0 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
NATIONAL EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF THE ARN (2017 – 2019) 1. Patron- - - - - Senator, Maj Gen (Retd) Ike OS Nwachukwu (CFR, Mni, FSS, DSS) 2. President- - - - - Ola Elizabeth Balogun, Mrs (M.Sc, FARN) 3. Vice President I - - - Sani T. Kabir (DIR) 4. Vice President II - - - Tom Adejoh (Ph.D) 5. National Secretary- - - Musa Y. Dambele (M.Sc) 6. Assistant Nat Sec I - - Samaila A. Baba (M.Sc) 7. Assistant Nat Sec II - - Ibrahim Adegboye (DIR) 8. National Treasurer- - - Mabel C. Ugwuja, Mrs (M.Sc) 9. Financial Secretary- - - Samuel Shem Laushugno (M.Sc) 10. Public Relations Officer- - Joshua J. Sule (B.Sc) 11. Immediate Past President- - Mark C. Okeji (Ph.D, FARN) 12. Immediate Past Treasurer- - Imoh S. Udoh (M.Sc) 13. Registrar, RRBN - - - Mark C. Okeji (Ph.D, FARN)
1 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
FOREWORD
The present Council of ARN (2017 – 2019) led by Mrs Ola Elizabeth Balogun (M.Sc, FARN), was inaugurated in January 2017. Subsequently and swiftly, she constituted the education committee (EDUCOM), with the following members:
1. Adejoh, Tom (Ph.D) - NAUTH, Nnewi; Clinical Radiographer 2. Joseph, Z. Dlama (Ph.D) – BUK, Kano; Academic 3. Okeji, C. Mark (Ph.D) – UNN, Enugu Campus/RRBN Abuja; Academic 4. Nkubli, B. Flavious (M.Sc) – UNIMAID, Maiduguri; Academic 5. Luntsi, Geofery (M.Sc) - UNIMAID, Maiduguri; Academic 6. Balogun-Adebiyi I. Rohimat (B.Sc) – NOHI, Lagos; Clinical Radiographer
The EDUCOM, unlike those before it, was given tough and multiple terms of reference: determination of conference themes, coordination of conference papers, communique drafting, coordination of World Radiography Day (WRD) celebrations on 8th November and, to ensure the continuity of Journal of Radiography & Radiation Sciences (JRRS). The EDUCOM has striven to deliver on her mandate. A major step taken as regard conference papers was the digitization of previous hardcopy papers and subsequent online archiving at www.jarnigeria.com. In addition, effective from the 2017 conference in Abakaliki, Nigeria, books of abstracts (BOA) have appeared in both hardcopy and electronic formats. This being the second attempt at e-BOA, we expect some inadvertent lapses, which are regrettable, and for which we take responsibility. The abstracts are categorized into homogenous sections for ease of search. We must admit that not all papers had the flavor of thoroughness. Our desire to encourage a research-lethargic profession gave us some modicum of tolerance. In the years ahead, standards shall increase. Nonetheless, we commend all researchers who boldly rose to the occasion to display their works in an intellectually - intimidating conference as this is. We urge young researchers to build on their experience from the scientific sessions and go on to be the hero their generation awaits.
We commend the ARN Secretariat for collaborating with EDUCOM to fulfil her mandate. We thank Radiographers in Nigeria for giving our committee (EDUCOM) the privilege to contribute to our collective progress.
Rad Tom Adejoh Chairman, EDUCOM 10th December, 2018 Lokoja, Nigeria +234(0)8135820550
2 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Assessment of X-Ray Beam Alignment in Radiographic X-Ray Equipment of Radiology Facilities in Kano
*Richard I. Emmanuel, Aminu M. Sani
Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: [email protected];+3248032371711
Background: The light beam diaphragm (LBD) of x-ray machines enable a radiographer to correctly control the area to be exposed when examining a patient. This makes it possible to reduce radiation scatter. Subsequently, image resolution is improved while dose is decreased. Failure to achieve light and x-ray beam alignment will distort a radiographic image. Objective: To determine the accuracy of light and x-ray beam alignment of some x-ray machines in some centers in Kano metropolis. Materials and Method: A loaded 35 x 35 cm cassette was placed on the x-ray couch at a focus-film- distance (FFD) of 90 cm. Then a 20 x 20 cm field was collimated on the cassette. Metal markers at each field edge plus one at anode end, and one at top of field was placed. An exposure of 5 mAs at 70 kVp was made and the film developed. The distances between the light (where the coins touch) and x- ray fields for all coin locations were measured with ruler and recorded. The difference for each set of coins along (AL1, AL2) and across (AC1, AC2) the film was added and each set of difference was divided by the SID. Results: From the total of 20 x-ray equipment, 18 equipment representing 90% of the studied population had a percentage differences greater than 2% for both across and along. Two equipment representing 10% of studied population had equal or below 2% difference across and along. The highest degrees of misalignment were 5.56% and 5.00% across and along respectively. On the other hand, these two equipment had the least degrees of misalignment of 0.56% and 1.56% across and along respectively. Conclusion: A high degree of misalignment in light and x-ray field was noted in x-ray machines studied. Regular quality control checks may help to minimize this anomaly. Keywords: Dose, light beam, scatter, diaphragm, alignment
3 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Pulmonary Tuberculosis Chest X-Ray Findings in HIV Sero-Positive Patients in a Teaching Hospital in Kano, Northwest, Nigeria
*Mohammed S. Umar, Sunday V. Daniel, Mohammed S. Abba, Geofery Luntsi1, Dlama Z. Joseph, Auwal Abubakar1, Charbel Saade2, Mustapha Barde
Radiology Department, Muhammadu Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria 1Department of Medical Radiography, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria 2Department of Medical Imaging Services, American University of Beirut, Lebanon *Corresponding author: [email protected], +2347034833888,
Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a common infections following HIV infection, and its progression after reactivation is fast. Inspite of substantial investment in health services, PTB remains a global emergency.
Aim: to determine the spectrum of chest x-ray findings in chest radiographs in patients diagnosed with HIV-related PTB.
Methods: Institutional review board approval was obtained from Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria. A retrospective evaluation of radiology reports to establish clinical and radiographic features of PTB in 244 confirmed HIV-seropositive patients aged 9 months to 80 years. Descriptive statistics were employed in analyzing percentages and frequencies. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the relationship between clinical findings, radiographic findings, age group and gender. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results: Cases involved 104 (42.62%) males and 140 (57.38%) females with mean age of 31.62 ± 16.93 years. Findings include: normal chest x-rays (n = 177, 60.0%), cough (n = 193, 56.6%), chest pain (n = 39, 11.44 %), weight loss (10.26%), hemoptysis (n = 21, 6.16%), and greenish sputum (n = 12, 3.52%). Primary and post-primary patterns of PTB such as reticulonodular opacities, hilar lymphadenopathy, blunting of costophrenic angles,miliary opacities among others accounted for 40.0 % of findings. The age range of 26 – 38 years were most responsible for pathological findings (n = 109, 36.9%).
Conclusion: Normal chest x-rays constitutes the major findings, primary and post-primary patterns of PTB account for the least findings and the age group 26-38 years in both gender showed predominance in radiographic findings.
Keywords: Tuberculosis, pulmonary, HIV, radiography, chest.
4 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Radiographic Assessment of Normal Cardio-thoracic Ratio Among Apparently Healthy Individuals Referred for Chest X-Ray Examinations in Maiduguri *Alhaji M. Ali, Amina S. Gangrang, Ahmed Aubakar, Umar Abubakar1 Department of Radiology, Federal Neuro-psychiatric Hospital Maiduguri, Borno State 1Department of Radiography, Usmanu Dan Fodio University, Sokoto, Sokoto state Nigeria. *Corresponding author: [email protected]; +2347033977869 Background: Cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) is a simple and reliable diagnostic tool for estimating cardiac size on plain radiographs. It is a useful index for assessing the cardiac size and any value above 50% in an adult is considered as upper limit of normal.
Objectives: To radiographically assess the normal mean value of the cardiothoracic ratio of the study population which will serve as a baseline for early detection of cardiac enlargement in adult for improved management.
Materials and methods: A prospective study design where postero-anterior radiographs were used for the estimation of cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) of 172 apparently healthy subjects. The study was conducted between the period of March 2017 and February 2018. The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) was obtained by dividing the maximum transverse cardiac diameter (MTCD) by maximum internal thoracic width (MITW), and the result was multiplied by 100%.
