and the quartz mining stage, we consider that Oregon has spent las an incident in the history of most minmg effort in developing her mineral resources countries. The placer production for than any state west of the Rocky moun- a number of years has been diminishing, tains. The products, in their order of while the production from the quartz portance, are: Building stone and clay. mines is increasing, until in 1910, the products; the metals, gold, silver and deep mine production exceeded the placer copper; sand and gravel, coal, mineral production. Development work on deep awaters and Fypsum. mines in a few localities has been going There is just now exceptional oppor- on steadily for the past few years, with ttmity for profitable investment in the result that Oregon now has a number plents producing clay products, cement of well developed properties which ivill and building stone. The consumption very materially increase the gold proof these products within the state duction of the state inside of two years. enormously exceeds the state's produc- The two most impcirtant metal milling tion. These structural materials are districts in the state are the Eastern constantly imported into the state, en- Oregon Mining District, whioh com- tailing large waste in transportation prises the counties of Baker, Crook, charges. Grant, Harney, Malheur, Umatilla, The aggregate value of the mine pro-, Union, Wallowa and Wheeler, Baker duction of gold, silvér and copper in County being the most productive in Oregon in 1910 was $700,676. The pro- the state; a,nd the Southwestern Mining duction was derived from 180 mines; of District, comprising the counties of which 116 were placers and 64 quartz Josephine, Jackson, Lane, Douglas, Coos mines. The metal mining industry in and Curry.

TRANSPORTATIONRAILROADS AND WATER. By E. C. GILTNER, Secretary Porthmd Chamber of Commerce. For such a large state, containing out the year between Portland and San 95,607 square miles of territory (over Francisco and between Portland and 61,000,000 acres), and having a popula- Oregon shore ports as fax south as the 1 tion of about 700,000, Oregon is well Coquille river. provided with transportation facilities. It is not beyond the probabilities that The second greatest river in the the Columbia river will be opened into United States is the border line between Ca,nadian territory in time, as the Oregon and Washington and boats go Canadian Government is mvestigating from Portland to The Dalles, 200 miles at considerable expense their end of such inland, during the entire year, and be- a project. yond The Dalles as far as Priest Rapids The following railway lines, given in in Washington, and Lewiston, Idaho, on alphabetical order, protde excellent a branch of the Columbia, excepting transportation facilities throughout the about 90 days in the winter, owing to atate to the points mentioned therein, the low stage of water. and by consultation with the railroa,d Lines operate on the Willamette river map of Oregon on page 38, the territory throughout the year to Salem, and ex- served by each is easily seen. cepting during low water, to Albany Coos Ray, Roseburg & Eastern Rail- and Corvallis. road, mam line from Marshfield to The project for the improvement of Myrtle Point, 29 miles. Operated by the Willamette so that boats can operate Southera Pacific Railroad. the entire year is now being examined " Corvallis & Eastern Railway, main into by government engineers. line running East and West from Yaquina Boats also operate to points in Wash- to Hoover, 140 miles. Operated by ington on the Lewis and Cowlitz rivers, Southern Pacific Railroad. two branches of the Columbia river, Grand Southern Railroad, main limé Regular service is maintained through- from The Dalles to Dufur, 30 miles. 58 OREGON ALMANAC.

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Every railroad company doing business in Oregon pays special attention to the development of the dairy industry in the State and works thru all possible channels for its encourageruent. Every transportation company has ek5eptional opportunities f or the small farmer to engage in dairying. They make liberal pro- vision for handling the products between railroad stationa, creameries, condenseries, cheese factories and consumers of the products in the cities. OREGON 4LMANAC. 59 Great Northern Railway, which tion from Eugene to Coos Bay, 678 miles. operates to all territory in Washington Spokane, Portland & Seattle Rail- and Northern Idaho, mcluding Puget road, line from Portland to Astoria and Sound points, from Vancouver to Port. , Oregon seaside resorts, 119 miles. Its land, 10 miles. main line extends from Portland on the Mt. Hood Railroad, main line from; north bank of the Columbia river, Hood River to Mt. Hood, 16 miles, Op-, through Eastern Washington to Spokane, erated by the Portland Railway, Light where it connects with the Great North- & Power Co. ern and Northern Pacific railways, Northern Pacific Railway, main lino forming a through line to the East. from Portland to Columbia river, being Sumpter Valley, main line from Baker a part of the main line to all WasKington to Prairie City, 62 miles. territory, including the Puget Sound, A new era is just opening in the way and all of the principal points in North- or electric lines mainly out of Portland, ern Idaho. Branch line from Pendleton the Oregon Electric running from Porte to connect with main line in WashingH land to Eugene,.with a branch to Forest ton, 83 miles. Joint ownership and oper-, Grove, 152 miles. Owned jointly by ation of Oregon Electric, Oregon Trunk Great Northern and Northern Pacific railway, and Iinited Railways. Railroad. Oregon -Washingiton Railroad & The United Railways maintains a Navigation Company main line rims line from Portland to Wilkesboro, 28 East and West across the state from miles. Owned jointly by Great Northern Portland to Huntington. Branch lines and Northern Pacific Railroads. to Puget Sotmd and Grays Harbor The Portland, Eugene & Eastern points m Washington, to Bend in Cen- Railway. Northern terminal, Portland; tral Oregon, to Shaniko, Condon, Hepp- southern terminal, Eugene. Total mile- ner, Pilot Rock, Joseph and Homestead age 340. Main lme follows Willamette in Eastern Oregon. Branch linea runl river; Molalla division swings through also to Spokane, Walla Walla, North rich hills on east side; west side line. is Yakima and other cities and towns in an electrification of part of the Southern Eastern Washington and Northern Idaho., Pacific Company's steam 1 ines. Operates Line now under construction adross street ear systems in Salem, Albany, Central Oregon from Vale through Ma1-' I Corvallis and Eugene. heur and Crook counties. Total in' The Portland Railway, Light & Oregon, 737 miles. Power Co., which owns the street rail- Oregon Trunk Railroad, connects way system and street lighting.system with Spokane, Portland & Seattle Rail- of Portland, runs -interurban lines to way Co. at Fallbridge, Wash., and aftei ' Oregon City, Estacada St. Johns, Fafr- crossing the Columbia runs in a view and Troutdale, 144 miles. Southerly direction into river'Central Oregon; present terminus Bend, 148 miles. ROADS AND HIGHWAYS. Oregon & Southeastern Railroad, Having long ago awakened to the im- main line from Cottage Grove to Wild- portance of good roads and their relation wood, 20 miles. to the successful development of the Pacific & Eastern Railroad, main line agricultural resources of the state, the from Medford to Eagle Point, 34 people of Oregon have expended much Railway & Navigation.milesPacific Co time, money and energy in the permanent main line from Hillsboro to Tillamook, improvement of the public highways, 63 miles. Operated by Southern Pacific with the result that the roads of the state Railroad. generally speaking, in proportion tó Southern Pacific, main line front mulation, are fully up to the standard Portland to California state line and 4 of other coast and Western states. Some part of the through line to San Francisco counties have been more active than and other California cities. The entire others,' and many miles of their main Willamette Valley served by branch and - traveled highways have been perm.s- auxiliary linea, a large part of which nently improved with macadam. In re- will in the near future be operated by cent years the enthusiasm has beoome electric instead of steam power: Now statewide and an organized movement has line under construction from Weed has been launched. It seeks the enact- and Northern California to Springfield, ment of an equitable code of laws under Oregon, making a second main line to Cal- Which a uniform system of good roads ifornia. Branch line now under construe, building and maintenance will be in- 00 OREGON ALIIMNAC. augurated, thus seeking the advance- Sherman County for the yea,r 1911), and ment of the agricultural interests of the the amount levied for road piirpeses for state through the improvement of its the year 1912 intomplete, will approxi- highway transportation facilities. The mate $2,000,000, making a total of $11,- total expenditures for road building and 754; 757 for the six-year period, including improvement in the state for the five- special, tax levies, aggregating $975,- year period 1908-1911, inclusive, amount- 178.98, which were made by several ed to $9,754,575.37 (with no report from counties.

LABOR CONDITIONS IN OREGON. By O. P. HOFF, Commissioner of Labor. Althongh Oregon is largely undevel- section of the country, hence it is not veloped and regarded thxoughout the to be expected that wageS are very East as a new country, bristling with much different. Oregon's advantiws opportunity, and crverflowing with "milk fqr laboring people, without sufacient and honey, ' the conditions that con-, accumulations to give them a start, are: front the laboring man here are very A xnild climate,. certainty of crops, much the same as prevail in other states absence of dimagmg storms and oppor- -tmdeveloped "state of resources and tunities as good as May other state. industries and proportion of population With -empty hands, I question if the taken into consideration. emigrating . workingman has much to Oregon's undeveloped resources are gain over other places by coming to truly great and all that is claimed for Oregon. If he, on the other hand, has them, Lait every ambition and advanced been able to aceumulate, say $1,000 to system of civilization known to the $2,000 to start with, he is then in position effete East exists in full flower in Ore- to take advantage of such opportimities gon. There are no "bonanzas" of gold as are offered by the state. airing the or silver merely awaiting the eye of the harvesting season there is a demand for casual observer. Workingmen who come additional labor, as is also the case to Oregon with little except brawny with extensive railroad building and ex- arms and willing hearts and hands, will tensicm work, but there are periods when find little more to repay them here for many idle men are unable to find era- the great expense of emigrating to the ploynient here as'in other sections of the new country than they already, have in country. a reasonably prosperous community in The workingnian who can expect to the East, Middle West, North or South. reap benefits from the conditions which Manual labor is the same here as else- exist in this state is he who can secure where. Salaried situations are no dif- possession of a few acres of land and ferent. Wages compared to living ex- make a home, an/ such land must be penses are so nearly similar to the aver- procured by pure sin parts of sub- age of other places as to warrant no divided farms or raets of logged-off boasting of our advantages in that re- lands, which may be secured at from " spect. The thoughtful and fairly satis- $25.00 to $40.00 per acre. It is a mistake fied workingman should consider the to figure now on getting valuable govern- xnatter seriously and investigate fully ment land even out here, although some before making any change in bis field of is to be had, it is true, that will yield labor. , splendidly to the man who is willing to Large projects require many laborers, pay the price incident to the hardshipa o and often these spring up in Oregon, but of developing and improving it and put- °the means of bringing workingmen here ting up with the disadvantages of isolated are just as rapid and cheap as in any living.

The laboring Mall can readily get a start in Oregon if he is willing to go into the country. There, high wages are paid for milkers, ranch hands and farm workers. The supply of labor lathe country districts does no t meet the demand. The wages paid for farm work are practically all clear gain, and if saved !ind put into a piece of land will soon enable the laborer to become a home owner and independent citizen. OREVON A.LMANAC.

OREGON: EDUCATIONAL AND SOCIAL. By P. L. CAMPBELL, President Oregoii State lJniversity. No Western state is essentially leso larger centers, boast their comparatively "Western," in the accepted sense of the large university clubs and the marked term, than Oregon. Settlers from East- culture of their citizens. Literary and ern and Middle WeSt states here find social clubs, commercial 9,nd civie and themselves in the midst of "home foIka," welfare clubs, all kindred organizations, founillar associations and the customary find in Oregon a fostering atmosphere. social and educational privileges. Oi.e- Oregon at once "feels like home" to a gon has been very largely opened up and newcomer, more particularly because he developed by those stronger spirits from unfailingly fmds here existence of the the East who have sought the titate ideal he had in mind when he decided , because of belief in its great special to try new fields. He finds the social, resources and in the unwonted oppor- political and intellectual life of the tunities it affords the individual for ex- statga to be organic and umpiring to an pressing ilmself both socially and politr: unusual degree. ically. Remote valleys, as well as the Educationally, both in its state and d 7

OREGON SCHOOL ENROLLEIENT. Public Schools-School Year 1910-1911.

Number of School Enrollmen Av. No. .. COUNTY. Childrea Total Days in I , 4 to 20 Primary. Grammar. High Enrollment. School , Yea,re. 1 Year Baker 5,437 1,002 2,495 254' 3,751 143.0 Benton 3,232 636 1,495 281 2,412 139.2 Clackamas 10,073 1,349 3,728 528 6,105 149.5 Clatsop 4,472 ' 761 1,528 250 2,830 152.9 Columbia 3,283 1,474 63 - 2,219 08 ..2 147.0 I ' Coos 5,678 1,200 2,704 200 4,104 127.5 Crook 2,424 600 1,064 100 1,884 135.0 Curry 701 80 317 50 i 447 1228 Douirjas 6,104 1,244 ' 2,080 200 4,104 132.0 Gilliam 1,092 197 458 40 895 ! 131.0 Grant 1,798 482 742 34 1,239 145.0 Harne3r 1,188 227 358 81) 615 140.0 Hood River 2089, 417 940 126 1,482., 150.0 Jackson 13.919 1 1,490 8,091 580 5,161 141.9 Josephine 3,184 586 1,492 200 2,278 144.7 -

Klamath 2,178 453 928 . 175 1,554 143.0 Lake 1,308 , '231 499 85 765 142.0 Lane 10,818 2,091 4,771 800 7,662 134.0 Lincoln 1,785 415 938 60 1,413 118.5 Linn 7,763 1,497 3,355 025 6,477 137.0

Malheur 2,545. . 563 1,198 115 1,874 132.0 Marion 12,204 2116 4,535 900 7,551 . 143.0 Morrow 1,381 304 851 100 1,055 138.0 Multnomah 43,278 9,835 18,3513 3,100 .81,291 188.0 Polk 4,459 829 4,848 300 2,975 137.0 Sherman 1,000 209 453 50 712 149.1 "Tillamook 1,841 g13 , 1,003 126 1,291 154.3 Umatilla 6,245 1,283 ' 2,798 380 4,461 152.0 Mon 5,515 1,070 2,321- 475 3,888 143.0 Wallowa 2,851 537 1,273 150 1,960 128.0

, . Wasoo 3,738 695 1,509 190 2,394 140.9 Washington 7,112 1,352 3,025 175 4,552 147.0 Wheeler 864 152 873 70 595 130.0 Yoruba' 6,290 1,252 2,583 500 4,285 130.0 u Total,..... 180,798 30,380 78,907 11,251 124,519 141.0

'Estimated. Not segregated in report Authmity-County Superintendents' reporta for school year 19104911. 62 OREGON ALMANAC.

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Oregon's educationnl eystem offers an o portunity for every class, from the kindergarten to the education that stands for culture. Co-ordinate with the system of the three R'e are the manual training and trade schools of the larger cities. The crowning feature of its industrial education is the Oregon Agricul- tural College. It stands for the higheet development of the rich agricultural resources of the state through an educated hand and head. It offers educational opportunities to all workers. OREGON ALMANAC. 63 private institutions, Oregon is equally by both these state institutions of the prepared to meet everyneed. Its State lugher learning, and their experts speak Umveriiity at Eugene is an institution with authority upon a wide range of which bears the stamp of high scholar- subjects. ship and is an advantagenus and safe The State Normal School, located at university home for young mert and Monmouth, is an excellent training women. The Oregon Agricultural College school for teachers, rich in historical at Corvallis is "in harmony with the associations and in fine traditions. spirit and policy of the best land-grant A number of independent colleges also colleges of the United States2" and of make consistent claim for recognition special technical significance in a state on the basis of their mentonous contri- whose interests are so largely those of - bution to the educational life of the agriculture or horticulture. Practical state. These are Albany College, the Pres-. courses and professional training as well byterian school; McMinnville College, as theoretical knowledge are afforded a Baptist institution; Pacific lJniversity,

HIGH SCHOOLS OF OREGON. Statement Showing Enrollment and Attendance at High Schools of thii State Segre- gated into City, County, Union, and Rural or District High Schools for School Year 1911-1912.

,HIGH SCHOOLS. Rued . . »zit. COUNTY., Total City. County. Union.

, Enroll- Attend- Enroll- Attend- Enroll- Attend- Enroll- Attend- ment. anoe, meat. once. ment. once. ment. anca. Baker 376 810 294 ° 40 31 25 22 Benton 316 203 177 111 75 Clackamas 204 264 205 r Clatsop 212 212 99 85 14 Columbia 's 83 14 Coos 300 300 275 *Crook *Carry *Douglas Gilliam 51 10 9 41 35 Grant 44 44 Harney 42 42 40 Hood River 198. 198 Jackson 623 613 459 10 8 Josephine 211 205 161 6 6 ,

Klamath 188 28 ' 24 160 148 *Lake lane - 988 853 825 100 85 35 28 Liman 75 75 -60

Linn 700 0 75 825

Malheur 140 140 125 ,.. Marion 908 740 725 18 16 150 140 Morrovr 108 108 91 MUltnomah 3,292 3,292 3,001. Polk 350 50 300 Sherman 60 60 , 50 Tillamook 134 89 74 40 84 8 4 - Umatilla 418 399 334 19 15 Union., 525 525 450 Wallowe 168 93 78 75 64

Waco 230 200 180 30 25 Washington 203 208 164 Wheeler 77 44 40 38 29 Yamhill 541 541 500 Total 11,840 9,353 8,232 851 307 273 226 1,368 486

*Official reporta not obtainable at time of publication. 04 ,OREGON ALMANAC. at Forest Grove, which, although non- Brethren College at Philemath; Mt. sectarian, is affiliated with the Congre- Angel College at Mt. Angel, and Colum- gational church; Willamette University, bia University at Portland, Catholic -founded by Methodist raissionarie,s institutions; Milton College, in Eastern 1840; the new Reed College at Portland, Oregon, and many other schools of _ an endowe,d independent institution; academic and semi-collegiate grade. Pacific College, at Newberg, a Quaker The special tate institutions for the school; Dallas College, under the care training of the blind and deaf, at- Salem, of the Evangelical church; United are well equipped and managed and

HOW OREGON RANKS EDUCATIONALLY. In1911 Oregon Employed More Teachers and Expended More Money, in proportion to population, as is Shown in the Following Comparison with Other States-1910 Census Figures.

. , . Salaries, . Total STATk Male, Partials. Total. SltPenntenclents Expenditures. , and Teachers.* . Alabama 3,037 , 5,719 8,758 $ 2,748,473.00 3 2,904,537.00 Arizona 142 709 851 895,108.00 1,000,628.00 Arkansas 4,453 5,069 9,522 2,708,387.00 3,187,813.00 California 1,869 9,800 11,369 10,430,898.00 18,210,747.00 Colorado 812 4,388 5,200 3,336,715.00 5,211,188.00 Connecticut 327 4,950 5,277 . 2,962,124.00 5,450,006.00 Delaware 136 857 993 411,520.00 ' 604,796.00 District of Columbia 187 1,444 1,831 1,480,594.00 2,679,584.00 Florida 1,035 2,980 4,015 1,109,068.00 1,773,720.00 Georgia 3,069 e 9,556 12,625 2,158,356,00 4,419,398.00 Idaho 587 1,685 2,232 1,225,:000 2,175,083.00 Illinois 5438 23,946 29,384 17,287,771.00 24,036,195.00 Indiana 6,156 11,111 . 17,267 94024,559.00 14,910,500.00 Iowa , 2,689 24,909 27,598 '8,335,017:00 12,767,210.00 Kansas 2,430 11,037 13,467 5,773,342.00 9,812,671.00 , , Kentucky 4,620 8,480 11,100 3,748,180.00 5,648,841.00 Maine .. , 832 6,823 7,457 1,819,500.00 2,934,283.00 Michigan 2,308 15,479 17,987 8,622,071.00 14,596,819.00 Minnesota 1,811 1E1,346 15,157 7,369,244.00 13,724,437.00 Mississippi 3,182 7,001 10,108 2,136,128 00 2,728,248.00 Missouri 4,838 13,527 18,385 8,128,232.00 13,087,193.00 Montana 270 1,980 2,250 . 1,452,039.00 2,633,521.00 Nebraska 1,312 9,787 11,099 4,562,90.00 7,454,215.00 New York. 5,281 39,793 ' 45,074 88,052,566.00 51,881,98600 North Carolina 3,185 8,031 11,216 2,20,974.00 3,037,007.00 North Dakota 1,285 6,102 .7,387 2,501,102.00 1.540,680.00 Okdo 8,640 19,201 27,841 14;599,273.00 25,500,218.00 Oklaho.,,,, 2,482 8,991 9 473 3,884,871.00 8,739,216.00 OREGON 863 3,590 4,453 2,299,689.00 ' 4,646,270.00 South Dakota 1,006 5,039 6,065 1,997,719.00 3,823,273.00 Utah 828 1.740 2,369 1,402,828.00 3,052,090.00 Wyoming 141 988 1,109 487,260.00 798,021.00 . OREGON (191.1) 956 4,013 4,969 2,659,737.00 5,731,902.00 e ri es salaries of teachers only. Oregon, ranking thirty-fifth in po ulation, ranks twenty-third in amount of salaries paid to teachers and twenty-first in total expenditures for public sehool purposes, in the latter .respect ranbsng ahead of the great states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota and South Dakota, each of which contains a much larger population. Oregon expends half as much as Kansas, having. about three times the population, and over one- third as much as Minnesota, having over three times the population. In proportion to population Oregon ranks high among the states of the Umon in znoney expended. for public school purposes. OREGON' ALMANAC. es have both the confidence asid esteem of near the top of the list in school attend- the citizens. ance and general intelligence. The public school system of Oregon, The newcomer will find in Oregon all including primary, grammar and high that his past habits have led him to schools, is well organized and rapidly ' require for himself and his family, com- growing in efficiency. It is under most bined with the vital and refreshing inspiring supervision from the State ' "something more" which Oregon may Superintendent down. Oregon ranks claim as peculiarly her own.

SCHOOL CHILDRRN'S INDUSTRIAL PAIRS. By L. R. ALDERMAN, SuPerintendent of Public Instruction. One of the most important movements and pronotmced an unqualified success for the development of our public schools, during the school year 1911-12, and which helping to brmg about a more practical promises greater things for the future, education for our children, and, indirect- is the introduction and encouragement ly, assisting in developing the resources of agriculture and animal husbandry in of the state, which was demonstrated the public schools and the holding of

COST OP PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Sehool l'éar 1910-1911.

Teachers' Total Value_of School Value of COUNTY. Salaries, Rouses Furniture and School Year. tretniiCar. and Grotmds. Apparatus. Biker $ 72,033.37 $ 126,529.89 202,917.50 4 19,100.00 Benton 37,828.55 67,737.27 114,880.00 17.375.00 Clackamas 101,081.03 202,870.77 284,438.75 53.1108.38 Clatsop 54.994.68 187,859.24 233,110.00 21,828.04 Columbia 41,829.19 78,81.6.76 118,337.60 19,397.35 Coos 78,958.99 12%693.69 328 7813.00 244421.00 Crook 41,008.40 81,179.84 54,236.00 12,934.00 Curry 11,113.80 12,454.44 9,520.00 2,765.00 Boogies 81,737.59 154,539.41 186,800.00 38.826.00 Gilliam 18,630,00 24,799.48 38,542.00 6,718.00 Grant 28,281.35 49,943.80 47,900.00 11,970.50 Harney 18,979.26 27,341.61 24,580.00 5,600.00 Hood River 34,846.75 81,871.84 100,638.00 11,300.00 Jackson 35,984.53 244,581.08 275,860.00 41,800.40 Josephine 49,400.90 122,498.91 155,500.00 40,000.00 Maroath 39,545.14 93,159.49 220,875.00 21,000.00 Lake 18,564.14 30,984.31 115,500.00 18,424.00 Lane 131,057.52 248,807.58 473,294.00 54,119.00 Lincoln 21,010,95 48.734.18 42,997.50 3,485,00 Linn 92,188.41 176,253.62 403,275.00 54,513.00 Midheur 38,034.05 74,322.13 102,836.00 10,880.00 Marion 139,724 .78 377,884.84 446,530.00 57,009.00 Morrow 29,978.59 48,327.88 48,590.00 10.253.00 Multnomah 374,004.57 1,900,805.51 4,159,828.05 174,773.00 Polk 63,433.00 179,028.19 203,250.00 21,290.00 Sherman 22,024 .08 35,847.33 35,506.75 9,055.20 Tillamook 28,683.88 49,879.33 53,509.00 11,041.70 Uniatilla 104,121.52 200,490.60 593,035 .00 40,453.44 Union 72,802.91 242,482.60 295,200.00 ' 33,880%00 Wallowa $0,928.82 89,376.16 117,756.00 16,970.00 Wane° 48,747.22 97,380.00 152,214.00 21,073.45 Waahington 78,178.99 126,448.04 180,484.65 32,259.50 Wheeler ' 12,230.00 22,921.61 20,07/1.00 8,500.00 Yamhill 69,746.18 233,459.12 250,000.00 35,000.00

Total $2,859,726.38 $5,837,902.40 $10,089,244.130 - $982,988.90 66 OREGON ALMANAC. School Children's Industrial Fairs. The value of prize lists amounted to Through the co-operation of the State about 820,000. It is estimated that 75,000 Bankers' Association, the State Agri- children prepared exhibits for either cultural College, the Union Stock Yarda county, district or state fairs. This of Portland, the conunercial organiza- work has not been a regular part of the tions and newspapers of the state2 this school work, but rather the school has department adopted the plan of indus- been used as a distributing center and trial contests to be held in each county, through the schools the children have the local prize winners to bring their been encouraged to take up this work exhibits to the State Fair for final con- at home. The result was that one of tests. The State Board of Agriculture the most attractive features of the State set aside 81,000 and the livestock men, Fair this year was the children's in- farmers and merchants and poultrymen dustrial exhibits 9,nd this department is donated prizes to the amotmt of 82,500 in receipt of 'thousands of letters from for children's exhibits at the State Pair. all over the state praising the Children's Altogether the children took part in 88 Industrial Fairs and asking us, to con- fairs held in various parts of the state. tinue the work next,year.

TEACHERS IN OREGON SCHOOLS. Public Schools-Year 1910-1911.

Teachers. Average Monthly Salary. COUgTY. Male. Female. Total. hiale. Female. Baker ', hi 117 138 $80.67 $58.22 Benton 24 89 113 87.56 50.08 Clackamas 46 187 233 87.96 53.88 Clatsop 13 79 92 95.00 68.83 Columbia 18 74 92 72.60 65.50 e Coos 25 100 125 69.20 61.41 Crook ' 27 89 116 89.82 58.45 Curry 11 26 37 65.00 55.00 IJoughts' 59' 149 208 61.13 48.50 Gilliam 11 57 48 73.94 58.51 Grtat 13 44 57 82.54 68.25 Harney 7 36 43 70.00 48.50 Hood Myer 9 61 80 91.50 66.00 Jackson 34 177 211 91.62 01.17 Josephine ' .18 88 104 68.00 51.25 Kkunath 21 51 72 80.00 83.00 Lake 11 41 52 95.90 88110 Lane 73 295 368 58.50 48.75 Lincoln 23 sa 88 .69.22 49.50 Linn ss 177 245 61.70 49.80 Malheur 15 59 74 84.00 58.40. Marion , 48 228 . 272 78.35 53.40 Morrow 19 57. ' 76 79.89 59.45 Multnomah 108 789 , 877 157.40 97.50 Polk 25 112 137 71.21 50.00

Sherman T 7 43 50 87.28 58.82 Tillamook 14 65 89 69.80 58.28 Umatilla 44 185 209 85.84 82.81 Union 30 98 128 75.77 57.68 Wallowa 25 88-, 91 61.50 53.62

Wasco 11 98 107 90.22 57.19 Washington .30 130 lt0 71.25 65.25 Wheeler 13 25 ' 38 70.40 65.00 Yamhill 40' 140 180 66.50 60.00

Total 956 4,013 . 4,969 $77.58 ' 657.53 OREGONALMANAC. 67

OREGON'S RRALTFL STANDARD. By DR. CALVIN S. WtErrn, Secretary.Oregon State Board of Health. During 1911 there were 9,552 children The oil used on our railroads, in our born in Oregon; 400 more thari in 1910. factories and in our buildings prevents During the same year 13,q60 deaths the smoke nuisances of other cities. occurred, or 3,202 more births than And there is the absence of dust and deaths. grime to clog one's lungs. At the first glance, this would seem to Tributary to Portland, two dakes are solve the problem for inimigration furnishirtg certified milk constantly under bureaus, save for the fact that Oregon the supervision of the State Board of is an empire capable of supplying all the Health, a.nd no city in the world has a necessaries as well as the luxuries for a better milk supply, either in ptuity or population of millions. cleanliness. No state in the Union offers such possi- Our infant mortality is almost incred- bilities for living, not only comfortably ibly low, and the boy or girl born in but long. The mountain ranges furnish Oregon has every likelihood of attaining bounteous supplies of pure water and ripe old age. early every city of any size either has Our taxpayers and legislators are most ow or is procurmg such supply. generous, and our institutions for the Typhoid fever, the great example of tmfortunates are models, not only from water-born diseases, claimed only 115 the standpoint of samtation but the victims in 1911, while six times that humanitarian. We have produced some rainy died of the infirmities that are of the world's fastest horses, the world's associated with old age. greatest livestock, the world's greatest athletes. We have the climate; the air; Of tuberculosis, we cannot speak so the water; the food, and all other factors reassmingly. Seven hundred and fiire to make men and women live long and deaths occurred from the "Great White well. Plague," or 11.5 per cent of all deaths. Oregon ranks highest among the states While the drier sections of Eastern of the Union in the low rate of mortality, .0regon and the higher altitudes seem to the aimual death rate for the yearA911, have a' beneficial effect,. the mortality for Portland, where the official record rate illustrates the utter futility of the is kept, being 9.47 per 1,000 of population. advanced patient seeking elinaate or For the statistical period 1900-1905, locality to cure this scourge. the annual rate for Portland was 12.8 In all other diseases our death rate is per 1,000, as against 19 in New York low. The rapid immigration is one C'ity; 17 in Kansas City; 18.4 in Albany, cause; the other a,nd more potent is the N. Y.; 20.7 in Pittsburg; 30.1 in Charles- abundance of all the comforts of life. ton, S. C.; 16.2 in Atlantic City; 22.6 in The housing conditions of the congested New Orleans; 20.9 in San Eastern centres do not concern us. There in San Diego; 20.4 in Sacramento;Francisco;22.9 is room; there is good air, and no child 26.3 in Pueblo, Colo.; 18.1 in Portland, in Oregon is shut in a back yard with Me.; 20.6 in Washington, D. C.; 27.5 in a lawn of concrete and four dull walls to Jacksonville, Fla.; 22.7 in Atlanta, Ga., obstruct his view. and 26.1 in Savannah, Ga.

SCENERY AND GAME OF OREGON. By Wm. L. FINLEY, State Game Wardell. .4 The appeal to6 sportsmen and lovers Sisters and on to the deep caldron of of outdoor life is as great in Oregon as Crater'Lake, lies a part of the greatest in any other state in the Union. Our forest ever traversed by man. Here fir-clad bills, mountain lakes and rugged the hunter finds deer abimdant in the sea shore are recreation places for those higher meadows. An angler dots not who like humting, fishing and camping. have to be expert to catch his limit The Cascade mountains, with their of fish and the trapper may match his line of snow-capped sentinels, cut North skill against the cunning of the lynx, and South through the center of the cougar and the timber wolf. state. From the gorges of the Columbia Westward from the Cascades acrot3s a south to the cavern-cut glaciers of Mt. hundred fertile valleys which lie in the Hood, Mt. Jefferson and the Three dip between the two ranges are the Coast OREGON ALMANAC.

GOOD DRINKING WATER.

Mountain water, the purest imaginable,. sparkling, cool and delicious, is obtainable in cities and towns having water systems. There are springs or clear mountain streams in every portion of the state, except in some of the high plateaus. Well water is obtainable within a few feet of the surface nearly everywhere. There are a fpw places in Eastern and Central Oregon where it is necessary to bore deep for water, but the lands there are cor- respondingly cheaper. On the whole, no other state. in the Union has such an abundant 'supply of ideally pure drinking water. The conditions are incomparably more favorable than exist in any state east of the Rocky mountain,s.

PRIVATE SCHOOLS /N OREGON-1911. Number of Pupils Attending, Male and Female, and Number of Teachers Employed. (Primary, Krammar and high school gradescolleges not included.)

PUPILS. Teachers COUNTY. Employed. Male. Female. Total. Baker 119 182 301 12 Clackamas 150 200 350 12 Clateop 24 63 87 5 Coos 23 28 51 a Crook 1. . 2 1 20, 80 50 5 01°&13 22 26 . 48 a Lane 44 44 88 ° a Linn 107 156 263 16 Malheur a 4 12 2 Marion 454 445 899 88 Multnomah 1,501 2,007 8;508 208 Polk. 64 oo 124 8 Tillamook 36 51 86 a Umatilla 153 174 327 21 Union 111 Maim 60 90 150 6 Yarn&II 65 70 135 Total 2,882 1,905 4,787 OREGON ALMANAC. 69 mountains. These are not less attractive In addition to the Chinese pheasant, te the adventurer. The innumerable ruffed and blue grouse, California or waterways are filled with Rainbow and valley quail and mountain quail are Cutthroat trout and Chinook and Silver- abundant. The Easterner who is used side salmon. to "bob white" will find these birds more In no other state in the Union can one abtmdant in Oregon than in many of the fmd such a variety of game birds as in Eastern states. They were introduced Oregon. The bird par excellence for the here many years ago. Eastern Oregon upland shooter is the Chinese pheasant, is the home of the prairie chicken, sage a species introduced in the early eighties. hen and .'s grouse (fool hen). This bird is now as much of a native The I e region of Southern Oregon in our valleys and hills as is the duck the gre: test breedinF ground on the that waddles in the Wapatoo marsh. Pacific- 4 oast for all kinds of wild fowl- On a trip of 25 miles through the Wil- mallard canvasbacks, pintails, ahoy- lamette Valley. I counted 44 pheasants ellers, r eads, blue-bills, ruddy ducks from the car wmdow. In no city, in the and wood ducks, as well SS cinnamon land can one find as many game birds blue-winged and. green-winged teal. as in Portland. As the city has extended the lakes and flyers are many wading its limits the birds have not been driven birds such as snipe, plover, sandpipers, out, but many of these remain through-, curlew. ;he migrations bring untold nwn- out the year m the residence section. bers of an, geese and other wild fowl.

TAXATION IN OREGON. By CHARLES V. GALLOWAY, Member State Board of Tax Commissioners. In Oregon the county is the unit for the. Board of State tax Commissioners, assessments, and valuations of all pr - after equalizing and adjusting to a com- erty, both real and personal, are meAe mon basis each year the totals of the annually. The county assessor is an assessmont rolls of the several counties. elective officer, his term being four The County Board of Equalization, years. All assessments of property are consisting of the County Judge, County made on the basis of ownership and Clerk and Assessor, meets on the third value as of March lst each year. Monday of October each year for the The law requftes that valuations of ptnpose bf reviewing and equalizing the all property for assessment purposes county roll. This board re- shall be made on the basis of actual cash mains nin session one month, tmle,ss its value. But, as ¡a usually the case, 'work in completed within a shorter ratios of assessed to actual value in the time. All levies are extended on the several counties vary rather widely. tax roll in the month of January, and The Board of State Tax Commisalon- taxes are due and collectible on the first ers, consisting of the Governor, Secre- Monday of April follovring. H not paid tary'of State, State Treasurer and two by that time they become delinquent. commissioners, assesses the property However. if one-hall of the taxes against of nearly all public service companies any particular parcel of real property doing business in this state, and appor. are paid on or before that date, the time tions such assessments or valuations for payment of the other hall is extended among the counties in or through which to the first Monday of October follow- the companies operate. Taxes are levied ing. A 3 per cent rebate is allowed against this class of property 8,nd col- where taxes are paid on or before March lected in the same manner as other taxes 15, prior to the date when such taxes are levied and collected in the county. would become delinquent. The Sheriff The general property tax system is hi is the tax collector in each county of vogue in Oregon and, with very few ex- the state. ceptions, all property, both real and Much interest is now being Mani- personal, is taxed for state and local fested in matters of taxationin Oreion, purposes. About four-fifths of the reven- and many measures proposing changes ue required for state purposes is obtained in policies and methods are beint sub- through direct taxation. The remainder mitted to the people through the initia- is derived from taxes on insurance com- tive. 'While we are, of course, unable panies, corporation licenses and fees, in- to foretell the result of this agitation heritance taxes and sundry items. Appor- it seems certain that important modi: tionment of direct state tares to be fications of our geikeral tax system, are collected from the counties is made by impendin' g. TAZàTION STATISTICS OF OREGON.

' Total General Stgto mty BpeIal Special Special Special Total COUNTY. Veduations. TaEat and BoadFund. SehoolPund. CitFrrndTowp, ElolloollTxnui. Dike F'nnd. Special l'

&arm-- ...... , ...... $ 23,558,463-00 247 334.77 .. ,.' ...... 74'391.77 4 72 Benton ...... 10,050,481.60 4 4'" 4 Clackamas...... 28,319,819.53 .0175 480,592,31 $ 58,383.21 102,890.27 010 9,629,261.80 .0284 Clitsw...... , ...... , .. , ...... 254,200.48 56,462.80 .. . 1 ' ' 54,348. .70 Ckdarnbia...... 144684181.00 .0106 155,758.90 82,445.00 4,66.6 , ;I

as,cati.ss 0%474.95 ,401.9 . Crook...... , . .. 9,678,248.00 `, 3444558.96 o 44140:16.37. 47,833.84 977.48 3,738.37 ...... 54,279.77 Dotg1as...... r...... 33,1231'854.00 .0135 446,377.31 93,477.04 97,425.72 'is,iii. il' 878,017.83 Gilliam...... , ...... : ...... 9,809,848.00 .006 -687857.45 14,77354 9,641.85 ...... ,... ' 83,172.84 Grant ...... ''...... 5.917,438.00 40199 118,285.95 .. .. , .... -. 29,038.92 ' 2,284.25 ...... 149,808.12 aoodft1vor...... 7,375,678.00 .012 95,881.76 ... 18,405.60 1,26.00 ...... , 115,588.86 12,529.755.00 .0106 127,743,07 .06 . as 44,052.48 201,093.49 1 ...... : ...... 28 4155.00 .011. 418,314.94 78467.31 16%222.01 174,140.21 ....,...... 838,913.47 7oaephine 10485,606.00 .0178 129,117.85 46,578.81 28,150.40 ...... 2624346:86

Iti.nmath 144112.776.00 * * Ialco...... ,.., /083,101.00 .01145 ' 94,115.04 .. 11,822.55 4,581.94 112,299,83 Lane...... 87,510,216,00 .0129 487,642.76 . 124,136.80 127.563.27 796,727.22 cobs...... ,..,..: 9,892,724.00 .0109 116,825.82 274154.88 9,632.97 . 1164522.48 Linn...... ,...., 25;353,62500. *

Mahe= ...... 11,110,887.00 -.6124 127,776.00 .... 47,870.45 25,102.30 . .., ...... 210,747.75 Marlon 42,822,201.00 .0138 , 687,907,14 161,467.11 132,182,88 , ...... 938,232.19 Morrow '.4;' ' . ' 11,761,277.00 .007 82,328.94 ....., ...... 37,243.80 5,221,36 .. 124,793.90 blultsoroah . 224,440,295.00 .0101 .. 3,276,848.07 , 1,853,870.10 2,049,045.12 4V5,iii.ii 7,854,941.53 Polk 15,2404345.00 .01506 229,812.67 7,147.69 47,r66.81 22,105.02 306,681.09 Sherman, ...... ,.: .... '.%'' ...... 8,710,905,00 .0076 '65,027À2 10,148.15 25,427,30 ... 107,819.47 Tillamook...... ,...... 14,603,256.00 :0174 256,448.42 42,837.05 1:NI70(71:18 ii,670,4 336,032.70 umotilla...... : ...... : . ... 47,443,011. '.0045 205,748.67 .,...... ,.. ., ...... ,. 205,748.57 Uedon.. , ...... 17,226,618. .014' 241,172.61 ..... 'iv.* . iò 54,38* 90 Wallowa.. - - 383,220.81 114E6,508.00 .0111 129,165.64 32449,00 18,577.10 ...... 180,202.84 'Whew.-- ...... ,...... 12,943,120.00 .0161 197,717.40 6,639,88 84,938.97 17,845,04 . 277,039.20 Washington-...... :. . : . : . ,.. 19.2ao,718.cv .0204 392,306.85 3,117.17 84,428.91 13,401.66 483,254,29 Wheekr...... 3,287,018. .015 . .... 791.93 . 49'4027.89 84202.90 564212.72 liarnbill , , . 15,229,925. .*

'Total, ...... ,...... " ...... 231,129. 0 59,604,802.11 . 934,303.55 13 0 4 - - Eeporta not completed in timo for pbblieation. Eetimated general and special taxis for mantles; not reporti 1,460,490,08, Looking grand total of all general-wad epecial taxes $18,882,32749. This inaksaa fax collection of VA for e cy 8100 of assessed valuation, or lesa than 2 in. The per capita tax paid is $28.12, OREGON .ALMIiN4.C. 71

OREGON STATE. OFFIOLALS. The list of state officials given herewith is furnished for the convenience of these who desire speeial information concerning departmental regulations. Commies, tions addressed to them will be given prompt and ccigrteous atteition. GovernorOswald West, f3alem. State Board of HealthE. A. Pierce, president, Secretary of StateBen W. Oleott, Sale= Portland. C. S. White secretary and state health officer, E. Pickel Medford. W. B. State TreasurerThomas B. Kay; Salem. Morse, Salen; iltdraw C. Sm.". Perelan4 Alfred Attorney GeneralA. M. Crawford, Saleni. C. Kinney, Astoria; C. J. Szhith, Portland. Superintendent of Public InstructionL. R. Ore- n Statistical BureanJ, A. Bexell, di- Alderman, Belem. rector, C,orvaln, Oregon. State PrinterWillis S. Duniway, f3alem. Oregon State Boart of Examinant in Opto- Suprema CourtRobert Pekin, chief justice; metryE. O. Menem, president, Portland; C. W. associate justices, Henry J. Bean Thomas A. Lowe, Portland; Herman W. Barr, secretary, Salem. McBride, George H. Burnett, Fralik A. Moore; Barbara' Board of lisainbiersH. Cl. Meyer,. clerk, J. C. Moreland; official reporter, Frank A. preaident, Salem; T. M. Leabo, seeretarY, Pcatand; Turner; bailiff. , P. H. Raymond. R. R. Wallace, Astoria. Oregon Dairy and Food OommiggionecJ. Oregon State Viterinari Medical BoardF. T. Bailey, Portland. Note, president, Ita,ker; J. F. Morel, secretary, Car- Commissioner of Labor Statistics, Zto.-0. P. yetis; B. M. Wellerirelie; W. S. Eddy, Oregon Hoff, Salem. City; W. H. Lytle, &Mon. Insurance CommissionerJ. W. Ferguson, Board of Sheep 00mmissignereA. K. Smythe, Salem. d mkt Arlington; Herbert Boylen, secretary, t Rock; Charles, Cleveland,. Grenhara. State Game WardenW. L. Finley, Portland. State Board of Immigration Oonindadoners- Master Fish WardenR. E. Clanton, Portland.. Thomas C. Burke, Baker, chairtean; W. E. Coman, Superintendent of Ba.nksWiff Wright, Salem. John M. Scott, Portland; A. F. Hofer, Jr. Salem; C. C. Chapman, state funniigr' Mims agent. Portland; State Bank ExaminerWm. H. Bennett, Salem. Marshal N. Dana. secretary, Portland. State EngineerJo/in H. Lewis, Salem. Oregon Conservation CommissionJoseph N. State Land AgentT. A. Rinehart, Salem. Teal, chairman, Portland; F. G. Young, secretary, Clerk of State Land BoardG. G. Brown, Eugene; C. B. Watson Ashland; Mrs.' Zosephine Salem. Hirsch, J. C. Stephena. 11. F. Irvine, C. S. Chapman, Adjutant GeneralWilliara E. Finzer, Portland. Portland; Wm. Pohlman, Baker. ' State Horticultural SocietyJ. L. Carter, State VeterinariapW. H. Lytle, Pendleton. Hood River; L. T. Reynokis, Salem; H. C. Atwell, State Health OfficerDr. Calvin S. White, Forest GrOVe. Portland. . State Board of (Water) ControlJohn H.

