Leggia Concetta 20/10/1973
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Italy's Atlanticism Between Foreign and Internal
UNISCI Discussion Papers, Nº 25 (January / Enero 2011) ISSN 1696-2206 ITALY’S ATLANTICISM BETWEEN FOREIGN AND INTERNAL POLITICS Massimo de Leonardis 1 Catholic University of the Sacred Heart Abstract: In spite of being a defeated country in the Second World War, Italy was a founding member of the Atlantic Alliance, because the USA highly valued her strategic importance and wished to assure her political stability. After 1955, Italy tried to advocate the Alliance’s role in the Near East and in Mediterranean Africa. The Suez crisis offered Italy the opportunity to forge closer ties with Washington at the same time appearing progressive and friendly to the Arabs in the Mediterranean, where she tried to be a protagonist vis a vis the so called neo- Atlanticism. This link with Washington was also instrumental to neutralize General De Gaulle’s ambitions of an Anglo-French-American directorate. The main issues of Italy’s Atlantic policy in the first years of “centre-left” coalitions, between 1962 and 1968, were the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy as a result of the Cuban missile crisis, French policy towards NATO and the EEC, Multilateral [nuclear] Force [MLF] and the revision of the Alliance’ strategy from “massive retaliation” to “flexible response”. On all these issues the Italian government was consonant with the United States. After the period of the late Sixties and Seventies when political instability, terrorism and high inflation undermined the Italian role in international relations, the decision in 1979 to accept the Euromissiles was a landmark in the history of Italian participation to NATO. -
Sergio Mattarella
__________ Marzo 2021 Indice cronologico dei comunicati stampa SEZIONE I – DIMISSIONI DI CORTESIA ......................................................................... 9 Presidenza Einaudi...........................................................................................................................9 Presidenza Gronchi ..........................................................................................................................9 Presidenza Segni ..............................................................................................................................9 Presidenza Saragat.........................................................................................................................10 Presidenza Leone ...........................................................................................................................10 Presidenza Pertini ..........................................................................................................................10 Presidenza Cossiga ........................................................................................................................11 Presidenza Ciampi .........................................................................................................................11 Presidenza Mattarella ....................................................................................................................11 SEZIONE II – DIMISSIONI EFFETTIVE ........................................................................ -
'Special Rights and a Charter of the Rights of the Citizens of the European Community' and Related Documents
EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Proceedings of the Round Table on 'Special rights and a charter of the rights of the citizens of the European Community' and related documents (Florence, 26 to 28 October 1978) Selected Documents Foreword by Emilio Colombo President of the European Parliament Introduction by John P. S. Taylor Director-General Secretariat Directorate-General for Research and Documentation September 1979 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT PROCEEDINGS of the Round Table on Special rights and a charter of the rights of the citizens of the European Community and related documents Florence 26 to 28 October 1978 COMPILED BY THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT'S DIRECTORATE-GENERAL FOR RESEARCH AND DOCUMENTATION This publications is also available in the following languages: DA ISBN 92-823-0007-2 DE ISBN 92-823-0008-0 FR ISBN 92-823-0010-2 IT ISBN 92-823-0011-0 NL ISBN 92-823-0012-9 Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this volume ©Copyright European Parliament, Luxembourg, 1979 Printed in the FJ.!. of Germany Reproduction authorized, in whole or in part, provided the source is acknowledged ISBN 92-823-0009-9 Catalogue number: AX-28-79-423-EN-C CONTENTS Page Foreword by Mr Emilio Colombo, President of the European Parliament 5 Introduction by Mr J.P. S. Taylor, the European Parliament's Director-General of Research and Documentation 7 Round Table programme 9 List of participants 11 Summary report of the discussions 15 Report by Mr Scelba, chairman of the Round Table 53 Report by Mr Bayerl, rapporteur for the European Parliament's Legal Affairs Committee . 69 Report by Mr Scelba to the Bureau of the European Parliament on the progress of the Round Table . -