Result: The mean CTR is slightly higher in female (45.71%) than in male (45.10%), although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.362). The mean CTR of the general population was 45.6%. The mean CTR increased with age until the fourth decade when it reduced and this sharp change was statistically significant (p = 0.048). Conclusion: This study has established a mean CTR value of 45.6% for the study population. Subjects were perhaps, free of cardiomyopathies. Keywords: Cardiothoracic ratio, cardiac diameter, radiograph
5 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Does Availability of Image Post-Processing Facility in Digital Radiography Systems Influence Radiographers’ Attitude Towards Proper Radiographic Technique? A Single Center Study
Jacob, Aniekan Asuquo
University Of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
[email protected]; 08069344639
Background: Radiographers working at the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital (UUTH), Uyo, Nigeria started using Carestream computed radiography (CR) system in April 2013. The CR system has capability for image post-processing following radiographic exposure. Post- processing parameters include adjustment of contrast, latitude, brightness and cropping of images. These parameters may produce a final image that is quite different from what was initially acquired. The need for post-processing and the parameter adjusted can be an indicator to collimation and technique factors (kVp, mAs), adopted by the radiographer during image acquisition. Aim: To assess the influence of radiographic image post-processing on radiographers’ attitude towards adopting proper radiographic technique Methodology: A total of 1000 post-processed radiographic images of different body parts in commonly performed examinations were analyzed. The final post-processed, printed images were compared with the acquired images before post-processing with a view to ascertaining the diagnostic acceptability of the primary image before post-processing. Results: Radiographers at UUTH used image post-processing tools excessively. Of the 1000 radiographic images analyzed, contrast adjustment was highest at 91%, brightness, 83%, cropping, 86% and latitude, 22%. It may be concluded that radiographers gave little attention to proper radiographic technique, knowing that the radiographic image could be post- processed on the computer console. This does not augur well for patient radiation protection. Keywords: Computed Radiography, radiographic image, post-processing, radiographic technique, radiographers
6 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
The Importance of Online Community of Practice in Enhancing Research and Knowledge Sharing Among Nigerian Radiographers Jacob, Aniekan Asuquo
University Of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
[email protected]; +23408069344639
Background: Community of practice (CoP) denotes a group of people in the same craft or profession who share a concern or a passion for what they do. An online community of practice (OCoP), is a CoP that is developed and based on the Internet. The population of radiographers in Nigeria is increasing, with increased demand for role advancement and research participation. An Online CoP becomes important in bringing Radiographers together to engender research co-operation and knowledge sharing.
Aim: To assess the importance of online community of practice in enhancing practice and research among Nigerian Radiographers.
Methodology: A membership web portal was created and hosted on the Internet with the capability to interact with applications and databases. Fifty (50) Radiographers were purposively selected to beta-test the web portal following its upload to the Internet. The beta testers then answered a set of survey questions to underscore the importance of a web-based CoP in enhancing practice and research among Radiographers.
Results: A good percentage of the beta testers (92% ), admitted to having no previous knowledge of the term OCoP while 96% agreed that the community can improve professional co-operation among Radiographers. All respondents (100%) agreed that the OCop can enhance research co-operation and should be adopted for use by Nigerian Radiographers
Conclusion: A dynamic membership web portal built for Nigerian Radiographers was well accepted by beta testers for the purpose of enhancing research and sharing knowledge among Radiographers. It is hoped that this will translate into acceptance by the radiography community in the country.
Keywords: Community of Practice, beta testing, web portal, Radiographers, Research, Practice.
7 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
A study of femoral neck shaft angles of adult Nigerians in Northern Nigeria
Emmanuel G. Eyenobong*, Uduak E. Umana1 Radiology Department, National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala, Kano, Nigeria
1Human Anatomy Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Corresponding author: [email protected]; +2348062850085
Background: The femoral neck-shaft angle (NSA) which is formed by the obliquely oriented femoral neck with the vertical shaft is useful both in diagnosis of pathological conditions and in surgical interventions of the hip. Most of the available orthopaedic implants used in Nigeria are designed and manufactured based on data from Western population whose skeletal dimensions are different from Africans, particularly Nigerians.
Objectives: To study the variations in femoral neck-shaft angles according to sex, age and side (right and left) among adult Nigerians, and to determine the mean values which can be useful in designing and manufacturing implants for surgeries involving Nigerians.
Methods: Anteroposterior pelvic radiographs of one hundred and fifty four (154) subjects where retrospectively studied in National Orthopaedic Hospital Dala, Kano. The angles were measured using 360 degrees goniometer. Comparisons and correlations were made using T- test and ANOVA where applicable.
Results: The results showed a mean overall neck-shaft angle of 128.20°. Males and females had mean angles of 128.31° and 128.05° respectively and the mean angles for right and left sides were 129.36° and 127.01° respectively. Also, irregular pattern of change was observed as age progresses.
Conclusion: The overall femoral neck-shaft angle of 128.20° of adult Nigerians in this study is comparable to the mean values reported by other authors and either higher or lower than the mean values of western populations including China, India and America.
Keywords: neck-shaft angle, diagnosis, surgery, implant, orthopaedic.
8 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Common Findings in Paediatric Chest Radiographs Maduka B. Ukamaka; Agbo A. Julius; Eneje C. Lilian; Ujam O. Grace Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria Corresponding Author: [email protected];+2348068090611 Objective: To identify the predominant findings on paediatrics chest radiographs. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was carried out in two university teaching hospitals in South-East Nigeria. Plain chest radiographs of 200 paediatric patients generated between March to July 2017 were retrieved and evaluated. Results: A total of 200 radiographs comprising 89 males (44.5%) and 111 females (55.5%) were selected for the study. Pathological conditions were found in 164 radiographs (82.0 %). Out of the 164 chest radiographs with pathologies, males and females had a frequency and percentage of (n = 68, 41.5 %) and (n = 96, 58.5 %) respectively. It was discovered that pneumonia was the most common finding (n = 34, 17 %). After categorization of pneumonia, bronchopneumonia was found to be the most prevalent type of pneumonia in paediatrics chest radiographs. Conclusion: Majority of requests for paediatric chest x-ray are symptomatic with pneumonia as most common pathology. Chest x-ray should be used as a first line diagnostic tool for paediatric patients presenting with signs and symptoms of chest disease since it is fast, simple, cost effective and of high diagnostic yield. Keywords: Paediatrics, x-ray, chest, pneumonia, radiographs
9 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
X-Ray Findings in Adults with Chronic Cough in Nigeria
Alhaji Modu Ali*, Falmata Audu Gubio, Ahmed Abubakar
Department of Radiology, Federal Neuro Psychiatric Hospital Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria *Corresponding author: alaimodu28@ gmail.com; 07033977869 Background: Cough is the major functional mechanism which is responsible for the clearance of secretions from the respiratory tract and serves as an important defense mechanism. Chest x-ray is the commonly indicated examination in this category of patients for possible diagnosis and treatment. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the spectrum of findings among patients who presented for x-ray investigation with history of chronic cough. Materials and methods: A prospective study design was used to obtain data over a period of 3 months (March–May 2018). Adult patients aged 18 years and above who presented to the department with indication of chronic cough and plain postero-anterior chest radiographs with optimum diagnostic value were included in the study. All the radiographs were reported by a radiologist. The age, sex, coughing duration, lung changes, heart changes, and diagnosis were recorded. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software version 22.0. Results: A total of fifty patients with chronic cough were included in the study. The male-to- female ratio (M:F) was approximately 3:2. The mean age of the patients was 43.88 ± 19.24 years (range, 18– 95 years). Forty-six (92.0%) patients were non-smokers, while four (8%) were smokers. Radiographs of the twenty (40%) patients appeared normal, while thirty (60%) were abnormal; with lung opacities accounted for 34% and 26% for the right and left lungs, respectively. Conclusion: Chest x-ray in patients with chronic cough nearly always causes detectable changes with lung opacity being most frequent. These patterns corroborated with most studies that have been done. Keywords: Chest, chronic cough, diagnosis, opacity, radiograph
10 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Local Mean Glandular Dose for Nigerian Population is Below Recommended European Diagnostic Reference Levels
Hussain, Bashir Shafiu.*, Garba, Idris
Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]; +234-806-908-5531
Purpose: To assess the mean glandular dose (MGD) in female subjects for mammography using a digital mammography Equipment at a tertiary hospital in North-West region Nigeria.
Methods: Data of 141 patients was collected retrospectively from mammography workstation database from May 2017 to June 2018. Data recorded include; compressed breast thickness (CBT), age, tube potential (kVp), tube current (mAs), exposure mode and MGD values. The result was analyzed using SPSS v.16.0. Level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05.
Results: The MGD for cranio-caudal (CC) and medio-lateral obliques (MLO) were 2.24 mGy and 2.14 mGy, respectively. The values compared well with most values reported in the literature and were within limits of DRLs recommended internationally. The MGD value for manual mode was found to be higher compared to the value from Automatic Optimization parameter (AOP) mode. The CBT and Age were found to correlate positively with MGD. A statistically significant difference was noted between the compared values.
Conclusion: The study established that local MGD for mammography patients are below the recommended European DRLs. However, dose optimization should be sustained in line with ALARA principle to reduce dose further.
Key words: Mammography, MGD, DRL, CBT
11 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Optimization of Radiation Doses and Image Quality for Mammography in Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
Joseph, D. Zira*; 1Moi, A. Silas; Shirama, Bababa; 1Nkubli B. Flavious; 2Wiam E. Hassan; 3Nzotta, C. Christian; 3Abida, A. Maigari
Radiology Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
1Department of Medical Radiography, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
2Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
3Department of Radiography & Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: [email protected], +2348130582721
Introduction: Optimization of radiation doses is crucial and relevant in radiography and radiation sciences. The December 2017 publication 135 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) on diagnostic reference levels in medical imaging gives further insight on the desirability of considering image quality assessment as an essential optimization tool in dose evaluation. Objective(s): To calculate mean glandular dose (MGD) in mammography, determine the relationship between MGD and compressed breast thickness, and also, to assess the image quality in comparison with European guidelines. Methods: A combined prospective and retrospective cross-sectional design was adopted. Dose values were extracted from TLDs which had been carefully positioned on 30 mammography patients. International Atomic Energy Agency dose survey template was used for collecting data from records of mammography examination. Information such as patient age, weight, body mass index, compressed breast thickness and technical parameter (kVp, mAs, tube filtration) and European commission image quality template was used for assessing image quality. Mean glandular dose (MGD) was calculated using calculation method published by dance et al., 2002.