State BiologistAlbert R. Sweetser, Eu .gene Lewis, state engineer, Salem; James T. Chinnock, State BacteriologistEmffe Francia Pernot, divimon No. 1. Salem; Geo. T. Cochran, division Portland. No. 2, LaGrande; Rabat gekin, Jr., teak, Salem. State Sheep InspectorW. H. Lytle, Pendleton. State Board of HortioultureWillor K. Newell, State LibrarianEdna M. Hawley, Salem. president, state at large, Dilley; H. M. Williamson, Secretary Oregon Library fjozomission--Cor-, Portland; James H. 'Reed, Lafayette; nelia Marvin, Salem. rr.arlark, Salem; A. H. Carson. Gmnts Pass; State Printing ExpertR. A. Harris, Salem. R. H. Weber, The Dalles; Judd Geer, Cove. State Baud of EducationGovernor, Secretary State Board of ParestryGovernor, chairman, of State and Superintendent of Public Instruction, Sailim; F. A. Elliott. state forester, t3alem; L. S. Hill, L. R. Alderman, secretary, Salem. Cottage Grove;. A. P. Sprague, George H. Cecil, State Land BoardGovernor. Secretary of Portland; Austm Buxton, Forest Grove; Dan P. State, State Treasurer; G. G. Brown, Mark of board, - SelPthe, Pendleton- Salem. State board of Fish and Game CommisSion.- Railroad Clommiesion of OregonClyde , B. eraW. L. Finley. state game warden, Portland-; Aitchison, Thos. K. Campbell, Frank J. Miller, R. E. Clanton, master fish warden, Portland; C. F. commissioners; H. H. Corey, seeretary, Salem. Stone, Klamath Falls; George H. Kelly, Eugene; Board of State Tea OommissioneraGovereor, J. F. Hughes, Gold Hill; M. J. /Kinney, Partkad; Secretary of State, State Treasurer and' Commie.- C. K. Cranston, Pendleton. sionere J. B. Eaton and Chas. V. Galloway. Seem- Panama Paolflo llimosition Oomndealon- tary, C. L. Starr, Salem. Julius L. Meier,proddent, Portland; Lee M. TISVia, Desert Ltuad BoardGovernor, chairman; Eugene; F. P. Bedlam Baker Seeie. tary of State, State 'Treasurer, Attorney Gen- State Purchasing BoardGovernor, Secretary eral, John H. Lewis, state engineer. Clerk of board, lof State, State Treasurer; C. D. Primer, state pur- H. C. Brodie, Salem. chasing agent, Salem. State Board of Medical ExamineisHarry F. State Board of Examination and Registration McKay, president; E. B. McDaniel, secretary; of Graduate NursesMisa Frances MeLane, Mias Herbert S. D. Nichols, Portland; F. E. Moore, Helen E. Jones, Portland; Miss Olive E. Osborne. LaGrande, and H. L. Hendereon. Medfmt. State Board of PharmacyF. H. Caldwell, State Board of AgriaultureJ. Henry Booth, president, Ontario; Kittle W. Harbord,president, Rmelnus; Frank Meredith. Salem , R. L. Hunt, Baker; Leon B Fr.4 sleiLicrlara Saleta; G. W., Warren, Warrenton; H. ArlitaroK.. ford; j. Brown, Marshfield. Salem; N. C. Maris, Portland; W. A. Jones, Joseph. fitatelloard of Dental ExaminenJean Cline, Excerpt for speedal information desired direct from president, Portland; H. H. Olinger, secretery, any one department, address inquiries to C. C. Selena; Frank Vaughan, Astoria; W. S. Kennedy, Chapman, State Immigration Agent, Portland, The Dalles;Lee C/yde Mount, Oregon City. Oregon. . 72 OREGON ALMANAC. PACIFIC COAST REGION.' (Temperatare averages for the Section). AstoriaJuly maximum 68°; minimum 54°. January maximtuxt Cr., minimum 33°. Newport-4111y maximuns 65°;DiM11111 49°. ha maximum 52% minimum 38°. BandonJuly maximum 64°; minimtun 54°. xanuary maximum 50% minimum 41°.

CLATSOP COUNTY., VVhile salmon fishing and packing is the leading industry of the county, some of Northwest corner of state; on Pacific the largest salmon packing plants on the Ocean,: on Columbia river. coast be,ing located on the Columbia river County SeatAstoria. within its boundaries, all lines of agri- Popula,tion-16,106 (U. S. census cultural activity are being pursued and 1910), 65% American bom. Of the for- particular efforts are being put forth in eign born one-half is Scandinavian and dairying and diversified farming. the balance is composed of German, Wood is chief fuel used and costs $2 English, Irish, Canadians and Austrians. to $5 per cord. TransPortationIlitoria & Columbia Average daily wage for skilled labor River Railroad (S. P. & S.) traverses is $3.70;. unskilled $2. northern portion of the county from the For information address: Astoria east to the Pacific Coast. Columbia Chamber of Commerce; Warrenton De- river on the north boundary and Pacific velopment League; Seaside ' Commer- Ocean on the west. First class rail and cial Club; Hanunond Development water service to all pnrts and markets League. of the coast and foreign countries and Newspapers will send copies: Astorian, on the mainland. Budget, Weekly Leader, Lannen Uutiset WaterColumbia, Nehalem, Young's, (Finiush Weekly), Astoria; Weekly Sig- Lewis & Clark a.nd Necanicum rivers nal, Seaside. and other small streams afford plentiful water supply and power facilities. CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. TimberNatural forest growth, of Astoriar(County Seat)Altitude 10 which there is a great wealtli of mer- to 250feet, Population 9,599 (U. S. census chantable timber, cotusists principally 1910)-; local estimate 15,000. On line of of hemlock, firt spruce, cedar and larch. Astoria & Columbia River Railroad and MineralsLignitic coal is found in on Columbia river with harbor facilities southeastern part of the county, but is f or extensive deep sea and coastwise ocean undeveloped. traffic. The principal industries of the ,Lands--Surface: Level, rolling arid city proper are salmon fishing and pack- sloping from elevations ingthe chief center of this great and ofmountainous.' 1,000 feet to sea level. Soils: Bottom growing industry in the statelumbering lands rich in humus. Especially adapted and shipping. Those of the surrounding to hops, alfalfa, buckwheat, barley, country are dairying, general farming clover, mustard, rye, oats, sunflowers, and diversified farming with dairying wheat, grasses, corn and kale. That of chief in importance. Soils and climatic hilly sections well supplied with essential conditions of tidelands, bottoms and hill elements. Loganberries, blackberries, lands are well adapted to dairying and raspberries, currants and strawberries diversified farming. City has imprcived grow luxuriantly. All kinds of vege- streets, electric lights, good water and tables do well on this soil under proper sewerage systems, high and graded public management. Average value farm lands schools and 16 churches, including Bap-- $35.09 per acre, cultivated and unculti- 6st, Catholic, Congregational, Epis- vated (U. S. census 1910). copal, Lutheran, Methodist and Presby- IndustriesSalmon fishing and pack- terian. City owns gravity water works ing, farming, lumbering and dairymg. system; electric lighting and poveer

Notes t,o Table on Pago N. circulation per capita of the state, as represented by The per capita bank deposita of the state, as circulation funda in all banks of the eta% September represented in as of the banks of the state, Sep- 4, 1912, wais $163.69, computed upon the bas4 of tember 4, 1912, was $16047, based upon tile state's the 1910 census population and circulation funds population of 672,765 (U. S. census 1910) and an aggregating 9110,137,061.61, as compared to a per aggregate depmSt of $107,960,708.11, as agautst a per capita of $155.75. September 1, 1911, and circulation capita wealth of 1158.33, September 1, 1911. The funds amounting to 9104,785,223.83. OREGON ALMANAC. 73 plant is under private ownership. Astoria Has high and graded public schools Regatta, notable social and festa/ andshiP* three churches: Catholic, Episcopal event, in which aquatic sports,. amuse- and Methodist Episcopal. ments and feats of skill predommate in WarrentonAt sea level. Popula- the features of entertainment, is held tion 339 (U. S. census 1910). On line of annually in August. Astoria dr Columbia River Railroad and New AstoriaAltitude 12 feet. Pop- on Young's Bay, near mouth of Colum- ulation 957. On line of Astoria & Colum- bia river. The (principal industrian in bia River Railroad and the Columbia and contiguous to the community are river. Has graded public school and one fishing, loggmg, lumbering, (manufactur- church, Methodist. Principal industry ing) and farming. Truck gardening is a is salmon fishing. profitable industry here; beach resorts', Seaside--At sea level. Population an army post, and the city of Astoria 1,121 (U. S. cènsus 1910). Western ter- furnish a good market for all products. minus of Astoria & Columbia River Cranberry culture on tideflats and marsh Railroad and on the Pacific Ocean. Is one landa engaged in extensively in vicinity. of the most popular resorts on the North Has graded public school and two Pacific Coast where thousands from the churches: Episcopal and Methodist Epis- interior spend their vacations. The prin- copal. cipal indnstries of the contiguous terri- Other Vita= in CountyWestport tory are lumbering and manufaeturing. and Wauna, on Columbia river, sawmill Has good streets, sewerage system and towns; Knappa, Svenson and Olney. Soil other improvements and city owns and climate especially adapted to dairy- gravity water works system; electric ing, berry( raismg and truck- gardening. lighting plant is under private owner- Svenson is a center of berry growing.

coos c °may. Southwestern part of state; west slope RoadsLarge sums are expended an- Coast motmtains; on Pacific Ocean. nually for construction and mamtenarice County Seat---Coquille. of _public highways. - Population-17,959; 80% American TimberAbout one-half the total born. Of the foreign born about one- area of the county is covered by forests third is Scandinavian, the balance )3eing which consist principally of Douglas fir, composed mostly of Canadians, Germans, Port Orford white cedar, -spruce hem- Irish and Scotch. loc_ ,k myrtle and some maple and ash. Engkr,sportationWest central part MineralsGold (placer and quartz), of county is traversed by Coos Bay, silver, copper, lead and Coal exist in Roseburg & Eastern Railroad; COO* Bay the county. While the fcirmer have and Coquille harbors afford anchorage never been developed in commercial for medium-draft sea-going vessels, and quantities, Coos is the heitviest coal- Coquille river, which émpties into Co- producing county in the state, the total quille harbor, Is navigable to light-draft area of its coal fields approximating 230 vessels several miles Inland. Coos Bay. square miles, and surrounding Coos has been under Federal improvement Bay. Practically the total output of for two years which has made it possible the coal mines in the county (sub-bitu- for large lumber vessels of 3,000,000 feet minous in character) is shipped id Port- capacity to enter and leave. COOS Bay land and San Francisco by sea. is largest natural harbor betvieert Col- LandsSurface: Level and undulat- umbia river and San Francisco. Southern ing along the river bottoms; rolling hills Pacific system has under construction and niotmtains in the interior. Soils: line of railroad branching from main Much tideland, which, when reclaimed line at Eugene, Lane County, proposing by diking and draining, produces excel- to enter Coos County from the north lent crops of grasses and vegetables. and affording direct rail connection with Upland soil; constituting nine-tenths of the outside world. total area is red alluvial; excellent for WaterCoquille river, Coos river and fruit cidttire, and-, in its natural state, other rivers and streams afford an produces small fruits, sunflowers and abundant supply of water for all pur- grains to advantage. Apples and pears poses and possess vast undeveloped water do especially well in this county, this powers. being particularly true of the Gravenstein 74 OREGON ALMANAC. apple. Other kinds of fruits also do well schools and seben churches: Baptist, but the fruit growing industry is in the Catholic, %Christian, Episcopal, Latter early stages of development. Average Day Saints, Methodist and Presbyterian. .value of farm lands $33.41 per acre, cul- ,ver EMAltitude 10 feet. Popu- tivated and uncultivated (U. S. censim lation 149. , On line, of Coos Bay, Rose- 1910). burg & Eastern Railroad. Industries IndustriesLumbering, mining, Balm- are coal mining and lumbering. Electrié , on fishing and packing, agriculture, lighting plant and gravity water system cranberry culture, horticulture and dairy- are under private ownership. Has ing. Lack of adequate transportation graded public school and churches. facilities in past has greatly retarded Coquille(County Seat)Altitude 69 development of resources and industries. feet. Population 1,398 (U. S. census FuelNative soft coal and wood are 1910). In center of Coquille Valley, rith the principal fuels used. Coal costs 83.25 agricultural and dairying .section, and to 84 per ton and wood 82.50 per cord. on line of Coos Bay, Roseburg & Eastern County fair is held annually it Myrtle Railroad and Coquille river, navigable Point. County awarded valuable pre- to light-draft vessels from this point to miums f6r display, individual and col- the Pacific Ocean. Is an important ship- lective, of dairy and other products ping and trading center for a large a,nd at State Fair and Lewis & Clark Gen- fertile farming territory and the prin- tennial Exposition. cipal industries are lumbering, dairying, Ten to 20 acres, under intensive cul- manidacturing, salmon fishing and pa,ck- tivation, and 40 to 100 acres, general ing, farming and fruit raising. City owns farming, sufficient for support of average gravity water works system, river water family and will produce good income. front and municipal docks. Electric Average daily wage for skilled labor lighting plant privately owned. Large $3.65; unskilled $2.30. area of reclaimed swamp lands in vicinity For information address: Coquille Com- especially adapted to farming and vege- mercial Club; Marshfield Chamber of table growing. Has high and graded Commerce; North Bend Commercial public schmils and seven churches: Ad- Club. ventist, Christian, Episcopal, Methodist Newspapers will send copies: Weekly Episcopal, Methodist (South), Presby- Recorder, Ba,ndonr Weekly Herald, Co- terian and Universalist. quille Valley Sentinel, Coquille,- Daily EastsideAltitude 80 feet.- Popula- Record, Weekly Coos Bay News, Weekly tion 252. On line of Coos Bay, Roseburg Sun, Daily and Weekly Times, Marsh- & Eastern Railroad and the Isthmus field,. Weekly Enterprise Myrtle Point; Inlet. Industries: Lumbering, fishing Weepy Ha,rbor, North liend. and dairying. Has graded public school and churches. EnxpireAltitude 25 feet. Popu- CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. lation, 147. On Coos Bay harbor. In- BandonAltitude 25 feet. Popula- dustries: Lumbering, fishmg and dairy- tion 1,803 (U. S. census 1910). On Pacific ing. Has graded public school and Ocea,n at mouth of Coquille river. It is churches. the seaport for the rich Coquille Valley. 'MarshfitddAltitude 12 feet. Popu- A stage line operates throegh Curry lation 2,980 (U. S. census 1910). Coos Comity to Eureka, California, and to Bay terminal of the Coos Bay, Rose- Roseburg, Oregon, the nearest railroad burg & Eastern Railroad and on Coos connection. Rich farming district sur- Bay, near the mouth of the Coos river. rounding,city and vast coal resources in Shops, depot and terminal grounds of the the vicinity are as yet practically un- railroad located here. Terminal Railway developed. Immense bodies 'of virgin Company (local) owns water front line timber immediately contipous. Direct and has franchise for street railway in steamship connection with Port/and, San prospect. Together with North tend, Francisco and other outside markets. It is the natural outlet for the ,products Bandon would be a popular seaside resort of the inland agricultural, dairying and vrith railroad transportation. Principal farming section and chief distributing industries are salmon fishing and pack- point for the 'same. Principal industries ing, boat buildi,ng, lumbering, dairymg, in and arotmd the city are lumbering, gen eral farming, manufacturing and boat building, .dairymg, coal mining, stock raising. Gravity water' sy.stem fishing, farming aria fruit growing. City and electric lighting plant under pnvate owns gravity water works system; elec- ownership. Has high and graded public tric lighting system is under private OREGON ALMANAC. 75 - ovniership. Streets modernly improved North BendAt sea level. Popula- and well lighted and city IS provided tion 2,078 (IT: S. census 1910). Adjoins with sewerage system, cement sidewalks, Marshfield on the south, which is the public park and other improvements. northern terminal for the Coos Bay, Has high and graded public schools and Roseburg Sr Eastern Railroad, and 19 six 'churches: Baptist, Catholic, Epis- one of the principal shipping outlets on copal, Lutheran, Methodist and Presby- Coos Bay for the varied products of the terian. Large paper pulp pla,nt in course county. Its wharves permit of the dock- of construction here. One of the largest age of ocean-going.vessels and city en- sawmills on the coast is located here. joys regular steamer service to and be- Myrtle PointAltitude 73 feet. Pop- tween San Francisco and Portland and ulation 836 (U. S. census 1910). Southern other poiiits. Industries are lumbering, terminal of the Coos Bay, Roseburg ei dairying coal raining, ship building and Eastern Railroad and head of naviga- manufacturing. City owns docks and tion on Coquille river, in center of and harbor frontage. Southern Pacido Rail- distributing point for large and fertile road Company has franchise for railroad territory in Coquille Valley and the line over certain streets of city. Gravity principal industries are lumbering, farm- water works system and electrie and ing, dairying, truck gardening, fruit gas lighting_plants are under private culture, stock raising and coal mining ownersWp. Has high and graded public Immense body of merchantable timber schools and five churches: Catholic, in vicinity. City owns gravity water Methodist, Presbyterian, Swedish Luth- works system; electric lighting plarit is eran and United Brethren. under private ownership. Has high and Among the other more important graded public schools and six churches: trading pohits in the ccamty are Allegany, Christian, Methodist Episcopal, Meth- Beaverton, Bullards, Gravelford, Lake- odist (South), Latter Day Saints, Pres- side, Lampa, Norway, Sheridan and byterian and United Brethren. Templeton.

CURRY COUNTY. Southwest collier of state; west slope ing industry, which is one of the prin- Coast mountainsf'on Pa,cific Ocean. cipal industrial resources of the county, County BeatGold Beach. is undeveloped. Population-2,044; 82% American MineralsCrold, copper and coal are born. Of the foreign born about one- the principal products, while deposits fourth is Scandinavian; the balance of borax, chrome, iron, cobalt, cinnabar Canadian, English and German. and galena are known to. exist and, quar- Transportation=No railroads in the ries of fine building stone are found In. county; nearest railroad connection is the north end of the county. Roseburg, Douglas County, by stage to LandsSurface: Narrow but fertile Myrtle Point, Coos County. Water valleys, tide and marsh lands, rolling transportation into county from the hills and motmtains. Mostly rough and north is via Coos Bay, and front the motmtainous. Soils: Very similar to south via Crescent City, California, those of Coos County, having, an under- thence \ by stage into Curry County. lying of sandstone. Rich in lime and Lack of%ransportation facilities respon- sulphtuic acid and will grow anything sible for tardy development of reeources. suited to a mild and temperate ,chmate. Gasoline schooners run regularly into Qover growi luxuriantly, especially upon Port Orford from the north. the red upla,nds. Apples, cherries, small WaterChetco, Elk, Pistolz Rogue fruits and vegetables should grow well and Sixes rivers and their tributaries upon, this soil. Soil short lived and re- afford abundant supply of water for quires scientific farming. Average value domestic and other purposes and possess farm lands $16.23 per acre, cultivated big undeveloped water power possibil- and uncultivated (Of. S. census 1910). ities. The Rogue river alone is capable RoadsMain hig,hway through county of developing approximately 90,000 horse- in good condition, considerable money power. having been spent to gravel it; motoring TimberNatural forest growth con- geed. siste of Douglas fir, Port Orford cedar, FuelWood is the principal fuel used myrtle, madrone, sergeant oak, tan oak, and costs about $2.50 per cord. spruce, alder, hemlock and ash. Lumber- IndustriesLeading industries of the BANNING OF OREGON. ITIVZZIEENT OT BTATZ RAIRRING DWPARTSIIINT, LITAM, ORZ he =Aden in .,te of b at the dose of boeinese Sept. 4, 1912, in comparison with that of Sept. 1, 1911. resource's andUiab ties of both a City of Portland at elms of businms Sept. 4. 1912, to comparkon with that of WILL of Banks. Salem, Oregon, tept. 30, 1922. Combined figures of all the Banks In the Stato. Portland Banks. Sept. 4, 1912. Sept. 1, 1911. Inareseb. Deorease. Sept. 4, 1912. Sept. 1, 1911. Number of 13auks...... 240 3 0 21 22

. Resourcee. ,712,628. 48 5 76,880,371. .. $0,532,282.90 33,502,155- 75 Overdraft, - 485,749.74 647,579.99 49 111,924.99 37,273...... Semitic., bonds, ete...... :" , . 16,448,3134.96 15,017,313.06 , o 26,172,020.60 483,032..35 ...... 71anlaeg home. furnitureand 5atures...... 3,939,698.44 8,303,744.24 ...... 14. 853;993: 98,721.51 ...... Other real eetate owned...... 774,907.24 1434,812.27 ...... 243,055. 98,087.08 ...... 7. Due from banks (not reeerve banks/. ... 28,712,555. 52 26,125,567.81 2,587,281.12 , ....le' . 15,111,459.01 708,187.34 ...... Due front approved reserve agents ...... , ' ' Cbeeke and other cash items 608,297.69 , 582,568.07 22,728.72 .. 320,293. 19,121.65 Ezehangee for clearing houee...... 1,508,611.74 1,506,601.90 2,039.84 .. 1,371, . 1,102,367.80 ...... $ 81,222.08 Caah rat hand 14,322,485.25 14,1195,369.23 ,383. 8,955,737.13 9,335,034...... 429,267.20 United Stites bondeto moors circulation... 6.383,280. 00 5,457,262 . co 4.-26:600.62 ...... 2,800,00D. 00 2,800.600...... United States bandit to secure dePalita...... 1.569./81.92 1,426,06'9. 99 143,781.02 1,375,000,09 1,250,000.00 1.35,600. isi'- United States bonds on hand...... 244,280.00 * 245,940,00. . .. 1,880.00 54,100.00 ...... 54,100.00 Premiums on United Statee 52,352.05 27,087.53 i5;2.34.52 ...... - 33. 6.47 . . 33,036.47 ...... Fi per cent redemption fund...... 291,408.00 268,203 .00 23,205.00 . .... 240,000.00 iii,i4i.i ...... -...... - 93,833 .Z3 219,542.71 ...... 117 .14 ilf,iii: ii e than ..... ' 540,588- 89 452,784.86 .03 . . 429,3 21 ...... 58.1A464.06 ,247.47 .729153.81 .. Liabilities.. Capital stock paidln 7,538,250,00 7 . . $100,000.00 Surplue fund...... n...... ,...... 8458,235. 05 5 .03 . ..% 5 , UuMvided profitg...... , . ; ..... 2;540,911.87 2 ...... 1,152.181.29 1,030.661.96 121,493.33 Dividends unpaid...... , 9,389.45 8,999.02 ..... Dueto banks and 14,882,625.01 . .89 .. ,9 2,270.320.02 ...... Deposits due..... Stateksakers...... ' Treasurer, ...... " 332,000.00 . . 14, 4, .. Depositti =bigot to e ...... 70,198,971.27 74,497,095.10 ,701,178.08 37,6 38,117,477.18 . Demand oertes of t...... 5,048,741.45 2 . 7 . . Time certificates of deposit...... , ...... 11.674,927.54 . ,826.04 ...... 1 . Semmes depoeits...... 14,181,928.80 11 A38,191.60 ...... 7. 7, iii.i4 u,icTstato Ep Weit;o4i;, 858,839.05 37,714. 821,124.68 ,873.85 United States te . - ...... 913,602.30 B00,737.29 119,865,01 700,243.52 Depoeite Unitedofficers. ...tatoedhibitiaing430,751. . 519.872.59 92,600. iiI Noted and bilks re-discounted 71.31,5.00 133,692.83 . -...... , ... 50.227. .. Bills ayable. .. , $54,665,00 10 .02 ...... 0.245.00 ...... otailia:7;,iiiiiii;.eä ior ...... 243,520. .00 122,500,0o ..'.... 70410,00. - . 70;000.0 bank notes outatanding...... 5,199,975.00 . . 2 0212,125.00 ioi..iòiiii...... 69,8.57.12 . 129 . 56,090.00 73,114.65 ...... (lthcrj"jIitjoa...... 611,774.00 699,097. .. 27,323.73 579,875.14 532,898.43 47,018.71 ...... Totals, ...... , ..... , 85,454.06 1 $87,387,159.26 29,18321 $4,857,975.45 ...... OREGON ALMANAC. .77 county, all of which are in the infant fishing, farming, lumbering and dairy- stages of development because of lack the principal industries. of transportation facilities, are agri- intirn.e ispopulation about 200. Heart culture, dairying, lumbering, shingle of rich dairying section.ad surrounded manufacturing, salmon fishmg (and by large bodies of timber. Graded pub- packing upon small scale), stock raising lie school and church. 3,nd mining. Port OrfordAltitude about 200 feet. Numerous summer resorts offer gocid Poptdation 226. On Port Orford harbor, accommodations and excellent climatio whieh will permit heavy-draft sea-going conditions,including Langlois, Fort Or- vessels to dock at the wharves nine ford, Gold Beach, Pistol river, and Har- months of the year. Dairying and bor, at the mouth of Chateo river. timbered country surrounding and many For information address: Poort Orford e,argoes of railroad ties, lumber, match- Commercial Club. wood, shingles (manufactured from fa- Newspapers will send copies: Weeldy moue Port Orford white cedar), butter and Globe, Gold Beach; Port Orford Tribune, *oolare shipped from this port aamually. Port Orford. Will no doubt be a great almoner resort when more accessible. Lumbering, shin- CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGE& gle manufacturing and dairying are the (Not Incorporated.) prmcipal industries. Has high and graded AgnessNear mouth of Illinois river, publics school and church (non-denomi- in heart of mining section. Farming national). An extensive agate beach is' country. Large bodies of timber con- found north of the town and a yearly

*Pious. exhibition of private collections of agates I") Gold Beach(County Seat)Altitude and the find of the yeat is an =que 100 feet. Population 164 (U. S. census event. The Battle of Battle Rock is also 1910). Local estimate 200. 011 south side celebrated annually, in Commemoration of Rogue river, opposite Wedderbum. of a desperate fight which took place' be- Surrotmded by extensive stock country; tween the Indians and the first white large bodies of merchantable timber people who landed there. in vicinity. Shipping is engaged in by Wedderburn Altitude about sea light-draft boats to outside points along level. Population 100. At mouth of the coast from the mouth of Rogue Rogue river with harbor facilities which river, navigable for some distance in- admit of light-draft sea-goinx vessels land. Extensive and valuable latent re. greater portion of the year. Has cold- sources of county and industries awaiting storage plant, formerly operated in con- transportation facilities and deirelop- nection with one of largest salmon pack- meat. Railroad building from the north ing plants on the coast,. recently closed into Coos County, which Will ultimately" down. Principal industries are lumbering be extended into this connty. Fishing,. and salmon fishing and packing upon =ell lumbering, stock raising and dairying scale. Large sawmill near and town in are the principal industries Has graded close proximity to heavy belt of mer- public school and churches. chantable timber. HaS graded public HarborAt mouth of Cheteo river. school and church. Rieh farming and dairy country. Large Other important towns in the natality bodies of timber surrounding. Graded are: Corbin, Denmark, &Hey, Hare, public school and churches. Deep-sea Elahe and Ophir.

LINCOLN COUNTY. West central coast; west slope Coast nects with the main line of the :Southern motmtains; on Pacific Ocean. Pacific at Albany, Linn County, and County SeatToledo. also with the West Side division_of the Population-5,587; 72% American same system at CorvaWs, Balaton born. Of the foreign born about one- County. Newport, on Yaquine Ba,y, and f ourth is Scandinavian and the balance principal seaport on the western coast is made up principally of English, Cana- of the county, is reached by boat;from dians, Germans and Irikh. Yaquina City. Yaquina Bay affords her- TransportatIon--Corvallis & Eastern bor and docking fiusilities for light-draft Railroad (Southern Pacific) crosses the sea-going vessels and is naturally shelt- county from the east, having its west- ered from storios.TheYaquina river is also ern terminus at Yaquina City and con- navigable f or light draft vessels to Toledo. 78 OREGON ALMANAC. WaterThe Salmon, Siletz, Yaquina, For 'information address: Newport Big Elk and Alsea rivers and other Commereial Club; Toledo Development small streams supply an abundance of League. water for domestic and other purposes Newspapers will send copies: Weekly and water power for future development. Signal, Yaquina Bay News, Newport; TimberThe natural forest growth Lincoln County Leader, Toledo; Weeldy is cedar, red and yellow fir, alder, maple Journal, Waldport. and spruce. The vast timber we:alth of the county is in the early stages of de- CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGE'S. velopment. Chittim (cascara segrada) Nev,portAltitude 69 feet. Popula- bark, used universally and extensively tion 721 (U. S. census 1910). On Yaquina for medicinal purposes and commanding Bay, which admits of lig,ht-draft sea- a widespread and remune,rative market, going vessels, and is four miles across abdunds in plenty in this county. the bay from Yaquina City, the western Minerals--Gold, platinum, coal and terminus of the Corvallis dc Eastern Rail- iron are found in this county, besides a road, which junctions with the main line good quality of granite and sandstone of the Southern Pacific at Albany, Linn for building 'imposes. Agates, cerne- County, 'and West Side division of sane Hans, moonstones and other. valuable system at Corvallis, Benton County. ornamental stones are found in apparently Industries are farming dairying: lum- inexhaustible supply. bering, stock raising, small fnute and Lands--Surface: Level and rolling vegetables. Fishing and shipping of alluvial valleys; soapstone hills and moun- oysters clams and deep-sea fish. Sur- tains. Soils: There is a variety of soils roundirig country, aside from Undevel- from the sandy loam of tidewater to oped lumbering possibilities, especialli the tideland of Toledo City. The sandy adapted to dairying, small fruit raising loam is sufficient in phosphoric acid a,nd and truck ganiemng to supp/y demands humus but somewhat lacking in lime of beach resorters during vacation sea- and potash. Much improved by appli- sons. Is one of the most popular seaside cations of land plaster. Soils of bottom summer resorts in the Pacific Northwest. lands are rich, brown alluvium of great City owns water works system. Has depth, fine texture and contains a larga hig.h and graded public schools and four proportion of decomposed feldspar. Well churches: Baptist, Catholic, Episcopal adapted to growing fruits and vegetables; and Presbytenan. onions do exceptionally well on this soil. Toledo(County Seat)Altitude 75 Average value farm lands $20.35 per feet. Population 541 (U. S. census 1910). acre, cultivated and uncultivated. (U. S. On line of Corvallis & Eastern Railroad census 1910). and near the mouth of the Yaquina IndustriesLumbering, mining, sal- river and at the head of Yaquina Bay. mon fishing and packing, dairying, gen- StoCk raising and dairying are the prin- eral farming and fruit growing. Oysters, cipal industries and lumbering is an im- clams, crawfish and deep-sea fish in wide variety are caught in great quantities portant but undeveloped resource. Sur- .. in the streams, harbor and along the rounding country. affords good oppor- coast and find a ready market; Exten- tunities for farnung, dairying and fruit Has high and graded public - sive halibut and codfish banks have been growing. located off the coast of this county schools and four churches: Adventist, awaiting development of profitable in- Episcopal, Lutheran and Methodist. dustry. Weldport--Altitude 45 feet. Popula- Five to 10 acres, truck gardening and tion 310. Fifteen miles from. Yaquina intensive farming; 40 to 80 acres dairy- City, nearest point on the Corvallis & ing,. etc. sufficient for needs of average Eastern Railroad: and on Alsea Bay, at family dul will yield good profits. mouth of Alsea river. Chief industries FuelWood is principal fuel used and are lumbering and salmon fishing and costs $1.50 to $3 per cord. packing, but ¡wounding country is Wild game and game fish abound in especially adapted to dairying: stock plenty in the fields, woods, bays and raising and 'farming, small fruits and streams of the county.Newport, one vegetables. Is rich in agricultural re- of the most ppopulara,nd scenically pic- sources in primitive state of develop- turesque sede resorts in the Pacific ment. Has high and graded public school and one church:I Presbyterian. Northwest. - Average daily wage for skilled labor Yaquina CityPopulation about 100. $3.50; unskilled $2.00. Is western termin' us of the Corvallis ole OREGON ALMANAC. 79

FACTS REGARDING POP1TLATION OF OREGON.

Population. , Population COUNTY. Area-Aeres. Per Cent of Per Sguare 1910 1900 IIICreiSe. Mlle. , tBaker 18,076 15,597 - 1,958,400 15.9 5.9 Benton 10,6e8 6,706 440,320 59.0 15.5 Clackamas 29,931 19,658 1,192,980 , 52.3 16.1 Clatsop 16,100 12,765 525,440 .26.2 19.6 Columbia 10,580 6,237 423,680 69.6 16.0 Coos 17.959 10,324 1,041,920 74.0 11.0 Crook 9,315 3,964 4,977,920 135.10 1.2 Curry 2,014 1,888 958,720 9.4 1,4 Dpuglas 19,674 14,065 3,150,080 85.1 4.1 Gilliam 3,701 3,201 708,640 15.6 8.1 Grant 5,607 5,448 2,892,800 5.7 1.2 Harney 4,059 2,598 6,387,120 56.2. . 0.4 :Hood River 8,016 347,520 14.8 Jackson 25,756 13,608 1,815,040 88.0 9.1 Josephine 9,567 7,517 1,120,640 27.3 5.5 Klamath 8,554 3,970 3,839,360 115.5 1.4 Lake 4,658 2,847 , . 5,068,800 . 63.6 0.6 Lane 33,783 19,604 2,951,680 72.3 7. 11 Lincoln 5,587 3,875. 645,120 - 56.3 5.5 ' Lin' n ' 22,682 - 18,603 1,133,520 21.8 10.11

Malheur 8,601 4,203 6,323,120 104.0 . 0.9 Marion 39,780 27,713 ' 764,160 43.5 83.8 Morrow 4,357 4,151 1,293,000 5.0 2.2 Multnomah 226,261 103,167 288,640 119.3 501.7 Polk 13,469 9,923 ' 453,760 35.7 19.0 Sherman 4,242 3,477 535,040 22.0 6.1 Tillamook 6,266 4,471 720,000 40.1 5.0 Umatilla 20,300 18,049 2,030,720 12.5 ' 0.4 tHnion 16,191 16,070 1,385,680 0.8 7.8 Wallowa 8,364 5,538 2,012,800 51.0 2.7 Masco 16,336 18,199 1,409,520 23.8 7.0 Washington .. 21,522 14,467 476,040 48.8 29.4 Wheeler 2.484 2,443 1,090,360 1.7 1.5 Yamhill 18,285 13,420 456,960 86.3 25.3

' Total 672.765 / 413.530 61,188,480 62.7 7.0 tParts of Grant and Union Coimties annexed to )3aker County in 1902. *Hood River County organized from part of Wasco in 1908.

Eastern Railroad and on Yaquina Bay, Has graded public school and church. chief seaport of which is Newport, four Other important trading point,s in the miles across the bay to the west. Surround- county are: Eddyvillet Elk City, Sena- ed by heavily timbered section and villa, Lutgens, Nashville, Metz, Tide- large area of nch agricultural territory. water, Vernon.

TrLLLMOOK COUNTY.

Northwestern part of state; west slope edimty from northeast corner to- head k Coast mountains; on Pacific Ocean. of Nehaleni Bay Ind xaouth of IsTehalein Coturty Seat-Tillamook. river, thence sautherly along western Population - 6,266; 72% American coast and Tillamook Bay to Tillaniòok born. Of the foreign born about one- City, county seat and head of navigation third is Scandinavian and the remainder on 11llamook Bay. Nehalem Bay, Thlor is composed principally of Germans, mook Bay and Nestuoca Bay axe all Canadians, Scotch and Irish. natural and land-locked harbors, ' the Transportation-Pacific Railway & first and last of which Will admit Navigation Company railroad traverses medium-draft vessels, while' ,Tillamook 80 OREGON ALMANAC. Bay is the chief harbor, and when the exist for cranberry culture, which is a necessary bar improvements are com- highly profitable industry. pleted, will permit of the entrance of RoadsCounty is expending $125,000 heavier draft vessels and will become annually in the construction and main- one of the most important on the coast tenance of public highways, which are between San Francisco Bay and the in good condition, and many miles of Columbia river. Great sums are swill- macadam road have been built. able and are being expended in jetty Scenery,. inland and mountain, as well work to deepen the channel in Tillamook as sea coast, is magnificent, and wild Bay and the entrance to Nehalem Bay. game of all varieties are foimd in abund- WaterNehalem, Tillamook, lie ance. Neah-kah-nie mountain and beach, Wilson,'I'rask and Nestucca rivers, with Bayocean, Garibaldi beach, Brighton, their numerous tributaries, all of which Lake Lytle, Neskowin, Pacific City and empty into the several harbors of the Netarts are the principal summer and tounty, afford an abundance of water coast resorts. for all' needs a,nd there are great water Two to five acres, cranberry culture,. power possibilities awaiting develop- 20 to 160 acres dairying and general ment upon many of the streams, most farming produce handsome profits. notably the Wilson river. Average daily wage skilled labor $3.50; TimberEstimated standing timber =skilled $2.00. Farm hands $30 per in the county, approximately 32,000,- month and board. 000,000 feet, mostly in the northern part For inforniation address: Bay City of the county, consists principally of red Commercial Club; Bayocean Commer- and yellow fir, spruce, hemlock, cedar cial Club; Nehalem .Commercial Club; and, on the higher lands, of larch, alder Tillamook Commercial Club. and maple. While lumbering is one of Ne7spapers will send copies: Weeldy the important industries of the county, Exammer, Bay City; Weekly Courier, the immense wealth of forestry has Cloverdale; Weeidy Enterprise, Neha- scarcely been tapped and it is estimated lem; Weekly Lookout, Pacific City; that it will require en expenditure of Weekly Herald, Weekly Headlight, Tilla- $275,000,000 in wages and equipment to mook. place the visible supply on the market. Mitu3rals Practically no ininerals CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. exist in the county in merchantable quan- Bay CityAltitude 14 feet on tide- tities. Lignitio coal exists in northern water. Population 281 (U. S. census part of cotmty but not developed. 1910). Local estimate 450. On main line Lands--Surface: Hilly in the northern of Pacific Railway & Navigation Com- a,nd southern parts; comparatively level ptuay railroad and on Tillamook Bay. in the central portion. Soils: River bot- Surrounded by vast area of timbered toms are sandy loam; the prairie sandy country and agricultural land and is loam and clay, a fine soil for root situated most advantageously from a crops and grasses. Bottom lands nat- commercial viewpoint on the larkest urally well adapted to growing grain, natural harbor in the county. Lum r- fruit, vegetables and berries. Higher ing, salmon fishing and packing, ruit lands to grain and small fruits. Average raising and general farming are the prin- value farm lands $65.87 per acre, culti- cipal industries. Has factory sites con- vated and uncultiva,ted (U. S. census venient to deep water and railroad. Has 1910). plentiful supply of pure mountain water; IndustriesLumbering, manufactur- water works system and electric lighting, dairying and salmon fishing and ing plant under private ownership. One packing are the principal industries. union high school located here as ;well General farming, fruit growing and stock as graded public school and churches raising also engaged in extensively. Vast of three denominations. Congress has areas practically untouched, adapted approropriated $407,000, $100,000 of to daiarymg, fruit raising, stock raising which is now available for the construc- and cranberry culture. Is the banner tion of a jetty and deep water channel dairy county of the state, there being to By City. The Port of Bay City will over 50 cheese factories in existence and raise a like amount which will be applied hundreds of thousands of dollars are to the same use. realized annually in profits from the Bayocean--At tidewater. Occupies manufacture and sale of cheese. Is also whole of a peninsula which leaves the one of the very few counties in the state mainland in Western Tillamook and or on the coast in which ideal conditions forms the western boundary of Tillamook OREGON 4LMAN4C. 81 Bay; total area 600 acres. It is primarily system. Some =developed coal de +ts a pleasure resort and large sums are exist near the town. City has hi and bemg expended on its development and graded public schools and one c urch: improvement. Has railroad connection with the mainlarxd at any of the bay k--( County Seat )Popula- cities, via ferries across the harbor, tionM= 1,g52 (U. S. census 1910). At head but more directly with Garibaldi on the of tidewater and navigation on Ho- P. R. dc N. Railroad. Gravity water quarton Slough at south extreme of works s'ystem and electric lighting plant Tillamook Bay and near mouth of Wilson are under, . private ownership. Hunting, and Trask rivers, which empty into the fishing, bathing, boating, deep-sea fish- bay. Is also southern tern:n=8 of the ing, clam digging, etc., are the favorite P. R. & N. Railroad. Is the central dis- sports and pastimes, the conditions for tributing point for extensive area of rich which are excellent. timbered and agricultural and dairying NehalemAltitude about' 50 feet, lands and the chief shipping point for Population 119 (U. S. census 1910). On the varied products of same. Principal west side and near mouth of Nehalem industries are dairying, lumbering and river, on opposite bank from P. R. dr N. fishing. Good water poiver available Railroad, which proposes to construct for manufacturing purposes. City owns a bridge across river in conjunction with gravity water works system; electric the county. Is the principal commercial lighting plant is under private owner- and industrial center of Nehalem Valley, ship. Has high and waded public schoois which embraces about 200,000 acres of and one private (Catholic) school and fine timber, dairy and farming lands, and seven churches: Adventist, Catholic, which is drained by Nehalem river; Christian, Lutheran, Methodist, Presby- navigable to light-draft vesseis for a terian and United Brethren. Has hard distance of 10 miles inland. Congress surface streets, good sidewalks andlsewer has appropriated $100,000 which is avail- system. able, for harbor improvement. Lumber- Other towns and trading points are: \ ing, dairying, salmon fishing and packing Blaine, Brighton Garibaldi, Hobson- are the principal industries of the viciri- viilc,Neskowm 'Pacific City, Trask, ity. City owns gravity mountain water Wheeler and Woods.'