Aldo Moro E L'apertura a Sinistra: Dalla Crisi Del Centrismo Al Centro-Sinistra
1 Dipartimento di Scienze Politiche Cattedra di Teoria e Storia dei Partiti e dei Movimenti Politici ALDO MORO E L’APERTURA A SINISTRA: DALLA CRISI DEL CENTRISMO AL CENTRO-SINISTRA ORGANICO RELATORE CANDIDATO Prof. Andrea Ungari Mirko Tursi Matr. 079232 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2017/18 2 3 INDICE INTRODUZIONE 4 CAPITOLO PRIMO LA CRISI DEL CENTRISMO E L’ASCESA DI MORO NEL PANORAMA POLITICO ITALIANO (1953-1959) 6 1.1 La presidenza del gruppo parlamentare della Dc e la prima apertura ai socialisti 6 1.2 L’elezione di Gronchi alla presidenza della RepubbliCa e la marCia di avvicinamento tra Dc e Psi 9 1.3 Le elezioni politiche del 1958 e l’elezione di Moro a segretario della DC 11 1.4 Il Congresso di Firenze e l’autonomia del partito dalle gerarchie ecclesiastiche 16 CAPITOLO SECONDO LA NASCITA DEL PRIMO GOVERNO DI CENTRO-SINISTRA ORGANICO (1960-1963) 23 2.1 L’ultimo governo di centro-destra e il passaggio al governo delle “convergenze parallele” 23 2.2 Le prime giunte di centro-sinistra e la difficile preparazione all’incontro ideologico tra cattolici e soCialisti 31 2.3 Il Congresso di Napoli ed il programma riformatore del quarto governo Fanfani 35 2.4 Le elezioni politiche del 1963 e la nascita del primo governo di centro-sinistra organico guidato da Moro 44 CAPITOLO TERZO IL DECLINO DELLA FORMULA DI CENTRO-SINISTRA (1964-1968) 53 3.1 La crisi politica del 1964 ed il tormentato avvio del II Governo Moro 53 3.2 L’elezione di Saragat alla presidenza della Repubblica e l’irreversibilità della formula di centro-sinistra 63 3.3 Il III Governo Moro e l’unificazione socialista 70 3.4 La tornata elettorale del 1968: fine dell’esperienza di centro-sinistra 76 CONCLUSIONE 83 ABSTRACT 86 BIBLIOGRAFIA 87 4 INTRODUZIONE Il periodo storiCo Che si estende dal 1953 al 1968 rappresenta un unicum all’interno della politiCa italiana e CostituisCe uno dei temi più affasCinanti della storia della Prima RepubbliCa. -
PERFIJ.,ES Pietro N Enni Y Giuseppe Saragat
PERFIJ.,ES Pietro N enni y Giuseppe Saragat El pasado mes de diciembre de 1963 ha quedado constituído en Italia el gobierno de coalición centro-izquierda presidido por Aldo Moro y compuesto por la colaboración de los siguientes partidos: Democracia Cristiana (DC), Partido Republicano Italiano (PRI), Partido Social-Demócrata Italiano (PSDI) y Partido Socialista Italiano (PSI). La "apertura a sinistra" deja fuera del gobierno, por la derecha, a los grupos neofascistas del MSI, a los monár quicos y al Partido liberal; por la izquierda al Partido Comunista. Dentro de los partidos gubernamentales son asimismo contrarios a la coalición el ala derechista de la DC capitaneada por Mario Scelba y el ala izquierdista del PSI formada por los "carristas" en tomo a Tullio Vecchietti. Las bases de la mayoría lograda por el nuevo gobierno son las siguientes: SENADO: 191 puestos de 320, es decir 30 más de los necesarios para la mayoría absoluta y 62 más de los que lograrían reunidas las oposiciones de derecha e izquierda. Esos 191 puestos están repartidos del modo siguiente: 132 DC, 44 PSI, 14 PDSI y 1 PRI. CAMARA DE DIPUTADOS: 386 puestos de 630, es decir 70 más de los necesarios para la mayoría absoluta y 142 más de los que lograrían reunidas las oposiciones de derecha e izquierda. Esos 386 puestos están repartidos del modo siguiente: 260 DC, 87 PSI, 33 PDSI y 6 PRI. El nuevo gobierno presenta la siguiente composición: Presidente del Consejo: Aldo Moro (Secretario General de la DC). Vice-Presidente: Pietro Nenni (Secretario General del PSI). Asuntos Exteriores: Giuseppe Saragat (Secretario General del PSDI). -
Elezione Del Presidente Della Repubblica