Results: The result shows an average MGD of 0.534 mGy and a mean compressed breast thickness (CBT) of 1.95mm.The range of MGD for cranio-caudal (CC) and medio-lateral oblique (MLO) were 0.00 - 0.91 mGy and 0.00 – 1.67mGy, respectively. Entrance skin dose for CC and MLO were 0.01- 6.01 mGy and 0.01-3.47 mGy, respectively. Correlation between MGD and CBT was not statistically significant (p = 0.484; CC and p = 0.052; MLO). respectively. Conclusion: The MGD from the hospital of study was 0.53mGy, and its correlation CBT was not statistically significant. The images obtained from the hospital of study are within acceptable limit based on the assessment used by European guidelines Keywords: Mammography, Ionising Radiation, Mean glandular dose, Reference Dose level, absorbed dose
12 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Adequate Quality Dose (AQD) for Mammography in a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria
Joseph D. Zira*; 1Nzotta, C. Christian; 2Wiam, E. Hassan; 3Moi, A. Silas; 3Nkubli, B. Flavious; 3Dauda, M. Fati; Ogenyi, P. Ameh
Radiology Department, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
1Department of Radiography & Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
2Medical Diagnostic Imaging Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
3Department of Medical Radiography, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
*Corresponding author- [email protected], +2348130582721
Introduction: Acceptable quality dose (AQD) is a reference dose value or suggested standard dose that is used as an optimization tool, and it is capable of producing images of diagnostic quality in diagnostic radiological practice.
Objective: To evaluate the AQD for mammography in a Nigerian Hospital
Methods: Design is prospective and cross-sectional. Thirty patients who came for mammography examination were enrolled in the study. Thermoluminiscent (TLD-LiF) dosimeter chips were used for dose assessment in cranio-caudal (CC) and medio-lateral oblique (MLO) views, while image quality was assessed using European guidelines. Data was analyzed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0 (Chicago, USA).
Results: Mean Glandular Dose (MGD) was 1.275 mGy while mean compressed breast thickness (CBT) was 1.95 mm. The MGD for CC and MLO views were 0.88 mGy and 1.67mGy, respectively. The range of entrance surfaced dose (ESD) for CC and MLO were 0.01 - 6.03 mGy and 0.01-3.47 mGy, respectively. Most patients’ examinations were within acceptable quality doses with percentage score of 60 to 80% for doses and image quality assessment using European guidelines. Patient doses increased with increasing in compressed breast thickness (CBT).
Conclusion: Acceptable quality dose (AQD) has a number of inbuilt advantages because it considers crucial parameters in radiation dose estimation, and it is useful for the formulation of optimization guidelines and etiquette for countries and regions globally.
Keywords: Acceptable quality dose, Thermoluminiscent dosimeters, Mammography, Cranio-caudal, Medio- lateral oblique, Compressed breast thickness.
13 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Digital Breast Tomosynthesis: is it an Evolving Technology with Potential to Improve Confidence in Breast Lesion Diagnosis? Cletus U. Eze* BSc (Nigeria), MHPM (UNIBEN), MSc (Nigeria), PhD (Nigeria)
Omolara V. Adebayo^ BSc (UNILAG; in view)
Department of Radiography, University of Lagos, Nigeria *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected];+2348032432915 ^Presenter: [email protected]; +2348101889373 Background: The sensitivity of screen-film mammography for the detection of breast cancer varies with breast density and is lower for women with heterogeneously dense or extremely dense breasts. Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) is a limited-angle tomographic breast imaging technique with the potential to overcome tissue superposition and improve the confidence of diagnosis.
Aim: To review the literature on the principle of DBT and its clinical application in order to compare its specificity in detecting breast lesions in symptomatic patients with conventional mammography.
Methods: The principle of operation of DBT- components, patient positioning, image acquisition and processing as well as the rationale for the use of DBT – its advantages and limitations were described.
Results: Digital breast tomosynthesis increased the chances of breast cancer detection in asymptomatic patients from 6.1% detected by mammography to 27.0%. Comparing DBT with diagnostic mammographic supplemental views for women with non-calcified masses and architectural distortion, receiver operating curve analysis showed DBT to be superior to supplemental 2D mammographic views. For tumor size in 73 cancers cases measured using MLO-view, DBT correlated well with pathologic findings and was also similar to US in this regard. Digital breast tomosynthesis equally has the ability to reduce glandular dose by 45.0 % compared to mammography.
Conclusion: DBT does not only appear to be a better screening tool than plain-film mammography in asymptomatic patients, it can be for diagnostic purposes in symptomatic patients as an adjunct to sonography in developing countries.
Keywords: Breast Cancer, Innovation in screening, Diagnosis, Digital Breast Tomosynthesis
14 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Assessment of Radiographers’ Knowledge of Computed Tomography (CT) Parameters and their Influence on Image Quality *Mohammed Abba, Uba A. Zango Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria *Corresponding author: [email protected]; +2348038706272
Background: Image quality in CT is obviously influenced by many of its technical parameters. But the level of knowledge of radiographers regarding these technical parameters is not known in our locality.
Purpose: To assess the knowledge of radiographers in Kano metropolis regarding CT technical parameters and their influence on image quality.
Methods: A prospective survey using a validated questionnaire was issued to consenting CT- radiographers in the study area. Questions concerning CT parameters and their influence on image quality were asked. Results: Radiographers had basic knowledge of CT parameters. However, relative variation in understanding and application of complex CT parameters and their influence on image quality was observed among the respondents. Conclusions: There is considerable awareness of CT-parameters among radiographers. A number of discrepancies were identified with regards to the influence of CT parameters manipulation and image quality characterization. Keywords: CT parameters, image quality, protocol
15 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Preliminary Diagnostic Reference Levels for Paediatric Head Computed Tomography Adejoh, Tom; *Usiagu, Chukwuma; Nnamdi, Oluchi; Eze, Emmanuel; Okeke, C. Obinna, Chiegwu, U. Hycienth1; Nzotta, C. Christian1
Radiology Department, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria
Department of Radiography & Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria *Presenter: +2348174012904; [email protected] Background: Paediatric patients for computed tomography (CT) examinations are noted to have a higher lifetime attributable risks of cancer. The tendency to consider paediatrics as little adults during CT procedure is high. Diagnostic reference levels place an obligation on CT radiographers to optimize protection for paediatric subjects. In CT, these DRLs are set using computed tomography dose index volume (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP).
Objectives: To propose DRLs for paediatric head computed tomography in Nigeria using CT dose information from Anambra State.
Methodology: A retrospective non-experimental study carried out from April to August 2018 in three (3) CT centres located in Awka (private), Onitsha (ppp) and Nnewi (government). Scanners were GE products and were manufactured between 2007 to 2012 and installed as follows: Akwa (2016), Onitsha
(2015), Nnewi (2011). The head CTDIvol and DLP values for patients aged ≤ 17 years were retrieved manually from the database on CT monitor. Data were analyzed with statistical packages for social sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Mean and 75th percentile (P75) were subsequently, derived for all centres to represent DRLs.
Results: The CTDIvol and DLP had a range of 14 – 90 mGy and 189 – 943 mGy.cm, respectively. The mean/P75 were 32/34 mGy (CTDIvol) and 854/1135 mGy.cm (DLP), respectively. An ANOVA in CTDIvol and DLP showed variations within and between centres. However, only variation in DLP was statistically significant (p = 0.001). The P75 of CTDIvol in Anambra State had a slight variation of 3% and a larger one of 94 % from Australian values (33 mGy, 586 mGy.cm).
Conclusion: Paediatric head CT DRLs have been proposed and will interest researchers, radiographers and regulatory agencies. While CTDIvol is comparable to values found in the literature, the DLP showed a wide variation. More attention needs to be paid to the optimization of paediatric protection in CT.
Keywords: DRLs, CTDIvol, DLP, Computed Tomography, Paediatrics
16 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Findings from Computed Tomography of Brain Tumour in Maiduguri, Nigeria
Alhaji Modu Ali*, Maryam Abdullahi Buji, Ahmed Aubakar, Mohammed Yusuf Mohammed1 Department of Radiology, Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital Maiduguri, Nigeria 1Department of Radiology, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Borno State, Nigeria. *Correspondence author: [email protected]; 07033977869 Background: Brain tumours are a fairly common neurologic problem globally and this is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Computed tomography (CT) enables precise tumour location, patterns and to some extent, type. Objectives: To determine the patterns of findings in patients with a brain tumour using CT. Materials and method: A non-experimental retrospective study design was adopted. Data were retrieved from radiological information systems (RIS) and CT archive of the Radiology Department of the Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital, Maiduguri. Data retrieved included radiology reports, and CT images from January 2016 to August 2018 and with evidence of and diagnosis of brain tumour. Results: Reports and images of 40 patients made up of 17 (42.5%) males and 23 (57.5%) females were reviewed. They had age range of 2 – 70 years and with mean of 28.4 ± 20.2 years. About 60% of the patients had specific diagnoses with meningioma occurring in 8 (20%). About 24 (63.3 %) of the scanogram were abnormal and 29 (73.3%) of documented tumours were intra-axial. Frontal lobe was mostly involved (n = 14, 48.28%). Hypodense tumours had the highest frequency (n = 15, 37.5%). Tumour diameter ranged from 3.0 - 9.0 cm with a mean of 5.7 ± 1.6 cm. Mass effect was exhibited in 90% of cases.