The Coast Country of Oregon is similar in climate to the Jersey and Guernse Islands and the Netherlandsthe most celebrated dairy regions of the worl .

ROGUE RIVER VALLEY. Temperature Average for Section. A/WandJuly Max. Sr; Min. so.; An. Max. 46°; Min. 30°.

JACKSON COUNTt junction point with the Southern Pacific, to Butte Falls, in Cascadefoothill,s e South Central Oregon; Rogue River distance of 35 miles. Rogue River Val- Valley. ley Railroad operates from Medford to County BeatJacksonville. jacksonville,the comity seat, 51 miles. Population-25,756; 89% American Klamath Lake Railroad, in extreme born. Of the foreign boym onerfourth southeastern corner of the county, three are Germans and the remainder Cana- miles. diana, English, Irish, Scandinavians and Water--R,ogue river and its numerous, Austrians. tributaries dram an immense watershed, TransportationMain line of South- and furnish an puuda,nt supply -of water ern Pacific traverses the county from for *domestic, irrigation and .other pur- the middle west to central southeast poses. Of the 266,000 hydro-horsepower The Pacific & Eastern (Northern Pa- available in this county, only 1,460 has cific) railroad operates from MedfOrd, been developed. 82 OREGON ALMANAC. RoadsThere are 800 miles of public CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. highways maintained by taxation and AshlandAltitude 1,960 feet. Popu- subscription. lation 5,020 (U. S. census 1910). Local TimberNatural forest growth, _which eitimate 6,000. Division terminal on is quite extensive, consiusts of oak, yel- main line of Southern Pacific Railroad low and su_ gar_ pine, fir and willdw. and special\ motor. service between Minerals--Coall asbestos, serpentine, Ashland and \Grants Pass, Josephine limestone, gold, silver, copper, fireclay, County, in Rogue River Valley. In granite, marble, etc. Mineral springs; midst of rich 'and fertile agricultural sec- with acknowledged therapeutic pro_p- tion and lumbering and mining district, erties, abound in the county and the and leading industries are fruit growing, waters from them are extensively shipped. general farming; stock raising, lumber- FuelWood is principal fuel used And mg and mining. Country surrounding costa 84.00 to.86.00 per co,( . j.and climatic conditions especially suited LandsSurface: Level, rolling hills to fruit growing, stock raising, dairying, and mountains. Soils: Alluvial, ranging . _poultry raising and mining. Pea,ches in depth from 10 inches to several feet. 'Iattam highest state of perfection in this In the immediate vicinity ofRogue River section and the product enjoys e wide- Valley are successive rich alluvial de- spread reputation. Average annual rain posits which are particularly favorable fall 21 inches. City has modern, im- to the raising of fruits of all kinds, espeei- proved, well lighted streets, sewer- ally peaches; sugar beets, hemp, onions, age system, fire protection, telephones, sorghum and strawberries also thriVe. etc. Has high andgraded public schools, The fmest quality of apples, peaches, - a business and normal college altd 12 pears and strawberries is produced. in churches: Baptist, Catholic, Christian, this county, which has attained an in.: 'Christian Science, Congregational, Dun- ternational reputation for pears and 'kard, Episcopal, Methodist Episcopal, applers, whicN-comrnand a widespread Methodist (Free), Nazarene, Presby- and remunerative market. Produets terian and Spirituality. Surrounding are marketed through the association - environment picturesque and hunting and co-operative plan and there is a preserv- fishing conditions ideal. Ashland Lithia ing and cold-storage plant in connection.. Springs and Wagner Soda Springs, are Average value farm lands 890.60 per. near this city. Southern Oregon Chau- acre, cultivated and =cultivated (U. S. - tauqua Assembly is held here annualry, census 1910.) also First Southern Oregon District Industries--Fruit wowing LS the lead-. Agricultual Fair upon alternate years ing industry in the valleys, but lumbering vvith Grants Pass a.nd Medford. City. is carried on extensively in the foothills owns gravity mountain water system and and niining in the northern and southern electric lighting plant. The original portions. Products have won high awards lighting and power plant is under in competitive exhibits in which they corporation ownership. Creamery, can- have been shown. nery and fruit associations. Manu- Ten to 40 acres, intensified anil diver- factures include foundry and machine sified farming; 20 acres and upwards, shops, ice, granite works, cement blocks, dairying and general farming pay gqod brick, shoes, etc. dividends. Central PointAltitude 298 feet. Average dailY wage for skilled labor Population 761 (U. S. census 1910). Local estimate 1,400. On main line of Southern 83.25; unskilled 82.25 Pacific Railroad and in Rogue River First Southern Oregon District' Agri- Valley. Principal 'shipping 6d dis- cultural Fair held at .Ashland, Medford tributing point for rich agricultural and and Grants Pass, each year in rotation. fruit growmg district'and center of great For information address: Ashland alfalfa district of the valley. Packing Commercial Club; Central Point Com- and shipping point for many great orch- mercial Club; Medford Commercial Club. ards. Abundance of water for irrigation, Newspapers will send copies: Weekly power. -and other purposes. Fruit grow- Valley Record, Ashland Tidings, Ash- ing is most important mdustry; peaches, land; Weekly Herald., Weekly Globe, apples, pears, apricots, berries and Central Point; We'ekly N,ews, Gold Hill; gritpes being the most favored varieties. Weekly _Post, Jacksonville; Weekly Sun, In agriculture, alfalfa, potatoes, onions, Daily Mail-Tribune, Rogue River Maga- melons and all varieties of garden truck zine, Weekly Review, Medfotd. are prolific producers and highly remun- OREGON ALMANAC. 83

GROWTH OF ELEVEN LARGEST CITIES IN OREGON FROM 1900 TO 1910. Portland and ten nest largest Ales of state. , . Population. Increase 1900801010 CITY. COUNTY. 1010 1900 Number. Per Cent. Portland Multnomah 207,214 90,428 118,788 129.2 Salem Marion 14,094 4,288 0,838 201.0 Astoria C/atsop.. 9,599 8,381 1,218 14.5 Eugene Lane 9,009 3,238 5,773 178.4 Medford Jackson ' 8,840 1.791 7,019 898.8 Baker Baker 8,742 . 8,883 79 1.2. Ashland Jackson 5,020 2,834 2,388 90.8 The Danes Wasco 4,880 3,542 1,288 37.7 Rosebiug Douglas 4,738 1,890 3,048 180.3 Corvallis Benton 4,552 1,819 2,733 150.2 Pendleton Umatilla 4,480 4.408 54 1.2

Authority: Prepared by Oregon Statistical Bureau. Fumes based on the census of 1910.

erative. Dairying, lumbering and min- ment. Has high auff graded public ing are also important industries of this schools and three elaurches: Catholic, vicinity. Low altitude, with favorable Methodist and Presbyterian. City owns' climatic conditions contribute te hig,h water works system and electric light- state of cultivation for fruits, nuts, 'vege- ing plant is tmder private ownership. tables, etc., and early ripening seasón Medford-Altitude 1,337 feet. Popu- affords advantage of beat market prices lation 8,840 (U. S.. census 1910). for products. City owns water works Local estimate 10,500. On mein line of system and electric lighting plant owned Southern Pacific Railroad; western ter- by private parties. Has high and graded minus of Pacific dc Eastern, which tapa public schools and five churches: Baptist, great timber belt in upper Rogue river Cluistian, Christian Science, Methodist &strict, and terminus of Rogue River Episcopal and Presbyterian. Average Valley Railroad, with daily 10-train annual rainfall 22 inches. service to Jacksonville, the county seat. Gold Hill-Altitude 1,109 feet,. Popu- In midst of extensiVe and exceedingly lation 423 (U. S. census 1910). Local fertile section of .Rogue River ValleY, estimate 618. On main line of Southern especially adapted to fruit raising, par- Pacific Railroad and on Rogue river in ticularly apples, pears, peaches and Rogue River Valley. In midst of rich small fruits, and to dairying and general and fertile fruit and general farming farming. Mining is also an important country and surrounded by extensive industnr in 'the near vicinity. 'U.rhibits forestry and mining district and ' the of products, including fruits in carload principal industries are mining, stock lots, have been awarded first prizes at raising, fruit culture and farming. Water leading apple shows of the We,st-for three works system asid eleetii 'e lighting plant consecutive years. City owns graiity are owned by private p 'rties. Has hig.h water works system and electric light- and graded public soh ols and church, ing plant is under private qwnership. non-sectarian, in which all denomina- Streets improved with hard surfaced tions hold services. Is gateway to pavement, well lighted and city has good Crater Lake, being the nearest railroa& sewer system and cement sidewalks:Has point to this great Nature's wonder, high and graded public schools and one Jacksonville - (County Seat) - Alti. sectarian school (Catholic) find 12 tude 1,600 feet. Population 785 (U. S. churches, including :-Baptist, Catholic, census 1910). Is terminus of Rogue Christian, Episeopal, Methodist, Epis- River Valley Railroad, which connects copal, Methodist (South), MetliWist with the main line of the Southern (Free) and Presbyterian; fine hotels and Pacific at Medford, 51. miles distant. business blocks and beautiful homes. In naidst of excellent fruit growing diS- Irrigation necessary for assurance of trict in Rogue River Valley and fruit best results in all fruit products and is growing and mining are the principal pradticed generally throughout the tal- industries in tte early stages of flevelop- ley. Average annual rainfall 27.21-inches. 84 OREGON ALMANAC. U. S. Weather Bureau, District For- ley and in center of extefisive and fertile ester's office and Pathologist's office agricultural and horticultural district located here. Claim is raade that within and the leading industries are farming, a 50-mile radius of Medford there is a Fazing and fruit growing. Electric light- greater diversity of resources and op- mg plant is owned by private parties. portunities than can be found within 50 Has graded public school and two miles of any other city in the world. churches: Cluistian and Presbyterian. PhoenixPopulation 250 (IQ. S. census Other prominent trade centers of the 1910). On main line of Southern Pacific cotinty are: Butte Falls, Sama Valley, Railroad. In upper Rogue River Val- Siskiyou, Talent and

JOSEPHINE COUNTY.

Southwestern Oregon: Siskiyou moun- cs, vegetables and hay are the principal tain region; in Rope River Valley. crops; the soil is naturally adapted to County 8eatGrants Pass. alfalfa, hops, sugar beets, melons, pota- Population 9,567; 91% American toes, sorghum and berries. Grapes of born. Of the foreign born about' one- the best quality are produced in this third is German and the remainder. are comity. Average value of farm lands, English! Irish, Scandinavians, Canadians cultivated and uncultivated, $41.58 per and Swiss. acre (U. S. census 1910.) TransportationMain line of South- FuelWood is principal fuel used and ern Pacific traverses northeastern por- costs, $4.50 to $5.50 per cord. tion of the county throtigh Rogue River IndustriesMining, lumbering, farm, Valley. dairyingt fruit growing, poultry WaterRogue river and its numerous sing and Irvestock. Fruit growing tributaries, including the Illinois river, industry, is growing very important in furnish an abtmdant supply of water for this section of the Rogue River Valley, doraestie, 'irrigation and other purposes and in the Illinois, Applegate and other and there are approximately 35,006 valleys. horsepower available,for development in Ten acres, intensified cultivation; to the Rog.ue river within this county, near 40 acres, diversified farming, will sup- Grants Pass. port average family and yield good RoadsThere are 300 miles of public profits. Average value farra lands $41.58 highways, 200 miles of which are in good per acre, cultivated and uncultivated condition. (U. S. census 1910.) TimberNatural growth is sugar pine, Average daily wage for skilled labor, yellow pine, fir, black oak, white oak, ash, $3.27; unskilled, $2.00. alder: manzanita, lenrel, spruce The Josephine County 'Caves, , rivaling and lilac.cedar' A large portion bf the cotmty In importance the Mammoth .Caves of is covered by a wealth of merchantable Kentucky, are located in the Siskiyou timber. Mountains, 33 miles South of Grants Minerals--Gold (placer and quartz), Pass, and are reached by wagon road silver, copper, limestone, sandstone, and mountain trail from this point. granite, marble, serpentine and traces They are under the jurisdiction of the of coal constitute the chief minerals of United States Government and are at- the county. County stands first in the tracting tourists and sightseers from state in placer gold production and great distances. Game fish and wild second in quartz production. game are found in great variety. Lands', general surface of the For information address: Grants Pass county i. launtainous, interspersed Conunercial Club; Wolf Creek Commer- with numeicats fertile valleys, plateaus cial Club. and slopes. The valleys of the Rogue, Newspapers will send copies: Roque Applegate and Illinois rivers and Wil- T'ver Courier, Oregon Observer, Pacific liams creek ciattain some 50,000 acres of .Outlook, Gre.tts Pass. practically level and very productive land. Soils: Red and deep in the foothills CMES, TPWNS 42a) and of rich loam on the bottom lands, both Graiits Pass(Conn.ty Seat)-- Mti- of excellent texture and easy of cultiva- tude 963 feet. Population 3,897 (U. S. tion. Fruits, especially apples and peach- census 1910). Local estimate 5,432. On - OREGON ALMANAC. main lino of Southern Pacific .Railioad and eight churches: Dentist, Cathólie; and on Rogue river in Rogue. River Val- Christian, Episcopal, Methodist (North ley., Is shipPing center and distributing Mid South), Methodist (Free) and Pres- point for extensive agricultural, mining byterian. Rogue river furnishes an and lumbering ,activities. The principal abundant water supply in addition to industries of the surroluding.section are excellent salmon and troutfishing within fruit growing, ;diversified, farming, didi7- city limits. Average annual rainfall ing, lumbering and mining. Leading fruit 32.20 inches. Growing season is long a.nd products are apples,peaches, peerargrapes produce matures early. and small fruits, 1.3trawherries, . etc., Wolf CreeltAltitude 1;318 feet: Pop- ivhich attain a high state of cultivation. ulation 60. On main line of Southern Alfalfa is also an importantcrop in this Pacific Railroad, 26 miles north of section. FamOus caves of Josephine Grants- Pass. Fruit growing,, poultry county, Consisting of many miles ,of raising) general farming, dairying; lum- Underground passages. and chambers; bering rand mining are the principal in- resplendent, with stalactites and crystals dustries. Graded school in which high and rivaling the Mammoth caves school .branches are taught. Religious Kentucky, are reached by wagon road ser ice every Sunday: Good store, .and pack mule from this point thrOugh hotel, etc. No saloons.1 Wild and picturesque scenery. .City has Other important trading points in the improved and well,lighted streets, county are Applegate, Galice, rby, isewerage system, cement sidewalks,' Leland, 1VIerlin, Placer, Waldo and. ild- etc. .Has high and greded public schocils erville.

Taw:pi:x13'4. INER, vALLEy. Tetapersture Averages for the Section. 'RoseburgJuly Max. 80°, Min. 52°; Sant Mex. 4/°, Min. 35°,

DOUGLAS COUNTY. eludes fir, spruce, ceda r, hemlock, laurel, yellow and sugar pine and oak. One of West central Oregon; 1Jmpque Valley; the leading Counties of the state, in point Pacific Ocean on west. of wealth of merchantable timber. County SeatRoseburg. Mintrals--Gold, silver, cobalt, cinne- -,POpulation 19,614; ,,86% AineriCan ber,.copper;Platinuni,,nickel, coking coal, born. Of the foreign ;born about one- nurbig,limestone and cernent 'deposits foupth is German; the rest,are deve1oped-64y in a small degree: Gold, Scandinavians. Irish and Cenadians. calveJogid,copper mining are important Transportation. Southe'rn Pacific industries. Many Mineral springs with ,Railroacl traverse,s county from north ,curtttfte!yes exist in the county. to south. Umpqua river; which empties atie: Level, rolling and into Winchester Bey ami Pacific Ocean moWu'r Soils: Deep alluvial in the on western botmdary, is navigable for valleys; ,richin all of the chemical eases- considerable distance inland but not to tiala and highly prochictive. Thè south a point "where railroad connection can central part has an especially fich soil be made. adapted to fruit culture. Reddish WaterUmpqua, Calepooia rivers and day loam in foothills. An excellent Cow and Myrtle creeks and other small quality of grape is produced in this streams afford an abimdant supply of county; also apples, pears,: peaches and water for domestic., irrigation andpower other orchard crops and small fruits. purposes Mountain streams capable of Average value firm lands 826.17 per acre, developing approximately 150,000 horse- :Cultivated and tmcultivatcd (U. S. ,cen- power, of which fewer tha,n 1,200 have ' sus 1910.) been utilized. Good, soft water is found IndustrleaLumbering, all branches at a depth of a few feet: Of agriculture and horticulture, salmon RoaqsCounty expends 8150,000 an- fishing and packing; mining, rock quarry- nually in construction and maintenance ,ing, and the raising of poultry, sheep, of Public highways, which are in fair goats (wool and mohair), horses, hogs, condition generally. a,nd cattle. Poultry raising, fruit growmg TimberNatural forest growth in- and dairying, are the most imnortant 86 OREGON ALMANAC. industries. Turkeys in flocks of several GardinerPopulation 391 (IL S. hundred are herded upon the "range" census 1910), On Winchester Bay, near like sheep and many carloads are shipped mouth of Umpqua river, future water- out of the valley during November way otitlet for products of valley and and December to supply holiday trade. county. Principal industries are luraber- In lower altitudes of the valley the ing, salmon fishing, and pae,king, 'dairy- growers of strawberries and other small ing, general farming, Graded public fruits and vegetables have the advant- school and two churches: Baptist and age of an early maturing sea,sen and Methodist. Has improved and well- are able to reach the market In advance lighted streets and other municipal im- of other sections, thus insuring high- provements. est market prices. Glendale--Altitude 1,425 feet. Popu- FuelWood is the principal fuel used lation 646 (U. S. eensus 1910). On main and costs about 85.00 per cord. line of Southern Pacific Railroact in- Ten to 40 acres, diversified farming, is dustries are mining, lumbering, light sufficient for needs of ordinary family farming and stock raising. City owns and will yield good returns. gravity water works system; electric Average daily wage skilled labor lighting pleat privately ovrned. In heart $3,75; enskilled $2.50. of rich muung and timber section. Has Southern Oregon Fair and the Straw- high and graded public schools and two berry and Rose Carnival are held at churches: Lutheran (Norwegian) and Roseburg in May each year Presbyterian. Average annual rainfall Foi information address: Cottage 40.69 inches. Enjoys the great advan- Grove Commercial Club; Glendale Com- tages of early-ripening and long-growing mencial Club; Oakland Commereial Club; season. Riddle Development League; Roseburg Myrtle CreekAltitude 637 feet. Pop- Commercial Club; Sutherlin Commercial illation 429 (U, S. census 1910). On maul Club. line of Southern P ,'fic Railroad and on Newspapers will send copies: The Non- Umpqua river. Metric lighting plant pariel, Drain; Weekly News, Glendale; and hydraulic water system are owned Weekly Mail, Myrtle Creek; Weekly privitely. Industries are lumbering, Advance, Oakland; Weeldy Tribune, iairying, fruit grovring and general farm- Riddle; Daily News, Weekly Review, ing. Has high and graded public schools Roseburg; Webkly Sun, Sutherlin; Weekly and five churches: Baptist, Christian, Courier, Yoncalla. Methodist (North and South) and Pres- byterian. Surrounded by large terri- CITIES, ICWNS AND VILLAGES. tory of rich and fertile agricultural landa Canyonville--Altitude 767 feet. Popu- and bait growing and diversified, farm- lation 149 (U. S. census 1910). Six miles ing are in theAscendancy. Poultry in- from Riddle, the nearest railroad point, dustry is important and is in flourishing on ma,in line of Southern Pacific Rail- condition: road. Industries: Lumbering, farmiiag, Oaklan.dAltitude 454 feet. Popu- mining, fruit raising and stock raising. lation 467 (U. S. censns 1910). Local esti- Good dairy country surroundbag. Has mate 800. On main line of Southern high and graded public school and two Pacific Railroad. Industries are diver- churches: Baptist and Methodist. sified farming, fruit and truck growing, DralpAltitude 300 feet. Populatitin ultry raising, dairying and livestock. 335 (U. S. census 1910). Local estimate Largest turkey shipping' centeron Pacific 600. On main line of Southern Pacific, Coast. Surrounded by lgrge timbered 36 miles from head of navigation on area. Has high and §raded public Umpqua river. Surrounding country is sehools and four churahes: Baptist, especially adapted to fruit culture. In- Episcopal, Methodist and Presbytenan. dustries are fruit culture, dairying., Average annual rainfall 34 inches; stock lumbering, light farming and stock conditioned for early shipment in ad- raising. Fruit growers have advantage vance of other sections. of early ripening season. Large body of RiddleAltitude 705 feet. P9ulation merchantable timber contiguous. Is 187 (17. S. census 1910). On mam kine of within the turkey-raising section of the Southern Pacific. Distributing centerfor county. Gravity water system is tinder large contiguous mining district and private ownership. Has high and graded lumber camps. Goat and sheep industry public schools and seven churches, in- is growing in irapprtance and conditions cluding Adventist, Christian and Metho- very good for dairying. Industries are dist. Average annual rainfall 36 inches. lumbering, mining, stock raising, general OREGON ALMANAC. 87 farming and fruit raising. Mining in tion of 15% annually the past three early stages of development. Has water years according to local claims. works system. High and graded public Suiberlin Population 600 (local school and one church, non-sectarian. estimate). On main line of Southern Plenty of water available for irrigation , Pacific Railroad and cm Galapooia, riVer. and power purposes is found in Cow In cen:ter of large agricultura section Creek. adapted to fruit culture and other profit- Roseburg (County Seat)Altitude able industries; also center. of large 485 feet. Population 4,738 (U. S. census turkey raising and other p,órultry, raismg 1910). Local estimate 6,000. On main and marketing section., i ge patented line of Southern Pacific Railroad and process fruit preserving plant Is located on Umpqua river. In central portion of here. Berries, garde,n truck, etc., receive Umpqua Valley. Large timbered area benefit of early maturing and marketing contiguous and rich agricultural cbuntry advantages. Both tip Umpqua and the surrounding for which Roseburg is the- Calapoma rivers furnish abundant supply principal shipping point and distributing of water for domestic and irrigation eenter. Industries are fruit culture, api- purposes, as well as available pewer fcrr culture livestock, lumbering, dai.rying, manufacturing purposes: Electric light7 poultry; raising,. floriculture and viti- ing and new water works systems are culture. Electric lighting and power under private ownership. Has graded plant and water works system , under public schools and churches. private ownership. Vast water powerYoneallitAltitude 352 feet. Popula- ° available and large cement and fireclay tion 233 (U. S. census 1910). .0n main deposits in near vicinity. Has high and line of Southern Pacific R,ailroad. In gradedp ublic schools and one private center of rieh agriculttual section and school Catholic). Has 11 churches in lumbering, fruit growing, stock raising which a 1 the leading denominations are and apiculture are the leading industries. repretiented. City has well-lighted, In midst of good dairying section a,nd parked and paved streets, sewer system, livestock, especially cattle, horses, sheep, cement sidewalks and other modern goats and sirme, does esceptionally.well. municipal improvements.. Southetn Ore- Gravity water system under private gen Fair and Strawberry and Rorie Car- ownership. Has high and_graded public nival, two festal events, are held 'here schools and two churches: Methodist and annually, the latter earlyi n May. Aver- Presbyterian. age annual rainfall 34.67 inches. Small Other important trading points in fruits and vegetables benefitted by early the county are: Camas Valley, Coles maturing and marketing conditions. Valley, Comstock, Dillard, Galesville, School census shows increase in poplin., Hawthorne, Hoaghn, Lookingglass.

WILLAMETTE VALLEY. Temperature Averages for thedieetion. PortlandJuly Max. 71r. Min. fir; Jan. Max. 44°, Min. 34°. Albany July Max. 52°,51°; Jan. Max. 48°. Min. 34°.

BENTON COUNTY. on the west slope of the Cascades in Linn Cotmty. Portland, Eugene & In Willamette Valley; east slope Eastern (Southern Pactific) operates elec- Coast motmtains; on Willamette river. tric line from Corva,llis to Monroe and County SeatCorvallis. is extending same, to Eugene, where Populatkm-10,663; 88% American it will connect with the mainline to born. _Of the foreign born one-third is Portland. Oregon Electric (Hill systein) German and the balance are principally operates branch five miles from main English, Canadian and Scotch. line to Corvallis. The-Willamette rive.r TransportationOn West Side divi- which forms the eastern) birundary of sion of Southern Pacific, of which it is county, is navigable the treater,part of the southern terminus, and is junction the year. r - point with the Corvallis & Eastern Rail- Water--Willamette rlier A/sea, river, road, which operates froni Yaquina, Bay Yecitlinal MatV.s, Long- fTom, Luckia- on coast to the heavily timbered belt mute and other nvers and streams furnish . FACTS REGARDING POPULATION OF OREGON-U.& CENSUS.

POPULATION.

TOTAL. 1010 1900 ,. COUIsiTY. por Bquaie F Town. Tovrn. e. Bota. Boni. 1010 , 1900 .800 or More. RuraL Rural. 0 18,076 15,597 8,823 9,253 7,484 8,113 3,023 , ' 3,711 14,365 ...... , ...... 10,663 0,706 5,057 5,608 " 2,102 4,644 8.18 1,280 9,888 Clackamea, ...... -...... ,.... 29,931 19,858 7,001 22,930 3,866 15,702 12.21 8,970 80,952 Clatnop 16,183 12,705 11,359 4,747 8,381 4,384 5.78 5,637 10,489 Colmar ...... 10.589 0,237 3,403 7,087 333 5,404 10.71 3,597 0,983

Coos.. , ...... , ...... 17,959 10,324 9,087 8,872 a - 7,030 5.44 3,592 14,367 Crook 9,315 3,064 7,373 653 3,308 .95 838 8,477 1,5 2,044 ' 1.37 368 1,876 DotaileS...... 19,674 14,565 7, 12,088 2,058 12.507 2,57 2,164 17,510 Gilliam.. , ...... , ... - , .. - 3,701 3,201 , 2,397 888 2,813 2.24 518 3,183 Grant 5,6e7 5,1148 7 4,885 345 5,603 -, 1,08 053 4,654 Harney 4,059 2,598 3,165 547 2,051 .32 578 3,481 Rood River 8,016 7 2 5,685 7 7 10.47 gaa 7,054 Jackson - 25,758 13,698 16,183 9,574 5,785 7,913 3,38 2,033 23,123 Josephine 9,567 7,517 3,897 5,870 2,299 5,227 3.24 sal 8,706 Klmnath 8,554 3,970 2,758 5,799 447 3,523 .97 1,711 6,849 Lake, . - ...... : ...... 4,658 2,847 1,251 3,407 761 ' 2,l . , .43 466 4,192 Idne...... 33,783 19,604 15,265 18,518 5,069 14,535 i,o2 3,715 30,068 Linc/M., ...... 5,587 3,575 1,262 .- 4,325 802 3,273 4.31 1,123 4,404 Linn...... 22,8a2 . 18,603 7,805 14,857 '5,617 12,986 6.82 3,946 18,718 8,1301 4,203 2,093 445 3,768 .66 .860 7,741 39,7130 27,718 19,044 8,603 21,110 18.87 7,076 31,804 Morrow ...... ,, ...... 4,357 4,151 889 1,448 3,005 1.71 523 3.834 Multnnrmayt. . ., 223.261 -103,137 213,538 90,420 12,741 28.20 78,928 - 149.333 13,469 4 9,923 4,747 2,986 -'6,937 12,30 1,347 12,122 Dorman ...... -. , ...... , . .. 4,242 3,419 . 1,106 3,136 657 ,820 3°.75 509 8,733 Tillamook 8.288 4,471 1.352 4,914 834 -3,637, 4.37 1,754 4,512 Umatilla 20,309 18,019 8,723 11,588-' 8,539 .: 11,1510 8.85 2,84.3 17.408 Union. . 18,191 16,070 8,635 7,556 4,531 11,519 3,62 1,457 14,734, Wallovra 8,364 5,538 ,2,760 5,604 390 5,142 1.78 502 7,882 W 16,336 13,190 10,779 5,587 4,644 8,555 2.37 2,124 14,212 Wiaiseraington 21,522 14,467 4,924 18,598 2,076 12,391 22.70 . 6,241 15,281 Wheeler...... , ...... 2,484 2,443 421 2,833 308 2,135 1.21 174 2,110 18,285 13 8,490 9,795 3;490 - 9,930 13.70 2,743 15,612 Total ...... 672,Th5 413.536 305,238 2 386 238,170 25 153,673 319,092 Ctty.and town tion le defined ea Places ha 300 inhabitants or more. BtiralTiSpillation, percentage, 4L3%. tHood River Coma vas part of Wasoo ConntY same born population, percentac, 22.8%. 04ty and town pops percentage 68.7%. American born popaLstion. percentage, 77.2%. OREGON A LAI AN AC . 89 an abundance of water for all purposes and on main fine of Corvallis ez Eastern, power facilities when developed. Sulphur which connects with main line of Southern springs north of Corvallis. Pacific at Albany, Linn County; is a Landih-Surface: Level, rolling, hilly shipping point on the Willamette river. to mountainous. Soils: Prahie bottoms Branch line of Portland, Eugene it East- of, rich, dark loam, highlyproductive and, ern (Southern Pacific electnemterurban) adapted to all kinds of grains, hay, operates from Eugene to Corvallis and grasses, small fruits, vegetables, etc. connects with the main line to Portlind. Hills of reddish clay loam of excellent The Oregon Eleetrio (Hill System) Rail- character and suitable to fruit culture, road, Portland to Eugene, Aoperates a general farming, dairying, etc. Average branch from its main line to Corvallis, a value farm lamb $39.48 per acre, culti- distance of five miles. It is surrounded by vated and uncultivated, U. S. census 1910. a rich and productive area of agricultural IndustriesLumbering, brick and tile lands. The leading industries of Corvallis manufacturing, agriculture, dairying, are lumbering, manufacturing, farm- livestock and farming. Products: 'Small ing,. fruit growing, dairying livestock fruits, grains, vegetables, 'flax, fruits, (dan7 cattle as well as sheep and wocil 9,nd dithy products. goats) and poultry raising. Oregon State FuelWood is principal fuel used and Agricultural College and United States costs $3.00 to $5.00 per cord. Experiment Station located here, making Average daily wage for skilled labor Corvallis the technical educational cen- $3.15; unskilled $2.25. ter of the Northwest. College located Oregon State Agricultural College and within city Units and property valued United States Experiment .Station are at $1,500,000. Dairying, farming and located at Corvallis. fruit culture are most important indus- Benton County awarded first premiums tries of surrounding country. Has high on displays of agricultural and horticul- and graded public schools, business' col- tural products at State Fair at Salem lege (private) and 12 churches: Baptist, in 1907, 1908 1910, 1911 and 1912. In- Catholic, Christian, Christian Science, dividual fruit displays awarde,d gold Church of God, Convegational, medals at Lewis & Clark Centennial at copal, Evangelical, German Lutheran Portland in 1905. Methodist Episcopal, Methodist (South), Ten to 40 acres sufficient for support Presbyterian. City owns gravity water of ordinary family under diversified system. Electric lighting and power and intensified farming and will yield plant under private ownership. Has im- good profits. For general farming 80 proved and well-lighted streets, sewer acres and upwards. system and other modem municipal im- For information address: Corvallis provements. Fruit and vegetable can- CommercialClub; Monroe Commercial ning factory and prune packing plant lo- Club; Philomath Commercial Club. cated here. Average annual rainfall 42 Newspapers will send copies: The inches. Gazette-Times, Benton County Repul» MonroeAltitude 350 feet. Popula- lican, Corvallis: Monroe Leader, Mon. tion 200, local estimate. On main line roe; Weekly Review, Philomath. ' of Portland, Eugene & Eastern between CorVallis and Eugene, which connects CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. . with main line of Southern Pacifie at Eugene Elad West Side division of Same AlpineAltitude 450 feet. Population system at Corvallis. About18 miles south 225, local estimate. Situated 20 miles of Corvallis and about e.qual distance southwest of Corvallis. On Portland, north of Eugene. Aboufmne miles from Eugene &Eastern Railroad. Surrounded Junction City on main line of Southern by, rich horticultural and agricultura' .Pacific and on Long Tom river, which lands and excellent body of standing empties into Willamette river ten miles timber in near vicinity Principal in- north. Surrounded by rich agrioUltural dustries are farming, orcharding, dairy- and horticultural territory and large ing, livestock and poultry. Has graded body of virgin timber in near vicinity. ;public school and two churches: Catholic Principal industries farming, dairying, and Methodist. Made a postoffice in 1912. lumbenng, fruit grovving, flour Mantl- Corvallis ,(County Seat) Altitude facturing and livestock and poultry rais- 300 feet. Population 4;552 (U. S. censuS ing. Has high and graded public school 1910). Local estimate 5,500 in 1912. and two churches: Catholic and Metho- Southern terminal of West Side division dist. Average annual rainfall about 42 of Southern Pacific, and junction point inches, 90 OREGON ALMANAC. PhilomathAltitude 295 feet. Popu- controlled by 'United Brethren church, lation 505 (U. S. census 1910). Local ad one of the oldest educational in- estimate 600. On main line of Corvallis stitutions in the state, located here. & Eastern, six miles west of Corvallis, Large sawmill in operation; alsonx-handle and on Mary's river. Surrotmded by factory and a creamery. Has high and a very laxge area of fertile agricultural graded public schools and two churches, land and exte,nsive timbered area in im- minding one established by the United m&li ate vicinity. Industries: Lumbering, 13rethren. farming, dairying, fruit raising, live- Other important towns a,nd trading stock and, poultry culture. Phdomath points in the county are Alsea, Glen- College, anon-sectarian Christian school, brook, Hoskhis, Kings Valley.

CLACKAMAS COUNTY.

Lower Willamette Valley; on Willam- amas river, at Cazadero, in this ette river.. county. Also large power plant is located County SeatOregon City. at River Mill, Estacada. Mineral Population 291931; 70% American Springs, with curative qualitiesat one born. Of the foreign born about one- of which is the summer and health half is -German and the remainder is resort, Wilholt Springsare numerous. principally English, Cenadians, Irish, 'timberNatural forest growth is fir, Scandmavians and Scotch. oak, cottonwood, lish, cedar, maple and TransportationMain line of South- larch. Lumbering and manufacturing ern Pacific crosses northwestern portion of forestry products is one of the chief of county; Willamette river courses along industries of the county. Cottonwood through northwestern corner and along and lahn timber, used extensively in western border, with direct steamship the Wanufacture of paper; are found in service to Portland and upper valley large tracts in this county. points throughout the year. Oregon Lands--Surface: Level, rolling and City locks, surmounting Willamette mountainous. Soils: Red clayish loam Falls and affording undisturbed naviga- of excellent texture and highly productive tion to upper river, purchased by Federal on the hills and mount& slopes: Grapes and State Governments and will be of an excellent quality are grown in operated free of toll for public benefit. abundance and sugar beets would be Oregon Electric, Portland to Eugene, a profitable crop here. Average value crosses northwestern corner of county. farm land, cultivated and uncultivated, Oregon City-Canemah and Cazadere, two $78.29 per acre, (U. S. census, 1910). lines of Portland Railway, Light & Power Industries Lumbering, manufactur- Company intertuban system, operate to ing, general farming, dairying, fruit northwestern interior and north central growing, livestock (horses and cattle) interior respectively, with continuous and poultry raising. Bee culture is .also service to and from Portland. Electriò engaged in extensively and profikably. line extension (Southern Pacific) from Wheat, barley, oats, hay, vegetables, Oregon City to southwestern extremity_of and hops are grown profitably also. county in course of construction. Mt. Potatoes are a paying crop and prunes Hood Railway, electric, traverses north- are produced in considerable quantity. ern 13ortion of the ceunty to Bull Run. Lumbering and manufacturing, especially WaterWillamette, Clackamas, Mo- paper, are most important; three paper lalla, Tualatin, Pudding and Sandy rivers mills, one of which is among the largest and other smaller streams supply an abund-, in the world, are established at Oregon ance of water for logging, domestic and City. Teasels, the thistle-like burr which power facilities. Power developed and is valuable for dressing cloth and in utilized on Clackaraas and Willamette demand by fullera everywhere, are pro- rivers approximates 96,995 horsepower; dticed in abundant supply. Large woolen undeveloped on these and other streams, mill at Oregon City. Clackamas COunty 67,300 horsepower. Hydro-electric power Fair held irt Canby annually. plant of Portland Railway, Light it Twenty acres, diversified and inten- Povver Company which generates 50,000 sified farming, sufficient for nee4s of horsepower for light and power purposes ordinary family and will yield good re- for transmission to Portland, Oregon turna. Average value farm hinds $59.25 City a,nd other points, located on Clack- per acre, cultivated and uncultivated OREGON ALMANAC. 91 (U.' S. census 1910). Wood is principal MilwaukieAltitude 62 feet. Popu- fuel used arui costs $3.00 to $4.00 per lation 860 (U. S. census 1910). Local cord. Mount Hood, elevation 11,225feet, estimate 1,200. On main line of Southern and highest mountam in the state, locat- Pacific Railroad and interurban electric ed in northeastern portion of the county. lines from Portland, affording excellent Average daily wage for skilled labor transportation facilities in both passen- $3.25; unskilled $2.25. ger and freiat service. In midst of RoadsMore than 2,000 miles of public large and rich area of -agripultural land roads in the cotmty, of which over 300 and the principal industry is small fruit miles are irriproved with stone or gravel. culture and general farmmg upon a small This is one of the pioneer counties in scale. Intensive farming m general good-roads-reform movement and large practice. Private corporation furnishes sums have been expended in permanent electric lighting and water facilities. road improvement. Has high and graded public schools, For mformation address: CherryvMe also grange society, and four churches: Commercial Club; Estacada Commergial Catholic, Episcopal, Evangelical and Club; Oregon City Coramercial Club; Methodist. Oswego Commercial Club; Sandy Com- Oregon City(County Seat)Alti- mercial Club. tudia 152 feet. Population 4,287 (U. S. Newspapers will send copies: Morning census 1910). Local es imate, including Enterprise, . Weekly Courier, Western six suburbs, 10,000. On main lute o Stock Journal, Oreg.on City; Weekly Southern Pacific Railroad and on Wil- Tribune, Canby; Weekly Progress, Este,. lamette_ river, with contintious service cada; Weekly News, Milwaukie. to Portland and upper valley points. First class electric mterurban service CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. to Portland: a.ffording splendid facilities BarlowPopulation 69 (U. S. census for marketmg of products and cheap 1910). Local estimate 125. On naain transportation. Manufacturing (paper line of Southern Pacific and on Willam- and woolen fabrics), lumberin , fruit grow- ette river. In center of large agneul- ing and general farming are t e principal tural section, the soil of which is adapted industries. Products: Paper, woolen to intensified farming, especialiy small goods, lumber, furniture, fruits, dairy fruits and vegetables, and the growing and poultry products and vegetables: of these, together with dairying, eon- Surrounding country especially adapted stitut,e the principal industries m and to dairying, poultry and bee culture, around the community. Has graded horticulture and general farming. Abund- public school and two churches: Luth- ant water power and other advantages eran and Nazarene. for manufa,cturing enterprises. Willam- Comb Altitude 173 feet. Population ette river canal and locks, owned jointly, 5R7 (U. S. census 1910). Local estimate by Federal and State Governments a,nd 1,000. On main line of Southern Pacific operated free of toll for public benefit, Railroad and near the Willamette river. located here. Also immense electric Surrounded by rich and extensive agri- energy generating plant, large woolen cultural area and the principal industries mill, three paper mills, one of which:is are agricniture, lumbering, dairying and among the largest in the world, operated fruit raising. Clackama,s Cowaty Pair - here. City owns water works system; held here ähitually. Has graded public electric lightin and ower plant under school and three churches: Christian, private owners 'p. autauqua AHEM- Lutheran and Methodist. bly is held at Gladstone Park, near this EstacadaAltitude 465 feet. Popu- city, annually. Has high and graded lation 405 (U. S. census 1910). Local pubbc schools and one private (Catholic) estimate 525. Surrounded by large school and 12 churches: Baptist, Cath- forested area and agricultural section olic, Christian, Congregational, Epis- 8,nd the principal industries are lumber- copal, German Lutheran, German 11/leth- . ing, fruit growing, general farming, ost, German Presbyterian, Methodist, poultry raising. City ovrns gilivity water Presb rian, Reformed Lutheran and system and electric lighting plant is United Brethren. wider pifiate ownership. Has igh and , OswegoAltitude 150 feet. Popula- graded public school and three churches: ' tion 527 (U. S. census 1910). Local esti- Church of Christ, Evangelical e.nd Meth- mate 740. On main, line of Southern odist. Large water power plant of Pacific Railroad and on Willamette Portland Railway, Light & Power Com- river. Spring water is furnished by pri- PanY near this city. vate corporation. Has one graded public 92 OREGON ALMANAC. school and one private (Catholic Acad- fruit raising, Jruck gardening, dairying emy) and two churches: Catholic and and poultry raising. Congregational. In midst of rich and Other important towns and trading extensive agricultural section and the points in the county are: Casadero, principal industries are general farming, Elwood, Marquam, Mobile. and New Era.

COLUMBIA COUNTY.