Conclusion: Despite limitation in absence of facility for histopathology within the immediate locality, the study was able to reveal and describe the patterns of brain tumour appearances on CT images.
Keywords: Brain tumour, Computed tomography, findings, pattern
17 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Occupational Exposure of Computed Tomography Operators in Nigeria
Ede, Ugochukwu E. & Egbe, Nneoyi O.
Department of Radiography & Radiological Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria
Background: The increasing use of Computed Tomography is known to have increased the population collective dose. However, the occupational exposure of operators in these facilities is yet unknown in Nigeria.
Purpose: To determine the first stop occupational radiation exposure to operators of CT facilities in a pilot study.
Materials & method: 5 CT facilities were surveyed in South East Geo-political zone to determine the occupation exposure using a factory calibrated RD1212 GM ionization chamber. The meter was positioned at the operator console and the dose rate obtained per hour. Values were collated and computed to obtain annual dose rates for the facilities and the average dose rate for the population studied.
Results: Results show a mean value of 13.6±9.1 mSv/year, across the facilities. Respective dose rate values across the facilities were 2.33, 17.33, 5.62, 23.61 and 19.10 mSv/year. The implication of these results in the light of the recommended permissible doses and the safety of operators is discussed.
Conclusion: Computed Tomography control rooms in the surveyed centres present wide ranging protection capacities, suggesting the need for some level of quality control.
Keywords: Computed tomography, occupation, exposures, operators, dose, protection
18 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Knowledge of Computed Tomography Exposure Parameters and Common Radiological Examination Doses Among Radiographers in Teaching Hospitals in Northern Nigeria Ali AM1., Abubakar A1., Nwobi IC1., Umar MS2., Barde M3., Njiti MM1 1 Department of Medical Radiography, University of Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria 2 Muhammad Abdullahi Wase, Specialist Hospital, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria 3 Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University Kano, Kano state, Nigeria Corresponding Author: Ali AM: +2347062347666, [email protected]
Objective: To assess the knowledge of Radiographers regarding Computed tomography (CT) exposure parameters and doses associated with common radiological examinations.
Materials and methods: A Prospective cross-sectional study was carried out amongst radiographers in all the teaching hospitals in Northern Nigeria. A self-administered, structured and validated questionnaire was used in this study. The questionnaire consisted of 21 questions in multiple choice formats, divided into three sections. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program (version 20.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Descriptive statistics were employed to generate mean percentages and frequencies. Mann Whitney U-test was used to compare between knowledge of CT exposure parameters and common radiological examination doses with highest academic qualification. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Out of the 150 questionnaires distributed, one hundred and fifteen (76.7%) were correctly filled and returned. The results show that only 13% (n=15) of the radiographers had excellent knowledge of the CT exposure parameters. Majority of them, 35.7% (n=41) had very good knowledge while 22.6% (n=26) and 13% (n=15) had good and fairly good knowledge respectively. About 15.7% (n=18) were found to have poor knowledge. Regarding the knowledge of common radiological examination doses, 21.7% (n=25), 9.7% (n=11) and 4.3% (n=5) of the radiographers had excellent, very good and good knowledge. The majority amounting to 64.3% (n=74) were found to have poor knowledge. There was no significant difference in the knowledge of the radiographers about CT exposure parameters and doses from common radiological examinations based on highest academic qualification.
Conclusion: There was good knowledge of CT exposure parameters among Radiographers but the knowledge of common radiological examination doses was generally poor. However, there was no statistical significant difference in knowledge of CT exposure parameters and common radiological examination doses among Radiographers in teaching hospitals in Northern Nigeria based on highest academic qualification.
Keywords: Computed tomography, Exposure parameters, Radiographers, Radiation doses, Radiological examinations 19 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Evaluation of Some Quality Control Parameters in Diagnostics Computed Tomography Scanners in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria
Mohammed Sidi
Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Science Bayero University Kano
[email protected], phone: +2348039264238
Background: Quality control tests for computed tomography (CT) scanners are primarily concerned with the maintenance of CT scanners at the optimum operational condition.
Aim of the study: The study aims at evaluating the CT number for water, field uniformity, and noise for diagnostics CT scanners in Kano metropolis.
Materials and methods: Cross-sectional design was employed in the study. Using purposive sampling technique, two centers were selected, one government hospital and one private radio- diagnostics centre. The phantoms used for the experiments were head CT water phantom and regions of interest were measured at center of the image of the scan phantom and four other regions at the periphery of the images.
Results: The mean CT number and standard deviation for water for Toshiba 162 slices was found to be 1.7 and 7.2, respectively. For GE 4 slice scanner, it was 0.1 and 2.28, respectively. Mean CT number for GE 16 slices scanners was found to be 1.58 and with standard deviation of 9.77.
Conclusion: Computed tomography scanners in Kano metropolis complied with standard CT number for water and field uniformity but revealed significantly high values when tested for noise.
Keywords: Quality control tests, computed tomography scanners and Kano metropolis
20 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Magnetic Resonance Scanner Distribution and Accessibility in Nigeria
*Ubaka E. Akanegbu1, Emeka C. Onwujekwe2, Uchenna E. Dike2 and Michael P. Ogolodom3
1Department of Radiography/Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
2Radiology Department, National Hospital, Abuja. Nigeria
3Radiology Department, Braithwaite Memorial Specialist Hospital Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: [email protected]; +2348096173797)
Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is fast becoming an investigation of choice in the evaluation of many neurological and musculoskeletal cases globally. Due to its high resolution, optimum image contrast, and minimal risk of radiation hazard, it is preferred to computed tomography (CT) in almost all cases of soft tissue and joint examinations. However, many states in Nigeria are yet to witness their first MRI installation. In addition, only a few of the more advanced investigations obtainable with MRI arecarried out in Nigeria currently.
Objectives: To count the various models, field strength and ownership type of MRI scanners across the various states as well as determine the types of MRI investigations currently done in Nigeria.
Methods: Radiographers in Nigeria who operate MRI scanners supplied data through email, telephone, social media and questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used for data analysis.
Results: As at September 2018, a total of 67 MRI scanners were identified, with 58.2% (n =39) and 41.8% (n = 28) in Southern and Northern Nigeria, respectively. Earliest installation was at National Hospital, Abuja in 1999. Since then, 12 more have come up in the city. Ownership was in three categories: private sector: 58.2% (n =39), government: 32.8% (n = 22) and public-private-partnership: 9.0% (n = 6). Nine states in Northern and two states in Southern Nigeria had no single MRI scanner installed. Field strengths of scanners ranged from 0.2 to 1.5 Tesla. Most common brand was GE (43.3 %, n=29). Routine brain was the most frequent investigation done in Nigeria while special MRI examinations were rarely done.
Conclusion: Since the initial installation of a 1.0 Tesla MRI scanner in Nigeria, sixty-six (66) more have been installed, giving an average of 3.5 installations per year (since 1999) and a high accessibility ratio of (198,000,000/67), 2.96 million persons to a scanner. The result of this survey should serve as a wake-up call to all stakeholders on the accessibility of MRI services and the need for more advanced MRI investigations in Nigeria.
Keywords: Magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetic resonance scanners, Magnetic resonance installation, Field strength, Tesla 21 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Programme Evaluation is a Tool to Engender Innovative Ultrasound Practice: A Pilot Survey of the Postgraduate Training Programme at the Institute of Radiography, Nigeria.
Cletus U. Eze, and Runyi B. Eboh,1
Department of Radiography, University of Lagos, Nigeria
1Radiographers’ Registration Board of Nigeria, Lagos Zonal office, Nigeria
Presenter: RB Eboh: [email protected]; +2348032610762
Corresponding author: Dr. CU Eze: [email protected]; [email protected]; +2348032432915
Background: Current changes in modalities, clinical standards and scope of practice makes it imperative for education/training programmes in ultrasound to be evaluated periodically to make them innovative and effective.
Objective: To evaluate the postgraduate diploma programme in ultrasound (PgD USS) of Radiographers’ Registration Board of Nigeria’s Institute of Radiography (IoR).
Methods: Semi-structured questionnaire was used to survey 100 radiographers who had participated in the programme.
Results: Whereas, almost every holder of PgD USS carry out ultrasound procedures in private diagnostic centres/hospitals, only about 30% of their counterparts do so in government hospitals. Also, approximately 100 % of participants were satisfied with the didactic aspect of their training but were less satisfied with hands-on training. Only 4% of PgD USS certificate holders agreed that they received financial uplift because of their training.
Conclusion: The PgD USS programme of the Institute of Radiography (IoR) has partially met its objective of bridging manpower gap in ultrasonography in Nigeria. It, however, appears not to have been able to make the certificate acceptable in most public hospitals in the country. While the training has improved the knowledge of most participants, there is a need for improvement in its practical training aspect.
Keywords: Ultrasound, Education/training, Programme evaluation; Innovation; radiography
22 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Sonographic Assessment of Portal Vein Diameter Among Apparently Healthy Adults in Some Selected Facilities In Kano Metropolis
*Samaila Aliyu Baba, Jamilu Muhammed
Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University, Kano, Kano State, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]; +2348030655159
Background: Sonography is one of the diagnostic methods used for studying hepatobiliary pathologies. Grayscale measurement of the portal vein diameter is reasonably accurate in diagnosing patients suspected of portal hypertention. However, imaging methods such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, portal venography, splenoportography, and arteriography have been used to evaluate patients with suspected portal-system diseases, but they are often expensive, time consuming and may involve radiation risks and discomfort to the patient.
Objective: To determine the mean portal vein diameter based on age, gender and anthropometric variables.
Material and methods: Ultrasound machine was of GE medical system (logic C5 premium, SN- 354784WX1, REF-5421288, China), Mindray (model DP 7700, Nanshenshenzen, 518057 PR, china) with curvilinear trans-abdominal transducer of frequency 3-5MHz. A primary source of data was used. Following an overnight fast and after ultrasound gel was applied to the right upper quadrants of the abdomen, longitudinal and transverse scans of the upper abdomen was carried out in the supine and right anterior oblique positions. Each subject was exposed from the xiphisternum to the pelvic brim, during quite respiration. When the visualization of the portal vein was optimal, measurement were made at its broadest part, just distal to the union of the superior mesenteric vein and the splenic vein, with the calipers placed between the inner margins of the echogenic walls of the vessel. Measurements (in mm) were made twice by two sonographers and the average value was recorded. Data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation using SPSS version 22.0.
Results: One hundred and sixty-five (165) apparently healthy adults involving 61 (36.97%) males and 104 (63.03%) females aged of 18-80 years were enrolled in the study. The mean portal vein diameter was 12.02 ± 2.58mm for both genders, and the range was 7-16mm. The mean value for males was 11.51± 2.62, and, for females were 12.31 ± 2.52mm.There was a positive correlation between the PV diameter and Body Mass Index (P ≤ 0.01).
Conclussion: This study provides the mean PV diameter in apparently healthy adults in our locality and concluded that PV diameter strongly correlates with anthropometric variables.
Keywords: Portal vein, BMI, Ultrasound, diameter
23 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Umbilical Artery Doppler Indices: Trends in Normal Apparently Healthy Subjects of 20 – 40 Gestation, in Abuja, Nigeria
*Malachy C. Ejimofor, Edwin U. Akanegbu1
Nigerian Institute of Radiography, Radiographers Registration Board of Nigeria, Abuja, Nigeria Postgraduate School; Department of Radiography & Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: [email protected]; +2348034917511
Background: Umbilical artery Doppler ultrasound is an established and safe tool for quantitative analysis of feto-placental blood flow in pregnancy which has become vital in fetal medicine. As fetal medicine practice is undergoing marked changes fuelled by vast amount of disease states requiring extensive ante-partum risk- assessment. Objective: To determine the umbilical artery Doppler indices (RI, PI and SDR) and assess the trend in normal gestations between 20 and 40 weeks ages with a view to establishing local reference ranges and to correlate the Doppler indices with gestational age and fetal heart rate. Materials and methods: A general purpose ultrasound machine with colour Doppler facilities, thermal image printer, external hard drive and electronic medical record system were used in data collection. In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 400 pregnant women at 20–40 weeks gestational ages with no fetal malformation and no maternal medical disease were recruited. The study subjects reduced to 384 after post scan review of the subjects through the electronic medical records on account of hypertension and diabetes. Pulse wave Doppler was used to determine the umbilical artery resistive index, pulsatility index and systolic- diastolic ratio. Pearson’s correlation analysis of the relationship between these parameters and gestational age and fetal heart rate was done. Statistical significance level was set at p < 0.05. Results: All the umbilical arteries were paired. Mean RI, PI and SDR declined with increasing gestational age and decreased from 0.7422 to 0.5338, from 1.2867 to 0.7688 and from 4.0667 to 2.1925, respectively. With regard to correlation between gestational age and Doppler indices, r = -0.600 for RI (p = 0.000), -0.564 for PI (p = 0.000) and -0.596 for SDR (p = 0.000). Conversely, the relationship between doppler indices and fetal heart rate showed no significant correlation as p > 0.05 in all cases. Thus, RI, PI and SDR were 0.879, 0.619 and 0.684 respectively. Conclusion: The nomograms of the umbilical artery doppler indices were constructed which showed that the indices decreased with gestational age. These normative data could serve as reference ranges for evaluation of the umbilical artery circulation in this locality. Key words: Doppler ultrasound, umbilical artery, resistive index, pulsatility index and systolic-diastolic ratio.
24 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Accuracy of Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever Using Blood Culture as Gold Standard Mustapha Barde, *Uthman Aliyu, Musa Y. Dambele, 1Ahmed B. Opalekunde Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
1Department of Medical Laboratory, General Hospital Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
*Corresponding author; [email protected], +2348034784783
Background: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi and Paratyphi bacilli, endemic in many parts of third world. Widal test and haemoculture are the most used method of diagnosis but comes with delay findings due to the need for antibodies to develop and render positive result. Ultrasound (USG) is a sensitive tool when serologic finding is equivocal or negative.
Objectives of the Study: To show the efficacy of USG in the diagnosis of typhoid fever as a non-invasive procedure and to determine its diagnostic criteria. Materials and methods: Blood sample of 50 patients clinically suspected of enteric fever were subjected to widal test and USG was performed on each. Results: 28 patients were positive, all showed splenomegaly on 5th day which decreased to 18 patients on 10th day. Thirteen showed hepatomegaly on 5th day, but their number decreased to 4 on the 10th day. Mesenteric lymph node were diagnosed in 20 patients on day 5 but their number decreased to 13 on 10th day. Bowel thickening was seen in 14 patients on day 5 but decreased to 7 on 10th day. Thirteen patients showed acalculus cholecystitis on day 5 but these number decreased to 5 patients on the 10th day. Conclusion: Widal screening as the only laboratory test for diagnosis of typhoid fever may be misleading; it has low sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value. It is very essential to use blood culture techniques although it takes several days for the result to be out. So with this study USG will serve as a diagnostic tool for typhoid fever especially in an endemic area of disease, majorly rural settings. Keywords: Haemoculture, Typhoid fever, Ultrasound, Hepatomegaly, splenomegaly
25 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Pattern of Sonographic Findings in Patients with First Trimester Vaginal Bleeding: A Case Study of Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
Goni M. Mohammed, Muhammad M. Ahmed, Geofery Luntsi
Department of Medical Radiography, University of Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria.
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]; +2348039259358
Background: The study was carried out to assess patterns of sonographic findings in patient with first trimester vaginal bleeding at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital Bauchi, from 2016 to 2018 (2 years).
Objectives: To determine the pattern and proportions of sonographic findings in patients with first trimester vaginal bleeding
Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted on data of sonographic findings in patients with first trimester vaginal bleeding produced at Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital (ATBUTH) Bauchi between 2016 and 2018, assessing the relationship between per vaginal bleeding and various patterns of the sonographic findings.
Results: A total of three hundred (300) patient data were evaluated. Detailed information for the parity of the patients was limited in the study. Patient ages were grouped into four, where majority were within the age of 26 to 35 years (163cases; 54.3%), while the least was within the range of 46 to 55 years (1 case; 0.3%). The findings were categorized into two, normal scan (135 cases; 45.0%) and majorly the abnormal findings (165 cases; 55.0%) which was further divided into abnormal obstetric (82.2%) and non-obstetric findings (18.8%). The most common finding out of the 165 cases of abnormal findings was incomplete abortion (39 cases; 13.0%), missed abortion (31 cases; 10.3%) and complete abortion (24 cases; 8.0%). The least findings were embryonic demise, chronic PID, adnexal and cervical masses, and mild uterine hernia (1 case each; 0.3% each).
Conclusion: The pattern and proportions of sonographic findings was assessed, with incomplete abortion (13.0%), missed (10.3%) and complete abortion (8.0%) being the most common of the abnormal scans in the entire sample of the study.
Keywords: Vaginal bleeding, sonographic findings, first trimester, abortion 26 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Sonographic Biometry of the Amniotic Fluid Using Single Deep Pocket and Amniotic Fluid Index in a Resource Scarce Setting
Geofery Luntsi1*, Falmata A. Burabe1, Nwakaego E. Ayogu2 , Zira D. Joseph3, Flavious B. Nkubli1, Chigozie I. Nwobi1
1Department of Medical Radiography, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
2Department of Radiology, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria
3Department of Radiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
*Corresponding author: [email protected]; +2347035512622
Background: Sonographic biometry of the amniotic fluid has an important implication in obstetric care, and it has become an integral and important component of pregnancy assessment.
Objective: To determine the normal range of amniotic fluid volume among pregnant women in a northern Nigerian population, and the relationship between AFI and SDP with anthropometric parameters.
Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted amongst pregnant women at late 2nd and 3rd trimester attending antenatal clinic in ATBUTH Bauchi between December 2016 to April 2017. Ethical approval was obtained from the institution and informed consent was sought for from all the participants. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis were done.