Lower Columbia Valley and Nehalem FuelWood is the principal fuel used Valley; east slope Coast Mountains; on and cOsts about $3.50 per cord. Columbia. river. RoadsAbout 425 miles of public County SeatSt. Helens'. highways in'the county, maintained by Population 10,580; 68% American special tax levy, many miles of who born. Of the foreign born 75% is Sean- are in good condition. Road building dinavian and the balance is made up of a permanent character is being pushed °. principally of Canadians, Germans, Irish, rapidly. Scotch and Swiss. Ten to 20 acres, diversified and inte.n- TransportationAstoria & Columbia sified farming, sufficient for needs of River Railroad (Spokane', Portland & average family and will yield good re- Seattle) traverses eastern and northern turns. boundaay of the county; Goble, Nehalem Average daily wage for skilled labor & Pacific and Columbia & Nehalem Val- $3.75; unskilled $2.50. ley railroads penetrate to the interior Columbia County- awl individualdual ex- from eastern boundary. Columbia river hibitors awarded premiums for dairy along eastern and northern boundazies. products and unthreshed grasses and WaterColumbia, Nehalem and Clats- grains at Lewis & C/ark Centennial Ex- kanie rivers, the Beaver and Minoe position in 1905. creeks and other streams furnish an For information address: Houlten abundant supply of water for all pur- Commercial Club; St. Helens Commercial poses. Club. TimberCounty has immense area Newspapers- will send copies: The ofmerchantable timber, the natural Weekly Chief, -Clatskanie; Weekly Re- growths being fir, cedar, spruce, larch, view, Reinièri Oregon Mist, St. Helens. hemlock, oak and hazel. Lands--Surf ace: Tidelands, higher CITIBS TOVtNS AND VILLAGES. level and rolling lands, himiliy to meun- ClatskanieAltitude 50 feet. Popu- tainous. Soils: Red soil, a* tar to "shot lation 747 (U.. S. census 1910). Local lands," with clay and gravel subsoil, estimate 1,500. On main line of Astoria constitutes a considerable area of the & Columbia River Railroad and near pPlands of the county, which is muCh the Columbia river. Situated at con- improved by the growmg of clover and fluence of Clatskanie and Columbia rivers other green crops. Soils of river and - is shipping and distributing point creek bottoms deep loam and silt forma- for Clatskanie Valley region and the tions tand very rich and highly produc- Nehalem Valley, which are rich in their tive. Conditions are first class for the' =dairying and agricultural resources and production of garden truck, small fruits, possibilities. Principal industries in onions, potatoes, etc. Average value of and around the community are logging, farm landa $35.90 per acre, cultivated lumbering, fishing, farming and dairy- and =cultivated (II. S. census 1910). ing. Soils of the adjacent v-alleys .are Industries are lumbering, dairying, adapted to fruit culture, and there is a livestock., salmon fishing and packin g large area of logged-off lands at reason- and mirmig. Conditions are ideal for able prices. City owzas gravity water 411 dairying and industry IS pursued upon electric lig.hting plant under a large scale. Salmon fishing and pack- privatenwnership.syetent' Has high (four-year) . ing are also very important and highly and weeded public schools and three remunerative industries. churches; Baptist, Methodist and Pres- MineralsIron, fine building stone byterian. and some coal, the last being limited in GoblePopulation 329. (U. S. census area and not developed upon conimercial 1910). On line of Astozia & Columbia scale, exist in the county. River Railroad and junction point of

, OREGON ALMANAC. 93 Goble & Nehalem Valley Railroad. 1910). Local estimate 1,500. Twenty- Principal industries are lumbermg and eig,ht miles from Portland and one mile fishing. from Houlton, on the lino of the Astoria HoultonAltitude 150 feet. Popula- & Columbia River Railroad, and on the tion 347 (U. S. census 1910). On main Columbia river, with regular steamer line of Astoria & Columbia River ,Rail- and train service to and from the state's road and near the Columbia river. metropolis. Surrounded by rich agri- Country tributnry to the city is good cultural and dairy country and there are for general farnung, fruit culture, garden many fine farms and orchards in vicinity trucking, dairying, poultry and bee cul- and much improved land. Immense de- ture. Soil is rich and does not require posit of iron ore of high grade lies -con- irrigation. Large body of virgin timber venient for development from this point. in vicinity. Industries are lumbering, Also numerous stone !parries in neigh-. stone quarrying, salmon fishing and borhbod. Principal industries in and- farming. Market facilities for products around city are lumbering, ship build- good. Has graded public school and ing (ocean ships), rock quarrying, sal- two churches: Methodist Episcopal, mon fishing, farming and dairying. City Methodist (Free). owns water works syatem (gravity). RainierAltitude 100 feet. Popula- Electric lighting plant is under private tion 1,359 (U. S. census 1910). On the ownership. Has well-lighted and im- Astons & Columbia River Railroad and proved streets, sewerage system, etc. near Columbia river, with good harbor Graded public school and three churches: and docking facilities. Is largest town Congrimational, Episcopal, Methodist. in the county and is important manu- A huge creosoting plant was placed in facturing and milling center. Large operation October 1, 1912. Court house, area of timber is accessible and country three-story brick business block and new surrounding is adapted to dairying and bank building would be a5 credit to a diversified farming. Principal industries much larger city. are lumbering, salmon fislung and pack- VernoniaPopulation 69. (U.S. census ing, farming, dairying and livestock rais- 1910). .Local estimate 347. On line of ing: Some iron and coal deposits in the Astoria & Columbia River Raihnad and vicinity but undevelomd. Gravity water junctionpoint of Goble & Nehalem Valley works. system owned by the city and Railroad. Principal industries are lum- electnc lighting plant under private bering and fishing. ownership. City has high and graded Mayor, Reuben, Columbia City, Fish- public schoels and four churches» hawk, Jewel, Mishawauka and Pitts- Catholic Church of Christ, Congrega- . burgh are other trade centers of the tional aria Methodist. county, all of which will grow with the St. Helens(County Seat)Altitude development of the colmty's resources 60 feet. Population 742 (U. S. census and Industries.

LANE COUNTY.

Western Oregon; head of Willamette to Oakridge with daily train service Valley; headwaters Willamette river; from Eugene. Wendfing branch, South- Pacific Ocean on western border. ern omates frem Eugene to County Seat--Eugene. Wendling,Pa,cific'tappmg heavily timbered Popub,tion 33,783; 89% AMI4ViCall area. The Oregon & Southeastern extends born. Of the foreign born one-fota'2) is from Cottage GroVe to Disston, 20 miles, Scandinavian and the remainder Ger- to the Calapooia Motmtains, reaching a mans, English, Canadians, Irish, Scotch rich mineral district and a fine body of and Swiss. timber. The Portland, Eugene & Eastern TransportationMain line of South- "lroad (Southern Pacific) connects ern Pacific crosse,s central portion pf 'Eugene and Springfield, and is construct- county, north to south. Woodburn ing a line from Eugene to Monroe and branch of Southern'Paeific, which limo- Corvallis, in Benton County. Oregon dons with main line at Woodburn, Marion . Electric Railway (Hill System), with County, runs across county to Spring-, northern terminus at Portland, has ex- field. Eugene-Kla.math Falls cut-off of tended its main line through the heart Southern Pacific is now being operated of the valley, and it is operating with 10 94 OREGON ALMANAC. passenger trains daily between Portland Ten to 20 acres, intensified farming, and Eugene. Willamette Pacific Rail- small fruits and poultry; 20 acres ami way (owned by Southern Pacific) is con- upwards, fruit, dairymg a.nd general structing a line from Eugene to Coos farming, sufficient for needs of ordinary Bay (via Sinslaw Harbor). Willamette family and will yield good profits. river, under favorable conditions, is Oregon State University is located at navigable to light-draft river vessels Eugene, in this county. Lane Comity as far as Eugene. Florence, at month of Pair, Eugene; Junction City. "Punldn" Siuslaw river, is the county's seaport. Show; Springfield Harvest Festival are WaterWillamette river, McKenzie menial social and industrial events. river, Siuslaw river and munerous other Scenery is grand; fish and wild game smaller streams afford an abtmdant are f ound in abundance. supply of water for all purposes and con- For information address: Eugene Com- tain a vast wealth of unhanaessed water mercial Club; Cottage Grove Commer- power. Approximately 265,000 tmdevel- cial Club., Junction City Commercial oped horsepower on the Willamette river Club, Spnngfield Commercial Club. and its chief tributary, the McKenzie, Newspapers will send copies: Weekly in this county. A good quality of well Journal, Coburg; Weekly Sentinel, Week- water is obtainable at depths of from ly Leader, Cottage Grove; Weekly Chron- 20 to 100 feet. icle, Creswell; Daily Guard, Oregon 'rimberNatural forest growth is fir, Weekly Daily Register, Eugene; The cedar, hemlock, oak, ash and sugar pine. West, Florence; Weekly Times, Junction A large percentage of the county is cov- City; Weekly. News, Springfield. ered by forests and logging and lumbering is the leading industry. crrus, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. MineralsGold and silver, quick- Cottage GroveAltitude 671 feet. silver, cinnabar, copper, lead, zinc and Population 1,834 (U. S. census 1910). In limestone and sandstone are the 1911 city Jimits were extended, adding principal mineral products. Leading about 800-to population. On main line inining district in Calapooia Mountains of Southem Pacific. The Oregon & adjacent to Cottage Grove. Mineral Southeastern Railroad rwas from Cot- springs, the waters of which have ex- tage Grove to Disston, 20 miles into cellent medicinal qualities. exist in the the Calapooia Mountains, in heart of county. A.n excellent quality of mineral Bohemia, mining district and vast forest paint (Sienna) is mined in this enunty. area. Preparations being made for ex- RoadsPublic highways, in good con- tension westward via Siuslaw and Smith dition,. are maintained by taxation and river to coast, tapping fine agricultural subsoil tion. and timber area. Distributing and ship- LandL.SurfacEe: Level and rolling val- ping. center for immense lumbering and leys hilly and mountainous. Soils. mining district and rich agricultural. The'bottom lands along the rivers are silt section. Modernly improved streets, deposits, deep and black,and slightly sidewalks and sewerage system. City loamy. They are exceedingly fertile. owns water works system. Electric Rolling hill lands are deep, red loam, lighting plant is tmder private owner- tmderlaid with clay, gravel and sand- ship. Lumbering,. mining, dairying, stone. There are tracts of the red "shot" farming,' fruit growmg and stock raising soil found on the undulated lands, all are the principal industries. Has high of which are good for general farming, and graded public schools and seven apples and fruit culture. A good system churches: Adventist, Baptist, _Catholic, of drainage will render a considerable Christian, Christian Science, Methodist, area of white, swale land highly produc- Presbyterian. Proposed Pacific High- tive. Averager value farm lands 839.34 way passes through Cottage Grove. perp acre, c ti and =cultivated Eugene(County Seat)--Altitude 453 (U. S. census 1910). feet. Population 12,000 (local esti- IndustriesLumbering, mining, gen- mate), 9,009 (U. S. census 1910). On main eral farming, fruit culture livestock, line of Southern Pacific 123 miles south sheep and wool, goats dad mohair, of Portland and on Willamette river. dairyhig, truck gardening, hop growing. JAction point of main Une and Wendling and manufacturing. branch and Eugene-Klamath Falls cut- FuelWood is principal fuel used and off. of Southern Pacific. Ptirtland, Eu- costs $3.00 to $4.00 per cord. gene s& Eastern Railway (owned by Average daily wage for skilled labor Southern Pacific) opera,tes and owns $3.50; =skilled 82.25. local street railway system, with inter- OREON ALMANAC. 95 urban line to Springfield and is eon-. sums of raoney being expended in constructing line from Eugene to Menroe struction of jetties for deepening of and Corvallis, comaectmg with West harbor, in which event Florence will Side lines of Southern Pacific at latter become important lumber shipping port. point. Eugene is southern terminal of Chief industries: Lumbering, loggpng, Oregon Electric Railway (Hill System), salmon fishing and packing, farriung, operating from Portland through prin- dairying. Several beautiful summer out- cipal points in the Willamette Valley. ing resorts adjacent. City owns electric Willamette-Pacific Railway (Southern lighting plant. Has high and graded Pacific) constructing line to Coos Bay, public schools and two. churches: via Florence and Stuslaw Harbor, giving Evangelical and Presbyterian. Eugene access to two good harbors on Junction CityAltitude 353 feet. the Pacific Ocean. Shipping and dis- Population 759. (13.8. census 1910). On tributing. center for en immense and mam lhie of Southern Pacific Railroad; vastly richagricultural, mineral and two miles from Willamette river, three timber district. \Also central point for miles from Long Tom creel. Trading transmission of electrical energy capable center for large area of country in all of being developed by the enormous directions. Farming, stock raismg and - water powers of the McKenzie and Wil- fruit growing are the principa industries lamette rivers, which adds to importance in surrotmdmg country. Water works of city as a future manufacturing center. syptem and electric lighting plants under Chief industries: Lumbering,. mining, private ownership. Has high and graded manufacturing, farming, dairymg, poul- public :schools and several churches, in- try raisi,ng, livestock, hops fruit grow- cluding Baptist, Chiistiair Danish Luth- ing and truck gardening. 'Educational eran, Methodis t, Methódist (South), center with State Umversity, Eugene and others. Bible School (Christian), Crigiolic Springfield--Altitude 476 feet. Popu- School, School for Girls (Cluistian), lation 1,838. (U. S. census 1910). Qn High school and five grade schools. Woodburn-Natron branch of Southern Ten churches, embracing as many re- Pacific Railroad and connected with ligious denominations. Lane County Eugene, on the main line of the Southern Fair held here yearly. City owns water Pacific, by Portland, Eugene & East- works system and hydro-electric power ern (electric) Railroad. Industries: plant on McKenzie river; also operates Lumbering, nuning, dairying, fruit grow- street lighting system and furnishes ing and stock raismg. Rich agricultural commercial light and power ad well. In and ltunbering country contiguous. addition to city lighting system there Good streets, sidewalks, and sewer is large syetem under private owner- system. Water works system and ship. City is modern and up-to-date, electric light and power plant are under and has well paved °lard surfaced) private ownership. Has high and graded streets, 15 miles of street railway, street blic schools (State University, at lighting and sewer system and fine public gene only three miles distant by trol- buildings. Eugene has four banks with ley line) and several churches, including combined deposits of nearly four million Baptist, Christian, Free Methodist and dollars and is the financial center Of the Methodist. county. Other important towns and trading FlorenceAltitude 20 feet. Popula- points in the county are: Coburg, Cres- tion 311. (U. S. census 1910). Near mouth well, Deadwoodz Elmira, Falcreek, of Siuslaw river, which empties into Foley Springs (mineral water). Goshen, Pacific Ocean.and affords anchorage for Mapleton, Natron, Pleasant Hal, Wend- light-draft eoast-wise vessels. Large ling.

LINN COUNTY.

Western Oregon; in Willamette Val- born. Of the foreign born about one- ley; on Willamette river. third is German and the remaindo,. is County Seat_,Albany. composed principally of-Canadians, Eng- Population 22,662; 87% American lish, Austrians, Irish, Swiks and Scotch. 95 OREGON ALMANAC. TransportationMain line of South- IndustriesFarming, fruit growing, em Pacific crosses county from north to lumbering, stock raising, manufacturing south; Corvallis & Eastern crosses the (lumber, machinery, paper and woolen va,lley from Pacific Ocean on the west goods), fruit packing and preserving, into the heavily timbered section in the hop culture, sheep and wool, goats and Caspade Motmtains; junctions with the mohair, are the chief industries and Southern Pacific at Albany and skirts products of the county. along northern botmdary of the county. FuelWood is principal fuel used and Woodburn-Natron branch of the Southern costs $3.00 to $4.50per cord, Pacific crosses the county, from north to Ten to 20 acres, intensive cultivation, south, through rich timber and agricul- sufficient for needs of ordinary fan:lily tural section, a fe* miles east of and and will yield good profits on the in- parallel to the main line of the 'Southern vestMent. Pacific, with which it is connected at Albany by branch line from Lebanon. Scenery is grand and hunting and fish The Oregon Electric, (Hill system) tra- conditions are 'first class. verses western part of county, with Manufacturers' Exposition sud Albany branch line from Albany to Corvallis, Chautauqua Assembly held at Albany Benton County. Willamette river forms annually, as are also the Poult* Show, western boundary of the county and is Apple Show and the Industria School navigable for several months of the year. Fair. Linn County Fair, annually at WaterWillamette, Calapooia and Scio; Strawberry and Stock Shows., an- Santiam rivers with their numerous nually at Lebanon, and Potato Fair at tributaries, furrhsh an abundant supply Harritibtvg. of water for all 'imposes. Approximately For information address: Albany Com- 20,000 horsepower, undeveloped, exists mercial Club; Brownsville Commercial in the Santiam river and on Calapooia cial Club; Halsey Commercial Club; creek, and less than 1,800 horsepower Harrisburg Improvement Leape. has been developed and utilized upon Newspapers will send copies: Daily these streams. Mineral pprings, possess- Democrat and Daily Herald, Albany; ing curative qualities, exist in the county Weekly Times, Brownsville,- Weekly at Sodaville (created a state preserve for Bulletin, Harrisburg; Weekly Advocate, public benefit) and at Cascadia and other Weekly Express, Weekly Tribune, Leb- localities. anon; Santiam News, Solo. 'rimberNatural growth consists of CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. red, white and yellow fir, spruce, hem- Albany (County Seat) Altitude lock cedar, yew, alder, maple, oak, ash, 220 feet. Population 4,275 (IL S. census balni and willow. LuLbering is one of 1910). Local estimate 7,000. (Discrep- the most important industries of the ancy accounted for because the corporate county, and the balm trees are con- limits have not been extended for over 20 verted hito paper pulp in the county also. years and suburbs have been greatly en- Minerals Gold (quartz) and a fine larged.) On main line of Southern Pa- quaity of building stone comprise the cific and at its junction With Corvallis principal mineral products of the county. & Eastern railroad. Branch line con- Lands--Surface: Level, rolling hills nects vrith Woodburn-Natron branch and mountainous. Soils: For the most at Tallman. Oregori Electric (Hill part basaltic, with underlying sand- system) in operation from Portland to stone and gravel. Prairie land is rich, Eugene, via Albany, with branch line dark, clayey loam of the general char- from this point US Ccultallia. Forty acter of the entire Willamette Valley. passenger trains pass every day. over In the central western part is a light these lines. Willamette river navigable loam, black in color, deep and rich, with the greater part of each. year. Farm- a natural growth of fir, maple, oak and ing, fruit growMg, dairyntg, lumbering ash, and si well drained. Fruits, vega- and manufacturmg are the principal tablesespecially potatoeshay and industries in and arotmd the Oty. grain, do well on this soil, as do also Surrounded by vast and fertile agricul- hops; ilex could be grown profitably. tural section and is central distributive On the ridges in the foothills is a red and shipping. point for same, including shot soil, ideal for orchards. Average large lumbermg district. Has high and value farm lands $45.34 per acre, culti- graded public schools and two pnvate vated and uncultivated (U. S. census ,academies: Albany College (Presby- 1910). terian) and Benedictine Sisters (Catho- OREGON ALMANAC. 97 lic). Fourteen churches: Baptist, Catho- eastern terminus of branch line of South- lic, Christian, Episcopal, Lutheran, ern Pacific which junctions with the Methodist (three), Presbyterian, United main line at Albany. The Santiam moun- Presbyterian, Universalist. City .has tain wagon road, the principal highway- improved and well-lighted streets, leading from the Willamette Valley to cement sidewalks, sewerage system as Central Oregon, starts from this pomt. well as other modem municipal improve- In the midst of large farming, dairying ments. Water works system and elec- and fruit growing district. Lumbenng tric lighting_ plant are under private and manufacturing are am'ong the prin- ownership. Manufacturers' Exposition, cipal industries; one of the largest paper Chautauqua Assembly Apple Show, mills on the coast located here. Water Poultry Show, and Industrial School works and electric lighting plants under Fair are held here annually. private ownership. Good water power possibilities in the vicinity. Has high BrownsvillePopulation 919 (U. S. six census 1910). .0n Woodburn-Natron and graded public schools and branch of the Southern Pacific. Al- churches: Baptist, Catholic Christian, bany is the nearest junction point on the Methodist Episcopal', Methoilist (South) main line. On Calapooia creek, tribu- and Presbyterian. Lebanon Strawberry. , tary of Willamette river, which affords Carnival and Stock Show held here ample supply of water for all purposes manually. and power for operation of the mills. ScioAltitude 360 feet. Population In midst of large agricultural, horticul- 295 (U. S. census 1910). On Woodburn- tural, livestock, lumbering, dairying and Natron branch of the Southern Pacific sheep raising district. The products and three miles from Shelburn, riearest from these, together with manufacturing, point on line of Corvallis Easrtern. comprise the chief industries. Water Situated in good farming, dairying, fruit works and electric lighting plants under growing, hop gx:owing and lumbering private ownership. City has two high district. Electric lighting plant and and graded public schools and five gravity water system are under public churches: Baptist, Catholic, Christian, ownership. Has high and oaded public Methodist and Presbyterian. school, two church buildings and four religious denominations: Baptist, Cath- lialseyAltitude 310 feet. Population olic, Christian 8,nd Presbyterian Linn 337 (U. S. census 1910). On main line of County Fair is held here annually. Southern Pacific, six miles from Willam- ette river. Sodaville--Population about 110 M. S. Is in midst of rich 8,nd exten- census 1910). About 4t miles southeast of sive agricultural, horticultural and dairy- Lebanon, the nearest railroad point and ing district. Water works under private the terminus of branch of Southern ownership. Has high and graded public Pacific Railroad, connecting with the schools and three churches: Baptist, main line at Albany. In the foothilhs of Christian and Methodist. the Cascade Motmtains and surrounded HanisburgAltitude 325 feet. Popu- by splendid farming country in which lation 453 (U. S. census 1910). Local farmmg, dairying, fruit raising and lum- e,stimate 600. In midst of rich dairying, bering are the leading industries. Low, fruit, diversified farming, stock raising roiling hills are adapted to production and hop growing section. On main of apples, pears, plums, chernes and all line of Southern Pacific and the kinds of small fruits; valley lands pro- Oregon Electric railroads and on the duce abundant crops of hay, oats, wheat Willamette river. Valuable water powers and garden truck. Dairying is the lead- are undeveloped within its boundaries. ing mdustry. Soda spnngs, water of Water works system under private own- which contains recognized medicinal ership, consisting of wells and gasoline propeities, located here. Weredeveloped and electric power pumping plant. Has by the state and set aside as a preserve high and graded public schools and three a,nd maintained for the benefit of the churches: Christian and Methodist public. Is a popular summer and health (North and South). Has electric light resort. Has tviro church buildings plant, improved streets and sewer sys- used by three denominations, has graded tem and two banks, national and state. public school in which high school courses LebanonAltitude 350 feet. Populap are taught. tion 1,820 (U. S. census 1910). On main Other towns and important trading line of Woodburn-Natron branch of the points in the county are: Crawfordsville, Southern Pacific Railroad and is the Lyons, Tallman, Tangent, Shedd. OREGON. ALMANAC.

MARION COITNTY.

West central Oregon; center of Wil- TimberNatural forest growth in- lamette Valley; on Willamette river. cludes red and yellow fir, wlute and yel- County SeatSalem. low pine, spruce, cedar, oak, ash, maple, Population 39,780; 80% American willow, yew, myrtle, balm a,nd cotton- born. Of the 20% foreign born one-third wood. Ludbermg along the Santiam, is German and the remaining two-thirds Pudding and Willamette rivers is among are principally English, Canadians, the most important industries. Vast Scanffinavians, Swiss, Austrians, Irish, areas of merchantable timber exist in Scotch and Russians. foothills of mountain.s and along streams TransportationMain line of South- of cotmty. ern Pacific traverses county from north MineralsExtensive gold, silver and to south; Woodburn-Natron branch of copper mining prospects are in the in- same system joins main line at Wood- fancy of their development, and some burn, in this county, and operates south- coal deposits of good quality exist in ward, 12 miles to the east. Oregon Elec- the county. Mineral sprmgr, with excel- tric, (Hill System) operates from lent medicinal properties, exist in cotmty, Portland to Salem and southward the most notable being Breitenbush through the valley to Albany and Hot Springs,' in Cascade Nation- Eugene. Salem, Falls City & West- al Forest Re114excellent quality ern, affiliated with Southern Pacific, has of mineral palm, 01 a) is mined and its present eastern terminus at West manufactured in commercial quantities Salem and is constructing a steel bridge in coimty. across the Willamette rivei4 into Salem Lands--Surfase: Valley bottoms level City, and will extend its line eastward and gently sloping; in eastern portion it is across the central part of the valley rolling, hilly and broken. Soils: Western through Silverton; Fir brane'h of South- part is a de,ep and rich gray clayish ern Pacific, just completed, connects loam with clay and gravel subsoil, well Silvertoia and other points on Wood- -supplied with. plant food and rich in burn-Natron branch direct with main humus. -/n vicinity of Woodburn the line at Salem. S., F. C. & W. lino soil has a high percentage of humus, operates westward from Salem to Dallas potash and lime, and is excellent for and Black Rock, at summit of Coast fruit. The soil of the red hills near motmtains, in Polk countY. Portland, Salem and Silverton, western cen- Eugene & tasters (Southern Pacific) tral, is easily cultivated and is especially- with railroad properties in Lane, Linn adapted to fruits and ve get able s . and Benton Counties, owns Salem urban Average value farm landa $73.40 per and interurban railway system and is acre, cultivated and uncultivated (U.S. projecting a series of interurban exten- census 1910.) sions to tap rich fruit and agricultural Industries Lumbering, minin , ag- territory in immediate vicinity of Salem -riculture, horticulture, viticulture, and to connect up valley properties with ing ' and livestock, including draft direct and through line to Portland. horses and thoroughbred dairy cattle. Steamboats ply the Willamette river , The highest standard of perfection is between Salem and Portland throughout attained in the production of thorough- the year, bred goats and -sheep in this section Water Willamette river, Santiam of the Willamette Valley. They are river, Pudding river, Abiqua, Breiten- shipped to all parts of the United bush, Silver, 'VIM and other creeks afford States and to foreign countiies for breed- an abundance of pure mountian water ing purposes. Wheat, oats, fruit, hops for domestic and other uses, and for irri- and hay are the principal crops. The gation ptuposes, where desired, and a hop acreage 'of Marion county is about great wealth of =developed water power 11,000 the largest in the state, for manufacturing wposes. There is and theacres' best quality of hops in any p_art approximately 100, ii horsepower avail- of the world is produced here. The able in the Willamette and Santis= prune and dairy industries are producing rivers alone, while but 5,000 has large profits for the farmer, and the been utilized. Ground water exists all walnut industry, while still in its in- over the county at depths of from 20 to fancy, is being rapidly developed. Flax 100 feet and in great quantities. for fibre equal to -that of the leading OREVON ALMANAC. 99 flax-producing countries of the world, from Oregon Electric. Surrounded by is grown in this county. The finest splendid agricultural and fruit Country. grades of apples, pears, peaches, prunes, Hops are raised in this vicinity in con- cherries, grapes, and small Iruits, are siderable quantity, also hay, oats, wheat produced. and other general farm products. Dairy- Size of farm needed: live, 10, 20 acres, ing is also important industry. Electric for intensified farming, fruit or poultry; - lighting plant and water works system 20 to 40 acres, for fruit, hops and dairy- are owned privately. Ras graded public ing; 50 acres and upwards for general school and four churches: Adventist, Catholic, Congregatipnal a.nd Methodist. Fuel Wood is principal fuel uBed and JeffersonAltitude 183 feet. Popu- costs 83.50 to $5.50 percord. lation 415 (U. S. census 1910). On main RoadsMuch money and labor have line of Southern Pacific Railroad. In been expended upon the public highways, midst of excellent farming and dairying and there are many miles of first class district and valuable water Powers in macadamized roads in the county. vicinity. Lumbering, milling, dairying, Marion County has received highest farming, stock raising and fruit growing awards for exhibits of various products are the principal industries. City owns a.t many Expositions. Marion County electric lighting plant and water works Jersey bull awarded world's champion-, system. Has high and graded public ship at the Louisiana Purchase Exposi- schools and three churches: Catholic, tion at St. Lotus, Mo., 1904. - Evangelical and Methodist Episcopal. For 'information address: Mt. Angel , Some large dairy ranches in vicimty. Commercial Club; Aurora Commermal MarlonAltitude 337 feet. Popula- Club; Donald Commercial Club; Salem tion 120, estimated. Has graded public Board, of Trade; Silverton Co i ercial school and two churches: Friends and Club; St. Paul Commercial Chi.; Sub- Presbyterian. Industries: Dairying, limity Commercial Club; West Stayton fruit growing, farmin' g and poultry rais- Commercial Club. ing. Mt. Angel-,Altitude 485 feet. Popu- CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. lation 545 (U. S. census.1910). On Wood- AuroraAltitude 114 feet. Popula- burn,Natron branch of Southern Pacific tion 190 (U. S. census 1910). Local esti- Railroad, seven miles east Of Woodburn, mate 390. On main line of Southern jtmction point with main line. Farming Pacific Railroad midway between Port- and dairymg are the principal industries. land and Salem. Farmingand lumbering Sturounding country especially adapted are the principal industries. In midst to general farming, fruit raising and of good agricultural and fruft district. dairying, all of which are engaged in Hops is one of the principal crops and extensively. Some hops raised here, dairying one of the most profitable too. City owns water works system; industries. City owns water works sys- electric lighting plant is under private tem; electric lighting plant is under ownership. Has graded public school. private ownership. Has graded public Mt. Angel Academy and Mt. Angel Col- school and two churches: Lutheran and lege, oldest established Catholic edu- Presbyterian. cational institutions in the northwest,' DonaldAltitude 120 feet. Popula- are located here. Catholicism In the tion 150, local estimate. On main line predominating religious creed in this of Oregon Electric Railway, 23 mi/es section and a new cathedral has just north of Salem and 27 miles aouth of been completed and dedicated which is. Portland. Extensive area of good agri- one of the largest and best in the north- cultural territory is devoted to the pro- west. duction of all kinds of grains, hay, clover, Salens(Capital City of State and hops, fruits berries, potatoes and vege- county seat of Marion County)Second tables of ail kinds, which are produced - city in size in state. Population 14,094 abundantly and profitably. Dairymg, (U. S. census 1910), 18,00010w estimate. hogs, sheep, goats and poultry are also Fifty miles south of Portland. On main engaged in extensively. Has graded line of Southeni Pacific Rai/road (12 public schools and one church, P'resby- trains daily to and from Portland); terian. Electric light plant and water division point of Oregon Electric Railroad works system under private ownership. (20 trains to and from Portland daily, 10 GervaisAltitude 212 feet. Popu- to and from Albany and Eugene.) Portland, lation 276 (U. S. c6nsus 1910). On main Eugene & Eastern Railroad (Southern line of Southern Pacific and three miles Pacific), owns city urban and interurban 101 , . OREGON ALMANAC. electric railway system. Salem, Falls City tem, wide and well-lighted streets and tgr Western (Southern Pacific) has pastern all other municipal improvenaents. Abun- terminus at West Salem; is constructing dant water -supply and power for manu- steel bridge to span Willamette river facturing purposes exists within easy into Salem City. Connections and termi- reach of the city.. Water works system nal facilities under franchise of P. E. tft E. umping) and electric lighting and power with extensions to Fir and Silverton. 4,an,,t are tmder private ownership. Situated on Willamette river with daily enty-seven churches are located here, steamboat service to Portland and upper representing all of the leading religious river porimts throughout the year. Chief in- denominations, and eight public school dustries are manufacturing, diversified buildings, including a new high school farming, dairying, fruit growing, poultry costing $125,000. One of only two exist- and livestock raising, lumbering and fruit ing pre-cooling (U. 8.) and fruit shipping packing and shipping. Is hop center of Wil- stations iil existence is located here. lamette Valley and the state; also prune Fruits are shipped to all of leading fruit growing and shipping center over 10,000 markets of world under direct super- acres of prunes grouped in one district vision of Fruit Groviers' Association. in immediate vicinity of the city); the Htmdreds of tons of prunes are exported finest quality of apples, pears, grapes, to Europe annually from this section cherries, all kinds of berries and and 76 tons of Royal Ann cherxies w.ere small fruits, vegetables, etc., are pro- shipped ((alder contrant) to California dnced in abundance. Excellent grades this spason for Maraschino preserving of flax and hemp are produced here. purposes. Dairying is an important Exhibits of fibre and the finished pro- industry of contiguous country; as is ducts made from flax produced in this livestock (especially pure bred horses, - section won high recognition in com- sheep, gnats, swine, dairy and beef cat- petition with products of leading foreign tlewool and mohair production) and countries at the St. Louis Port- poultry raising. Lumbermg and manu- land and Seattle internatio; al ex- factunng ate runong the leading indus- positions. Capital building and all state tries. - mstitutions, except State University, St. PaulAltitude 125 feet. Popular Agricultural College and Normal Sehool, tion 103 (IT. S. census 1910). Main line are located here; also Willamette Uni- of Southern Pacific 9 miles, and Ore- versity, oldest sectarian educational in- gon Electric Railway 61 miles to the stitution in the Northwest (Methodist), east: one mile from Willamette river, and United States Indian Training with daily steamboat service to Port- School, second largest in country, is land, Salem and way points. Eleetrie cated five miles north of city. Sacred railway 'connection in good prospect. Heart Academy (Catholic) is also one Extensive area of surrounding country of best in the state. Oregon State Fair is -devoted to production of all kinds of is held here annually, and Salem Cherry grains, hay, clover, alfalfa, hops, fruits, Fair, a notable social and industrial berries,. potatoes and vegetables, which-- season of festivity; is an annual July are produced in abundance. Dairying, event, from which, as well as for the hog, sheep, goat and poultry raising superior quality of fruit produced in this very profitable. Oldest brick chuich section, the city has g.amed the title of (Catholic) in the state is located here- "Cherry City of the World." Fruit and erected about 1845 and valued at about vegetable growers have the advantage in $20,000. Has graded public school and their marketing of an early ripening and Catholic Academy, just completed, and long growing season the average latest two churches. kilhitg frost in Spring' being April 10, ti.nd SilvertonAltitude 227 feet. Popu- the earliest average killing frost in lation 1,588 (U. S. census 1910). Local Autumn being November 2. Average an- estimate 2,000. On Woodburn-Natron nual rainf al140 inches. Only state-owned branch of Southern Pacific which con- tuberculosis sanitarium ,i_Sn the coast is nects with main line at Woodburn; also located here. Has lugh and graded connected with main line at Salem via publie schools, normal training school, Fir branch of EltIMQ system In midst of business college and school fnr deaf, rich and extensive farming, druit and mute, blind and feeble-minded (State). hop-raising section, heavily timbered City has over 15 miles of street rail- area immediately contiguous. Principal ways over 30 miles of business and industries: General farming, fruit tutd residence streets; alleys of city are paved; hop growing., dairying, livestock and concrete sidewalks, modern sewerage sy s- poultry, hunbezing and milling. Silver OREGON ALMANAC. 101 creek, which flows through city, aiTords and vegetables of all kinds; wheat, oats, abundant power for manufacturing pur- rye, barley, hops, flax and potatoes are poses and plentiful supply of water for the principal products. Has graded pub- logging purposes. Is objective point for lic school and one church: Catholic. electric railway exterision projected from TurnerPopulation 191 (U. S. census Salem and Oregon City, Clackamas Coun- 1910). On main line of Southern Pacific. ty, respectively. Has high and graded Surrounded by rich agricultural, fruit pub/ic schools and Christian, Norwegian and dairy country and farming, frifit Lutheran and Methodist churches. Large growing, livestock and dairying are the acreage in vicinity devoted to propaga- principal industries. Has graded public tion of seed of Crego aster, well known - school and three churches: Cluistian, commercial variety of that flower, for a Methodist and Presbyteria,n. Christian flower specialist. churcth tabernacle, where annual state StaytonAltitude 375 feet. Popula- conventions of this denomination are held, tion 703 (U. S. census 1910). One mile is located here. from main line of Corvallis & Eastern WoodburnAltitude about 200 feet. (Southern Pacific) Railroad, which con-, Population 1,616 (U. S. census 1910). nects with the main line at Albany, Local estimate 2,000. On main line of Linn County, and four miles east Soilthern Pacific and junction point of of West Stayton on Woodburn-Natron Woodburn-Natron -branch of same sys- branch of Southern Pacific. On San- tem. Also connected, by electric spur tiam river containing vast amount line, with main line of Oregon Electric, of water power in vicinity and in midst Portland to Eugene, at West Woodburn, of rich and extensive farming, dairying, and connection is made with every train fruit raising and lumbering region. Has in both directions. The Portland, Eu- high and graded public schools and four gene & Eastern (Southern Pacific), an- churches: Baptist, Catholic, Christia,n other electric line is under construction. and Methodist. Two miles from Pudding and 10 miles from Willamette rivers. Surrounded by West StaytonPopulation 250. On vast area of highly productive farming, Woodburn-Natron branch of Southern fruit raising and dairying country which four miles west of Stayton and yields profitable rettnms under proper 14Pacific' miles east of Salem. Is center of cultivation. Is distributive point for large irrigation project embracing ae- large territory and several small inland proximately 20,000 acres of rich agri- towns and villages. Business streets are cultural lands, the first imit of which paved and water works system is under has been completed and in operation. private ovmership. Has high and graded Has graded public schools and one public schools, Catholic parochial school, church. Electric line to Salem projected. and eight churches: Adventis ,t Cat- SubliraityAltitude 213 feet Popu, lic, Christian, Episcl, Methodnt lation 138 (U. S. census 1910). Four Episcopal, Methodist (Free), Presby- miles from Aumsville on Woodburn- teria,n and Saints of G Natron branch of Southern and Other important towns and trading four miles from Kingston, onPacific' Cory centers in the county are: Aumsville, & Eastern, nearest railroad points. In Brooks, Butteville, Chemawa (U. S. heart of rich agricultural section and Indian Training School), Detroi ,t Gates, dairying, farming and fruit raising are Marion, Mehama, Mill City, Niagara, the principal industries. Grains; fruits, Scotts Mills.

MULTNOIVIAH COUNTY.

Western Oregon; lower Willamette Transportation Great Northern, Valley; on Willamette and Columbia Northern Pacific, Oregen-Washington rivers. Railroad & Navigation Co., Southern Population 226,621 (U. S. census Pacific, with their respective tributary 1910) ; 66% American born. Of theforeign and affiliated steam and electric rail- born one-fourth is German and the roads, are transcontinental- railway sys- remainder Scandinavians, English, Irish, Items reaching to East, North and South, Scotch, Swiss, Russians, Austrians and that traverse this county. (For detailed Italians. transportation facilities see data for 102 OREGON ALMANAC. Portland, the metropolis 8,nd chief dis- Portland and vicinity every year. tributive center of the county and the IndustriesLumberieg, manufactur- state). Steam and electric lines which ing, ship building, agriculture, horticul- serve the territory of the county, all of ture, dairying, floriculture, shipping, which center in Portland, are: Astoria small fruits, gardening, fruit packing and & Columbia River (S. P. & S.), Portland canning. to Astoria and Seaside; Pacific Railway Roads are maintained by general tax- & Navigation Co, Portland to Tilla- ation a,nd are in fine conditicaa generally. mot* By points , Oregon Electric, Port- Scores of miles of macadataized highways land to Eugene,. United Railways, Port- have been huilt. land to Wilkesboro, Washington County; Size of Farm Needed---Two to 10 West Side division of Southern Pacific, acres for truck gardening and intensified 1ortland to Corvallis; Portla,nd Railway, cultivation; 10 to 20 acres for dairying Light & Power Company, electrie in- and fruit growing. terurban lines, Portland to Oregon City Average daily wage for skilled labor and Canemah, to Cazadero, to Fairview $3.50; unskilled $2.00., and Troutdale,. Mt. Hood Railway, Multnomah Cotmty Fair,held annually Portland to Bull Run, at foot of Mt. at Gresham; Rose Festival, Oregon Hood. Willamette river, which empties State Poultry Show, Dog Show; Cat into the Columbia, in northwestern ex- ShowShow, Manufacturers' and Industrial treme of county, flows through western Fair, Stock Breeders' Sale, held portion of county, and Columbia river, annually at Portland. which empties into Pacific Ocean, forms Por information address: Gresham northern boundary of the county. Both Commercial Club, Portland Commercial streams na.vigable to ocean-going vessels Club, Oregon Development League, as far as Portland. Portland Chamber of Commerce, Bt. WaterColumbia, Willamette a,nd Johns Commercial Club. Sandy Rivers and their tributaries afford an almmdant supply of water for domestic OITLES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. and all other uses and an enormous FairviewAltitude 120 feet. Popula- amount of tmdeveloped water power-- tion 204 (U. S. census 1910). Near the approximately 226,000 hydro-horsepower Columbia river. On main line of 0.-W. - on the Columbia and Sandy rivers, un- R. & N. Railroad and interurban system developedfor manufacturing purposes. of Portland, Railway, Light & Power Bull Run water, finest in the world, is Co. Principal industries are railrRad used excluaively to meet domestic de- machine shops, cheese factory, dakying, manda. fruit growing and truck farming. Has TimberFir is the natural forest graded .public school and ,one church: ggowth, which is extensively milled and Methodist.' worked up into all products known to Gresham-Altitude 317 feet.- Popu- the lumbering industry; 25,755 acres of lation 640 (U. S. census 1910). Local timber lands in National Forest Reserve. census (1912) 1,066. Thirteen miles blineralsIron ore is found; excellent frora Portland. On Portland Railway, qualities of building stone, fire claks, Light & Power Co. and Mt. Hoed elec- basaltic rocks, etc., are eartensively tric railroads. Agriculture,. etock rais- quarried. ing,. fruit culture, brick makmg and lum- LandsSurface: Valleys level and bermg are the principal industries. Shops rolling; Eastern part hilly and moun- and car barns of Mt. Hood electric railway tainous. Soils: Westere soil best adapted are here. Private corporation furnishes to fruits, vegetables,flax, hemp, grains electric energy.; water supply fer domes- and hay. The soil in Eastern part is tic use is obtamed from Portland's Bull similar to Hood River Cotmtyof red Run system. Good location for dairying, lava origin, rich and of excellent physical poultry raising and truck gardening. texture---a,nd is especially. adapted to Has high and graded public school and - fruits, hops, hemp, flax, omons and Po- four churches: Baptist, Free Methodist, tatoes. Average value farm lands German 1Vlethodist and Methodist Epis- $223.61, cultivated and uncultivated (U. copal. Has Grange Society and hall, and S. census 1910). is headquarters of State Grange. Mult- FuebWood, coal and oil. Wood nomah County Fair held here annually. $5.00 per eord and upwards; Coal, $7.00 Linnton--Population 1,400 (local esti- per ton and upwards; oil (crude) 90 cents mate). On lines of Astoria & Columbia per barrel. Approximately 4,500,000 River (S. P. & S.) Railroad and United barrels of crude oil are consumed in Railways (eleetric interurban) and on OREGON ALMANAC. 103 PORTLAND, E3ANK CLEARINGS SINCE ORGANIZATION OF CLEARING HOUSE (I889)

'02 1889 10 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 '96 '97 '98 19 1900 '03 '04 '05 '06 '08 '09 '12 MiLLIONS Or DOLL 1:13 600 550

SOO 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50

PORTLAND S TRADE TERRITORY-240,281 SQUARE MILES. All of Columbia Valley within the United States and Portions of Oregon and Wash- ington, Draining Direct Into the,Pacific Ocean.