Result: A total of 206 women, aged 18 to 40 years participated in the study. The AFI values ranged from 12 to 28.7 cm, with a mean value of 19.84 ± 3.64 cm, SDP ranged from 3.7 to 9.1 cm with a mean value of 6.04 ± 1.12 cm. This study found a weak relationship between anthropometric variable and AFI and SDP, and strong relationship between AFI and SDP with correlation coefficient of r = 0.901 and p - value 0.014.
Conclusion: This study has established baseline values for mean of amniotic fluid volume using amniotic fluid index (AFI) and single deep pocket (SDP) in a northern Nigerian population to be 19.84 ± 3.64 cm and 6.02 ± 1.12cm, respectively. The AFI and SDP were found to negatively correlate with materno-fetal parameters with strong intra and inter class correlation.
Keywords: Amniotic fluid, amniotic fluid index, single deep pocket, sonography
27 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Comparison of Sonographic and Clinical Methods of Fetal Weight Estimation at Term and Birth Musa Y. Dambele*, and Israel Igashi
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]; 08038053397
Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Background: Fetal weight estimation has become necessary in our society today due to increased rate of feto-maternal mortality and morbidity which is greatly attributed to fetal birth weight. Accurate fetal weight estimation reduces the adverse effects of a macrosomic or low birth weight fetus. The two commonest methods of fetal weight estimation include clinical and sonographic method. Objective: To compare the accuracy of sonographic and a clinical method of estimation of fetal weight with actual birth weight in termed gestations Materials and methods: This study was prospective and cross-sectional, involved sixty term pregnancies booked at the Ante-natal clinic of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. The fetal weight was estimated clinically by Dare’s method (fundal height x abdominal girth) and sonographically by Hadlock 4 formula on the basis of BPD, HC, AC, and FL. The women delivered within 0-7 days of fetal weight estimation. Results: The mean maternal age of participants was 29.38 years. Mean actual birth weight was 3240.83±483.85g while mean sonographic and clinical estimates were 3090.05±349.27g and 3665.03±525.33g respectively. Sonographic method had higher accuracy with mean absolute percentage error of 7.97% ±6.28 and predicted 75% of the fetuses to be within ±10% of the actual birth weight. Clinical method had a mean absolute percentage error of 17.02% ±13.97 and predicted only 36.67% of the fetuses to be within ±10% of the actual birth weight. Conclusion: We concluded that sonographic method had a better accuracy than the clinical method of fetal weight estimation in predicting fetal weight at term in our study and should be the standard for fetal weight estimation. Key Words: Fetal weight; Mortality; Morbidity; Clinical method; Sonographic method
28 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Clinical Use of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Kidney Assessment
Abdulkarim M. Sulaiman*, and Musa Y. Dambele
Department of Radiography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Presenter: [email protected]
Background: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) is a sonographic imaging technique that gives higher sensitivity in delineating kidney pathologies. It is also sensitive when applied to microvascular blood flow. Because it can be performed for a wide variety of indications, it offers many advantage in in comparison to non-contrast, B/M mode sonography. Objective: To review the literature for current ideas on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) Material and methods: Relevant searched articles from the internet were used for the compilation of this article. Result: Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) conveys many benefits and safety. In 2011 according to European Federation of Societies for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (EFSUMB) they recommend several indications for the use of CEUS such as Characterization of lesion; Vascular disease; Monitoring of ablative treatment and detection of renal lesions. In vascular disease it is shown to have 36% accuracy than normal Doppler ultrasound. Conclusion: CEUS have a great impact on renal dysfunction because it is inexpensive and effective. It is also accurate in assessing renal dysfunction and provides excellent images of the renal vasculature. Therefore it can be use for variety of renal pathologic with excellent results. Keywords: ultrasound, contrast, kidney, assessment
29 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Real Time Ultrasound Scan as an Anatomy Teaching Aid in Undergraduate Radiography Institutions in Northern Nigeria
*Mohammed S. Umar, Dlama Z. Joseph1, Ameh P. Ogenyi1, Ginikanwa Njokwu1, Fati M. Dauda2, Silas A. Moi2, Samuel L. Shem3
*Radiology Department, Muhammadu Abdullahi Wase Specialist Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
1Department of Radiology, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Teaching Hospital, Bauchi, Nigeria
2Department of Medical Radiography, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
3Department of Radiology, State Specialist Hospital, Gombe, Nigeria
*Corresponding email:[email protected], +2347034833888
Background: Real-time ultrasound scanning is increasing in popularity as a teaching tool for human anatomy because it is non-invasive, offers real-time 3D images and is cheaper than cadaver dissections.
Objectives: To assess real-time ultrasound scanning as a teaching method of human anatomy, and to determine what teaching methods radiography students consider effective for understanding human anatomy.
Methods: One hundred and ten self-administered, structured and pre-tested questionnaires were distributed to clinical radiography students in Northern Nigeria. The questionnaire consists of two sections; demographics and preferred methods of delivery of anatomical information. Participation was voluntary. Comparisons among teaching methods were made using repeated measures ANOVA.
Results: With Duncan’s multiple range test (MRT), results showed the mean in decreasing order of relevance as: 3D radiology imaging differs (5.2522), computer programs (5.1292), anatomic models (4.7593), laboratory videos (4.5815), textbooks (4.5358), animal dissection (4.2568), lectures (3.2568) and finally ultrasound scan (3.6087).
Conclusion: This study shows that 3D radiology imaging is the most preferred method of delivering anatomical information and ultrasound scanning is the least preferred method.
Keywords: Lectures, Ultrasound, Teaching Aids, Radiography, Anatomy.
30 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Impact of Anti-Retroviral Drugs on Renal Parenchymal Echogenicity Among Adults Patients with HIV/AIDS in Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano, Nigeria
*AminuAbubakar A.; Mohammed Sidi; 1Anthony C Ugwu; 2Abdu Hamisu Dambatta; 3Umar Jibo; 3Muhammad AbdullahiJega; Anas Ya’u; Umar Mansur
Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University, Kano.
1Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka.
2Bayero University, Kano/Radiology Department, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano
3Radiology Department, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital
*Corresponding author: [email protected], +2348039290734
Background: Individuals with HIV/AIDS are at risk of developing HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN). Increased renal parenchymal echogenicity is one of the features of HIVAN. Antiretroviral drugs can reverse renal disease or delay its progression.
Aim: The study aims at evaluating the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on renal parenchymal echogenicity among adult patients with HIV/AIDS.
Materials and methods: The study was carried out prospectively in the Radiology Department, AKTH, from July to December, 2017. Purposive sampling technique was used to select 380 subjects; 190 on ART and 190 not on ART. Renal scans were performed with a MindRay USS machine equipped with 3.5 MHz curvilinear transducer, and the grading of the renal parenchymal echogenicity was recorded on the data capture sheet. Mann-Whitney-U test was used to compare renal parenchymal echogenicity between the two groups. SPSS version 22.0 was used for data analysis with level of significance set at p < 0.05.
Results: Ninety four (94) percent of the right kidneys of those on ART had grade 0, 5.8% grade I, and 0.5% grade II. The left kidneys had 95.3% grade 0, 4.2% grade I, and 0.5% grade III. While those not on ART the right kidneys had 42.6% grade 0, 22.1% grade I, 15.9%grade II, 17.9% grade III and 1.6% grade IV. The left kidney had 45.3% grade 0, 21.6% grade I, 16.8% grade II, and 16.3% grade III. There was statistically significant difference in renal parenchymal echogenicity between the two groups (p = 0.000).
Conclusion: There was increased renal parenchymal echogenicity among those not on ART, and the difference deemed statistically significant between the two groups seen.
Keywords: ART, renal parenchymal echogenicity, HIV/AIDS
31 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Correlational Study of CD4 With Renal Volume and Renal Parenchymal Echogenicity in Patients With HIV/AIDS 1Umar Mansur, 1 Mohammed Sidi, 2Anthony C. Ugwu, 3Abdu Hamisu Danbatta, 4Umar Jibo, 4Muhammad Abdullahi Jega, 1Aminu Abubakar A., 1Anas Ya’u. 1Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano
2Depaertment of Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka
3Bayero University Kano/Radiology Department, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital,Kano
4Radiology Department, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano
*Corresponding author: [email protected] +234-8034280010
Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has a wide spectrum of renal manifestation, and disorders are commonly encountered at all stages of HIV infection. People who have HIV infection plus elevated viral loads or low CD4 are more likely to have chronic kidney disease.
Aim: The study aims at correlating CD4 cell count with renal volume and renal parenchymal echogenicity in drug-dependent and drug-naïve patients with HIV/AIDS.
Materials and methods: The study was prospective and cross-sectional and it was conducted in the Radiology Department, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano from July, 2017 to Dec, 2017. A total of 380 subjects were enlisted. Mindray digital Ultrasound coupled with 3.5 MHZ curvilinear transducer was used to scan the selected subjects. Pearson correlation and Spearman rank correlation were used to correlate the values of the CD4 count with renal volume and renal parenchymal echogenicity.. Obtained data were analyzed using SPSS version 22.0. The p – value was set at p < 0.05.
Results: There was weak positive and negative correlations between CD4 count with the right and left renal volumes (r = .006, p = .935), (r= •.013, p •.850) in drug-dependent subjects. A weak positive correlation of CD4 count with right and left renal volumes (r = .080, p = .271), (r = .035, p = .627) respectively. A weak negative correlation between CD4 count and renal parenchymal echogenicity of right and left kidneys (r= •.280, p = .000), (r = •.105, p = .039) respectively, in drug-dependent subjects. A strong negative correlation between CD4 count and renal parenchymal echogenicity of the right and left kidneys in drug-naive subjects (r = •.801, p =. 000), (r = •.771, p = .000).
Conclusion: There was significant correlation between CD4 count and renal parenchymal echogenicity, but there was no significant correlation between CD4 count and renal volume.
Keywords: Correlation, CD4 count, renal volume, renal parenchymal echogenicity.
32 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Comparative Study of Renal Volume Between Drug-Dependent and Drug-Naïve Patients With HIV/AIDS
1Anas Ya’u*, 1 Mohammed Sidi, 2Anthony C. Ugwu, 3Abdu Hamisu Danbatta, 4Umar Jibo, 4Muhammad Abdullahi Jega, 1Aminu Abubakar A., 1Umar Mansur. 1Department of Medical Radiography, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria 2Depaertment of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka 3Bayero University Kano/Radiology Department, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano. 4Radiology Department, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria *Corresponding author: [email protected] +2348066338046 Background: Human Immunodeficiency Virus-associated nephropathy is one of the renal effects of HIV/AIDS. The majority of patients with HIV-associated nephropathy have a normal size kidneys, however enlarged and shrunken kidneys have been described in up to 20% of patients with HIV-associated nephropathy. Aim: The study aims to compare the renal volume between drug-dependent and drug-naïve adult patients with HIV/AIDS. Materials and methods: This prospective study was conducted in the Radiology Department, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano from July, 2017 to Dec, 2017. A total of 380 subjects were studied; 190 drug-naïve and 190 drug-dependent patients with HIV/AIDS. All the selected subjects were scanned using Mindray digital ultrasonic diagnostic imaging system; model DP-8800Plus coupled with 3.5MHz curvilinear transducer, and the findings were recorded on the data capture sheet. Independent samples t-test was used to compare mean renal volume between drug-dependent and drug-naïve subjects. All statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 22.0. The P - value was set at p < 0.05.
Results: The mean value of the right and left renal volume among drug-dependent subjects were 118.12 ± 27.75 cm3 and 114.84 ± 24.14 cm3 while that of drug-naïve was 128.48 ± 37.73 cm3 and 123.35 ± 28.22 cm3, respectively. There was statistically significant difference between right and left renal volume between drug- dependent and drug-naïve (p = 0.003), (p = 0.002). Conclusion: The results of this study showed significant differences in renal volumes of drug-dependent and drug-naïve patients with HIV/AIDS. These differences suggest that early intervention in HIV/AIDS infection may be beneficial to patients by preventing the decline in kidney status.
Keywords: Drug-dependent and drug-naïve, renal volume, HIV/AIDS
33 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Improving Cancer Screening Participation in Nigeria Using The J.P. Kotter Change Management Model
1 2 Oluwanife Bose Osungbesan and Osikhueme Hilda Ogbebor 1Radiotherapy Department, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos State
2Department of Radiography and Radiation Science, Benin City, Edo State
*Correspondence/Presenter: [email protected]; +2347088144393
Background: Cancer screening is critical for disease detection at its early stage, when the odds are better for cure. In Nigeria, participation in screening programs, is poor. In order to reduce cancer mortality rates, more effort is required to increase participation in cancer screening programmes. The J. P. Kotter Change Management model is an 8-step model that manages change from the way change should be initiated to the point where the change has been welcome and practiced regularly.
Objective: This study aims to assess the existing situation regarding breast and cervical cancer screening in Nigeria and determine how the J.P. Kotter change theory can be incorporated into the system to effect improved participation in breast and cervical cancer screening.
Materials and method: This was a cross-sectional study of fifty health workers randomly selected from healthcare facilities in Lagos State, Nigeria. The theoretical framework was built on J.P. Kotter’s change management model. Questionnaires were used for data collection and statistical analysis done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.
Result: 70% of the respondents considered the health-seeking behaviour of patients to be poor. Majority of respondents also considered financial (42%) and geographical (38%) accessibility to be major screening challenges. Most steps in the screening method were majorly rated as bad. In the assessment of elements of Kotter’s model within the screening system, urgency, alliances, structure and celebrating successful short-term plans received the poorest ratings.
Conclusion: Several factors which posed a challenge to screening participation were highlighted. The weaknesses in the screening system as they relate to the J.P. Kotter model were also identified. Recommendations were made regarding how these elements could be improved upon and used to improve screening participation.
Keywords: Cancer screening, Participation, Change management, Kotter 34 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Assessment of Public Awareness of the Health Effects of Radiation Emitted from Telecommunication Masts
Ujam, G. Onyinyechukwu*; Umeh, C. Dickson; Maduka, B. Ukamaka Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: [email protected] , 07060812594 Objective: To assess the level of awareness of the health effects of radiation emitted from telecommunication masts among residents of Enugu North Local Government Area, Enugu State. Method: A cross sectional convenience study of Enugu North residents was conducted from February to July 2018. Four Hundred self-administered questionnaires were distributed to the residents. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25. Results: Four hundred respondents comprising 170 male (42.5%) and 230 females (57.5%) participated in the study. Majority of the respondents (n = 329, 82.3%) were aware that telecommunication masts emits electromagnetic radiation, and that there are adverse health effects associated with the emitted radiation. Also, a statistically significant correlation (p = 0.024) was found between the level of education of the respondents and the level of awareness of radiation from telecommunication masts. Conclusion: The level of awareness of health effects of radiation emitted by telecommunication masts among Enugu North residents is high. Since telecommunication masts are known to emit radiation, the government should put in place necessary measures to ensure sustainable mast location and pass a law against indiscriminate location of telecommunication masts especially in residential areas. Keywords: Radiation, Telecommunication, health effects.
35 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Evaluation of Radiation Safety Among Radiation Workers in Jigawa State, Nigeria
*Samaila A. Baba, Sa’idu Nata’ala, Muhammad K. Saleh1
Department of Medical Radiography, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
1Department of Radiology, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital (AKTH), Kano, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: [email protected], +2348030655159,
Background: It was not long after x-ray was discovered that its harmful effect became apparent. Radiation Safety is the science and art of protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of ionizing radiation. Since medical exposures contribute significantly to population exposure, it is necessary to pay much attention to radiation safety. Recent report by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), indicated twofold increase in the total exposure to ionizing radiation in the USA over the past 20 years, and that has raised concerns about radiation exposure of patients, personnel and the public.
Objective: To evaluate radiation safety among radiation workers in select hospitals in Jigawa State of Nigeria.
Methods: The study design was prospective and cross-sectional, and was conducted from April to September 2018 using purposive sampling method. A 100 structured questionnaire were distributed among radiation workers in Jigawa State. The questionnaire which was divided into two sections had questions on respondents demographics (section A) and on radiation safety knowledge, availability of radiation safety devices, and general safety practices. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0
Result: The study revealed that nine selected centers had knowledge of radiation safety with average percentage scored of 60.2%. On the availability of radiation safety devices, the findings showed inadequacy of radiation safety facilities with average scores of 45.8%. Furthermore, the study shows notable radiation safety practice among participants with average scores of 51.8%.
Conclusion: The findings of this study showed that radiation workers had good knowledge and practice on radiation safety. However, it was discovered that there is inadequate radiation safety devices in the centers evaluated. Therefore, it is recommended that more effort be put into addressing observed inadequacies in radiation safety devices.
Keywords: Ionizing radiation. Radiation safety, Radiation workers
36 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Compliance with Radiotherapy Treatment: A Case Study of a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria *Onwuzu, Sobechukwu WI; Eze, Charles U; Okeji, Mark C; Nwogu, Uloma B; Eze, Victor C; Ubaleze, Elechi S Department of Medical Radiography & Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria *Corresponding author: [email protected]; +2348039557214
Background: Successive radiotherapy with minimal chance of relapse in cancer patients relies, among many other things, on a complete and uninterrupted radiotherapy treatment session. Conventionally, radiation doses are given either once or in fractions, and this minimizes non-stochastic effects on normal surrounding tissues and organs-at-risk. Consequent upon dose fractionation is repeated and sometimes, prolonged visits to the radiotherapy unit, with possibility of not completing or skipping the treatment regimen.
Objective: To ascertain compliance with radiotherapy treatment regimen involving dose fractionation, and to find out factors that contribute to non-compliance.
Methods: Past radiotherapy treatment cards of one hundred and sixty-eight (168) patients that underwent radiotherapy between January 2016 and July 2018 were obtained. Information extracted include age of patient, sex, nature of cancer, radiotherapy treatment method used, total dose calculated for treatment, number of treatment days, and actual number of days attended. Pearson’s correlation was used to ascertain the parameter that influenced completion of treatment most.
Results: Within a 30-month period, 102 women (60.7%) and 66 men (39.3%) underwent radiotherapy treatment. An average of 45.6±24.1 Grays (range: 5 – 135Gys) expected to last between 1 to 54 days (mean ± SD: 19±11.9days) was used for treatment. Patients attended for an average of 15±8.7 days, and one out of every three treatments was not completed (n = 75, 44.6%). Non-completion of radiotherapy treatment depended significantly on total dose calculated (p = -0.54) and the number of days that treatment was received (p = -0.519).