Exclusive Competitive Total Trade LOCATION. Area. Area.

Oregon 75,608 15,999 91,607 Wington 7,260 37,090 44,350 Idaho - 53,900 23,740 77,640 Montana 20,800 20,800 'Utah 790 700 Wyoming 5,184 6,184 Total 186,768 ' 103,513 240,281

SUMMARY. - 136,768 square miles of territory, exclusively in Portland's natural jobbing territory Over 80 per cent of all the goods eold in this territoiy by coast ;ebbing cities are sold by Portland mera:antri, and Portland has a controlling advantage in distributing freight rates. 103,513 square miles of territory in whi n b`Portland nagehants compete for business. Portland enjoys, equal distaibuting freight rates with other coast cities, and Portland merchants sell from 40 to 80 per cent of all the goods add in this territory by merchants located in coast Jobbing aide' s. 240,281 square miles of -territory served by Portland jobbers.

Willamette river. Principal industry mensely rich agricultural and forested lumbering; dairying and truck gardening area, awegating 240,281 square miles; engaged in extensively. Has graded chief railroad center and fresh-water public school and one church: Methodist. harbor for state of Oregon and the vast Water works system under private territory of Eastern Washington and ownership. Western Idaho and known as the In- Portland(Cpunty Seat)Altitude 57 land Empire. The Great Northern, feet. Population 207,214 (U. S. census Northern Pacific, Oregon-Washington 1910); 257,490 (U. S. urban population.) Railroad At Navigation Co. and Southern Is metropolis of state and chief distribut- Pacific Railroads, four great transcon- ing center and shipping point for ire- tinental railroad systems operating to 104 OREGON ALMANAC. all points East, North and South, have Pacific Coast. Leading manufacturing their terminEds here. Their laterals and city of the Pacific Northwest; $30,000,- affiliated lines rea,ch every section of 000 invested in 690 manufacturing enter- the state. Willamette river, which emp- prises, giving employment to 17,000 peo- ties into the Columbia river 10 miles ple, with annual earnings of $11,000,000; below the city, affords the only deep average annual valueproducts$46,000,000. fresh-water harbor on the Pacific Coast One hundred lineal miles of pavement a,nd is besides the only outlet to the were lald in 1911, and 175 miles of street best 'markets of the coast, Europe and improvements cost over $7,000,000. Port- the Orient for the immense territory land's Postoffice receipts increased from drained by the 'Willamette and Colum- $220,257 in 1901 to $1,002,610.74 'in 1911. A bia rivers. All roads reach Portland on pure mountain water Supply 'for domestic a water grade and its natural advantages use is obtained from the Bull Run River, as a shipping center are unsurpassed. wi h a combined reservoir ca. acity of There are 76 steam passenger trams that 190,000,000 gallons, or 67,500, gallons leave and arrive at the Portland ter- every 24 hours, sufficient for a population minals every twenty-four hours and seven of 625,000 people. Industries: Manufact. interurban lines, reaching out to neigh- ink lumbermg, ship building, shipping, boring cities in all directions, supplement agriculturel horticulture, floriculture, the facilities afforded by the nine steam dairying, livestock, meat packing, fruit roads. The twenty-five banking institu- camung and packmg, truck gardening, tions of the city showed clearings aggrez, etc. Hotel and apartment house accom- gating $557,933,736.69 for 1911, as modations in Portland are unsurpassed against $122,575,461.69 for 1901, an in- upon the Pacific Coast. Portland has crease of $435,000,000 in ten years. Vessels three high schools, 53 graded public brought imports from 34 foreign coun- schools and 15- industrial schools, with tries into Portland's harbor last year a total enrollment of 30,517 for the year and carried away exports to 15 foreign 1912; employs '766 teacheis, with salaries lands. Portland exported to foreign rangmg from $400 to $3,000 per annum. countries during the fiscal year ending Has numerous private schools, colleges - June 30, 1912, 6,829,943 bushels of wheat, and academies, as follows: St. Helen's valued at $5,895,993; 770,970 barrels of Hall, school for girls, Episcopal church; flour, valued at $3,073,993, and 84,961,000 Hill Military Academy, private; Port- feet of lumber valued at $930,848. Coast- land Academy, Presbyterian; St. Mary's wise shipments of lumber from Port- Academy (girls) and Columbia Univer- land during 1912 (fiscal year ending-June sity, both Catholic. North Paalfic 30) were: 126,099,301 feet of lumber, Dental College, dentistry and pharmacy; value $1,423,620; 2,982,075 bushels of Reed College, liberal arts, and three wheat, valued at $2,699,167, and 357,939 business colleges. Lewis. (lc Clark Cen- barrels of flour3 valued at $1,533,132. Is tennial Exposition held here in 1905. largest livestock market and packing Portland's " Rose Festival," one of the center on Pacific Coast; annual live- most notable social, gala and festal stock output Lot one plant in Portland events held in the United States, and increased from $3,000,000 to $7,000,000 which has won-for Portland the world- in five years; $20,000,000 has been wide reputation as The Rose City, or paid out fos 14,000 carloads of live- "City of " is celebrated annually. stock since the establishment of the Portland isRoses' alsoknown as the" Convention industry (21 years-1911). Building per- City" of the Northwest, having estab- mits for 1910-1911 aggregated $40,829,389; lished an enviable reputatioh for warm- public buildings and schools for the past hearted hospitality upon past occasions, year (1911) cost $2,303,500; $10,000,000 most recent of which was the reception of was put in dwellings in Portland in 15 the national convention of the Benevolent months; realty transfers for 1911 aggre- and Protective Order of Elks; which con- gated consideration of $25,271,045; build- vened here during the week of July 8 to 13, ing statistics from 120 of the largest inclusive. Among the =alai events held cities in the United States for 1911 give in Portland are: Oregon Irrigation Con- Portla,nd seventh place with an approxi- gress, February; Annual Stock Breeders' mate total of $20,000,000. Six steel Sale, April; Dog Show; Cat Show; Ore- bridges which span the Willamette river gon Poultry Association Exhibition, here approximate an expenditure of Decentber. Water works eystem is owned $10,000,000. Leads all cities in United by the city, and electric lighting and States in wheat exports. Headquarters gas lighting plants are under private of largest cereal milling company on ownership. OREGON ALMANAC. 105 St. JohnsAltitude 100 feet. Popu- Eighteen miles east of Portland on the lation' 4,872 (U. S. census 1910). On main lines of the 0.-W. R. & N. Co. and 0.-W. R. & N. and Spokane, Portland & Portland Railway, Light & Power Co. Seattle railreads, and interurban elec- systems and 14. miles from the Columbia tric line from Portland; alsd on Willam- river. Dairying .and lumbering ard the ette river. Wy,ter works system and principal industries, but light farming, electric lighting plant are under private such as market gardening, poultry rais- ownership. Principal industries: Lum- ing, small fruits, is engaged in ex- bering, manufacturing, boat building, tensively, amcl theetc.' soil of the surrounding small fruit culture, truck gardening. country is adapted especially to the pro- Large meat packing plant is established duction of potatoes and an excellent on the peninsula in the vicinity of this quality of celery. Meat packing plant city. Has high and graded public located here and sawmills in immediate schools and seven churches, representing vicinity provide large payroll. Gravity the leading religious denominations. water system and electric plant under Privately owned dry-dock here. private ownership. Has gra,ded public Troutdale--Altitude 56 to 400 feet. school and tluve churches: Adventist, Population 309 (U. S. census 1910). Evangelical and Methodist.,

POLK COUNTY.

Willamette Valley; east slope Coast A good quality of ground water is ob- mountains; on Willamette river. tained at depths of from 20 to 100 feet. County SeatDallas. TimberDouglas fir, oak, larch, white Populat1on-13,469; 90% American pine, hemlock and cedar compose the born. Of the foreign born about one- principal species of natural growth forest fourth is Canadian and the balance is of the county. Numerous sawmills are made up principally of Germans, English, located in the county and lumbering and Russians, Scandinavians, Swiss, Scotch ' logging is oife of the leading industries. and Irish. The varieties of hardwoods found in the TransportationWest Side branch county are used in furniture manufac- of Southern Pacific passes through east- turing. ern portion of the county, north to south, MineralsCinnabar, some iron and and.Salem, Falls City & Western, affil- limestone comprise the chief mineral iated with Southern Pacific, operates resources of the bounty, none of which is from Salem, on Willamette river, west- in an advanced stage of development. ward throUgh central portion of eotmty, Lands--Surface: Level and rolling in through Dallas to Black Rock at summit the valleys, hilly and mountainous. of Coast mountains, tapping heavily Soils: Conditions generally are the same timbered asid rich agricultural section. as characterize the whole of the Willam- Branch of Southern Pacific traverses ette Valley. Bottom lands are a deep-gray county from north to south parallel to loam, which is very productive of cereals. West Side branch of the Southern Pacific Hill soils are red in color but of different and within distances of from two to six physical texture from the red hills of miles from the latter. Willamette river, Washington and Clackamas counties. on the eastern bprdert is navigable to In the southeastern part of the county steamboat traffic with daily boat service the soil is a gray loam and is an excellent to Portland throughout the year. Inde- soil if kept well drained. Hills in north- pendence &Monmouth interurban (steam) eastern part are red in color, carry an operates between Dallas, Independence, abundance of lime and have, good wear- Monmouth and Airlie with connection ing qualities. Average value farm lands, with the Southern Pacific at Independ- 854.08 per acre, cultivated and unculti- ence and Dallas. vated (U. S.census 1910). WaterWillamette, La Creole, Yam- IndustriesPolk county is one of the hill and Luckiamute rivers with their beet fruit prciducing counties of the state. tributaries, afford an abundant supply Livestock raising is carried on extensive- of water for all purposes and possess ly, especially cattle, horses, sheep, goats appróximate/y 2,500 horsepower, unde- and swine. Is especially noted for its veloped, for manufacturing purposes. Angora goat and mohair industries, as it 106 OREGON ALMANAC. is the banner county of the state in this goat and mohair, sheep and wool and hop- respeCt and the goats raised here have industries, all of which are great wealth carried away the highest awards wher- producers. Is also important lumber ever exhibited, both for high standard manufacturing and shipping point. Grav- of breed and excellent quality of mohair ity water worlaa system is owned by the product. Polk county is thesecond city and electric lighting plant is owned county in the state in point of hop by private parties. Has high and graded acreage and yield. Poultry raising and public schools, two private academies, dairying are other important and highly Dallas College and Creole Academy profitable fields of endeavor. Lumbermg (United Evangelical church) and 'seven is at present one of the chief industries churches: Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, of the county, but, as the land is lbgged- Cluistian, Christian Scientists, Evan- off it will eventually have to give way to gelical, Methodist and Presbyterian. agriculture. Falls CityAltitude 355 feet. Popu- FuelWood is chief fuel used and lation, 969 (U. S. COMM 1910). Leta coste $2.50 to $3.50 per cord. estimate, 1,100.- On line of Salem, RoadsPublic highways of the.county Falls City & Western Railroad, three are fully up to the standard of the best miles from the western terminus. Sur- in the valley and are maintained by gen- rounded by wealthy forested area which eral taxation and subscription. There will eventually be,come a rich agricul- are many miles of permanently improved tural territory. Principal industry. at roads in the county. present is lumbering, but dairymg, Ten to 20 acres diversified and inten- farming, fruit growing and livestock are sified farming, E:uffieient for ordinary engaged Utextensively. Annual shipment family; for general farnaing from 40 to of lumber from one mill in this vicinity is 80 acres and upwards are required. approximately 20,000,000 feet. Soil is Mountain streams are alive with adapted to fruit culture, especially trout, the riveis abound with game fish grapes. Excellent quality of building and wild fowl, and the fields and moun- stone exists in -vicinity. Electric li t- tains of the county contain a plentiful ing plant is underprivate owneÑhip. supply of the larger and four-footed City has high tuid graded public schools varieties of game. and four churches: Adventist, Christian, Oregon State Normal School is located Methodist (Free) and Methodist. at Monmouth in this county. IndependenceAltitude, 76 feet: Pop- Average daily wage: skilled labor, ulation, 1,160 (U. S. Census 1910). Local $3.25; unskilled, $2.00. estimate,/ ,200. On West Side branch of For information address: Dallas Com- Southern Pacific Railroad; the Inde- mercial Club; Independence Commercial pendence & Monmouth Interurban, and Club; Falls City Commercial Club; the Willamette river with daily steam- Monmouth Commercial Club. boat service to Portland throughout the Newspapers will send copies: Polk year. In the center of vastly, rich agri- County Observer, Polk County Itemizer, cultural section and is chief distributive Dallas; :Weekly News, Falls City; Weekly point for same. Principal industries are Enterprise, Independence; Weekly Her- hop growing, dairying, fruit 'growing and ald, Monmouth. diversified farmmg. Is principal hop shipping point of the eotmty because of CITIES, TOWNS .AND VILLAGES. having the advantage of water and Dallas(County Seat)Altitude, 340 railroad transportation. Eleetrie light- feet. Ponulation, 2,124 (U. S. census ing plant and water works system under 1910). Local estimate, 2,500. On West piavate.ownership. Has high and graded Side division of Southern Pacific; on line public schools and ffire churches: Bap- of Salem, Falls City & Western, affiliated tist, Catholic, Christian, Methodist and with Southern Pacific, and on branch Presbyterian. line of Southern Pacific operating from MonmouthAltitude about 100 feet. Whiteson Yamhill Cowaty, to Mon- Population, 493 (U. S. census 1910). mouth, i,n southern part of county. Is only two miles from the Willamette Also on Independence & Monmouth In- river and ia junction point df lines of West teitirban Railroad. Principal industries Side division of Southern Pacific and of surrounding country are lumbering, Independence & Monmouth Railroads. agriculture, horticulture, sheep and goat Surrounding country is rolling, with deep, raising, and dairying. Contiguous' terri- rich soil and is espncially adapted- to tory rich in agricultural possibilities. fruit.growing and dairyin g. Diversified Is distributive and shipping center for farmmg and horticulture are the Orinci- OREGON ALMANAC.-- 107 pal industries. Oregon State Normal churches: Baptist, Christian and Evan- School is located here, one of the leading gelical. Average value farm land, cul- institutions of its class on the Pacific tivated and uncultivated, 897.16 per acre, Coast. There are good oil prospects in (II. S. census 1910). vicinity, experts having declared it will Other 'important towns and trailing be found in grisat quantities, and a con- centers in the county are: Black Rock siderable flow of natural gas has already (western terminus of Salem, Falls City been struck by a prospecting company. & Western Railroad and important lum- Water works system and electric light- bering camp), Buell-, Perrydale, Rick- ing plant under private ownership. Has reall, farming center, large flouring high and graded public schools and three mills; Buyer.

WASHINGTON COUNTY-. Location.Western Oregon:Lower ous in western portion. Soils: In smith- Willamette Valley. western part loam and, red, clay. The County. SeatHillsboro. former is a gray loam; mixture of soap- Population-21,522; 71% American stone with sorae sand 8,nd feldspar, fine for born. Of the 29% foreign born about fruit, grain and potatoes. In the central one-half is German and the remainder is northern portion exists the chaxacter- prirtoipally Swiss, Scandinavians, Can- istic bottom land. This soil is very rich adians, English Irish and Austrians. and will grow fruits, grains, vegetables TransportationWest Side division and hops in great abundance. of the Southern Pacifictwo branthes IndustriesGeneral farming, dairy- out of PortlandWillamette Valley ing, stock raising, fruit growing, truck branch crosses southeastern corner of -gardening and poultry raising. Almost county; Hillsboro- branch crosses county all varieties of fruits thrive and attain from-east to northwest, thence to Pacific a high standard of quality in this county. Coast. Oregon Electric Railway oper-- DairYing is the most important industry, ates from Portland to Hillsboro, and and all the products of this line are pro- United Railways (both are electric lined duced on a large scale. Claim is made affiliated with the Hill systems) oper- to possessing the largest milk condensing ates from Portland to Banks in thia plant on the Coast. This county is also county._ Tualatin river, which empties important as a hop-growing locality, and into Willamette river in Clackamas the walnut-growing industry is rapidly Cotmty on the easto is navigable for a assuming prominent proportions. Sheep distance of about 20 miles into the south- and wool and goats and mohair are also eastern portion of the county. produced extensively. WaterThe Tualatin and Nehalem RoadsThere are about 1,700 miles of riven, with their -numerous tributary county roads in good condition which are streams, afford an abundant supply of maintained by general and special taxa- water for domestic and other purposes, tion and subscr!ption. and contain a wealth of water power FuelWood is the principal fuel used practically imdeveloped. Surface, or and costs 82.50 to $4.00 ,,per corcL ground water, is obtainable at shallow Pacific University, iated with the 7in all portions of the county. Congregational church, a,nd one of the deginiiis erThere are 167,000 acres of ading educational institutions on the timber lands in this county, the natu-,.. .ast, ,is located -at Forest Grove, in ral growth of which is principally fir,' tnis county, as is alsoTualatin Academy, is under private ownership. Practically the preparatory department, of the all confined to the eastern slope of the former. Coast range of mountains, the sununit Size of farm needed: Ten to 20 acres of whioh marki the western boundary of. are sufficient-for the needs oft& ordinary the county. family and will yield a good margin of Minerals Some coal, as well as exten-. profit if devoted to diversified and in- sive deposits of granite and sandstone, of tensified farming, and from 20 acres up-. excellent quality for building purposeih wards are sufficient for dairying and gen- are found in the cotmty, but the coal in eral farming purposes. not mined in commercial quantities. Por information address: Beaverton Lands--Surface: For the mostpri.st Commercial Club; Forest Grove Com- level and slightly undulating;_mountam- mercial Glob; Gaston Improvement Club; 108 OREGON ALMANAC. Hillsboro, Washington County Develop- gregational) and Tualatin Academy ment League; North Plains Commercial (preparatory) are located here. Club; Sherwood Coramercial Club; GastonAltitude 118 feet. Popula- Scholls Commercial Club of Portland's tion 150. On West Side diviiion of the Garden. Southern Pacific Railroad. In midst of Newspapers will send copies: Forest large extent of agricultural territory and Grove Progress, Washington County , the principal industries of the surround- News, Forest Grove; Hillsboro Argus ing country are fruit and vegetable grew- and Hillsboro Independent, Hillsboro. big, farming, dairying and lumbering. Divetsified farming is engaged in ex- CITIES, TQWNS AND VILLAGES. tensively. Water works system and, Beaverton:Altitude about 150 feet. electric lighting plant are ender private Population 386. On West Side branch ownership. Has -graded public school of Southern Pacific, Portland to Hills- and two churches: Congregational and Evangelical. . boro, and on Hillsboro division of Rilbhoro( County Spat )Altitude Oregon Electric (Hill system), eleven 120 feet. Population 2,016. On West miles from Portland. In midst of Side branch of Southern Pacific a,nd agricultural and timbered section and junction point of Pacific Railroad & the principal industries are lumbering, Navigation Railroad (Southern Pacific), fruit growing, gardening. and brick and and on line of Oregen Electric (Hill tile making. Beaverdam soil of Tualatin system) line to Portland. - In center of Valley is found here which produces good large area of rich agricultural lands and crops of onions, asparagus, rhubarb, contiguous to heavily timbered section. horseradish and celery, which is mar- Principal industries are lumbering, dairy- keted in Portland, Has graded public ing, hop and fruit growing and general schools and two sectarian (Catholic) and diversified farming. -Hops are ex- educational institutions, and four chtzch- tensively grown in this section and lands es: Congregational, Methodist, Catholic adjacent to the city are especially. suited and Adventist. to their culture. City owns water works CorneliusAltitude 204 feet. Popu- system and electric lighting plant. Has lation 459. On West Side branch of high and graded public schools and seven. Southern Pacific Railroad a.nd on Hills- churches: Congregational, Methodist, boro branch of Oregon Electric,. about Christian, Baptist, Catholic, Evangelical three miles from Hillsboro and 25 miles and Methodist (South). from Portland. Agriculture, horticul- - North Plains-'-Population about 150. ture, hop growing, dairying and stock On line of United Railways (Hill raising are the principal industries,industries but system) Portland to Wilkesboro. and in country is particularly adapted to Tualatin Valley, noted for its splendid and hop growing and dairying. Town agricultural development and advent- has high and graded pub& schools and ages for horticulture. Has graded public four churches: Catholic, Methodist, school and one church. Lutheran and Adventist. SherwoodAltitude about 130 feet. Forest GroveAltitude 215 feet. Pop- Population 115. On West Side branch ulation 1,772. On West Side division of of Southern Pacific, five miles west of the Southern Pacific and western ter-. the Willamette liver and about 25 miles minus of Forest Grove-Hillsboro line of southwest of Portland. Located in good the Oregon Electric, which afford good farming and lumbexing district and these connection with Portland markets. In are the two leading industries, although midst of extensive agricultural anddairy- dairying and fruit growing are engaged ing section, and these represent the in quite extensively. Three large saw- prmcipal industries of the community, mills are located here; also-fruit drying, while fruit growing, hops, vegetable cannni g and packing' plant. =Has graded, raising and poultry culture figure prom7 public school and Oree churches: Con- inently among the profitable avocations:- gregational, German Lutheran and Ger- Main business streets are improved with nian Evangelical. hard =lace pavement and well lighted. ScholiaIn southeastern part of coun- City owns gravity water works system ty, on Tualatin river, whiCh empties and electrie lighting plant. Has high bite Willamette river. Dairying and and graded public schools and six church- diversified- farming are the principal ines: Congregational, Methodist, Chris- dustries. Located in center 6f rich beaver- tian Science, Free Methodist, Adventist dam section which is especially suited a,nd Christian. Pacific 'University (Con- to the growing of onions, potatoes, veg- 411.

OREGON ALMANAC. 109 etables and fruits and the finest quality Electric Railroad. Lumbering, farming, of these products are grown here. Walnut dairying and fruit and vegetable grow- culture and hop growing are also impor- ing are the principal industries. In south- tant industries of the surrounding coun- eastern pertion of 'county and near try. Town has graded public school and Tualatin river. Large sawmill is located church, representing different denomina- here. Has graded public school and two tions. Large brick and tile factory is churches: Methodist and Congregational. located here. Other important towns and trading TualatinAltitude 128 feet. Popula- centers in the tounty are: Banks, Bux- tion about 300. On West Side branch of ton, Cornelius, Dilly, Dixie, Glenwood, Southern Pacific and on line of Oregon North Plains and Wilkesboro.

YAMHILL COUNTY.

Willamette Valley; east slope Coast ited scale and gold, silver, granite, sand- mountains; on Willamette river. stone and gypsum are found in different County Seat--MeMinnville. sections of the county. Precious metals Populatiort 18,285; 85% American not extensively mined, but the stone de-. born. Of the foreign born one-fourth posits are valuable for building rauposes. is German and the balance is made up An excellent grade of shale is also quar- principally of Scandinavians, Canadians, ried and used in the manufacture of English and Irish. brick, tile and sewer pipe. Fireclay also TransportationYamhill division of exists in large beds and a high grade of Southern Pacific traverses eastern por- polished brick is manufactured upon, a tion of county; West Side branch Of laxge sale. Southern Pacific from north to centra/ Lands--Surface: Generally level a.nd portion of county, connecting with Yam- rolling in eastern and central portions, hill division at St. Joseph; Sheridan & hilly to mountainous in western p?rtion. Willaraina branch of Southern Pacific, Soils: Gray, gravelly loam, fine in tex- which connects with Yamhill branch at tare, strong in all essential ingredients. Sheridan Junction, operates along south- Average depth 2 to 21 feet. Naturally ern boundary of county 15 miles to Wil- well drained and all kinds of fruits and lamina. Carlton & Coast Railroad, veg.etables, flax, hemp and hops do well; constructed primarily for logging pur- well adapted to prime culture and this poses operates from Carlton up the variety of fruit is cultivated quite ex- north,fork of the Yamhill river 15 miles tensively. In uplands, red clay loam, to Fairdale, in heart of Coast moan- called "shot lands," is especially adapted tains. Willamette river, navigable to to fruit culture; swale or beaverdam Portland throughout the year, marks lands in bottoms produce all varieties eastern boundary of county, and the of vegetables in greatest abtmdance.. Yamhill river, which empties into the Average value farm lands $69.39 an acre, Willamette near Dayton, is navigable cultivated and uncultivated (U. S. census to McMinnville under favorable condi- 1910). tions, 15 miles into the interior. IndustriesGeneral farming, diver- WaterWi/lamette and Ya,mhill riv- sified farming, fruit culture, hops, prtines, ers, with their numerous tributary lumbering, mining? - dairying and manu- streams, afford an abundant supply of facturing (brick, tile, etc.) are -the prin- water for all purposes and ample water cipal Industries. All branches of agri- power is awaiting development, espeei- culture are engaged in; conditions are ally upon the upper Yarahill. favorable for intensive and dixersified TimberWestern part of county farming, with particular emphasis upon is covered by a vast area of virgpin dailying and the development of breed- timiser, the principal varieties of the ing stock. Livestock is an important natural growth consisting of fir,oak, industry, especially dairy breeds of maple and cedar. Lumbering is in an cattle and sheep and goats, the latter of advanced state of development. Hazel- which are not only valuable for their svood attains a large growth in this wool and mohair,. but the goats are regiSn and the hoop pole industry is an highly prized as aads in clearing Jand. important one. The largest English walnut grove in the MineralsCoal is mined upon a Hm- United States exists in this cotmty and 110 OREGON ALMA.NAC. there are also some very large apple industries and a large acreage is de- and prune orchards. voted to hop and prune culture. English ReadsThere are 750 miles of county walnuts thrive well and a considerable roads, about 100 miles being in good acreage is devoted to this product in condition. They are maintained by this vicinity. Average annual rainfall general and special taxation. about 40 inches. Average date latest FuelWood is the principal fuel used killing frost in Spring, March 16; earliest and costs $2.50 to .00 per cord: killing frost in Autumn, November 16. Average daily wage for skilled labor Has graded public school and three $3.50; unskilled $2.00. churches: Baptist, Christian and Metho- Scenery is fine and hunting and fishing dist. Electric lighting .plant and water conditions are good. works systera under pnvate ownership. Displays of varied products frona this City bonded for new public water sys- county awarded highest honors wherever tem. exhibited, including the State Fairs at DaytonAltitude about 180 feet. Salem, Lewis & Clark Exposition at Population 453 (U. S. census 1910). Portland, Louisiana, PUrchaie Expo- Local estimate 800. On Yamhill division sition at St. Louis (dairy stock) and of Southern Pacific, 31 miles -south of Cherry Fair at Salem. This county had Portla,nd; at head of navigation on the best English walnut exhibit shown Yainhill river. In center of largefarming at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition and fruit growing district,. and agricul- at Seattle. McMinnville Horse Show ture, nut culture, hops, livestock and and Fair is held in May each year. dairying are the principal industries. Ten to 20 acres, intensified and diver- Average rainfall 42 inches. Gravity sified farming, and 20 acres and epwardEi water works system owned by the city. for dairying and general farming pay Electric lighting system. Largest fruit good profits. and, vegetable evaporating plant in the For information address: Carlton Corn- world. Box and handle factories. All mercial Club; Dayton Commercial Club; kinds of hay., grasses and-vegetables do- McMinnville Commercial -Club; New- well here. Has high and graded public berg Commercial Club; Yainhill Devel- schools and five churches:, Baptist, opment Club. Christian, __Christian Science, Evangel- Newspapers will se.nd copies: Weekly icál and Methodist. Commercial Club Standard, Amity; Weekly Sentinel, Carl- occupies its own brick building. ton; Weekly Optimist and Weekly Tri- Dwadee--Altitude 219 feet. Popula- bune, Dayton; News-Reporter, Tele- tion 196 (U. S. ce.nsus 1910). Local esti- phone-Register, McMinnville; Weekly mate 225. On Yamhill division of South- Enterprise, Newberg Graphic, Newberg; ern Pacific and neax Willamette river. Weekly Sun, Sheridan; Weekly.Record, Situated in midst of extensive agricul- YRhi11;In Weekly Times, Willanuna. tural section and the. principal industries are farming, dairymg, fruit raising. CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Products: Fruita, walnuts, potatoes, AmityPopulätion 407 (U.- S. census grain, hops, prunes and dairy produce. 1910). On West Side division of Southern Largest English 'walnut grove in the Pacific Railroad. In midst of excellent lJnited States is in this vicinity. Water farming country and fruit growing, for domestic use is furnished frcm pri- dairying and agriculture are the prin- vate wells. Has high and graded public cipal industries. Large milk condenser sehool and one church: Methodist Epis- and fruit drier are 'located here. Has -copal; - graded public schools and three churches: La FayetteAltitude about 190 feet. Baptist, Christian and Methodist. Elec- Population 412 (U. S. feensus 1910). On trio lighting plant is under private own- Yamhill division of Southern Pacific ership. Railroad and on Yam:Nil -river near its- CarltonAltitude about 190 feet. confluenCe with the Willamette. In Population 386 (U. S. census 1910). nndst of rich agricultural section and Local estimate 600. On West Side divi- principal industries are dairying, farm- sion of Southern Pacific, and on north . ing, fruit and hop growing. Valuable fork of Yamhill river, 42 miles south of undeveloped water isower on Yamhill Portland. In center of large farming river in vicinity. Large sawmill is lo- section and the principal industries are cated here. Has high and graded public lumbering, fruit culture, livestock, dairy- school and three churches: Evangelical, ing and agriculture. Sheep raising and Methodis' t Episcopal and Presbyterian. wool growing are among the leading MoBliartvine (County Seat) Alti- OREGON ALMANAC. 111 tude 182 feet. Population 2,400 (q. S. lation 1,021 (U. S. census 1910).% Local census 1910). On West Side and Yam- estimate 1,300. Western terminus of hill divisions of Southern Paeific and a.t Sheridan branch of West Side division head of navigation on Yamhill river, of Southern Pacific and jtmotion of Fifty miles southwest of Portland. In Sheridest-Willamina Railroad, 57 miles heart of rich Yamhill Valley and the southwest of Portland and on Yamhill principal industries are diversified fexin- river. In heext of rich, well-settled mg, fruit growing, hops, prunes, walnuts, section devoted prinoipaily to diversified hay, grain and dailying. There are and 'intensified farmmg. Soil is favor- large flpdks of sheep and Angora goats able to fruit growing, nut culture, hop in this section and wool and mohair raising, small fruits and general farm- production is a profitable industry. Has ing, the soil being deep, well watered broad, well hghted and well kept and naturally drained. Poultry and streets and cement sidewalks. Owns stock are successfu.11Y and pro tably and operates electric lighting !plant ° raised; bee culture and general garden- and mountain water suppl . Has hi h ing are successfully and extensively and g.raded pubhc schoo s and -eig t practiced. Lumbermg is an important churches: Adventist, Baptist, Catholic, ' industry., there being an ilnmense body Christian, Episcopal, Evangelical, Meth- of saw timber, including fir, larch, cedar odist, Presbyterian. McMinnville Col- and hemlock tributary to the town. lege (Baptist) and Catholic prepaptory The grovring of prunes, clover, .vetches school also located here. Average annual and grains, dairymg, sheep raising., and rainfall 44 inches. Large milk condens- the culture of hops now comprise Sheri- ing plant is located here. There is also dan's most extensive industries. Several a large acreage of hops in this locality. thousands of acres have recently been Oregon Electric and Southern Pacifie set out to apples, prunes, pears, cherries constructing electric line exteusions and English walnuts in- the vicinity of through the city. Sheridan. Average annual rainfall 41 NewbergAltitude about 200 ¡feet. inches. City owns gravity water aya-. Population 2,260 (U. S. census 1910) ;2,500 tem. Electnc lighting plant is under local estimate. On Yambill division of private ownership. Electric lighted and Southern Pacific Railroad and on the paved streets. Large lumber mill, ice Willamette river. In the Chehalem plant. Has high and graded public Valley, 26 miles south of Portlana. Ore schools and five churehes: Cadolic, gon Electiic (Tualatin-McMinnville) di- Christian, Congregational, Lutheran and vision) and Southern Pacific have tracks Methodist. laid through city in comiection with pro- WillázninaAltitude about 230 feet. posed extensions. In center of rich Population 376 (U. S. census 1910); 600 cultural section and the principal us- local estimate. Western terminus of tries are farming, dairying, livestock, Sheridan-Willamina, Railroad, which con- fruit culture and lumber and brick manu- nects with Southern Pacific at Sheridan; facturing. One of largest - sawmills`iin also at juncture of the Yainhill and Wil- Willamette Valley located here. Also lamina rivers. Surrounded by rich agri- has machine and repair shop, large milk cultural section and the principal in- condensing plant, fruit canmng and pack- dustries are general farmings.fruit growing plant. English walnuts are produced ing, dairying and stock rausuig. Large in large quantities in this valley. Straw- body of merchantable timber tributary. berries, loganberries and other small Valuable undeveloped water power faoll- berries yield prolifically and ripen early ities available in vicinity. loxge face- in this vicinity. Pacific College, founded brick plant is located here. Electric by the Friends, but. non-sectarian, lo- lighting plant and gravity water works. cated here. Has broad., well kept and system imder private ownership: Has, lighted streets, paved in business sec- graded public schools and three churches: tion, and concrete sidewalks. City Owns Christian, Congregational and Metho- gravity water works system; electric dist. lighting system is under private owner- YamhillAltitude 210 feet. Popula- ship. Has high and graded public schools tion 325 (U. S. census 1910); 500 local esti- and 11 churches: Adventist, B tist, mate. On West Side division of Southern Catholic, Christian, Church of Pacific, 39 miles from Portland and 12 German Methodist, Methodist Episcopal, miles from MeMimiville. Ten miles from Methodist (Free), Presbyterian and Yamhill river. In midst of rich, well- United 13rethren. watered and drained agricultural sec- SheridanAltitude 217 feet. Popu- tion, with a background of timber, and 112 OREGON ALMANAC. the principal industries are lumbering, inches; growing season about six months. farming, fruit and vegetable growing, Has high and graded public schools and dairying, hops, poultry raising, etc. three churches: Catholic, Christian and Primarily a grain producing section, Methodist. but fruit grovnng, diversified and inten- Other important towns and trading sified farming more recently and gen- centers in the ceunty are: Chehalem, erally adopted. Water works system and important fruit growing district and electric lighting plant are under piivate distributing center; Whiteson and Wil- ownership. Average annual rainfall 35 sonville.

CENTRAL OREGON SECTION. Temperature Averages for Section: Prineville July Max. 88° Min. 42' Jan. Max. 48° Min. 22° Lakeview July Max. 84° Min. 49° Jan. Max. 39° Min. ir Silver Lake July Max. 85° Min. 49° Jan. Max. 40° Min. 17° Happy Valley July Max. 84° Min. 44° Jan. Max. 40° Min. 18° (AND) EASTER,N OREGON' SECTION. Temperature Averages for Section: The Dalles July Max. 84° Min. 57° Jan. Max. 38° Min. 28° Lone Rock July Max. 80° Min. 43° Jan. Max. 42° Min. 21° Pendleton July Max. 89° Min. 52° Jan. Max. 42° Min. 280 Josenli July Max. '78° Min. 480 Jan. Max. 32° Min. 15' Dayville July Max. 85° Min. 49° Jan. Max. 44° Min. 27° Baker July Max. 81° Min. Si' Jan. Max. 33° Min. 180 Beulah July MOS. 90° min. as° Jan. Max. 350 Min. 12°

BAKER COUNTY. Northeastern Oregon; Blue Mountain Timber--County has large area of region; on Snake river. virgin forests of white and yelltw pine County Seat-13aker. and tamarack; lumbering is one of the Population 18,078; 85% American chief industries. born. Of the foreign born one-fourth is MineralsGold (placer and quartz German and the remaining three-fourths mining), silver, copper, iron, moire', are principally Irish, Canadian, English, galena, coal, gypsum, cement, slag and Scotch, Swiss and Scandinavians. lime. One opal mine, one fossil bed, fut- Transportation Oregon-Washington clay mint and two building stone quar- Railroad & Navigation Company rail- ries. It is the leading ininmg countyof road traverses county from northwest the state, the development of this in- to southeast; Sumpter Valley Railroad dustry being very important. operates from Baker, in the central Fuel--Wood is principal fuel and costs pottion through western part of county, an average of 85.00 per cord. and Northwestern Railway, branch of Lands---Surface: Valleys, rolling hills, Oregon Short Line, the western terminus high plains and mountains. Soils: What of which is Huntington, in this county, is known as the Yakima loam, consist- operates from Huntnigton along eastern ing of heav-y brown to black sandy loam, border of county and Snake river to which produces wild meadow grasses, Homestead, in northeastern portion. alfalfa, timothy and clover. "Muck" is Snake river navigable to small river vele. the name given to a soil consisting of seis from Himtington to Ballasd's Land- a brown or black mucky loam. hay is ing,along eastern boimdary of county. the chief crop of this soil. gancopa Water--Snake river, Powder river, sandy loam and gravelly loam will pro- Burnt river and other smaller rivers and duce anything in the line of hardy vege- streams afford good and plentiful supply tation, but it requires irrigation. Irn- of water for domestic, irrigation and -gation practiced extensively in the coun- power purposes. ty. Average value of farra land $38.68 OREGON ALMANAC. 113 per acre, cuftivated and uncultivated ulation 250 (U. S. census 1910). On line (V. S. census 1910). of Northwestern- Railway and on the IndustriesMining, lumbering, sheep, Snake river. Principal industry mining. cattle and horse raising, agriculture and One graded public school. horticulture. Products: Lumber, wool, GreenhornAltitude 6,300. Popula- minerals, hay, grain, vegetables, fruits tion 28 (U. S. census 1910). Principal and dairy products. industries, mining and lumbering. Has Average annual rainfall 13.40 inehes. graded public sehool. Average daily wage to skilled labor HainesAltitude 3,334 feet. Popu- $3.55; unskilled $2.35; miners 13.50; lation 423 (U. S. census 1910). Principal farm hands $1.00; during harvest season industry, agriculture, with hay and 'gruin $1.50 to $2.00. as chief crops. Surrounded by the rich For information address: Baker Com- agricultural land of Baker Valley. On mercial Club, Baker, , Oregon. mam line of 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad. Newspapers will send copies: Bedrock Eleotrie lighting system under private Democrat, Baker City Herald, City of ownership. Has one graded public school. Baker; The Weekly Record, Homes; HalfwayAltitude 2,800 feet. Popu- Fine Valley Herald, Halfway; Hunting- lation 186 (U. S. census 1910). On eastern ton News, Huntington; Panhandle NeWIE4 edge of county, in center of Pino valley, Richland; Blue Mountain American; a nch agriculttiral and horticultural sec- Sumpter. tittn. Industries, farmbag and lumbering. Size of farm needed: Five to 10 acres 'Hay, grain and fruit are principal crops. for fniit and intensive cultivation; 20 Has one graded public school and three acres and upwards for dairying and churches: Adventist, Christian and Pres- general farming. byterian. Huntington. Altitude 2,105 feet. CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Population 680 (U. S. census 1910). Baker (Cotmty Seat)--Altitude 3,440 Division .point of 0.-W. R. & N. and feet. Population 6,472 (U. S. census 1910). Oregon Short Line railroad& Situated 10,000 local estimate. On mainLine of on Snake river, navigable to junall river 0.-W. R. Sr N. Railroad and is the steamers along eastern border of cramty. terminus of the Sunpter Valley Railway. Industries: Alining, farming and stock Is principal shipping and distributive raising. Has one graded public school point for rich mming and africultural and three chtuThes: Catholic, Congre- section and for many, points in Central gational, Methodist Episc ..aL Oregon. City owns gravity water RichlandAltitude 1, ! it feet. Popu- works 'system; elecnio lighting and lation 334 *(U. S. census 1910). In power plants under private ownership. center of Eagle Valley, rich' agricul- Has well improved and lighted streets tural and horticultural section and is (six miles hard stuface pavement), sewer- chief distributing and shipping poiat age system and other municipal improve- for same. Has one graded public school ments. Has high and graded public and two churches. schools, one private school (Catholic) flumpterAltitude 4,429 feel. Popu- and 10 churches: Adventist, Baptist (2), lation 643. On Sumpter Valley Railroad Catholic, Episcopal, Latter Day Saints, and in heart of rich raining and lum r Methodist, IVIormon, Presbyterian and district. Privately owned e/ectric t- Salvation Array. Fourth District Agri- ing and water works systems. Indus- cultural Fair is held here annually. tries: Milling, 'Wilber, grazing and live- BourneAltitude 5,400 feet. Popu- stock raising. Has one graded public lation, 77 (U. S. census 1910). Local esti- school and four churches: eatholic, Epis- mate, 250. Principal industry mining. copal, Methodist and Presbyterian. CitY owna electric lighting and water Other important towns and trading works system. Has one graded public centers of the county are: Bonanza, school. Homestead, Pleasant Valley, Rye Valley, CopperfleldAltitude 1,800 feet. Pop- Sparta and Whitney. - - 114 OREGON ALMANAC. CROOK COUNTY.