Conclusion: Compliance to radiotherapy is very poor (one out of three patients), and this correlates strongly and negatively with the total dose calculated and the number of days treatment lasted.
Recommendation: There is a need to employ current and more accurate treatment techniques that minimize the length of days of treatment while administering larger doses per patient visit with minimal effect on organs at risk. This will reduce the number of visits and consequently improve compliance to radiation treatment.
Keywords: Cancer, Radiotherapy, Compliance, Nigeria
37 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Inventory Management in the Radiology Department: A Tool For Cost-Effective And Efficient Care Delivery In Nigeria Idigo, F. Ugochinyere*; Nnoli, B. Ijeoma; Anakwue, A. Chukwunyelu
Department of Medical Radiography & Radiological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria
*Presenter: [email protected]; +2348033379846
Background: Inventory management is a very important function that determines the health of the supply chain. Every organization constantly strives to maintain optimum inventory to be able to meet its requirement and avoid over or under stocking that can impact its financial figures. In the radiology department, this can cause ineffective service through delays and disruptions caused by shortages and as well wastages in an event of damage from overstocking.
Objective: To assess the knowledge level of radiology staff on inventory management, availability of radiology materials in store, and ease of accessibility of staff to items in store.
Methods: The study adopted a survey design. A self-structured questionnaire was distributed to radiographers, radiologists and darkroom assistants in the radiology departments of seven tertiary health institutions in South-East Nigeria. Data was subjected to descriptive statistics and analyzed using Chi-square test. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21 was used for data analysis.
Results: Only 20.4% of the respondents showed high inventory management knowledge level. Many of the staff (46.4%) learnt about inventory management on the job and and most (90.7%) agreed that they needed more training to effectively manage inventory. All the institutions understudied showed similar inventory management knowledge but a significant difference was noted between the various professional categories (p < 0.05). In most of the understudied institutions, access to inventory materials in store was limited to designated officers and use of store inventory voucher was commonly practiced. Regular stock outs were experienced in all the radiology departments that were understudied.
Conclusion: The main goal of inventory management and supply chain management is to reduce the cost of healthcare without sacrificing quality service delivery, as well as improving the efficiency and productivity of the system. Since inventory constitutes a major segment of total investment, it is crucial that good inventory management be practiced to ensure organizational growth and profitability. The importance of training of radiology staff on inventory management cannot be overemphasized.
Keywords: Inventory management; radiology department; under and overstocking 38 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Quality Control: An obligation that has refused to evolve – Whose Fault?
Nneoyi Egbe and Samuel Inyang
Department of Radiography & Radiological Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria.
Background: Radiography has been practiced for over a century in Nigeria. Quality control is a primary contributor to developing and sustaining good practice. Research has shown that QC has poorly evolved with the avalanche of technological and procedural developments.
Purpose: This paper examines the near and remote cause of this development, with a view to proffering remedial measures for fulfilling the obligation of Radiographers to the patient and public in this regard.
Method: A review of some literature in the Nigerian Radiography practice was conducted. Information sought was research findings touching on the practice of quality control, its status and mediating influences.
Results: Results show that there has been a protracted need for adoption of quality control in the practice of Radiography, which appears not to be growing with the increasing numbers of personnel, facilities and technology. Practitioners attitudes to and ownership of the philosophy of quality control are fingered as likely reasons for the seeming poor evolution of Quality Control in diagnostic Radiography practice.
Conclusion: Training and re-training geared towards attitudinal change are proffered.
Keywords: Quality control, radiography, obligation, evolution, Nigeria
39 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Inculcating International Best Ethics in Radiography Practice in Nigeria: The Radiographer’s obligation to the Radiographer
Nneoyi Egbe
Department of Radiography & Radiological Science, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
Background: Professional practices is globally predicated on adoption and adherence to defined ethics.
Purpose: To highlight current Radiography ethical matters in Nigeria and identify any gaps.
Method: A review of the RRBN ethics book in the face of current practices, and observations in the Nigeria Radiography world.
Results: The review revealed a missing link in the content of the current ethics for Radiography practice.
Conclusion: Plugging the identified missing link may be provide for the beginning of best ethical practices between Radiographers in Nigeria.
Keywords: Professional, obligation, missing link, best practices, radiography
40 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Effect of Patient Scheduling Optimization to Radiology Services on Waiting Time: A Case Study of a Tertiary Hospital Radiology Department
Idigo, Felicitas Ugochinyere; Anakwue, Angel-Mary C; Nwogu, Uloma B; Maduka, Beatrice U
Department of Medical Radiography and Radiological Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus Corresponding author: Idigo, Felicitas Ugochinyere [email protected]; +2348033379846 Background: Radiology departments are critical units in every hospital but unfortunately problems of long waiting times are commonly encountered. This has been linked with high patient load and ineffective appointment scheduling. This has led to delays in service delivery, an indicator of sub-optimal patient service Purpose: To measure, analyze and forecast the workflow process in a radiology department using modeling and simulation.
Method: A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary hospital radiology department on randomly selected 768 adult ambulant patients that underwent routine radiographic investigations. Arrival time, service time and waiting time were measured for each patient and MATLAB Simulink was used to model and simulate the workflow process with the empirical data forming the basis of model design and assumptions. Results: Single block scheduling method was used. The waiting time varied significantly with the arrival rate (at p<0.05). In order to minimize the waiting time of patients in the system and hence improve the system throughput, this work proposes a new scheduling model that schedule small number of patients during the rush hours (7.00 -10.00hrs), Priority categorization of the patients showed zero overtime for each day and a gain of 28% daily expected slots per server Conclusion: In the system studied, patients had to wait for a long time for examinations that only lasted for a few minutes, suggesting a need for optimal scheduling system.
Keywords: Patient scheduling Optimization; Workflow Process; Arrival pattern; Radiology Department
41 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Tracking Innovations in Diagnostic Imaging and Patient Care
Jerome Njoku* and Livinus Abonyi
Department of Radiography, University of Lagos, Nigeria
*Presenter: [email protected]; +2348060814858,
Background Medical Imaging has witnessed a revolution in technological advancement, being in the forefront among other disciplines in the health sector. Most of the earlier modalities that were largely manual and mechanical have been replaced by automated and digitized technology.
Objective To track the developments and innovations in medical imaging that have impacted positively on patient management and care.
Methods Relevant literature and materials were searched for both old and modern technological innovations in medical imaging and patient care.
Results There has been increased efficiency and effectiveness in diagnosis, examination time has been shortened, radiation dose has dropped, manufacture of portable equipment means that technology can now be taken to the patient and more time has been dedicated to patient care. The introduction of new imaging modalities that do not use ionizing radiation e.g. ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging is a welcome development. The drive for the discovery of new and better ways of diagnosis and treatment show no sign of abating and there has been upsurge in interest for diversification, specialization and skills acquisition in Medical Imaging. Trends in admission and planting of new courses in the universities suggest an awakening of greater public interest and awareness in Medical Imaging that will be sustained for a long time. However institutional and governmental affirmative action is needed to ensure that these innovations extend to the rural communities to benefit more people.
Conclusion Medical Imaging is in the forefront of technological advancement in the health sector and the patient in the ultimate beneficiary.
Key words: Medical Imaging, Technological Innovations, Patient Care.
42 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Iodinated Contrast Media and Allergy
Kalu Ochie Department of Medical Radiography & Radiological Science, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Nigeria [email protected];+2348034721738 Background: The history and underlying tendencies of patients who present for diagnostic imaging may not always be foreknown. Every patient is a potential candidate for hypersensitivity reaction. Infact, a patient may just have been exposed to an allergic substances before arriving the department. Objectives: To review and bring to the fore, the radiographer’s responsibility towards patients who may be allergic to iodinated contrast media. Results: The radiographer should have understanding of contrast media, which are substances he introduces into the patient to upgrade or enhance his diagnostic image quality for better management of the patients condition, he should also understand possible outcome of these contrast agents. These substances are of various proprietory formulae. Both the active and non active ingredients are all potential stimulators for allergic reaction. The ratio of iodine to non iodine agents in contrast media has been achieved to reduce osmolality, resulting in low osmolality contrast agents, yet allergies are still feasible although with lesser occurrences than with high osmolality contrast media: for allergy to occur, the proportion of the constituent ingredient are not taken for granted. The contrast medium used for magnetic resonance imaging (gadalonium) including latex have been known to cause reactions, although less likely to produce more than mild reactions. Conclusion: Whether the reaction is in the department or outside, the radiographer must acquire enough skill to manage it. The difference between a radiographer who is skilled in control of allergy and the other one is death of the patient. Therefore, any radiographer anywhere has the obligation to have good knowledge on the management of allergies or hypersensitivity reaction. Keywords: Allergic reaction, Contrast media, radiographer
43 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018
Conceptualized by the Education Committee of the ARN (2017 – 2020) Adejoh, T., Ph.D (Chairman); Joseph, D.Z., Ph.D; Okeji, M.C.,Ph.D; Nkubli, F.B., M.Sc; Luntsi, G., M.Sc; Balogun-Adebiyi, R.I., B.Sc
44 The Association of Radiographers of Nigeria, Book of Abstracts, 2018