Central eastern Oregon; east slope (sheep and wool) and -agriculture. Prim. Cascade mountains. oipal crops are hay (both grain and grass), County SeatPrinev,ille. rye, barley and oats. Cattle, sheep, Population 9015; 91% American horses and swine are raised extensively bom. Of the foreign bom about one- and profitably. Crook County is the tenth is English, and the balance is made home of the largest blooded-sheep ranch up of SWIM, German, Irish and Cana- in the world. .Highest awards for dry- dians. fanning products at National Dry Farm TransportationOregon Tian* Rail- Congress at Spokane, Washington, 1910, road (Hill system) and DesChutes Rail- and Colorado Springs, Co/prado, 1911, road (Harriman system) enter the coun- and at International Dry-Farming Con- ty from the north and traverse the cen- gress at Lethbridge, Alta., 1912. tral portion to Bend (150 miles from the Timber Large forest of natural Columbia river and their connections growth timber in the county, consisting with two great transcontinental rail- principally of white pine. road systems), and afford the products MineralsGold and silver mines in of the Central Oregon Empire an outlet early stages of development. to the markets of the world. Auto stage FuelWood, juniper and pine, is the lines from Betid and other important principal fuel used. trade cente,rs in the county radiate in all ltoads---Maintained by general taxa- direct-lens. Extension of railroads from tion; in good condition; open entire year. Bend to south, east and west, and con- Forty acres, under irrigation and instruction of other railroad hnes into tensive cultivation, i3ufficient for support this region is in immediate- prospect, of average family and will yield profit- and, in some instances, actual con- able returns. Dry farming 329 acres. struction work is under way. Average daily wage for skilled labor ' Water DesChutes river, Crooked $3.70; unskilled $2.35. . river, Metolius river, and numerous other For information address: Bend Com- smaller but important streams, tributary mercial Club; Culver Junction Develop- tò the DesChutes, the main drainage ment Leagua;Laidlaw Commercial Club; artery, afford an abundance of- pure La Pine Commercial Club; Metolius mountain water for domestic, irrigation Commercial Club; Prineville eommer- and power purposes. The maximum dis- cial Club; Redmond Cammercilil Club; charge of the Des Chutes river is only Terrebonne Commercial Club. about fou.r times the minimum This Newspapers will send copies; The l3end river and-its. tributaries are capable of Bulletin, Bend; Madras Pioneer, Madras; developing over 421,000 horsepower. Crook Coimty Journal; Weekly Review, Lands--Stuface: In the main it con- Prineville; Terrebonne Oregonion, Terre- sists of fertile valleys, broad plabr3, bonne; Central Oregonian, Metolius. and easy slppes to the moimtidn' s. Soils: Volcamc ash and silt (mud or CITIES, TOWNS AND 'VILLAGES. fine earth deposited from running BendAltitude 3,600 feet. Popula- streams or standing water) of excellent tion 530 (t S. census 1919). Southern texture light gray in color; greatly im- terminus of the Oregon Trunk and Des- - proved' by use of green fertilizers. Chutes Railway lines. On the DesChutes Highly productive of small fruits, hemp, river, which affords a plentiful supply hops and other agTicultural crops .when of water for domestie use, irrigation- and irrigated. Approximately 260,000 acres power purposes. Located in timber belt; of arid land now in process of irrigation two sawmills in vicinity. Principal in- under the Carey Act provisions. Immense dustries: Farming, lumbering, livestock. area..of public lands, susceptible of culti- Surrounded by many large Carey vation under dry farming methods, open Act irrigation projects. Alfas clover, to entry under provisions of . enlarged oats, wheat, root crops and sználl fruits' homestead act, allowing 320 acres to are the chief products. Large area of the person eligible to entry under the arid landa in vicinity subject to entry homestead laws. Average value of farm under the . Enlarged Homestead (3 lands $17.54, an acre cultivated end un- acre) Act. Irrigated area adapted- to cultivated (ET. S. census 1910). dairying, hog rauung and all kinds of Industries Lumbering, livestock, hay crops. Water and electric lighting OREGON ALMANAC. 115 plants are under private ownership. Has schools and five churches: Adventist, high and graded public schools and three Baptist, Catholic, Methodist, Presby- churches: Baptist, Catholic and Presby- tenan. terian. Woman's Club, Grange and num- SistersPopulation 100, estimated. erous fraternal organizations. - Fifteen miles west of Redmond, nearest La PineAltitude 4,200 feet. Popu- railroad pomt. In large irrigation &s.. tation 50, estimated. Thirty-three miles trict and, large timbered area adjacent. south of Bend, present terminus ef the Farming and livestock are the principal Oregon Trunk and DesChutes Railroad industries. Has graded public school and on proposed lines of extension. In and churches. midst of large Carey Act and dry farming LaidlawAltitude 3,200 leet. Popu- district. Industries are lumbering and lation 49 (U. S. census 1910). Local agriculture. Surroundingeountry, under estimate 100. On Deschutes river, four suited to dairying,. stock miles west of Deschutes, nearest rail- raismirrigation'g, poultry rasi ing, hay,.grams and road point. In midst of extensive irri- small fruits. Has graded pubhc school. gation section. Dairying, livestock and MadrasAltitude 2,200 feet. -Popu- agriculttue are the principal industries. lation 364 (U. S. census 1910). On lines Has graded public school and two of Oregon Trunk and Deschutes rail- churches. roads. Willow creek, tributary of the Terrebonne--Altitude 2,860. Popu- Deschutes river, gives ample supply of lation 100. On lines of Oregen Trunk and water for all purposes. Surrounded by Deschutes railways. In center of irri- extensive area of irrigated and timbered gation and timbered district. Dairying, lands andthe, industries are farming livestock and agriculture are the prin- and stock raising. Has graded public cipal industries. Contiguous territory school and three churchea: Christian, suitable for diversified farnaing (tmder Menonite and Methodist. irrigation). Hisligh and graded public Prineville (County Seat) Altitude school and churches. Womans' Club and 2,860 feet. Population 1,042 (U. S. cea- fraternal organisations. sus 1910). Local estimate 1,600, Eighteen MetoliusDivision point for Oregon miles east of Redmond, nearest railroad Trimk and Desehutes railroads. Pop9- point on lines of Oregon Trunk and Des- lation 200, estimated. Agriculture is chutes railroads, with prospect of direct, principal industry of surrounding coun- cotmection immediately. The principal try in which dry-farming methods are industries are stock raising (horses, cat- practiced extensively and successfully. tle, sheep and hogs) and agricultiue. Wheat, oats, rye, barley, hay, alfalfa, Products are hay, grain and wool. Elec- potatoes and other .vegetables are the trio and gas lighting and water works leading crops raised. City owns water l&nts are under private ownership. Has systetn. Has high and graded public 'Ish and graded public schools and four school and one church. Dry farming churches. Large bodies of timber experiment station is located here. One butary. In midst of extensive Caxey.Act-Witule of cement sidewalk. irrigation projects. -- CulverAltitude 2,625 feet. On lines RedmondAltitude 3,000. Popular' of Oregon Trunk and Deschutes rail-fl 800 (U. S. census 1910). On lines of roads. Surrounded by extensive area of Oregon Trunk and Deschutes railway. ag.ricultural land in the cultivation of center of large irrigation district; live- which dry farming is followed success- stock, dairying and general agripul- fully. All vasieties of hardy grains, hay. ture (under irrigation)- are the principal and fruits and vegetables are produced industries. City owns water works .sys- in this vicinity, Has graded public tem and operate,s electric lighting plant school, two churehes, Menonite and under lease from private owners. Is Christian, two hotels, etc., and public shipping and disiributing point for water works system is under muni: dkitrict. Has high and graded public eipal ownershiii. 116 OREGON ALMANAC. GILLIAM COUNTY.

Eastern Oregon; Columbia Valley sec- Exhibition at Omaha. In 1907 Condon -tion; on Columbia river. wits the largest primary wheat shipping County SeatCondon. point in the United States. One of Population 3,701; 86% American the leading sheep and wool producing born. Of the foreign born one-fifth is counties of the state. Scotch and the balance is made up of Average daily wage for skilled labor Canadians, English, Irish and Germans. $3.50; unskilled $2.00. TransportationMainline of Oregon- Three hundred twenty acres, dry and Washington Railroad & Navigation Com- diversified fanning, or 640 acres general pany crosses northern portion of county farming and stock raising are considered and branch line of the same system pene- good dividend payers in this county. - trates the central portion of the county For information address: Condon Busi- to Condon county seat, 40 miles to the ness Men's Association, Condon. south. feeppner branch of the same. Newspapers will send eopies:. Condón. system crosses the northeastern comer. Globe, The Condon Times, Condon. Columbia river, navigable to river steamers to the mouth (Pacific Ocean), . courses along northern boundary. CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. WaterColumbia river, John Day ArlingtonAltitude 281 feet. Popu- river, Willow creek, Rock creek, 30-Mile lation 317 (U. S. census 1910). On mam creek aud other small streams afford lino of 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad and is an abtmdant supply of watér for domestic, junction point of the Condon branch of irrigation and other uses, and vast un- the same system of railroad, and on developed water powers. Good water the Columbia river. City owns water obtainable neax the surface throughout works Erystem (pumping). General farm- the county. ing and stock raising are the principal Lands--Stulace: Level valleys and industries of the country.contiguous, for plains, rolling and hilly. Soils: Fine qual- which Arlington is the principal shipping ity, very rich and of excellent physical and distributing point, as well as the texture. Humus contents exceptionally rail and water gateway to, the interior high. With good system of irrigation of the county. Surroimded by, extensive all ldnds of vegetables, small fruits, sugar area ofirrigable lands suitable for beets, grains and onions grow exception- diversified farming. Has high and aid- ally well. Good fruit lands in this county ed public school and two churches: suitable for peaches, pears, tist and Methodist. apricots, phimsapples' and cherries. Many, Condon(0ounty Seat)Altitude 2,881. horses, cattle and hogs are raised in this PopOation 1,009 (U. S. census 1910). Is county. Average value farm lands $18.86 southern terminus of Condon branch of per acre, cultivated and tmcultivated the 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad. Is center (U. S. census 1010). of vast area of livestock and hay and 1:toadsPublic highways, maintained grain producing territory and is distri- by taxation, in fair condition. buting and shipping point of ,southern TimberNatural growth is pine, oak part of the cotuity. The principal in- and hazel, confined to water courses. dustries . of the adjacent country are Not extensive. stock raising. and general farming. ninerelsSome cdal deposits exist Products: Gram, hay and wool. Water in John Day basin but they are undevel- works system (pumping station and oped and little is known concerning their reservoir) belongs to the city and elec- extent. tric lighting plant is under private own- FuelWood and coal are the principal ership. In 1907 3,350,000 bushels of fuels; coal costa an average of $9.50 per wheat were shipped from Gilliam county ton, and wood $7.00 per cord. through Condon, and in 1909 there were Industries Agriculture (especially 1,500,000 bushela of wheat shipped. City wheat), lumbering, livestock (especially has high and\ graded public schools and cattle, horses; hogs and sheep), dairying one private (Catholic) school, and five and fruit culture. Many horses, particu- churches: Baptist, Catholic, Christian, larly of the heavy draft breeds, are spe- Congregational and Latter Day Saints. cialized in. Gilli am County fruit took first Lone RockPopulation 70, (U.S S. premium at National Irrigation Congress census 1910). Nearest 'railroad pomt, OREGON ALMANA\C. 117 Condon, is 22 miles northwest. Is merly way station on stage line which point of rich stock country. trad.ing existed before the advent of the railroad. MayvillePopulation 250 (U. S. cell,: Is situated in the midst of a rich irri- sus 1910). Twelve miles south of Con- gated fruit and alfalfa farniing district. don, nearest railroad point. Is located Has one graded public school and one in midst of excellent farming Country, church building. with soil adapted for fruit culture and BlalockIs small town on the line a variety of agticultural products. Live- of the 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad and on stock industry is also important here the Columbia river. Is center and ship- Has graded public school and one church, ping point for large wheat growing Baptist. District Agricultural Fair 13 section. herd here annually. Other important towns and trading OlexAltitude 700 feet. On main points in the county are: Ajax and Gvhn- line of 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad and for/. dolen, both farming comnumities.

GRANT COUNTY.

Ea,stern Oregon; Blue Motmtain seo- the order of importance, and wool is tion; on John Day river. an extensive and valuable by-product. County SeatCanyon City. LandsSurface: Narrow but fertile Population 5,607; 83% American valleys, rolling hills and mountains. born. Of the foreig,n born about one-fourth Soils: There is a variety of soils, but is German and the remainder is min& that most frequently encotmterecl iS pally of Ca,nadians, English, Irish, Scotch, rich in lime and phosphoric acid, and, Scandinavians, Portuguese and Swiss. with irrigation, is naturally well adapted Transportation T h e Su t e ' to fruit growing, vegetables and corn. Valley Railroad, with its eastern ter- The John Day Valley, 60 miles lofig and minus at Baker, enters the county at the to 11 miles in width, is highly pro- central eastern border and runs in a. ductive and yields splendid returns under southwesterly direction to Prairie City, intensive cultivatien. Alfalfa, timothy. in the John Day Valley. Auto and and clover are raised extensively and horse stage connection with other impor- afford the chief food for livestock. tant trading centers of the Central East- Nutritious wild grasses also abound on ern Oregon Empire. the be,nch and lull lands, making good WaterThe John Day river, the num- pasturage. Average value of farm lands erous tributaries of which penetrate $10.00 per acre, cultivated and unculti- every section of the county, supplies vated (U. S. census 1910). an abundance of pure water for domestie FuelWood is the principal fuel used, and other purposes and possesses vast costing from $4.00 to 85.00 per cord. power facilities which are awaiting de- Forty acres under irrigation divessi- velopment. - fied and intensified farming, to 640 acres, RoadsThere are 700 miles of county stock raising and general farming, yield roads, mostly mountainous, in fair con- profitable returns. dition and maintained by die county: . . Average daily wage for skilled labor TimberYellow pine is the principal 88.25; unskilled $1.75; stage drivers $35.00 natural forest growth and it abounds in to $50.00 per month; stockmen 430.00 to great quantities, both in national re- 840.00; mmers $3.00 to.$3.50 per day. serves and private holdings. Blue Motmtain Hot Springs and Mt. Minerals--Gold, silver, copper, coba!, Vernon Hot Springs are resorts reached iron, nickel, sandstone and limestone' by easy automobile stages /from Prairie are the principal mining products of the City. Fish and wild game abotmd in- county. Gold mining is one of the chief plenty in the streams and mountains assets of the cotmty. of the county. IndustriesLumbering, stock raising, For information address: Prairie City mining, agriculture (mainly hay and Commercial Club or Canyon City Citi- grain),.fruit culture, dairying are the prin- zens League. cipal industries. Stock raising ranks Newspapers will send copies: Blue first, principally cattle and sheep, in Mountam Eagle, Canyon City; Weekly 118 OREGON ALMANAC. Ranger, Long Creek; Weekly 1Viiner, are under private ovvnership. Has graded Prairie City. public school and two churches:Adventist and Methodist. Long CreekAltitude 3,875. Popu- CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. lation 86 (U. S. census 1910). Thirty AustinAltitude 4,074 feet. Popula- miles north of the John Day Valley, in iton 144 (U. S. census 1910). On line of the center of the northern part of Grant Sumpter Valley Railroad. Is situated county. \ Is surrotmded by a rich agri- in a, national forest reserve but much of cultural section and is the central trad- the forest land which is capable of ing point for that part of the county. ftgricultural development, has passed The principal industries are stock rais- into, private ownership, there are also ing and farming, while dairying is receiv- large eaves of mineral lands in the ing considerable attention. Gravity vicinity awaiting. development. Lum- water system ia owned by the city. Has bering, gold mimng and stock raising graded public school and two churches: are the principal industries. Elsectrie Methodist and Adventist. lighting plant and water works system A1opumentAltitude 2,800. Popula- are under private ownership. Has graded tion 119 (U. S. °ensue 19/0). Fifty miles public school and church. northwest of Canyon City on the north Canyon. City(County Seat)Alti- fork of the John Day river. Is 50 miles tude 3,200 feet. Population 864 (U. S. south of Heppner, the terminus of a census 1910). Sixteen miles southwest branch line of thei0.-W. R. &N, Rail- of Prairie City, the nearest railroad road, which is the nearest railroad point on the Sumpter Valley. Railroad. point. Is surromided by a large area Is situated in the John-Day Valley and of rich agricultural and !grazing lands, surrounded by rich agricultural section and its leading industries are stock for which it is the central trading point. raising and farming, while fruit and Field is open for the deve/opment of dairying are receivutg considerable at- fruk-culture and quartz raining. Gravity tention. Several largenshrp owners water works system is owned by the reside in this locality, c ter tionii being city, while the electric lighting plant quite favorable to this industry. Has is under private ownership. Is the ter- gravity water frystem wider private minus of five mail routes which distri- ownership. Has graded public school bute naail to every section of the county. and one church, Presbyterian. The principal industries, are mining, Prairie CityAltitude 8,300 feet. stockt raising and agriculture, while Population 348 (U. S. cans= 1910). Is dairying a,nd fruit growing are receiving the western terminus of the Sumpter considerable attention. Has high and Valley Railroad, in the eastern part of the graded public schools and three churches: John Day Valley on the John Day river. Catholic Episcopal and Methodist. It is the shipping point for the entire Grinile--Altitude 4,560feet. Popula- Jo= Da.y Valley, which is rich and ex- tion 89. Sumpter, on the line of the Sump- tensive in its agricultural resources and ter Valley Railroad, 14 miles southeast, is other possibilities, as well as for Grant the nearest railroad point Mining is County and the interior of Harney the principal industryof this region. County on the south. Heavy freighting Gravity water system is under private into the interior is done by four and six- ownership. Has graded public séhool. horse teams. Cattlet sheep and wool John DayAltitude 3,150 feet. Popu- are shipped from this point in great lation 258 (U. S. census 1910). Fourteen - numlaers and quantities. :Agricultural miles west of Prairie City, the nearest resources, es well as dakying and fruit railroad point. Surrounded by rich and growing, are being rapitlly developed extensive area of agricultural and grazing throughout the valley. Principal in- lands and the leacling industries of the dustries are milling, stock raising, farm- contiguous country are farming, stock ing, dairying, lumbering and frurtgrow- raising and mining: Headquarters, of ' hag. City owns water works systeni and the officers of the Department of the electric lighting plant is tmder private Interior hazing supervision of the forest ownership. Has high and ,gra,ded public reserves are located here. Immenseforest schools and two churches: Episcopal and in vicinity. Fifth Eastern Oregon Dis- Methodist. trict Fair held here annualiy. Large =- Other important towns, and trading developed coal deposits are to be found centers of the county are: Dayville, in the vieinity of this point. Electric Greenhorn and Hamilton, a,ll farming -lighting plant and water works system and stock raising ctunmunities. OREGON ALMANAC. 119 HARNEY COUNTY.

South= - Central Oregon; plateau_ grasses; with a system of irrigation section. would produce fruit and grain in abtmd- County Seal--Burns. ance. .Average value farm land $12.35 Population 4,059; 86% American per acre, cultivated and uncultivated. born. Of the foreign born about one- (U. S. census 1910). fourth is German and the remainder IndustriesFarming and stock rais- Scandinavian, Canadians, English and ing, horses, cattle and sheep. Some Swiss. lumber manufacturing for local use. TransportationNearest railroad Agricultural Experiment Station, point to Burns, in north central _part, branch of the Oregon Agricultural Col- of Harney County, is Prairie City, lege, is located in this cotmty, six miles Grant County, the present terminus of east of Burns. Lakes and streams are the Sumpter Valley 'Railroad, 86 miles; natural rendezvous and breeding places to Vale, Malheur. County, on Oregon for-all kinds of water fowl; deer and ante- Short Line, 135 miles. to Bend, Crook lope abound in the motmtains a,nd the County, on Oregon Tiunk or Deschutes streams are alive with fine trout and other railroads, 146 miles. Oregon dr Eastern varieties of game fish. Railroad, affiliated with Oregon Short Average daily wage skilled labor Line, is constructing line via Malheur $3.50; unskilled $2.00; farm hands $2.00; Valley from Vale into Harney County. stockmen $35.00 to $45.00 per month. Automobile and horse stages to railroad For information address: Burns Com- points. mercial Club. WaterThe Silvies river, South Mat- Newspapers will send copies: Harney heur river, Silver creek, Crane "creek, County News, The Times-Herald,..Burns. Donner-and-Blitzen river, Malheur and gixth Eastern Oregon District Agri- Harney lakes, and numerous other cultural Fair held at Burns annually. small streams and lakes provide an abwidance of water for domestic use TOWNS AND VfLLAGES. and irrigation, and there are many power Burns (County Seat) Altitude possibilities lying undeveloped. Artesian 4,100 feet. Population 904 (U. S. Census, wells have been found in southeastern 1910). (See transportation facilities in part of county. county matter,. preceding.) In Harney RoadsCounty roads in fair condi- Valley stock raising and diversified farm- tion maintained by county. ing are the chief industries. Only timber TimberNatural growth, principally in Harney County to be readhed by yellow pine, located in the northern part water grade is along Silvies river above of the county and mostly -.within the Burns. Electric lighting plant is under national forest reserve; mountain ma- private ownership. Central trading and hogany (fine heating fuel) and juniper, distributing point for Harney County and used for fuel and fence posts. extensive territory in Southern Oregon. MineralsGold, silver, copper and Has high a,nd graded public school and coal are found in different sections of three churches: Catholic, Baptist and the county, in the mountainous regions Presbyterian. U. S. Land Office is of the north, but this resource is undevel- located here. oped on account of lack of railroad facili- DrewseyAltitude 3,508 feet. Popula- ties. Borax, niter and potash also exist tion 82 (U. S. Census, 19101. Eighty miles and a fine quality of building stone is from Prairie City, Grant County, nearest also quarried. Many. indications of oil. railroad point. Farming and stock raising FuelWood is principal fuel used, are the principal industries. A gasoline average cost $4.50 a cord. plant, tmder private ownership, furnishes LandsSurface: Level plains, divided light for publie consumption. . Has into vast valleys by. mountain ranges; graded and public school and one church: largest level plains m Oregon are in Congregational. Fruit growing, with Harney county. Soils: In northern part irrigation, is coming industry. rich in lime and phosphoric acid, natur- HarneyAltitude 4,300 feet. Popula- ally well adapted to growing of vege- tion 58 (U. S. Census, 1910). Eighty tables and small fruits. In southern part miles from Vale, nearest point on Sumpter is a gray clay loam and sandy lo ; II Valley Railroad. Industries: Stock suited to the growing of rams raising, faxming -and lumbering. Has 120 OREGON ALMANAC. graded public school and one church, LawenAltitude 4,100 feet. Popula- non-sectarian. tion 50, estimated. Near Malheur Lake. NarrowsAltitude 4,100 feet. Popu- Fax=ter. lation 100, estimated. Between Malheur Altitude 4,100 feet. Popu- an&Harney lakes. Is important trading lotion 25, estimated. Near. Malheur center. la,ke. Farming center,

HOOD RIVER COUNTY.

(Created from part of Wasco County pears, peaches, cherries and strawberries. at general election, 1908.) This locality has achieved a world- Eastern Oregon; east slope Cascades; wide reputation for the quality and on Columbia river. scientific packing of its apples and straw- County Seat--Hood River. berries, which are shipped to all parts of Population, 8,016; 75% American this country and Canada and command born;,25% foreign. fancy prices in Europe and the Orient. TransportationMain line of Oregon- Fruit land in this district ranges Washin&ton Railroad & Navigation Com- from $100 per uncultivated, pany railroad traverses northern boun- to ,000 per acre,acre' highly improved. dary; Columbia river on the north and Fruits from Hood River County have S. P. & S. (Hill System) Railroad received the hiqhest awards wherever on Washington side of Columbia river. exhibited. Fruit products marketed Moimt Hood Railroad, in northeastern directly by the Fruit Growers' Union. part of county, rims from Hood River Mt. Hood, elevation11,225feetlandother to Parkdale, a distance of 20 miles. scenic and tourist resorts in this county. First class rail and water competition Average daily wage skilled labor for transportation of produce to market. $3.00 to $6.00; unskilled $2.37. WaterColumbia river 011 the north For information address: Hood River and Hood river, which 'drains east slope Commercial Club.. of Cascade mountains watershed, and Newspapers will send copies: Hood numerous small tributary streams afford /River Glacier, Hood River News and abundant supply of pure mountain water Better Fruit, a monthly publicaion de- for domestic use and there is a,pproxi- voted to horticultural mterests, national matelY 40,000 horsepower, mideVeloped, in scope. in the streams in the northern part of the county. About 800 horsepower has been CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. developed and is in use at Hood River. Hood River(County Seat)Altitude RoadsLarge sums are expended an- 100 to 260 feet. Population 2,331 (U. mially in the maintenance of highways. S. Cerisus, 1910.) On main line of TiraberNatural forest growth is fir, 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad and on oak, ash, cedar, maple, larch. Columbia river; jimetion of Mount MineralsSome gold and copper, but Hood Railroad. Industries: Farming, not prospected or developed. fruit raising, lumbering and manufactur- LandsSurface: Level, rolling and ing. Surrounded by extensive fruit grow- mountainous. Soils: Hood River Val- ing territory, hay and grain land. Hood ley is of volcanic origin; red clay loam River Apple Blossom Festival and rich in lime, phosphoric acid and humus. Apple Show are held here annually and Anything suited to the climate can be are notable festal events. Electric light- grown on this soil. Average value farm ing plant under private ownership. City lands per acre $340.03, cultivated and owns water works system. Has high and uncultivated (U. S. census 1910). graded public schools and eight churches: IndustriesFarming, fruit raising, Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Congre- lutnbering and manufacturing. While gational Cluistian Science, Episcopal, hay and ;Ii.ain,s are produced quite ex- Methodist and United Brethren. tensively in the Valley and on the foot- Other important towns and trading hills, and lumbering is engaged in largely centers-in the comity are: Dee, Odell, in the foothills of the Cascades, greater Parkdalei southern terminus of the Mt. attention is paid to the cultUre of apples, Hood Railroad, and Wyeth. OREGON ALMANAC. 121 KLAMATH COUNTY.

South Central Oregon; east slope Cas- tufa and diatomaceous earth, heavily cade mountains. charged with veptable material. Light County SeatKlamath Falls. in weight and color and responds Population 8,554; 89% American readily to cultivation. Staple crops: born. Of the foreign born about one- Alfalfa, timothy, hay, grain (wheat, half are German and the remainder is oats, loarlet and rye), small fruits and made up principally of Canadians, vegetables.. Average value farm land Scandinavians and English. f20.18 per acre, cultivated and unculti- Tran.sportationThe Calif orniallorfb vated (1J. S.census 1910). Eastern Railroad (Southern Pacific), IndustriesDairying, farming and which connects with the main line at stock raising. Cattle, horses, hogs and Weed station, in California, penetrates sheep are raised extensively. Wool is the southwestern portion of the cotmty an important product. With the devel- inland to Klamath Falls, 19 miles. Ex- opment of the availa,ble water power, tension of Oregon Trunk and Deschutes manufacturing will be a pre-eminent railroads, with present termini at Bend, feature of the resources, The govern- Crook County, is projected to Klamath ment irrigation and reclamation project Falls, but is only in the prospective in process of construction is prepared to stage to date. supply water to 30,541 acres of irrigable WaterKlamath river, Sprague river, land; 27,692 acres are irrigated (June 30, Williamson river, Wood river, Lost river, 1911), principally under private owner- Deschutes river (in northern portion)," ship. Thirty-two acres of the entire pro- Klamath lakes and numerous other ject (embracing a totaLof 72,000 acres), small streams, provide an abundance are withdrawn from entry, and 40,000 of water for domestic and irrigation acres under private ownership. Govern- purposes. Klamath river and Lost riyer ment has established 40 acre experimental combine a total of about 300,000 latent farm within reclamation reserve north horsepower capable of development, of Klamath Falls. ., while in the vicinity of Klamath Fails Size of farm needed: 40 to 80 acres, irxi- 240 horsepower only has been developed gated and improved; 160 to 320 acres, and utilized on the Link river above non-irrigated and dry farming, respect- Klamath Falls. ively. RoadsGood county roads are main- Average daily wage, skilled labor tained by taxation and subscription. 84.00; unskilled, farm hands $2.00 and TimberNatural forest growth yel- boatd; herders 830.00 to $40.00 per month; low and white pine, yellow and white fir vacqueros $40.00 to $60.00. and juniper. ' About one-half of the area For information address: Klamath of the county is covered with timber Falls Chamber of Commerce; Crescent of exceptionally fine merchantable qual- Commercial Club; Wood River Chamber ity. of Commerge, Fort Klamath. MineralsSoda, alter, borax and pot- Newspa% frs will send copies: Bonanza ash exist in the eastern central portion Bulletin, onanza; Daily and Weekly of the county. Fapress, ally and Weekly Herald, FuelWood is principal fuel, cost Weekly Klamath Weekly about 85.00 per pord. Chronicle, KlamathRepublican' Falls; Weekly Rec- SceneryGrand on lakes ancl moun- ord, Merrill. tains; fish and wild fowl abound in lake and stream, and wild game plentiful in CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. mountains. Crater Lake, nature's mas- BonanzaPopulation 400 (estimated). terpiece in the creation of scenic splen- Twenty-five miles east of Klamath Falls, dors and wonders, is in this county and nearest railroad cormection. Distribut- ,-,has been set aside as a national park inF center for large itgricultural dis- reserve. trict; its productivity will be mater- LandsSurface: Level, rolling and ially enhanced by completion of Horse mountainous. Soils: In the lake and Fly rrigationi district river valleys is an exceptionally rich ject. Industries: Farrning',stockreclamation.prmo- ramg soil of decomposed granite and lava and dairying. Electric hghting plant formations. Fertile and lasting. Marsh =der pnvate ownership. Has graded land soil made up largely of volcanic public school with high school grades two ' 122 OREGON ALMANAC. churches: Baptist and and Methodist. 150,000 and 180,000 acres are irrigable, Crescent--Population about 160. The and about50,000 acres of the marsh type, most northern town in the county. In subject to reclamation 1?), draiiutge and the midst of a rich dairy and timber evaporation. The remainder is uplands region. Agricultural development work of the basaltic or lava type of soil. inprogress. Near Deschutes river and on Several hot springs issue in or near the proposed line of extension of Oregon Trunk town limits. Crater lake, one of nature's Railroad from Bend to Klamath Falls. most wonderful creations, constituted MerrillPopulation about 1,000 (esti- a national park by the U. S. government, mated). Altitude 4,066 feet. Twenty- is 65 miles north and is easily reached one miles from Klamath FaUs nearest by boat and auto stage. Industries: railroad connection. Situated' on Tule Stock raising, farraing and dairying. lake. Industries: Stock raising, agricul- Sheep and wool: Has high and graded ture (grain and hay). Electric lighting public schools and several churches, in- energy under private ownership. Has cluding Baptist, Catholic, Christian high and graded public school and four Science-, Episcopal, Methodist and Pres- churches: Cathohc Christian Science, byterian. Methodist and Presbyterian. Other - important towns and trading Klamath Falls(Cotmty Seat)Alti- centers of the county are: Dairy, Klam- tude 4,200 feet. Population 2,758 (U. S. ath Agency, both centers of extensiva census 1910). Local estimate 4,500. irrigation districts; Fort Eaamath, on Northern terminus of California North- the edge of the Klamath Indian Reserve eastern Railroad (Southern Pacific) and and surrounded by rich agricultural on Lake Ewauna, Upper Klamath lake district; Pelican, on Pelican Bay, Upper and Link river. Is principal railroad- Klamath lake; the favorite retreat of point and distributive center for all of the late E. H. Harriman, and Odessa, the country embra,ced in the Klamath in western portion of the county, on 'Upper Basin. This includes an immense area of Klamath lake, chief trading point for rich agricultural land, of which between large irrigation district.

LAKE COUNTY.

South Central Oregon; plateau region. natural g.rowth of which consists prin- County SeatLakeview. cipally of yellow pine, sugar pine, some Population 4,658; 90% American fir and tamarack. One-half of timbered born. Of the foreign bosn about one- area is embraced in national forest third is German, the remainder consist- reserve said is for sale at stumpage of ing mostly of Irish, English, Canadians $2.50 to $3.00 per acre. '- and Scandinavians. Minerals rnfusorial earth, opals, TransportationLakeview, in the soda borax niter, potash, geld. Lakes southern extremity of the county, is the Albekand dummer saliferous ni character northern terminus of the Nevada-Cali- and state his entered into contract fornia-Oregon Railroad, which jimctions with private parties for development of with the Union Pacific and Southern salt and borax industries of these prop- Pacific limes at Reno, Nevada, and is erties. Soda deposits 99% pure at Alkali the sole direct railway, outlet for the lake. county's products at present. By stage Lands--Surface: High, level and roll- and auto from Lakeview to Klamath ing plateaus and mountainous. Soils: Falls, Klamath County, 110 miles, to Disintegrated lava and volcanic ash; connect with Southern Pacific Railroad, alluvial loam, clay loam, sandy loam; north and south. alkali spots in a, few instances. Rich in WaterNumerous small streams fur- potash a,nd lime and naturally adapted nish ample supply of pure water for do- to the growing of grapes, hemp and hops. mestic use, and Goose Warner a,nd Alfalfa, hay, grains, small fruits and . Silver lakes afford abundance of water vegetables do welL Yields greatly for irrigation purposes. ' Ground water increased by irrigation and projects from aeven ta 70 feet all over the county. completed and in different stages of A wealth of undeveloped water power progress aggregate an area of nearly also exists in the county. 500,000 acres. Two large irrigation seg- TimberAbout one-third of the area regations approved and construetion work of the county is covered by forests, the under way in the Chewaucan and Summer OREGON ALMANAC. 123 Lake valleys. Enormous area of land Has substantial public buildings, high open to entry under Enlarged Home- school (885,000 brick building), graded stead Act, alloWing 320 acres to each public school and four churches: Baptist, person of adult age. Average value Catholic, Methodist, Presbyterian. farm lands 814.67 per acre,mai! cut ivated PaisleyAltitude 4,200 feet. Popura- and uncultivated (U. S. census 110). tion 300, estimated. Situated . on the RoadsOne thousand miles of public Chewaucan river, 25 miles from Lake- highway, in fair condition, ' tained view, nearest railroad point, and 90 by taxation. miles from Bend, Crook County, ter- FuelWood is the principal fuel used minus of the Oregon 'Prtmk and Des- and costs 85.00 to 88.00 per cord. chutes railroads. In heart of Chewaucan IndustriesStock raising, farming, and Summer Lake Valleys, where sub- dairying, small fruits and vegetables. irrigation is extensively practiced. The Size of farm needed: 320 acres in dry Chewaucan river furmshes abundant farming regions; 160 acres irrigable but water for irrigation and a wealth of non-irrigated lands, and 40 to 80 acres =developed power for manufacturing irrigated. purposes. In midst of artesian belt Average daily wage for skilled labor and numerous flows have been realized $3.50 per day; unskilled 82.00. at depths of from 250 to 725 feet, Scenery grand; streams and fakes alive some of which are capable of irriga- with fish and wild fowl; deer and ante- ting 100 acres. The country surround- lnpe in the mountains. ing is adapted to dairying, general Large area of dry farming homestead farming and fruit raising; large body of lands in the northern part of the county, timber adjacent, principally in forest in the vicinity of Fort Rock, has been reserve. Fishing and hunting are good. selected by the Hebrew Agricultural . Has graded pubhc schools and churches. Society of Oregon for the ptupose- of New Pine CreekPopulation about promoting a Hebrew colony. Many fam- 400. On Nevada-California-Oregon Rail- dies have already taken advantage of road, 15 miles south of Lakeview; sur- the opportunity and taken up homesteads rounded by highly cultivated" orchard under the provisions of the Enlarged and farm lands; graded public schools Homestead Act, and a heavy immigra- and churches. Contiguous to the High don Movement is assured for the Spring. Grade mining district. - For 'information address: Lakeview PlushIn central part of Warner Val- Commercial Club; Paisley Commercial ley, in eastern part of county; surrounded Club; Silver Lake Commercial Club; .. principally by stock country a,nd ranches Viewpoint Homesteaders' Association. of stockmen; 100,000-acre Carey Act Newspapers will send copies: Lake segregation has been made by state for County Examiner, Lakeview H ald, Warner Lake Irrigation Company in Lakeview; Weekly Leader, Silver e; vicinity. Paisley Times, Paisley. Silver LakeSmall but thriving tovvn . in the northwest central interior of the CITIES, TOWNS AND ITILLAGES. county, near Silier Lake, and is sur- Lakeview(County Seat) Altitude rounded by large and fertile area of 4,800 feet. Population 1,253 (U. S. agricultural and timbered lands. Lands census 1910). Local estimate 2,000. subject tø dry farming and irrigation. Northern terminus of Nevada-Californiap- Some swampy lands requiring reclamation Oregon Railroad. which .juncticins with by drainage. Has graded public school, the main lines of the Umon Pacific and church and fraternal organizations. Southern Pacific railroadsi at Reno, ViewpoitttIn north central portion Nevada, and Western Pacif c Railroad of the county, in midst of excellent dry at Doyle, California. In hea t of Goose farming district; highly productivenf hay., Lake Valley, a most fertile and produc- grain and vegetables when water tive agricultural Section. The principal applied. Has graded public school. industries are cattle-raising, sheep and Other important towns and trading wool, and lumbering. Gravity water centers of the county are: Adell, Cliff; system and electric lighting plant are Fremont, agriculture and stock raising; under private ownership. Shipping and Fort Rock, extensive area homestead distributive center for immense terri- land in vicinity selected for Hebrew tory of agricultural and timbered lands. colony; Lake, Silver Lake, Summer City has well-lighted, modern im- Lake, Valley Falls, large irrigation proved streets, sidewalks, sewerage sys- project and valuable agricultural lands tem and other municipal improvements. in vicinity, and Warner Lake. v 124 OREGON ALMANAC.

1VIALHEUR COUNTY.

Southeastern Oregon; plateau region; IndustriesWhile stock raising has on Snake river. been a leading industry irf the county, County SeatVale. quite-a consjderable area has been re- Populapion 81801; 90% American claimed and made to produce excellent born; of the foreign bona about one- crops of fruits, apples, pears, peaches, fourth are English and the rema:mder cherries, etc., and the irrigated area is made up principally of Irish, Canadians, is being rapidly increased with each Germans and Scotch. succeedua season. Horses,_cattle, hogs, TraxisportationMain line of Oregon sheep an wool are the leading income Short Line crosses Snake *river MC) producers in the livestock line. Leading' Oregon at Nyasa, in the_ northeastern sheep and wool county of the state. corner of the county, and operates on FuelWood and coal are the fuels the Oregon side to Ontario, a distance of used, the former costing 85.00 a cord, about 12 miles, where it re-crosses the the latter .00 per ton. river and skirts along the northeastern boundary of the state on the Idaho side. RoadsThere are. approximately 500 The Malheur Valle* Railroad, a braiich miles of roads in the county, in fairly of the Oregon Short Line, , extends froin good condition, that are maintained by Ontario westward to Vale, thence north- taxation. erly to Brogan, in Malheur C,ounty, a Ten acres irrigated and devoted to distance of 38 miles. The Snake river diversified farming, fruit and poultry marks the- northeastern boundary of is sufficient for ordinary fa,mily; 40 acres, the county * from Owyhee northward: irrigated, is all that can be cared 'for The Oregon -& Eastern, affiliated with without considerable amount of hired the Oregon Short Line (Harriman Sy- help. stem) is? constnicting a railroad from Average. daily wage, skilled labor, Ontario for, a distance of 90 miles 83.50; unskilled, 82.25.° in Malheur Valley., For information address: Nyssa Coln- WaterThe Malheur and Owyhee naercial Club; Ontario Commercial Club. rivers, with their numerous tributaries, Newspapers will send copies: Weekly and the Snake river, afford an abundant Express, Jordan Valley; Gate City supply of water for all purposes, and Journal, Nyasa; Weekly Democrat, The there are approximately 10,000 hydro- Ontario Argus, Ontaxie; Weekly Enter- horserer undevelope in the Owyhee prise, Vale. and alheur rivers. Springs abound _ and water is near the surface. Boil- - CITIES; TOWNS AND ',TILLAGES. ing artesian wells are found at Vale. NyssaAltitude about 2,200 feet. TimberThe natural forest growth Population 449 (U. S. census 1910). consists of fir a,nd yellow and sugar pine. Livestock and farming, sugar, beet MineralsGold (both placer and culture and fruit are the prIficipal qtlartz), sifyer, gypsum, platinum, quick- industries. Surrounding country, under silver, graphite, flint, sandstone and irrigation, admirably adapted to fruit granite constitute the principal mineral growing, asp e i al 1 y apples, pears, deposits of the county. There are several peaehes, cherries a,nd small fruits, and natural gas wells, and efforts are being for general faxming purposes. On the made to locate oil in the northern part of main line of Oregon Short Line Rail- the county. Hot mineral springs, with roa,d and the Snake riter. Oil, gas and curative qualities, exist in the county. artesian water are among the undevel- LandsSurface: Mostly rolling, some oped natural resources of this vicinity. portions mountainous. Soils: Sandy loam, Has high and graded public school and consisting of volcanic ash and silt; has a three churches: Episcopal, Methodist _foundation of sandstone, basalt, slate Episcopal and Presbyterian. and granite. Wonderful moisture re- Nyasa and its adja,cent farming com- taining power and produces fine crops munity carried away all the prizes, Tor of the hardier grains. Under irrigation ,the classes of products exhibited by her will produce vegetables, fruits, melons, at the Malheur County Fair, hèld hops, hemp and flax. Average value Ontario in 1011, and was also awarded farm lands 835.22 per acre, cultiva,ted a special premium for a display of and uncultivated (U. S. census 1910). apples at the Inter-Mountain Fair, 1 OREGON ALMANAC: 125 held at Boise, Idaho, last year. One talio and operates nerthWesterly to rancher grows 18 different varieties Brogan, a distance of 38 miles. Ore- of apples on his farm. gon & Eastern Railroad, affiliated Ontario--Altitude 2,153 feet. Pepn- with the Oregon Short Line, is eon- lation 1,248 (U. S. census 1910). On - structiii.g a 90-mile exte,nsion through main line of Oregon Short Line . and the Malheur Valley. City owns water junction point of the Malheur Valley works system and- has adequate sewer- Railroad with the Oregon Short Ilne, age system and facilities. Electric which operates to Vale, county seat, lighting plant is 'under private owner- and northward to Brogan. On Snake ship. On Malheur river, at the con- river. Farming, stock raising' (sheep fluence of Willow and Bully creeks,_ and and wool) and fruit growing are the the convergence of three fertile valleys. principal industries. Surrotmded by In heart of territory of inestimable agri- rich farming, fruit and stock raising cultural possibilities when placed under country. Principal distributing point irrigation. Chief center of sheep and for Malheur Valley and Western Idaho wool industry of county. Hot springs country. Over ;000,000 potmds of wool at this place possesn curative qualities shipped from here annually. City water and is a health resort of no little import- works and electric lighting plant are ance. Sheep, cattle and horses are raised, under private ownership. City has high wool growmg, farming and fruit culture and graded public schools and six church- are the chief industries -Of surrounding es: Advent, Baptist, Catholic, Con- country. City has high and, graded gregational, Methodist, Presby,terian. public schools. Natural gas and artesian Steel wagon bridge across Snake river wells exist within the city limits.The connects Ontario with great Payette predominating religious denominations Valley, Idaho. Malheur County Fair represented here having church build- i's held here a,nnually. ings are Catholic, Christian, Congrega- Vale(County Seat)Altitude 2,250 tional, Episcopal and Methodist. feet.- Population 396 (U. S. census 1910). Among the otlxer important towns and Local estimate 900. On line of Malheur trading centers of the cotmty are:.Jordan Valley Railroad which connects -with Valley, Malheur, Watson and Westfall. main line of Oregon Short Line at On-

MORROW C017NTY.

LocationEastern Oregon; Columbia quite. extensively in the northern part of River Valley; on Columbia river. county and gOod ground. water is obtain- ;. County Seat--Heppner. able at depths Of from 20 to 100 feet. Population 4,357; 88% American TimberNatural- forest grovrth is born; of the 12% foreign born, about one- - comp5sed principally of fir, pine, and third is Irish and the remaining tvio- tamarack, located mostly in the southern thirds are Scandinavians, Germans .and portion of the county and a considerable Canadiatus. portion of the forest area is embraced TransportationMain line of Oregon- within the national forest reserve: Washington Railroad & Navigation MineralsCoal exiats in Uncertain Company along the northern boundary. quantities in the south central portion of Heppner branch of same system pene- the county; a species of mineral from trates the county from northwestern which an excellent quality of Curative corner, where it connects with main line soap is manufactured; building stone and at Heppner Junction, southeasterly to marble. Heppner, the county seat, In the Bengt LandsSurface: Level to rolling val-, central part of the county, a distance leys; hilly and mountainous. Soils.: For of 36 miles. Columbia river on northern the most part is silt, low in humus, boundary. normal inFrhosphoric acid, abimdant in WaterColumbia river on the north, lime and entiful in potash. With irri- Willow creek and numerous other simll gation wi 1 produce grains and fruits in streams afford ample water supply for abundance. Average value farm lands all needs and some valuable water supply $12.36 per acre, cultivated and unculti- undeveloped. Inigatiop is resorted tO vated' (U. S. census 1910). ' 126 OREGON ALMANAC. Industries and ProductsStock rais- 1910). Southern terminus of the Heppner ing and general farrnin' g are the principal branch of the 0.-W. R. & N. Co,. which industries. In the precipitous section connects with the main line at Hep ner to the south, stock raising is followed Jtmction, on the Columbia river. Prin- upon an extensive sca/e. It is a "bunch cipal market ce,nter and distributing grass" country and immense herds of point for Morrow County and iarge con- cattle and sheep are brought to the tiguous territory. Principal industries market weight upon little other food. are .farming, stobk raising, wool grow- Approximately 1,750,000 pounds of wool ing, dairying and fruit culturn. Some are marketed in the county annually. coal exists in this tpinity and a fine Horses and mules of a high grade, and quality of building stone and marble mostly of the draft type, are sold in are quarried here on a moderate scale. large numbers yearly. A large area of Shippmg center for great qua,ntities of the county is ddvoted to wheat and alfalfa wool, wheat and livestock. City has raising, and fruit is produced suecessfully high and graded public schoohi and six in the lower valleys with irrigation. churches: Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Some dairying in the north part. Episcopal, Methodist. Episcopal and RoadsPublic highways of the county South Methodist. Water works sy.stem in fairly goad condition, are maintained and electric light plant are imder pnvate by general taxation. ownership. FuelWood is the principal fuel used /oneAltitude 1,100. Population 239 and costs 83.00 to 85.00 per cord. (U. S. census 1910). On Heppner branch Size of FarmsTen to 20 acres river of 0.-W. R. & N., 28 miles from the Col- bottom, intensified farming and diver- umbia river. Farming. (diversified) and sified farming; 160 acres and upWards, sttick raising are the principal industries. general farming and uplands. Average Soil in vicmity especially adapted to wage paid, skilled labor, $3.25 a day; wheat, fruits, sugar beets and grazing. unsldlled 82.00. City ovvns electric light and water Works Tri-County Fa,ir for Gilliam Morrow systems. Has high and gir, aded public and Sherma,n ceunties is held 'annually. schools and two churches: Congregation- District Fair for Morrow and Umatilla al and one building for all other denom: counties is held annually at Pendleton. inations. For information address: Morrow LexingtonPopulation 185 (tr. S. County Booster Club, Heppner, Oregon. census 1910). On Heppner branch of Newspapers vrill send copies: Weekly 0.-W. R. & N. Co. and Willow creek. - Gazette and Weekly Times, Heppner. Wheat, farming, stock raising, wool CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. growing and dairying are the principal Hardman--Altitude 3,340 feet. Popu- industries. Has high and graded public lation about 200 (estimated). Twenty schools and two churches: Congrega- miles south and west of Heppner, the tional and Methodist. nearest railroad point. Situated in ex IrrigonPopulation about 100. On tensive livestock and general farming main line of 0.-W. R. & N. and near region. 'Stock, wool and wheat are Columbia river. In center of large irri- principal products, but country adapted gation district. Has graded publio to diversified farming. HAS graded school and church. public school and one church': Methodist. Other important towns and trading Heppner(County Seat) Altitude centers in the county ant: Castle Rock, 1,950 feet. Population 880 cu. S. census 4Ella and Galloway.

SHERMAN count. LocationNorth Central Eastern Ore- TransportationMain line of Oregon- gpia; Columbia Valley; on Columbia Washington Railroad & Navigation river. Company, Columbia river on the north- County SeatMoro. ern boundary; Columbia Southern, Shan- Population 4,242; 88% American iko branch of the 0.-W. R. & N., trav- born. Of the 12% foreign born about erses the county from north to south in one-third is German a,nd the remaining a zigzag line through the central and two-thirds are Irish, Canadians and most fertile portion, cbnnecting with Scotch. the main line at Biggs station, and Ore.. - OREGON ALMANAC. 127 gon Trunk lines (Hill System) and ing sub-station, which is under the joint Deschutes Railway (0.-W. R. & N.) management of .the United States De- operate along the Deschutes river on the partment of Agriculture and the State western boundary and almost the7 en- Agricultural College, and asile embracing _ tire length, of the county. .240 acres has been set aside for experi- WaterColumbia river on the north, me -work along general linea of dry John Day river on the east, and the f r hays and grains. Deschutes river on the west, with their Fu Wood and coal are used for respective tributaries, afford an abund- fuel and cost 87.50 per cord for wood and ance of water for all purposes and there about 812.00 per ton for coal. is almost a quarter of a million horse- Size of farm needed: For wheat and power capable tif development and utili- hay growing and general farming, 'not zation for power purposes in the Des- fewer than320 acres, or a half section of chutes river, on the western, border of the land is necessary to insure good retunis, county. ,. but a much less amount would be suffi- TimberPraetically no forests in cient under irrigation and diversified _- Sherman County. Such woodland growth farming methods. as exists is of the -scrub variety and is For mformation address: Moro, Sher- used for fuel and fence posts. man County Development League. MineralsPractically no minerals in Newspapers will send copies: Weekly commercial quantities exist in the county.. Journal, Grass Valley; Sherman County Seventh Eastern Oregon District Agri- Observer, Moro; Weekly Enterprise and cultural Fair is held at Moro annuaRy Occidental Magazine, monthly, .Wasco. (Sherman County branch). Grass ValleyAltitude 2,260 feet. Lands--Surface: Rolling prairie, slop- Population 342 (U. S. census 1910). On ing southward to the Columbia. Soils: the line of the Columbia Southern branch Similar to that of Waseo and Gilliam of the, 0.-W. R. & N. Situated in tha counties. Red clay loam is similar to center of the county iind a vast agricul- that of Hood River district, rich in tural region. Farmmg and stock rais- lime, phosphoric acid and potash, suit- ing are the principal industries. City able for growing fruit, wheat, oats, bar- owns electric lighting, water and power ley, timothy, elover, vetch and alfalfa. plant. Has lugh and graded public There is also a gray clay similar school and two churches: Baptist and to that in the vicinity of loam'The Dalles, Methodist. Under irrigation the sur- Wasco County, more naturally adapted rounding country would produce abund- to growing grains and grasses than for ant crops of fruit and vegetables of ex- fruits. Low precipitation renders irriga- . eellent quality and in profitable quan- tion ipperative in the county if good tities. agricultural results are to be reahzed. Moro(County Seat)Altitude 1,790 Average value farm land per acre 825.14, feet. Population 378 (U. S. censes 1910)- cultivated and uncultivated (U. S. census On line of Columbia Southern branch of 1910). the 0.-W. R. & N., about 27 miles south IndustriesAgriculture is the chief of Biggs station, the junction point of industry of the county. Wheat is the the. mam line. In midst of vast and ex- principal crop grown (Sherman County ceedingly rieh agricultural section, for being credited with producing one-sixth which it is the principal shipping point of the total amount of wheat grown in for its products and distributive point the state). The wheat crop for the year, for supplies. Has graded public school 1907-8 was 1,122,591 sacks (21 bushels and three churches: Baptist, Methodist to the sack). Corn, rye, oats, vege- and Presbyterian. City owns water tables, hay, cattle, horses, sheep and works system and electrie lighting hogs are raised extensively. In stock plant. Eastern Oregon branch dry farm- raising more attention is being given to ing sub-station, under direction of the full blood Percheron, Clyde and Belgian U. S. Department of Agriculture and horses and shorthorn, Jersey and State Agricultural College, in immediate Guernsey cattle. Dures, Jersey and vicinity. Wheat, poultry, Poland-China hogs are seen on every and dairying are the principal industries.- raising- side. Dry farming methods are being - WascoAltitude 1,263 feet. Popula- generally adopted in this county, the tion 386 (U. S. census 1910). Mest natural conditions being ideal for this northerly of important towns of the practice. county on the line of the Columbia There is established at Moro, this Southern branch of the 0.-W. R. & N. county, the Eastern Oregon Dry Farm- system. In center of great expanse of 128 OREGON ALMANAC. agricultural territory, for which it is schcgil and three churches: Catholic, the chief distributing point. Livestock Christian and Methodist. is also important industry of surrotmd- Other important towns and trading ing country. City owns water works centers in the county are: Kent, Rut- (pumping) system. Has graded public ledge and Wilcox.

UMATILLA COUNTY,

Northeastern Oregon; Columbia River LandsSurface: Level, rolling to Valley; on Columbia river. mountainous. Soils: For the most part County SeatPendleton. consists of silt, or "dust soil," abund- Population 20,309; 86% American antly supplied with plant food and among 'born. Of the foreign born about one- the most fertile of the state. Soil is very f ourth is German the balance being deep in most localities, has wonderful Canadians, Scandinavians, English, Irish capacity to retain moisture and is of and Scotch. such texture as to be. easily worked. TransportationMain line of Oregon- Highly productive for all grains, hays, Washington Railroad & Navigatiiin Com- vegetables and fruits. Irrigated lands pany, traverses central northern part in Columbia River Valley are being of the county from the northwest to devoted extensively to fruit culture. east; branch line of same system oper- Plenty of sunshine, long growing and ates from Pendleton, in central interior, -eatly maturing season are decided to Walla Walla, Wash.; another branch advantages te growers of small fruits and of same system to Wallula, Wash., along vegetables. Average value of farm lands the Columbia connects with main 831.26 pez. acre, cultivated and unculti- line at Umatillariver' Jun ction, and still an- vated(U. S. ce,nsus 1910). other branch operates from Pilot Rock IndustriesFarming (wheat grow- Jtmction, on main line to Pilot Rock, ing) and livestock are the leading indus- 14 miles south. Nortgem Pacific Rail- tries. Umatilla County is credited road operateshranch line from Wallula, with being the banner wheat growing Wash., to Pendleton, with spur leaving and shipping county of the state, but, branch line at Smelts and connecting with the adoption of irrigation, diver- with Walla Walla-Pendleton brafich of sified farzning is being engaged in 0.-W. R. & N. at Athena. Walla Walla generally. Estimated wheat crop of the Valley Railroad (electric) operates six county for 1910 wwa 5,000,000 bushels. miles of its line from Walla Walla to Horticulture and dairying are the main Milton, on branch of 0.-W. R. & N. in adjuncts to the list of industries in recent Umatilla County. Columbia river forms years. Sheep raising, wool growing and northern boundary of eounky for dis- alfalfa are included among the principal tance of 30 miles and is navigable. products of the county. WaterColumbia, Umatilla and Walla Ten to 20 acres, under irrigation and Walla rivers, vvith their numerous tribu- diversified farming, and 80 acres and taries, furnish an abundance ofwater f ordo- upwards for dairying and general farm- mastic and irrigation purposes. There. ing, yield good profits. is approidmately 35,000 horsepower capa- RoadsHighways, generally in fair ble of development in the Umatilla and condition, are maintained by special and Walla Walla rivers in addition to the general taxation, the latter being a levy 4,000 horsepower alivady being utilized. of al mills. Good surface water is obtainable at Average daily wage skilled labor from 15 to 100 feet. 83.75; unskilled 82.50; farm hands 82.00 de4tillbsoferNatural forest growth con- to 85.00 per day of 14 hours and board. sists mainly of pine and tamarack, of Fairs, festivals, etc.Annual Horse which there ,is a considerable area and Show and Annual Poultry Show held at lumbering forms an important itém in Milton in May and December, respect- thelist of industries of the county. ively; ITmatilla-Morrow County District MineralsGranite building stone, Fair (Pendleton Round-Up in connection) copper and coal are the leading mineral at Pendleton in September. products, the two latter not being very For information address: Adams Com- extensively developed. mercial Association; Helix Commercial OREGON ALMANAC. 129 Association; Hermiston Commercial nection with flouring Mill. Wool scouring Club; Pendleton Coramercial Associa- plant covers five apres, where 5,000,000 tion; Stanfield Commercial Club.. pounds of wool were handled last year. Newspapers will send copies: Weekly Has fully equipped creamery. Claims Press, Athena; Weekly Echoes, Echo; largest yield of alfalfa per acre in the Weekly Times, Freewater; Weekly state, 710 tons haxing been cut from 69 Herald, Hermiston; Weekly Eagle, Mil- acres last year, and over 100,000 tons ton; Daily East-Oregonian, Weekly Live produced in district this year (1912). Wire, Pendleton; Weekly Record, Pilot City owns water works system. Has Rock; Weekly Standard, Stanfield; Week- high and graded publio schools and two ly Leader, Weston. churches:- Catholic and Methodist. FreewaterAltitude 1,010 feet. Popu- CITIES, TOWN,S AND VILLAGES. lation 532 (U. S. census 1910). On Walla AdamsAltitude 1,500 feet. Popula- Walla-Pendleton branch of 0.-W. R. & tion 205 (U. S. census 1910). On Walla N. and Walla Walla Valley (electric) Walla-Pendleton branch of 0.-W. R. & railroads. Fruit raising and generaLs N. Railroad, about 15 miles from Pen- farming are the principal industries of dleton. Situated in midst of best wheat the surrounding country, which is rich land of county and state, and consider- in agricultural possibilities and realities. able portion of surrounding country is Electric lighting plant E1.314 water works susceptible of irrigation from shallow system under private ownership. Has wells, much cheaper than ditch irriga- high (city and county) and graded public tion, and soil is highly productive Of Ischools and three' churches: Catholic, grains, fruits and vegetable's. Exhibits Congregational and Presbyterian. Small of alfalfa, flowers, garden vegetables and fruit culture is engaged in extensively, poultry from locality have taken first also apple, prune and peach growing, in premiums at many expositiona. Livestock the immediate vicinity, and the prod- (sheep and wool), agriculture and fruit ucts are of fine quality, many carloads culture are the principal industries of being shipped to outside markets an- the immediate vicinity. City owns nually. gravity water works systern. Has high HelixAltitude 2,000 feet. Popula- and graded public schools and twd tion 109 (U. S. census 1910). On branch churches: Baptist and Methodist. line of Northern Pacific Railroid, Wal- Athen.aAltitude 1,700 feet. 'Popula- . lula-Pendleton division, and is key:Ur tion 586 (U. S. census 1910). On VValla one of the most fertile wheat producmg Walla-Pendleton branch of 0.-W. R. & sections of the county. Helix claim:us N., midway between Pendleton and distinction of having largest warehouse Walla Walla. In center of large agricul- capp.oity and of being the largest primary tural region, wheat and hay gro*ing grain shipping point in the state. City being the principal industries. Is junc- owns water works system and electric tion point on Spokane-Pendleton branch lighting plant is privately oned. Has of R. SE N. for Northern Pacific high and graded public school and two branch line from Wallulao City owns churches: Baptist and Christian. gravity water works system, and electric HermistonAltitude 450 feet. Popu- lighting plant is under private owner- lation 647 (U. S. census 1910). On main ship. Has high and graded public schools line of 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad, and and three churches: Baptist, Christian about eight miles frore the point of con- and Methodist. fluence of the Umatilla and Columbia EchoAltitude 639 feet. Population rivers. At head of immense fan-shaped 400(U. S. census 1910). On main line of valley, in which U. S. government has 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad and on 'Umatilla undertaken an irrigation project em-. river. Is surrounded by rich agricul- bracing a total of 20,000 acres of arid- tural section °which, under irrigation, land, of which the greater portion has produces bumper crops of grains, hay, been completed and the balance of the fruits and vegetables. Diversified farm- system is under construction. The ing and stock raising (sheep and wool) agg.regate cost of the project will amount are the principal industries. Two large to $1,250,000. Generalfarming and diver- irrigation projects, which will reclaim sified farming, dairying and fruit culture approximately 70,000 acres of valuable are the principal industries. Hops and agricultural land east of the city, small fruits do well on this land and are under way. Has largest all-con- under the favorable climatic conditions. crete and iron grain warehouse west Fruit and vegetable growers have ad- of Mississippi river, operated in con- vantage of early ripening and marketing 130 OREGON ALMANAC. season. Has high and graded public dominate as instructlystand amusement school and three churches: Catholic features, held here annually in Septem- and Methodist. Agricultural experiment ber. Large area of arid lands being station, under direction of United placed under irrigation by government States Department of Apiculture and and private capital; admirably adapted the Oregon Agriculturitl College, has been to fruit and grain culture. established here. Pilot RockAltitude 1,817 feet. Pop- StiltonAltitude 1,010 feet. Popula- ulation 197 (U. S. census 1910). Southern tion 1,280 (U. S°. census 1910). On Walla terminus of the Umatilla Central branch Walla-Pendleton division of 0.-W, R. & of the 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad, which N. Railroad and southern terminus of connects with main line at Pilot Rock Walla Walla Valley electric railroad.' Junction, near Pendleton, and on Birch r In heart of extensive and very fertile creek,. main tributary of Umatilla river. agricultural section, for which it is Farming and stock raising are the prin- chief shipping and distributing point. cipal industries of the surrounding Piyersified farming, fruit growing and country, conaprising the entire southern stock raising are the principal industries. portion of the county. Has high and City owns gravity water works system graded public school and one church. and electric lightmg plant. Has high StanfieldAltitude 596 feet. Populfs- and graded public schools and five tion 318(U. S. censup 1910). On main churches: Adventist, Christian, Metho- line of 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad, near dist, Methodist (South), Presbyterian. Umatilla river. Conditions surroiniding Annual Horse Show 'and Poultry Show offer splendid opporttmity for diversified held here in May and December, respect- farming and dairying. In midst of sec- ively, and are social and industrial tion known as Umatilla Meadows, events of note in this section. the soil being splendidly. adapted to Pendleton(County Seat)Altitude truck gardening, which 18 engaged in 1,070 feet. Population 4,460 (U. S. cen- extensively. and profitably. Is central sus 1910). On main line of 0.-W. R. & shipping pomt for large irngation project N. and terminal point of Spokane-Pen- with apprbximately 10,000 acres of arid

dleton branch . of Northern Pacific and land under irrigation, besides vast asea Walla-Walla-Pendleton branch of 0.-W. of semi-arid land which yields barge R. & N. Is centrally located in county, crops of wheat and other grams. , Fruit and is chief shipping and distributive culture engaged in profitably in this point for broad expanse of imraensely locality. Has high and graded public nch apicultural territory in all direc- school and churches. . tions. City owrus water works system UmatillaAltitude 340 feet. Popula- and electric lighting plant is under pri- tion 198 (U. S. census 1910). On main vate ownership. Millions of bushels of line of 0.-W. R. & N. and is junction wheat and other grains, thousands of " point for Wallula-Spokane branch of head of sjieep and other livestock, and same system. Also situated on Colum- thousands of tons of fruits and wool, the bia river, near its, confluence with the products of the contiguous country, pass Umatilla river. Farming and fruit through this shippmg point annually. raising are the principal industries. Has Diversified farming, fruit growing and high and graded public school and stock raising are the principal industries churches. Steam pumping water works of the immediate locality. City has system under private ownership. high and graded public schools and one WestonAltitude 1,652 feet. Popu- private (Catholic) school and eight lation 499 (U. S. census 1910). On Walla churches: Baptist, Catholic Christian, Walla-Pendleton branch of 0.-W. 13.. & Congrgational Episcopal, 'Methodist, N. Railroad. Farming and dairying lgethodist (gouth) and Presbyterian. are the principal industries. Gravity -Umatilla-Morrow District Fair, in con- water works system is owned by the nection with which is held the Pendle- municipality. Has high (district and ton Round-Up, a season of festivity in city) and graded public schools and six which Wild West sports and feats of churches: Baptist, Dunkard, Episcopal, skill and daring in horsemanship, etc., Methodist (Free), Methodist (South) cowboy and cowgirl exhibitions pre- and United Brethren. OREGO'N ALMANAC. 131 UNION COUNTY.

Northeastern Oregon; Blue Moimtain tensively. Land is especially adaptll to section. sugar beet culture and the finest quality County SeatLa Grande. of thii product is produced in the UPPer Population 18191; 91% Areerican Grande Ronde Valley. .The potato . born. Of the foreign born about -one- is also a source of profitable income to fourth is German and the remainder are' the farmer. Union County produces an English, Scandinavian, Canadians and enorinous yield of wool annually. Scotch. ' MineralsThe principal mineral re-- TransportationMain line of Ore- sources of the county are gold, copper, gon-Washington Railroad & Navigation mica, soapstone and building stone. Company traverses central portion of RoadsAbout 1,500 miles of public the county from the west to the south- highways in the county are oirtintaihed west, with a branch, line reaching out by taxation and are in good condition. from La Grande northward to northeast- IPuelWood is the prineipal fuel used ern extreme of the county. From Union and costs from 82.50 to 84.00 per cord. the Central, of Oregon, Railroad zoes ,to United States Land Office is located Cove, a distance of 14 miles. These lines at La Grande. afford good transportation facilities for First Eastern Oregon Dist4ct Agricul- products and passenger traffic to all mar- tural Fair is held at La Grande annually. kets and points outside. The Eastern Oregon Agricultural Ex- WaterGrande Ronde,. Minam and periment Station and farm is at Union. Powder rivers,with their =Merely:1' Hot considerable body of tributaries, furnish an abundant supply water Lake'of that name.,a fed by innumerable water for domestic, logging, =lung, springs and possessmg curative qualities, irrigation and other purposes, and the beside which a large sanatory= has Grande Ronde rfver possesses a wealth been established by local capital, is near of undeveloped water power, not more La Grande, on the line of the 0.-W. R. than 200 horsepower having leen clavel- & N. Railroad. oped. Surface water is reached at depths Ten to 20 acres, diversified ad inten- of from 15 to 20 feet, but a much better sified farming, and 1(30 acres,' and up- quality is found at slightly greater wards, for general farming and dairying, depths. Artesian water has been devel- -are profitable holdings. oped in sorne parts of the county and Average daily wage for skilled labor at La Grande there is a gusher 850 feet 83.50; tmskilled 82.00; farm hands 82.00 deep which supplies the railroad. during harvest. TimberYellow pine predominates in For information address: Cove Com- the natural forest growth of the county, mercial Club; La Grande Conunercial though there is considerable spruce and Club; Union Commercial Club. hemlock in some localities. The lum- Newspapers will send copies: Vireekly bering industry is one of the chief 'sources Recorder, Elgin; Daily Chronicle, Daily of profit and prosperity of the county: Eastern Oregon Observer, Weekly Star, Lumber output of the mills approximates La Grande; Weekly News, North Pow- about 70,000,000 feet per year. der; Weekly Eastern Oregon Republican', Lands--Surface: In the Grande Ronde and Weekly Oregon Scout, .Union. Valley generally leve]; rolling; hilly to mountainous in the western, southwest- caTres, TOWNS AND VIM:AGES. ern and southeastern. Soils: In northern ' CoveAltitude 2,700 feet. Population part, where the surface is hilly; the soil 433 (U. S. census 1910). Local estimate is adapted to the growing of fruit, grain, 500. "Northern terminus of the Central lemp, sugar beets and sorghum. Aver- of Oregon Railroad, which connects age value farmlands 833.49 per acre, cul- with the main line of the (1-W. R. & N. tivated and uncultivated (U. S. Census at Union. Surrotmded by large area pf 1910). . agricultural country, the principal indtis- IndustriesLumbering, manufactur- tries are fruit,raising,_general farming ing, mining, general and diversified and stock raising. Electric lighting farming, fruit growing, dairying and live- plant is under private ownership. Gen- stock are the principal industries. Whe,at erating station of Grande Ronde Electric is the most important of the grain crops Company, which furnishes light and pow- but other grains are grown quite eaten,. er to various points of the valley, 'is 132 OREGON ALMANAC. located here. Has high aiad graded shippimg and distributive point for public schools and three churches: Umon and Wallowa counties. United Ba tist, Episcopal and Methodist. States Land Office located here. Grande ElginAltitude 2,664 feet. Popula- Ronde Chatauqua Assembly is held tion 1,120 (U. S. census 1910). Local here annually. lJnion County Fair and estimate 1,200 On Elgin-Wallowa County Stock Show, generally known as "Home- branch of the 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad comingDay," is celebrated each year said the Grande Ronde river. Chief dis- in June. First Eastem Oregon District tributive and shipping point for northern Fair held here annually. Has high and part of the cotuity, and part of Wallowa public scheols and one private County. Good water power facilities - rCadedathohc) academy and eleven churches: and ample supply of water for domestic, dventist, Baptist, Catholic, thristian, irrigation and other purposes. Lumber- Christian Scienee, Episcopal, German ing, general farming and dairying are hitheran, Methodist Episcopal, Metho- the principal industries of the surround- dist (South), Mormon and Presbyterian. ing country. Annual output of sawmills North PowderAltitude 3,422 feet. in contiguous territory about 25,000,000 Pepulation 455 (U. S. census 1910). Local feet. Gravity water works system is estimate 500. In extreme southern liraits owned by the city and electric lighting of county, on main line of 0.-W. R. & N. plant is under private ownership. MIS and on Powder river. Important ship- high and graded public 'schools and seven ping and distributive point for southern churches: Baptist, Catholic, Christian, 'Union and northern Baker counties, and Episcopal, Methodist (2) and Presby- the principal industries of the surround- terian. ing territory are lumbering arid general ImblerAltitude 2,700feet. Population farming. City owns water works sys- 300 (estimated). On Elgin - Wallowa tem, and electric lighting plant is under County branch of the 0.-W. R. &N. Rail- private ownership. Stock raising and road and in midst of large wheatproducing mining are also important industries of country. Fruit growing and lumbering the contiguous country. Has high and engaged in_extensively. -City has graded public school-and two churches; Metho- graded public schools and two', churches: dist and Mormon. Surrounding country Baptist a,nd Methodist. well adapted to sugar beet culture. - Summerville ' Altitude 2,700 feet. Islana CityPopulation 166 (U. S. Population 237 W. S. census 1910). census 1910). Local estimate 200. On Local estimate 250. Sixteen miles north Elgin-Wallowa County branch of the of La Grande, junction point with Main 0.-W. R. & Ñ. Railroad, two miles line of O.W. R. & N. In midst of exten- north of La Grande. city owns water sive lumbering country, and' dairying, works system and electric lighting plant general farming and fruit raising are en- is =der private ownership. Has high gaged in extensively. Factory for the and graded public school and one church, extraction of fiber from pine needles is non-sectarian. Agriculture is the prin- located laere. Has high and graded pub- cipal industry of the surrounding coun- lic schools and two churches: Methodist try and dairying is engaged in to some ,and Ptesbyterian. extent. UnionAltitude 2,784 feet. ' Popula- La Grande(County Seat)Altitude tion 1,483 (U. S. ce,nsus 1910). Local ' 2,786 feet. Population 4,843 (U. S. census estimate 2,000. On Central of Oregon 1910). Local estimate 6,500. On main Railroad, which operates to Cove, 12 railes line of >0.-W. R. & N. Railroad and north and east of Union and which conjunction poimt of Elgin-Wallowa County nects with O. W. R. & N. R. R. two miles branch of shme system. Surrounded east. Dah-ying, farming, fruit culture by vast area of forest and agricultural and livestock are the principal indus- territory and farming, fruit raising, live- tres of the territory contiguous to the' stock, lumbezing and manufacturing are city. Occupies important commercial the principal industries., Claims second position in Grande Ronde Valley. largest payroll in the state. City has Two streams which flow through the well improved and lighted streets, sewer- city afford ample supply , of 'water for age, ample fu-e protection, etc.; owns domesticsand other purposes and possess a gravity water svorks system, but elec- wealth of undeveloped water power. East-, tric lighting plant is under private own- ern Oregon Agricultura, Experiment Sta- ership. Sheep raising and wool produc- ¡tien and farm just outside city limits. tion are among the most valuable assets City owns gravity water works system. of the contiguous territory. Principal Electric lighting,. plant is under private OREGON À.LMANA.C. 133 ownership. Has well improved and light- dist, Mormon and Presbyterian. Among ed streets. Has high and graded public the other important towns ad trading schools and seven churches: Adventist, points in the county are: Glover, Starkey, Catholic, Christian, Episcopal, Meth- Telocaset and Woodley.

WALLOWA , COUNTY.

Northeast conaer of state; Blue Moun- antly. Fine in texture and loose, but tain region; on Snake river. has wonderful ability to retain moisture. County Seat--Enterprise. While atmual precipitation is low, grains Population 8,364; 94% American and grasses Matiire without irrigation. born. Of the foreign born about one- Average value farm lands 820.20 per fifth is Sca,ndinavian s,nd the remainder acre, cultivated and uncultivated (17. Germans, Canadians, English and Irish. census 1910). TransportationElgin -Wallowa IndustriesFarming,. dairying, lum- County branch of the 0.-W. R. ti N. .bering and livestock. Wheat, oats, hay, Railroad, which connects with the main corn; rye and Vegetables are. grown; also line at La Grande, in Union County, apples, peaches, pears, plums, Prunes, extends 46 miles from the northwest cor- grapes and berries are cultivated to some ner southeasterly to Joseph. This railroad extent and do well. Potatoes - and furnishes the only means of transportation onions are produced abundantly. Horses, for'the more populated and developed cattle, sheep and sWine are raised ex, agricultural sections of the county, and tensively and represent one of the most lack of adequate transportation facil- important industries. A great quantity ities is largely accountable for the tardy of wool is raised, and climate and other development of the county's resources. conditions are favorable to dairying. Snake river, navigable only to very Ten to M acres) if devoted to intensive light draft vessels, marks the eastern farming, and .40 acres' and upw.ards for boundary of the county and the state dairying and generalf arming, yiélergood line. returns. WaterSnake, Grande Ronde, Ira- FtielWood is principal. iner'ilScid and naha, Nainum and Wallowa rivers and costs $3.00 to $4.00 per .eOrd: Joseph creek and other smaller streams Average daily wagurfur skilled labor furnish an abundance of water for domes-. 163,50; Unskilled $2.00. , tic, irrigation and other uses, and possess Climate healthy and inVigorating; approximately 200,000 hydro horsepower, scenery is. grand arid, fish and wild'gyne only 1,200 of which have been utilized. abound in the streams and. mount/Ms, This available water power exists prin- respectively. cipally in the Wallowa and Grande County ..Fair, held at Enterprise each Ronde rivers. Fall, is thoroughly representative of TimberCounty contains large for- reseurces of county. ested area, estimated approximately at For information address Faterprise 500,000,000 feet of merchantable timber, Commercial Club. about one-hall of which is owned by Newspaperi will send copies: Weekly private parties, consisting of fir and pine. Wallowa . Chieftain, Weekly News-Rec- MineralsSome coal prospects exist,, ord, Enterprise; Weekly Journal, Flora; also traces of gold, silver, platinum and Weekly ,Herald, Joseph; Weekly Report- limestone, none of which is in a developed er, Lostine; Weekly Sun, Wallewa. state. Lack of transportation has retarded development of mineral resources. CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. Zinc, lead, copper all exist in paying EntarprIse--(County Seat)Altitude quantities, and there are extensive de- 3,749 feet. Population 1,242 (U. S. cen- posits of marble, clay and building stone. sus 1910). Local estimate 1,500. On line LandsSurface: Level and undulat- of Elgin-Wallowa County branch. of ing valleys, rolling hills and mountains. 0.-W. R. (St N. Railroad, which c.onnects Soils: Largely alluvial ash, gray in with main line at La Grande, Union pearance but darkening on becoming County.. In central southvtestern and damp; very fertile and produce ahund- most . fertile and .developed portion of 134 OREGON ALMANAC. the county and on the Wallowa river, branch of 0.-W. R. Se N. and near Wal- which furnishes water for domestic pur- Iowa river, which furnishes abmulant poses as well as power for electric light- supply of water for domestic and irri- mg and milling purposes. Electric gation purposes and available power for lighting plant owned by private parties. factory and Milling purposes. In midst City owns water works system. Lum- of extensive area of rich agricultural bermg, farming, livestock and dairying territory; and the principal industries are are the principal industries. Mining, gold dairying, mining, lumbering, stock rais- and silver, is engaged in extensively, and ing and lime manufacttuing. Some val- quarries of building stone, marble and uable lime and marble deposits, as well granite are worked. Is shipping and as gold and copper, exist neax the city. distributive point for southern and Wlule vegetables ald fruits do well the central Wallowa County. Has high and surrounding country is essentially adapt- graded public schools and five churches: ed to dairymg. Good tracts obtainable Catholic, Christian, Methodist, Epis- in 5, 10, and 40 acres and upwards. copal, Mormon, Presbyterian. City has graded public schools and one JosephAltitude 4,120 feet. Popula- church building used jointly by Chris- tion 725 (U. S. census 1910): Local esti-. tian, Methodist .and Presbyterian de- mate 1,000. Southern terminus of Elgin- nominations. Electric lighting plant Wallowa, County bra.nch of 0.-W. R. & under private ownership. N. Railroad, and is six miles south of Wallowa,Altitude 2,912 feet. Popu- Enterprise, the county seat. In midst of lation 793 (U. S. census 1910). Local large and productive agricultural, graz- estimate 1,250. On Elgin-Wallowa Coun- ing, fruit and timbered section, whiph ty branch of 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad afford a broad scale vf industries; 75% and near Wallowa river, which furnishes of adjacent territory is under culti- plentiful supply of water for all purposes, vation and mostly ' =der irrigation and power for generation' of energy' for ditches. Industries: Lumbering, dairy-, manufacturing purposes. City owns ing, fruit raising and general farming. water works system, and electric light- Livestock is an important industry and ing plant is under private bwnership. heavy shipments of horses, cattle, sheep Town surrounded by extensive agricul- and hogs are ¡nade annually to outside tural territory, suited to all kinds of markets, while the wool-exports exceed farining, and the leading.industries are a naillion and a half pounds annually. lumbering, mining 'farming, dairying Cit3r owns water works system; electric and stock-raising. Fruits and vegetables lighting plant, tmder private ownership. do well and conditions especially adapted Wallowa Lake, a magnificent body of to dairying and livestock raising. Wealth mountain water, with all of the natural of water power existing near the town advantages and attractions of an ideal is undeveloped. Has good graded pub- mountain summer resort; is situated lic school and-three churches: Christian, one, mile south. City has high and graded MethodiSt and Presbyterian. Is lumber- schools and three churches: Catholic, ing center of considerable importance. Methodist, Presbyterian. Has payr9I1 of 8150,000 per year. LostineAltitude 8,500 fe.et. Popu-- Other important towns and trading laical 230 (U. S. census 1910). Local centers of the county are: Appleton, estimate 300. On Elgin-Wallowa, County Bartlett, Imnala and Utopia.

WASCO COMITY.-

Eastern Oregon: east slope Cascade north bank of Columbia river and crosses mountains; partly in Deschutes Valley; into Wasco Cotmty from Fallbridge, on Columbia river. Wash. Under the corporate title of Ore- County SeatThe Dalles. gon Trunk Railway, it traverses the full Populatioti 16,336; 89% American length of the eastern and south central born; 11% foreign born. part of the county along the Deschutes TransportationOregon-Washington river into Central Oregon. Deschutes Railroad & Navigation Companrs main ,branch of the 0.-W. R. & N., parrdlels the line traverses northern boundary of the Oregon Trtuak on, the east side of the county. Spokane, Portland & Seattle Deschutes River. .Columbia Southern Railroad (ffill " system) operates along branch of the 0.-W. R. & N. terminates OREGON ALMANAC. 135 at Shaniko. The Columbia river, navig-- ways, which are among the best in the able to river steamships from The state. Dalles to the ocean, forms the north Fairs, festivals, etc.The Dalles Chau- boundary of the county. The Dalles-. tau qua Assembly is held at The Dalles lo under construction by the in ugust, and The Dalles (city and Unitedlockst States government, now nearing county) Fair, in September. completion, will make possible continuous For information address: Dufur Dével- navigation on the Columbia river for its opment League; Maupin Commercial entire course along the northern boundary Club; Mosier-Valley Commercial Club; of the state. Great Southern Railway The Dalles Business Men's Association; operates from The Dalles to Dufur, north Wamie Development League. central portion. - Newspapers will send copies: Weekly WaterColumbia, Deschutes, John Herald, Antelepe; Weekly Dispatch, Day, Warm Spring and White rivers, Dufuri Weekly Star, Shaniko; Daily with their multiplicity of tributaries, Chromcle, The Dalles Optimist, The afford an abundant supply of pure moun- Dalles; Weekly Bee, Tygh Valley; tain water for all purposes, while the Col- Weekly Bulletin, Mosier. umbia on the northern border, and the Deschutes rivers çontain more than a half CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES. million horsepower awaiting develop- Ant,elope--Altitude 2,617 feet. Popp- ment. About 1,350 horsepower has been lation 175 (U. S. census-1910). In southein utilized on the White river. '-part of cotmty, 10 miles southeast of TimberNatural forest growth Con- Shamko, southern terminus of Columbia sists principally of yellow pine and fir. Southern Railroad. Principal industries While the timbered area of the county are sheep and tattle raising and wool is extensive the development of this growing, but adjacent country is adapted industry has' been retarded on account of to dairying, poultry and hog taising. lack of transportation facilities. - City OW118 gravity water works system; MineralsTraces of coal and platinum electric lighting plant is under private are found but are not developed to any ownership. Has graded public school commercial extent. Some valuable build- and one church: Methodist. Volunteer ing stone deposits exist and are being fire department. quarried in this county. - DufurAltitude about 1,000 feet. LandsSurface: Rolling, hilly and Population 523 (U. S. census 1910). motmtainous. Soils: In the vicinity of Local estimate 750 (1912). Present The Dalles is a gray clay and sandy southern terminus of Great Southern loam. The land in Dufur Valley especially Railroad, 30 miles by rail froM The adapted to growing of grains and grasses. Dalles, through which runs the main line Apples will be in bud in few years. The of the 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad; road has rolling land is adapted to fruit growing pruetiihr emrlirdsrofmriilceist and some of the best qualities of apples, teeo.tnheexitoendeil. pears, strawberries, cherries, peaches, fruit and agricultural district, but exten- grapes, etc., produced in. the state are sion not in operation as yet. li)ufur grown here. Cantaloups and all varieties situated in what is known as Fifteen- of vegetables do well here. Average value Mile or MINI. Valley, 15 miles by wagon farm lands $22.19 per acre, cultivated road from The Dalles. Most important and uncultivated (EJ. S. census 1910). industries are lumbering (six smell saw- Small fruit and vegetable crops are early mills tributary to Dufur) and stdck -rais- reported to be earliest in Pacific north» ing-, but general farming, fruit growing, west. dairying and poultry raising are engaged IndustriesFarming, grazing, stock in moderate& in the Valley lands. Fruit raising, lumbering, fruit, viticulture cultivation, however, is being devel- and dairying. Wheat and sheep (and o ed fast, 7,000 açres having been wool) are raised extensively in the county. p anted with emit), pear and cherry trees Approximately. 1,500,000 pounds of wool ' during the )-past three years. The are shipped from The Dalles annually. fruit will be marketed through the Wood is the principal fuel used and medium- of a fruit grolters' union. Wheat costs from $3.00 to $6.00 a cord. is the principal crop of the valley, but RoadsThere are about 1,000 miles barley and oats are also grown. City of county roads, maintained by general owns gravity water works system, 8,nd and special taxation, all in fair condition, electric lighting plant is owned by pri- and open all the year. Large auras are vate corporation. There are some good expended annually upon the public high- oil prospects in the tricinity;. City- has 136 ÒREGON ALMANAC:' high and graded public schools and varieties of small fruits and fruit ex- three churches: Christian, Methodist hibits have won highest awards *herever and United Brethren. shown. Apples, cherries and grapes MosierAltitude from 100 to 2,000 feet. are the specialties in fruit culture. Great Population 684 (local estimate). On main quantities of wheat, fruit and wool, line of 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad and on the sheep and livestock are shipped from Columbia river, is seven miles from Hood this point annually. Has live commercial River, and is partly in Hood River dis- -organization and all fruits are marketed trict. Fruit growing, especially apples, through medium of growers' association: peaches, pears, prunes and cherries, is the City has well paved, well lighted streets, principal industry of the section Of sewer system and all modem municipal country surrounding, there being about improvements. City owns gravity water 25,000 acres of tillable land in the dis- works system, and electric lighting plant trict. Has first class rail and water trans- is under private ownership. Has high portation facilities for productg to Port- a,nd graded public schools and one sec- land market. Fruit Growers' Association tarian (Catholic) school and 10 churnhes: markets all fruit. Has one high and four Baptist, Catholic, Christian, Congrega, graded public schools and two churches: tional, Episcopal, Lutheran, Methodist, Christian, and one federated church for Mission, Salvation Army and United all evangelical denominations. Fruit Brethren. Graduated devation, from and vegetable growers have advantage 100 feet at the Columbia river, to nearly of early ripening p.nd -marketing condi- 3,000 feet at the interior, coupled with a tions, due to elevation and climate. varied climate, are factors of importance ShanikoAltitude 3,220 feet. Popu- to the gardener and fruit grower of The lation 495 ((J. S. census 1910). Southern Dalles and Wasco County. Average terminus of the Columbia Southern date of last killing frost in Spring, April branch of the 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad, 10, and of first killing frost in Autumn, which connects with the main line at Xovember 5, giVea an early Spring ripen- Biggs station', on the Columbia river, in ing season and long growing season and Sherman County. Lumbering, stock insures benefits of early Spring raarkets raising a,nd farianng are the principal in- for , products of the lowlands, and long dustries of the surrounding country, and continued sea,sons for upland products. the city is the principal shipping pnint for Average annual rainfall 16.06 inches. the varied products of a vast interior While dry farming is practiced upon a country. Gravity water works system large scale, and successfully, .and irriga- is owned by private parties. Has graded tion is not \ absolutely necessary, best public school and several religious de- resulta in quality and yield are obtained nominations aro represented in the citi- through irrigation and it is quite gen- zenship. erally adopted in some localities as an The Dalles(County Seat)Altitude assurariee of best results. The Dalles 112 feet. Population 4,880 (U. S. census also boasts one of the largest salmon 1910). Local estimate 6,000. On main canneries in the West, the annual outline of 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad and on put approximating 50,000 cases of Colum- Columbia river with first class rail and bia, riVer salmon, and salmon fishing water transportation facilities to markets and packing are included in the list of foí varied products. Is junction point for important industries. Two fruit canning Great- Southern railroad with 0.-W. R. & factories are also located here. One N., which operates to Dufur, and about 20 of the largest and most efficient flouring miles from the junction points of the mills in the state located here. The Oregon Trunk (Hill system) and Des,. Dalles Chautauqua Assembly is held chutes Railway (0.-W. R. & N.) which here annually in August, and The Dalles penetrate the central- eastern portion of ,Fair, an industrial and social season of the state. Connected by ferry over the festivity of more than local note and at- Columbia river with the Spokane, Port- traction, is held in September of each land & Seattle Railroad'into Portland year. 'Scenexy is grand, hunting and and the East. Is the commercial center fishing conditions good, and The Dalles and gateway to Wasco county and Central is an objective point of tourist excursions Oregon. Can harvest, pack and ship up the Columbia river from Portland at produce to Portland on same day.. all times of the year. Country immediately contiguous to WasnicAltitude 1,800 feet. Popula- the city is highly productive of tion 150. About 10 miles from Sherax fmest qualities of apples, peaches, on the line of the Oregon Trtmk (Hill pears, cherries, grapes, prunes and all System) its neaxest railroad shipping OREGON ALMANAC. 137 and receiving point, and° in midst of consisting of yellow and white tillable area of approximately 60,000 pine,timber' red fir, cedar a.nd oak, in imme- acres of excellent farming, fruit growing, diate vicinity of city, practically all of dairying, livestock and poultry raising which is embraced within limits of na- lands. Surrounding countrysuitable topro- tional forest reserve. Wamic countrypar- duction of alfalfa, clover, fruits, nuts, live- ticularly endowed with natural advan- stock, poultry and dairy products and tages 'and resources necessary to a diver- vegetables. Climate invigorating and sified farming and fruit growing locality. healthful, very beneficial to sufferers of Other important towns and trading asthma, and scenery is grand. Graded centers of the county are: Rowena, ublic school, embracing high school Sherar, Smook, TYgh Valley, Vietor and ranches . Immense area of merchantable , Wapmitta.

WHEELER COUNTY. LocationEaatern Oregon; John Day gold and lime rock, but the mineral river; part of John Day Valley. resources of the county have scarcely County SeatFossil. been prospected. Population 2,484; 93% American RoadsApproximately 360 I miles of born. Of the 7% foreign born, one-fourth county roads, in fair condition, are main- is Scotch and the remainder 2tre prin- tained by general taxation. cipally Germans, Irish and English. Lands--,Surface: Hilly and motmtain- TransportationFossil, situated in ous; general slope toward the north. northern part of county, is 20 miles Soils: Soutbsand west is largely composed south from Condon, in Gilliam County, of silt of a fine texture, light gray in and terrninus of the branch of the Ore- color, darkening when moistened and gon-Washington Railroad dr Navigation easily tilled. Soil of the north is of fine Company transcontinental line, which quality, very riph and excellent (physieal) connects with the main line at Arling- texture. Humus content exceptionally ton on the Columbia river. Shaniko, high. Sugar beets would thrive here, Wasco County, and southern terminus and other especially onions of the Columbia Southern branch of the and potatoes,vegetables' and snaall fruits, could be 0.-W. R. & N., which connects vvith the grown. John Day Valley, peat of which main line at Biggs station., on the Colum- extends over into northwestern portion bia river, is about 40 miles almost due of the county, is noted for its fertility west. These are the two nearedt railroad and abundant productivity of a great connections for the county. variety of products, including fruit. WaterThe John Day river, with its Average value farm land $9.12 per acre, weblike system of tributary streams cultivated and uncultivated. (U. S. from every portion of the county, gives census 1910). an abundant supply of water for domestic Industries and Produets Cattle, and other purposes and there is approxi- horses sheep and hogs are raised ex- mately 50,000 hydro-horsepower in the tensivély; poultry,. and general farming John Day- river proper, alone, awaiting are also very important Industries; development and utilization. Wheeler All kinds of grains, wheat, oats, rye, County, with springs bubbling up on- corn and barley yield, well, but wheat every hand and in almost every altitude, is the leader in this class of product. is one of the best, watered sections of Wheeler is one of the leading counties of the state. Excellent quality of water is the state in growing alfalfa. Sheep and plentiful near the surface. wool production rank .high with the TimberThere is a large area of tim- counties of the state which lead in these ber in the county, mostly in the eastern important and profitable industries. portion, and the natural growth- consists Conditions are ideal for livestock principally of pine, fir, tamarack and raising, dairying and general farming juniper. Lack of adequate transporta, on a large scale. tion facilitiea has retarded the develop- FuelWood is principal fuel used and ment of the lumbering industry of the . costs $3.00 to $4.00 per cord. county. Size of farm needed: Usual size of farm

MineralsThere is a considerable de- in this county is not fewer than 320 acres, . posit of coal in the county, likewise some and there are approximately ayo,ctoo 138 OREGON ALMANAC. - adres of ptiblic land open to homestead into considerition. Situated in center entry. of broad expanse of rich and highly pro- Climate is dry and healthful; average ductive agrieultural country, the prin- precipitation about 141 inches per annum, cipal industries are general farming (par- and the scenery is grand. ticularly hay and grain for home con- Newspaperi4 will send copies,: W,eekly sumption), and livestock, cattle, horses, Journal, Fossil; Weekly News and sheep (wool) and hogs. Ponitry culture Weekly Sentinel, Mitchell; Weekly Spray and dairying would, be profitable indus- Courier, Spray. tries here with the proper transportation facilities, as would wheat growing upon an TO'WNS ANTI VILLAGES. extensive scale.. Fruits of the hardier varieties do well. , Lumbering and mining Fossil--(Cminty Seat)Altitucte 2,500 are important resburnes but are undevel- feet. Population 421 (U. S. census 1910). oped. City owns gravity water works In northern end of county, 20 miles south system; electfic lightin:g plant privately of Condon, Gilliam County, and southern owned. Has high and graded public terminus of the bruich of the 0.-W. R. schools and two churches: Baptist and & N. Railroad, which connects with the Methodist. main line at Arlington, on.the Columbia Clarne--Altitude 1,230 feet. Popula- river. This is the nearest railroad con- tion 100, estimated. Northwestern cor- nection. Is in heart of vast agricultural ner of the counfY, abent 22 miles from section where enormous crops of wheat Shaniko Wasco County, southern ter- and alfalfa hay are 'produced annually. minus ¡the Columbia Southern branch Sheep and wool are also produced in of the & Ni Railroad, which great numbers and quantity every year connect's with the main line at Biggs and yield an immeds' e -revenue. to the the Columbia river, and husband/mil. Is central shipping and neareststation' railroadon connection. Ati head distributive point for all 'of Wheeler, of the John Day Valley, which is noted western part of Grant and eastern Crook for its fertility and great. productivity counties, embracing more than two mil- of a variety of products, and on the main lion acres of land. Gravity water works traveled rnad from Shaniko to Fossil, system is owned by the city and electric county seat of Wheeler, County. Farm- lighting plant is under private ownership. ing, fruit raising and livestock (includ- Has high and graded public school and ing sheep and wool) are the principal two churches: Methodist and Baptist. products. Situated on the John Day MitchellAltitude 2,750 feet. Popu- river, near the mouth' of Pine creek. lation 210 (U. S. census 1910). In south- Water stipply is first class and power ern part of county, 40 miles south of developing possibilities are valuable. Fossil, and on Bridges creek, one of the Government has reserved site for im- main tributaries of the John Day river. mense reservoir below the town, the Shaniko, Wascq. County, and southern water to be used in an extensive irriga- terminus of the Columbia Southern tion project of the future in Gilliam, branch of the 0.-W. R. & N. Railroad, Sherman and Morrow counties. - which conneéts with the main line at Other important towna and trading Biggs,station, is distant 60 miles; and centers in the county mis: Lost Valley, the most feasible and convenient rail- Richmond, Spray, Waterman, Winlock road connection, road conditions taken and Twickenham. OREGON ALMANAC. .139 INDEX. Page. Page. Acknowledgement (facing) 144 CanyouviUe, Douglas County 88 Adams, Umatilla County 129 Carlton, Yamhill County 110 Agriculture Carey Act Lands- Average Price of Farm Lands 24-25 Acreage susceptible of cultivation 18 Cultivated Lands; Improved Lanas; Unculti- Applications pending; complete projects; tem- vated Lands; lJnimproved Lands ( annage ) porary withdrawals asid summary lif aegre- by counties 10 gatioes allowed 44 Comparison of acreage, publicly and privately Segregations not deeded 15 owned, now uncultivated, with total acreage Ca e- under cultivation 18 Beef, number of in state -27 Comparison average production yield asid Beef, chart showing distribution of 26 price of staple erops for 10 years:Oregon and Central OregonDescriptive 12 Minnesota 22 Central Point Jackson County 81 Comparison of farming growth in 40 years with Cheese FactoriesLocation of 28 today's undeveloped possibilities 19 (See also dairying) Companson of Oregon with 10 states and the Cherries 37-39 United States for one year, and for 10 years, Cities and Towns, Area of 10 of yield of wheat, oats andbarley in bushels Population of (sao descriptive matter)... .72-138 pareare ' 23 Speeial taxes levied by counties 70 Crops for 1912 21 1 Clackamas County, Willamette Valley 90 Farms, number, size, value, acreage 28 Clama, Oysters, St° 47 Harvest of 1912 (chart) 20 Cierno, Wheeler County ' 138 Opportunities in Oregon 21 Clatakanie, Columbia County ' 92 Rank _ 2:unties in yield of principal prod- Clatsop County, Coast Region 72 ucts _ Xi Climate, Geography and Boil of 8 Albany, Linn County. 96 Of Central Oregon - 12 AlfalfaAs a forage crop and its relation to Of Coast Region 5 the live stock industry 21 - Of Eastern Oregon 12-14 Rank of counties in production of 23 Of Bogue River Valley , 9 Amity, Yambill County 110 Of Umpqua Valley 12 Antelope, Wasco County 135 Of Willamette Valley' 7 Apples- Precipitation (chart) 30 Acreage of bearing trees and young roes; Temperatures, Central Oregon 112 Commercial varieties produced 3,9. Coast Region 72 where grown successfully as Eastern Oregon 112 Industry in Oregon , 39 Bogue River Valley 81 Marketing of products 42 Um qua Valley 85 Production and value of (1910) 39 Willamette Valley 87 Danger of over-production 42 Wind, coMparison, by states, of velocity of 25' Rank of counties in production 37 Clover Crop of 1912 ' 21 Sections of Oregon adapted to 39 Rank of counties in production of sa Apricots 37-39 Coast Regions, Description of 5 Area- Couiaties and communities 72-81 Comparison with other atates- 6-7-13 Colleges and Universities- Land area, square miles, total 8 Location and classification of (chart) /ei By counties, aqueze miles , .8-/9- (See Educational and Social) . ' 81 How divided (chart) 11 ' Columbia Basin, and Area of 144 Numerical rank of counties in 23 Columbia County 92 Water area, square miles, total 6 Columbia River 144 Arlington, Gillian% County 116 Commercial Advantages of Oregon- Ashlan.d, Jackson County 81 Corliparison with Atlantic States 6 Astoria., Matson County 72 i Comparison with European Countries 6 Athena, Umatilla County 129 Condensaries, location-of (chart) 28 Aurora, Marion County 99 ' (See also dairying) , ' Austin, Grant County 118 Condon, Gilliam County 116 Baker, B aker County 113 Contenta, Table of 2 Baker County, Nascent Oregon 112 Coos County, Coast Region 73 Bandon, Coos County - 74 00PPerfleld, Baker County 113 Banking Wealth of Oregon, 76 Coquille, Coos County, 74 Condition of banks, Sept. 3;1912 78 Corn, Average Yield in Oregon and Com- BarleyAverage yield of, for 10 years (claw-0..20-22 parison with Minnesota 20-22 Barlow Clac.kamas County 91 Cornelius, Washington CoUnty 108 Bay City, Tillamook County 80 Corvallis, Renten Cocusty ' 89 Beaver Kill, Coos County. ,. 74 Cottage Grove, Lane County 94 Beaverton, Washington County- 108 Counties- Bee Culture 33 Agricultural rank and tax rate of 23-24 Bend, Crook County '114 For Description, Population, Soil, Eto ' 72-138 Benton County, Willamette Valley?L 87 Cava Union. County Blackberries, Production by Counties 37 Cows (see Dairy Industry) 26-27 'Total productions in 1910 39 Creameries_,_Location of (chart) 27 Blalock, Gilliam County , 117 Crescent, Mamath County 122 Boards of Commissions .. 71 1 Crook Ceunty, Cexitral'Oregon 114 Bonanza, Klamath County 121 CropaAgricultural, 1912 21 Bonded Indebtedness by Counties 24 Agricultural, rank of counties 1II 23 Bourne, Baker County.. , ..... , ...... 113 . Average price, production amd yield of staple Brownsville, Linn County ...... 97 crops (Oregon and Minnesota) 22 Bullarde, Coos County ' 75 Average yield wheat, oats and barley (1911- Burns, Harney County 119, and 10-yeex) as compered with other ' Butter (see dairying). . 29 states 20-23

Canby, Ciackames County 911 Amount and value fruit crop;1910 . 89 Canyon City, Grant County 118 . Fruit products, rank of counites in ...... ' .. 87 I 140 OREGON ALMANAC. ° INDEXContinued. 'age. Page, Districts adapted to apple culture (chart) 35 Fence Posts, Cost Little 22 Barley, average yield per acre 23 FishingFish and Game Commission, 71 10-year average, highest and lowest acreage, Fry liberated in streama; game fish in Oregon, price, production and yield 22 hatching operations, halibut industry, etc 47 Corn, average yield per acre ' 23 Master .Fish Warden, oyst.ers, clams and other 10-year average, highest and lowest acreage, bivalves, etc 47 price, production and yield, and com- Flax and Flex Industry 34 parison with other states 22-23 Florence, Lane Court 95 Grams, hay, etc., average yield, price, etc.... 22 Flour Mills and Grist Minty-Number of "Comparison between Oregon and Minnesota 22 establishments, vmge-earners and value of Comparison of 10-year average yield in Oregon products 55 with Mississippi Valley States 20 Forest Grove, Washington Cotnity 108 Crops of 1912 21 Forest Reserves--Area by counties.. , J0-48-49-50 Rank of counties by produetion of . 23. ForestryArea in private hands . ,. ... 48-50-53-54 Hop crop, 1912, yield, value, etc ' 35 Area in Natioaal Forest Reserves ' , '54 Hay (see Grains, Hay, Etc.) Article descriptive of ' 53 Oats, crop of 1912 21 Lumbering and forestry in Oregon . 49 Potatoes, crop of 1912 21 Lumber cut for 1911 49 Average reld per acre 23 Map showing forest reserves 52 Por comparisons of acreage, price, production, Standing timber in National Parke and Porest yield, etc 22 ' Reserves 48 Rye, average yield per acre 23 Standing timber in. Oregon by counties 48' For comparisons of acreage, price, produc- Standing timber privately owned 48 tion, yield, etc 22 Fossil, Wheeler CountY 138 Whiat, average yield per acre.. 23 Freewater, Umatilla. County " 129 For comparisons of acreage, price, produc- FruitsAmount and value of principal varie- tion, yield, etc 22 ties grown in Oregon, 1910 37 WalnutsRank of counties by production 87 Crop of 1912 , 21 Yield by counties in 1910 37 Production and rank by counties 37 Culver, Crook County 115 (See Horticulture) , Curry County, Coast Region 75 Game arid Caine FishGame birds wide* Dairying- variety of propagation of and protection for 67 Butter fat prices; Comparison of prices in six Gardiner, Douglas County 86 Eastern States and the U. S.; Climate and Gaston, Washington County - 108 relation to 29 GeographyClimate and soil of state 5 Creameries, cheese factories and condensanes, Gervais, Marion County 99 maps showing distribution of 28 Gilliam Count3r, Eastern Omen 116 Number of establishments engaged in industry 55 Glendale, Douglas County 86 Number of wage-earners engaged in industry 35 Goats- 55 Value of products manufactured , Angora, bucks, revenue from sale of ; cham- Dairy Cattle; Distribution of (chart) 28 pionship prizes won; increase in value and Number and value if in. 1912 27', revenue; industry in Oregon; land clearing Industry in Oregon 29-31 value' 33 As compared to Eastern States 29-82 Number ad value of animals 27 Products in Oregon, 1912 21 Rank'of state in grade, number and value 33 Cost of production 29 Value as asset to farms 33 Value and cost of food products 31-32 Goble, Columhie nounty 93 (See siso Livestock) Gold Beach, Cu. County 77 Dallas, Polk County 106 Gold Hin, Jacloto.. County 83 Dayton, Yamhill County ,110 GooseberriesTotal production in 1910 39 Death Bate of Oregon '''" 67 Government LandsAcreage of in state-15-16-17 Donald, Marion County 99 Granite_, Grant County .. 4 117 Douglas County, Umpqua Valley \ 135 Grants Pass, Josephine County 84 Douglas County 86Drain, Grant Cotmty, Eastern-Oregon. 117 Drewsey, Barney Clounty 119 GrapesIndustry in Oregon , 37-39 Dufur, Wawa° County 135 Production of 1910 by counties- ' 37 Dwndee, Yamhill County 110 ' Market for products , 38 Eastern Oregon, Description of 12-112 Rank of counties in 37 Eastside, Coos County 74 Grass Valley, Sherman County. 127 Echo, Umatilla County L29 Grazing Lands (Public) .,'' ' . 17 Educational and Social Greenhorn,Baker County ' 113 Article descriptive of conditions in Oregon. . 61 Gresham, MultnomakYCounty ' 102 High Schools of Oregon, attendance, enn;41- Haines, Baker County , 113 ment, etc., by counties HalfwayBaker Cotinty - " 113 Distribution of (chart) 62 Halibut Industry 47 Oregon's rank educationally 64 Halsey, Linn Ceniaty. 97 Elgin, llnion County 132 Harbor, Curry County 77 Empire, Coos County 74 Hardman; IlorrOW County 126 Enterprise, Wallowa. County 133 Barney Coitulty, Central Oregon 119 Estacada, Clackamas County 91 Barney, Barney CountY 119 Eugene, Lane Counts. 94 Harriman, Barney County 120 Fairs, School children's industrial 04 Harrisburg, Linn County 97 Fairview, Multnomah County 102 HayAverage yield per acre; 10-Year average Falla City, Polk County 106 acreage; price, production, yield.; 'ugliest Farms and Farming ) yearly acreage, price, productaon, yield, etc 22 Average acres per farm in 25 Rank of counties in production .13 Average priceland per acre 24 Health--Climate and conditions ecuiducive to 87 Average value ell property in comparison of Mortality, rate of, standard of .0regon 67 farming growth for 10 years 19 Hen; Unaatilla County. - ..,...:...... 129 Improved land under irrigation in farms 40 Heppner, Morrow CoUnty ' ' 12G Number of farms and ten-year increase 25 Hermiston; Umatilla Ootinty 129 OREGON ALMAY4C. 141 INDEXContinued, Page. Page. Hillsboro, Washington C'ounty 108 Government, number of acres tillable, by

Homestead LandsAereage of, in state; how - ' counties 18 to acquire 15-16-17 Improved landa, cultivated and uncultivated 10 HoneyValue of product for 1912 21 In private ownership 10 Hood River County, Eastern Oregon 120 Indian reserves 10 Hood River, Hood River County 120 State School, information eoncerning 34 HopsAcreage in Oregon; average yield per acre 36 National Parks not deeded or patented 10 Conditions ideal for 35 State School lands 10 Cost of production 86 Cost of, how obtained 18 Percentage of United States product grown in Tillable, acreage of, by counties...... 18 Oregon (di . gram) 86 Tillable, comparison with average acreage now Rank by counties in productMn . 23 cultivated 18 Crop of 1912 21 Privately owned in farms 18 MortioultureAereage and yield by counties 27 Unfenced, partly timbered 18 Co-operating and specializing in growing and Timber, acreage, in Forest reserves 48 marketing 39 Timber acreage, in Indien reserves 48 Gmpe production in Oregon 36 Privately owned by counties 48 Industry in Oregon 38-39 -Total acreage unoultivated, by counties 18 Oregon's fruit crop 37 Total acreage under cultivation, by counties 18 Quantity and value, 1910 89 Lake County, Central Oregon HorsesMap showing distribution of 28 La ' 115 Number and value of in state for 1912 26 Lasie Connty, Willamette Valley 93 How to Succeed in Oregon 3 Langlois, Curry County 77 Moulton, Columbia County 92 Lawen,,Harney County 120 Huntington, Baker County 113 Lebanon, Linn County 97 Imbler, Union. County 132 Lexington, Morrow Otounty 126 Indebtedness of Counties - 24 Lincoln County, Coast Region n Independence, Polk County 106 Linn County, IVillamette Valley 95 Indian Lands 10 Linnton, Multnomah Count! 102 IndustriesSuinmary of 55 Livestock-7Article descriptive of industry 27 Information (seo title page) 1 Cattle (dairy and stock) '27 State Officers, Boards and Commissions 71 Farm lave stock (chute of, etc.) 27 Speeffil (see list of commercial organizations at Ross, (conditions ideal for, a.nd map showmg end of county descriptive matter). distribution of) 27 Introduction by the Govenaor (opposite) i ' Horses (high grade of) 26 Introduction, General ' 3 Sheep and goats 27-33 Irrigation and Waterpower, Article Descrip- Value of product for 1912 21 tive of 42 LoganberriesProduction of, and raspberries 37 Information 'regarding (table) 40 Total production, 1910 39 Power (water), amount available. 41-44 Long Creek, Grant County 118 Carey Act landa under irrigation, summary of 44 Lonerock, Gilliam °Minty . 116 Relation to diversified farming. - 44 Lostine, Wallowa County 134 Water resources (descriptive chart) 45 LumberAnnual output and value of, in Map showing per cent of total land irrigated 42 state; contained in forests 48-40-50-51-5243 Ione, Morrow Comaty 126 Cost of, for homes 22 Irrigon, Morrow County 126 Ma,de in OregonOregon State Almanac an Island City, Union County 132 Oregon pro4uct Jacksonville, Jackson County 81 Madras, Crook County 115 Jackson. County, Rogue River Valley 81 Malheur County, Eastern Oregon 124 Jefferson, Marion County - 99 Ma.nufacturing in Oregon ' 65 John lOky, Grant County 118 Marion County, Willamette Valley 98 Joseph Wallowa County 134 Marion, Marion County 99 Josephine County, Rogue River Valley 84 Marshfield, Coos County , 74 Junction City, Lane County 95 Mayville, Gilliam County 117 Klamath Falls, Illasnath County 122 McMlnnvllle, Yamhill County 110 Klamath County, Central Oregon 121 Merrill, Klamath County 122 Knappa, Clatsop County 73 Medford, Jackson County 83 LaborAdvantsges of, in Oregon 60 Metollus, Crook County 115 Commissioner 71 Milwaulde, Clackamas County 91 Some capital essential 60 Milton, Umatilla County 00 Wages (Sea county descriptive matter) Mines and MineralsIndustry in Oregon... 87 Lafayette, Yesubill County 110 Minerals, where found (map) 56 Laidlaw, Crook County 115 Miscellaneous ProductsValue for 1912 21 Lake County, Central Oregon 122 Mitchell, Wheeler County 138 Lakeview, Laico County 123 Mohair (Angora goats), amount and value of La Grande, 17ilion County 132 product for 1912 , 21, LandsArea, (total), how divided (chart) 11 Rank of state in quality, suantity and value Area (total) in acres 10 of product 33 Area (total) in square miles 6-7 Monmout,h, Polk County 108 Carey Act, segregations by counties 15 Monroe, Benton. County 89. Carey Act irrigable lands, by counties .18 Monument, Grant County 118 Classification of all lands by comities 10 Mount Angel, Marion County 99 Farro lands, average price of (see county Morrow County, Eastern Oregon 125 descriptive matter) ' 25 Moro, Sherman County 127 Farm lands (tillable), acreage by counties 25 Mosier, Wants County 138 Forest reserves 10-17-48-50-52-53-54 Mules, Number and Value of 27 Government, open to entry, classified es tö Multnomah County, Willamette Valley 101 character by counties 15 Myrtle Creek, Douglas Courtty 88 Government, open to entry, rhIssified as to Myrtle Point, Coos County 75 character by land districts 16 Narrows, Harney County 120 Government, open to entry, how to acquire 17 National Peaks ,, , 10 142 OREGON ALMANAC. INDFAContinued. Page. Page. Nahalem, TillamoolCounty 81 Prof ace (see introductiOr) 3 New Astoria, Mateo County 70 Privies (dried) 39 Newberg, TaxohiII may Ill Production of pluma and prunes by counties 37 Newport, Lincoln County 78 Total production, 1910 39 New Pino Creek, Klamath County. 123 PoultryAmount, and value of products 32 Non-Tillable LandsAcreage in public landa 18 Industry in Oregon; imports Of, , and eggs; North Bend, Coos County 75 prices for foods; comparison with other North Plains, Washington County 108 states 32 North Powder, Union County 132 Public LandsArea of in state, by colinties Nuts and Nut CultureAcreage in Oregon; and districts; classified as to character 10 English walnuts, filberts, etc 31349 How to acquire 17 Walnut production by counties 37 Quinces, Etc.Production of, by counties ... - 37 Nyasa, Malheur County 124 Total production in 1910 39 Oakland, Douglas County 86 Railroads (see traiisportation) 24 OatsAverage yield, bushels, Per acre, 10-Year RainfallTotal, average precipitation (map) 30 average acreage; highest and lowest yearly Rainier, Columbia County 93 acreage, price, productn, yield, eta 22 RaspberriesProduation of, by counties 87 Rank of counties in production of 23 Total production' 1910 89 Officiabi of State 71 Redmond, Crook flaunty 115 Olney, Clataop County 73 Itichltuad, Baker County 113 Olex, Gilliam County. 117 Riddle, Douglas County 86 Ontaxio, Malheur County 125 Rivera, Miles of NavigableBy counties 24 Oregon's Bureau of Statistics 1-71 Roads and HighwaysFive-Year period- Oregon City, Clackamas County 91 1906 to 1911; levies for 1912; sPecial taxes for Oregon Conservation Commissionreport of 24 Improvement of, in Oregon 59 Oregon's Health StandardLore mortality Mileage of, by Counties (see county descriptive rate 67 mmeanttert ), relation to agricultural develop- OregOn State Immigration Commission__ , 1 59 Oswego, Clackamas County Taxes levied for special road fund bi'r couxrdes 70 Oysters, Shell Fish, Eto 47 Rogue River Valley, Description of .9,81 to 85 Pacito Coast Region, Description of 6-7241 Roseburg, Douglas County 87 Paisley, Lake County 123 RyeAverage yield per acre; 10-year average PeachesIndustry in Oregon se acreage, price, production, yield ' 22 Production and value of (1910) 39 Highest and lowest yearly acreage, price, pro- Production of, by counties 37 cluctMn and yield PearsAcreage, bearing trees in-Oregon 42 Rank by comities in production 23 Acreage, yowag trece in Oregon 42 Salem, Marlon County (state capital) 99 Commercial varieties produced 39 fled°, Lima County 97 Total production and value of (1910) 89 Scenery and Game in Oregon 67 Section of Oregon adapted to growing of 89 Scholia, Washington County 108 Production by counties 37 SchoolsAttendance and enrollment in pub-. Pendleton, Umatilla. County 130 lie schools, 1910-1911 61 Pldlomath, Benton County se Average number of days in school year, by Phoenix, Jackson County 84 counties .. Pilot Rock, Umatilla Cotmty 130 Childrens' industrial fairs a Plums and Freida Prunee 39 Comparison of Oregon with 31 other states in Production of counties 37 expenditures for school purposes 64 Plush, Lake Cotuaty , 123 Expenditure by counties for salaries, total Polk County, Willamette Valley 105 expenditures, and value of school property Port Orford, Curry County 77 of ell kinds 65 Portland, Multnomah County 103 High Schords of state, attendance and ehroll- Bank clearings 103 meat 63 Description of industries, resoure.es and re- Lands owned by atate 10 VertileS 104 Msp, showing location of educational insti- Trade territory 103 tutions other than grade schools 62 Population ., Number of children of school age by counties 81 American a.nd foreign, by state and counties. 88 Numberof teachers and salaries paid, by (See county descriptive matter) 66 And area as compared to New York, Pennsyl- Private schools, enrollment, and number of vania, Switzerland, Belgium, eto 6 teachers, by counties es Cities and towns 72-188 Taxation for 70 Counties, total and by nationality ' 88 Seaside, Clatitop County 73 Distribution of total population by counties 8 Shaniko, Waseo County 136 Land,area and population by counties. ' 6 Sheep Industry in Oregon (see Livestock) 38 Increase of by decades since 1860 143 Rams, high grade of, and demand for 33 Of eleven leading cities 83 33 Of Portland 83-104 Shelliiik Industry 47 Per square mile 6-88 Sheridan, Yanthill County 111 Rank by counties 23 Sherman CountY, Eastern Oregon 126 Rural and urban deer/button of, by countiee 9.. Sherwood, Washington County 108' School 61-63 Silver Lake, Lake County 123 PotatoesAverage yield per acre, 10-year aver- Silverton, Marion County 100 age acreage,price, production and yield; high- Sisters,_Orook CountY 115 est and lowest yearly acreage, price. Produc- vine. Linn County 97 tion and yield 22 o and geography of state 5-12 Rank by counties in production 23 Deseription of (see comity descriptive matter) Prairie City, Grant County . 118 Superiority in comparison with Mississipni Prineville, Crook Cotuaty 115 valley states (descriptive chart) ' -' 20 Precipitation(Men showing annual average Springfield, Lane County ea of, for period of years) 80 s . Helena, Columbia Countyl 93

As conapared to o .t. states r .80 St, Johns, Multnomah CouutY , , 105 OREGON ALMANAC. 143 INDEXContan'ued. . Page. St. Paul, Marion County 100 TransportationRailmads and water Stanfield, Umatilla County 130 Miles of raihroads, by counties Staple CropsAverage production, yield:. . end Transportation map of Oregtm price (Oregon and Minnesota) 22 Troutdale, rdultrion;ah County State of Oregon ualatin, Washington County. Counties compared with Eastern states 13 er, Marion County Farming grovrth in 40 years 19 Umatilla, 17matilla County Ilarvest for 1912 20 Umatilla County,Easter4 Oregon-- i State InstitutionsAgricultural college Umpqua ValleyDeserip ns of.,...... ,. Educational 61-60 Union Cotinty, Eastern I State normal school 63 Union, 17nion County /' I State university 43 Vale, Malheur County State OfficeraBoard and commissions 71 VegetableiCrop of 1912 State school land 11-34 Vernonia, Columbia County Area of, by counties . 18 Viewpoint, Lake County Cost of, and how acquired 34 Waldport,Lincein County Statistical Bureau (Oregon) i 71 Wallowa,,Wallowa County Stayton, Marion Cowaty 100 Wallowa County, Eastern Oregon ...... 183 Strawberries (See article on horticulture). WalnutsProduction of, by counties 37 Production of, by counties 37 Wamio, Wawa County 186 Total production, 1910 39 Warrenton, (Betsey Clounty 73 Value of products , 37 Wasco, Sherman County 127 StreamsDrainage area of 144 Wasoo County, Central Oregon 134 Miles of navigable 24 Wa,shington County, WillametteValley 107 Resources of, for irrigation and water power Water Area of State, 6 40-41-42-43-44-45-40 For domestic use (see county descriptive mat- Tributaries 4 41-144 ter), siso page 68. Sublimity, Marion County 101 In Mamma , available for irrigation 4941 Summerville, Union County 132 Drainage_ of_ Oregon 144 Sumpter, Baker County 113 Good dnnMng water 68 Sutherlin, Douglas County 87 Water PowersAvailable in Oregon 42-44-45 Bunsen, Clatsop County ra Cost of production 45 Swine (see also Livestock). Developed and undeveloped (chart) 45-46 Map showing clistribution of 2/ In forest reserves 48 Number of in state 27 (See siso irrigation.) Taxation, and Taxes Winne, elated CoUntY 73 Article explanatory of system 86-70 Wedderburn, i " County 77 Apportionment among ccamties 70 Westport Clateop un47 73 Assessed valuations by counties 79 ' Western on eseription of B General fund .(state, county, road and school) WestfaU, M ur County 125 by counties 70 Weston, Umatilla County 130 Levy, rate and amount of, by counties 24,70 West Stayttin, Marion Cotuaty 101 . Spftial, for dikes 9,nd ports 70 WheatAverage yie/d in bushelai per acre, com- For roads and hig.hways 70 pared c.. 23 Total general and special, by counties 70 10 year average (sea descriptive chart); pro- Teachers in Schools duction and yield, per are For information concerning 71 Highest and lowest yearly acreage, price, etc 22 Number of, and sex, salaries, etc...... 64 Rank of counties in production 23 The Dalles, W CO 136 Wheeler County, Eastern Oregon 137 Terrebormé, Crook County 115 Whitney, Baker Count? 113 Tillable Lands Willaouttte ValleyDeseription of (seo also Area of in state 18 87-112) t, 7 Acreage in public lands 10,11,15,18 Willamina,,Yamhill County Ill Tillamook County, Coe,st Region 79 WindAverage velocity of, by sections ..... 25 Tillamook, Tillamook County 81 No wind storms TimberTotal standing in Oregon 48 Wolf Creek, Josephine County Ratio of standing timber in Oregon to total in Woodburn, Marion County ' 101 United States 48 Wool and SheepIndustry in Cirego .... , 33 Total standing in forest reserves, by counties 48 Rank of state in yield and quality 33 Total standing, privately owned, by comities 48 Woolen mills in operation 88 Standing in national parks and Indianreserves 48 Yield of Product, quality and quantity and Total standing in national forests, in acres and value, 1912 21 board feet 50 (See also Sheep and Livestock.) Comparison of forest reserves in Oregon with See also Summary of n'aindustries 65 all others in United Stat,es 52 Vamhill County, Willamette Valley... . Ill In forest reserves, by reserves 49-50 Yam=; Yamblll County 109 Lumbeting industry, extent of, illustrated ... 51 YaAl a Oitir t CoOOln 001;nti 78 Toledo, Lincoln County 78 Voncella, Doug unty 87 OREGON'S INCREASE IN POPULATION. 18G0 52,465 1870 111111111= 90,923 1 880 =1= 174,768 11390 817,704 1900 =IMEMINEMNIIIIIMIII=11/1111111 413,536. 1910 672,765 144 OREGON ALMANAC.

OREGON'S WATER DRAINAGE. Into Columbia river 55,824 square miles.' Into California, via Klamath 8,nd Pitt rivers 9,999 '

, Direct to Pacific Oeean by rivers other than the Columbia, Klamath and Pitt 15,931 .4 Into inland lakes possessing no surface outlet 13,853

Total Land Area 90,607 a r a

, THE COLOMBIA RIVER. With Its tributaries, the Columbia, area of 254,388 sqUire miles; 215;093 Oregon's great river, is navigable for square miles are in the 'United States 1,664 inilep, the lower Columbia being; and 38,395 in British Columbia. This is navigable for deep water vessels from - a total area larger, With the exception Portland to the ocean (120 miles). ef Georgia, than the thirteen original Sevbral cascades, or rapids, prevent con- sitatea (-.4 the Union. ,Thie tires iti dis- , tinuous navigation of the upper Columbia tributed as follows: ' , ' and ita great tributary, the Snake river, Oregon 55,824 square miles.

but 1,294 miles of the upper rivers are Washington . ' 49,505 " navigable in stretches of frem 200 to 400 Idahe 77,640 a a-

20,800 " Montana apd regular river steamboat ser- a ViCo 18 maintamed thereon. In commer- Nevada 6,280 " cial imp9rtance, in North America as Wyoming - 5,184 a well as in length of nawigable waters, lJtah 700 a a \ the Columbia river is second ianly to British ColUmbia 38,395 a a the Mississippi river. a a The Columbia River Valley has an Total ' 254,388

Columbia Valley Larger than Thirteen Original States Excepting Georgia. Columbia Val/by, 254,888 Square Miles, is Shaded on map Wow.

254 980 So !Ames .254,300Sa

ORTH CA,ROLIN

SOUTH CAROLINA ACKNOWLEDGMENT- In presenting this compilatión t,o the public. the Oregon:

State Inunigration Commission desires . to expres&j'its... sincere appreciation of the , hearty. and valusble' suPPOrt, ,c0=0Peration and azsistance rendered, and the ,mank '.ceurtesieS extended by the Federal, State, County and Municipal aOhorifiés.; the officials of the eeveral railroads and other 'tramp:Oaten cota- - panies; the Oregon Agricultural College; Univeraty of -bregon; Oregon DeVelopment League; PortIanit vContraereW Club; Oregon Conservation Confinission; Fortland Chan' I-her Of Com- merce,, and the commercial and dyle organizat,ions of the . counties, cities and towns of the state;= and t: who.. so generously and unheSitatingly centributed 44 :whatever. SU& cess may be realized in the purpose for which this,' publleation is intended. - Respectfully submitted,

te Inunigration Agent. Affiliated in the compilation of statistics and information 14070 the following: Oregon Development League) comprising 111 conunemiel organizations in OreSan COMMUn" ides. President, Theo. B. Wilcox, Portland; Vcce-Proxiclents, J. B. Van Winkle, Albany; John E. Gratke, Astoria; Wm. Hanley, Burns; Bruce Dennis, La Granda; Wm. Colvkg, Medford; C. a Chapman, Portland, secretary-treasurer. Oregon Statistical BUreau, J. A. Besell, Corvallis, director. Oregon Agricultural College, W. J. Kerr, president; James Withyeambe,silrector Expert/neat Stations; J. A. Bead', dean of the School of COLIIMOVCO. Portland Coinmarcial Club, Edgar B. Piper, president; C. S. Jackson,vice-Procidentt .' P. S. West, secretary; G. F. Johnson, chairman esecutita committee, and Portland. L. B. D, axis, Baia% statistician. 4 Origon Conservation Commisaiony J. N. Teat, Pmtland chairman; F. G. Young, Eases ne, secretarY. U. S. Forestry Service, George H. Cecil, District Foxaster for Oregon, Portland U. S. Geological Survey, F. F. Rezaban,istrtier,D ietEngin Portland. U. S. Reclamation Service, E. G. Hopson, Supervising Engineer, Portland. . II. S. Weather Bureau, E. A. Beals, District Forecaster, PortlantL Oregon Desert Land Board, John 11...Lewis.State Engineer, seaMiary; 11: a-Brodie, Clerk. Salem. Board of State Tax Commissioners J. li Eaton, C'has. V. CialloWaY, neminlecinneral C. L. Starr, secretary, all of Salem. led And the following state officia's: Oswald W i. venter; Bett W._01cott,Seeretary of State;

T. B. Kay, State Treasurer ; L. R. Alderman, Superintendent of Public testruetion,_Jahn.* M. /genie, Smte Engmeer ; A. M. Crawford, Attorney General; 0...P. Hoff, Corandadokier of liaboratatistios, etc.; Edna M. Hawley, State Librarian; G. G. Brown, Clerk elStateLand Board; mu Wright, State Superintendent of Banks; Wm. H. Bennett, State 1/,,ok Examiner,Selem; R. E. Clanton, MaSter Fish Warden; W. L. Finley, State Game Warden, Portland and 0Orneha Marvin, secretary Ore. gon Library Commission, Salem. By rrtiting a letter of inquiry you can command every assists:I,' nee:in the way of information from the state officers and the commercial organisations of the state. Address..., 'mini:in:Ito C. C. Chapman, State Immip-ation Agent, Commercial Club Building Portland, uragon. - - . . , TREATE OF 'OREGON FOR THE INFORMATION ' OF SETTLERS AD INVESTORS, HOMiESEEILERS,

OREGON STATE IMMIGRATION COMMISSION C. C. CHAPMAN. Oregon State Onnitgretion Agent "

Mt '