ELEZIONE DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA Indice ELEZIONE DEL PRESIDENTE DELLA REPUBBLICA La Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana: norme che riguardano l’elezione del Presidente della Repubblica ..............pag. 5 Elezione dei delegati delle Regioni per l’elezione del Presidente della Repubblica ...........................................................................................pag. 13 Elenco delle legislature della Repubblica Italiana .......................................pag. 15 Dati sintetici delle elezioni del Presidente della Repubblica .......................pag. 16 I Presidenti della Repubblica – scrutinii ed elezioni - Enrico DE NICOLA...........................................................................pag. 19 - Luigi EINAUDI .................................................................................pag. 21 - Giovanni GRONCHI..........................................................................pag. 24 - Antonio SEGNI..................................................................................pag. 27 - Giuseppe SARAGAT.........................................................................pag. 32 - Giovanni LEONE...............................................................................pag. 43 - Sandro PERTINI ................................................................................pag. 54 - Francesco COSSIGA .........................................................................pag. 64 - Oscar Luigi SCALFARO...................................................................pag. 66 -
The Eisenhower Administration and Italy's
IkeBrogi and Italy Ike and Italy: The Eisenhower Administration and Italy’s “Neo-Atlanticist” Agenda ✣ ecent scholarship has conªrmed that the major West European countriesR played a vital role in shaping the international system after World War II. Even the diplomacy of the much berated French Fourth Republic has now been redeemed.1 This article examines the extent to which Italy sought to improve its international position during a crucial phase of the Cold War. It also considers how the United States exploited Italy’s international political ambitions. Conventional wisdom holds that Italian leaders after World War II sur- rendered almost all of their leeway in foreign policy to Italy’s European and Atlantic partners. Italy’s humiliating defeat in the war, the task of economic reconstruction, the country’s deep political divisions, and the long record of Italy’s subordination to the great powers in Europe all posed formidable ob- stacles to any dream of diplomatic prominence. Even after an economic re- covery took hold in the 1950s, Italy’s inºuence in world politics was less than its demographic and economic size would have implied. Italy’s faction-ridden political elites, the traditional argument goes, ensured that the country always subordinated its foreign policy to domestic concerns. As an American politi- cal analyst, Norman Kogan, put it in 1957, “the key objective of Italian For- eign Policy is to protect the domestic social structure from internal dangers.” This tendency allegedly induced Italian leaders to defer to the United States, which they regarded as the best guardian of their country’s internal stability and perhaps even of their own political ambitions. -
Italian Catholics and the Transit to Post-Fascism, 1943-1945
102 ITALIAN CATHOLICS AND THE TRANSIT TO POST-FASCISM, 1943-1945 Jorge Dagnino Universidad de los Andes, Chile. The FUCI was the official organisation for the laity of Italian Catholic Action for the university sector and exists until the present day.1 As such, it was an important element of the lay Catholic world within Fascist Italy, as well as having a wider presence within Italian society. Thus, the study of the FUCI provides a means of studying the dynamics of Catholicism within Fascist Italy. At the same time, however, the FUCI has a wider significance for the study of Catholic politics and intellectual ideas within Italy, as a remarkably large proportion of the future Christian Democrats who would rule the destinies of the country after the Second World War received much of their intellectual training in the ranks of the federation.2 Additionally, in the 1925-33 period, the central ecclesiastical assistant of the organisation was Giovanni Battista Montini, the future pope Paul VI. Keywords: FUCI-Facism-Catholic- Christian Democrats-Paul VI CATÓLICOS ITALIANOS Y EL TRÁNSITO AL POST-FASCISMO, 1943-1945 La FUCI era la organización oficial para los laicos de la Acción Católica Italiana para el sector universitario y existe hasta el día de hoy. Como tal, era un elemento importante del mundo católico laico dentro de la Italia fascista, además de tener una presencia más amplia dentro de la sociedad italiana. Por lo tanto, el estudio de la FUCI proporciona un medio para estudiar la dinámica del catolicismo dentro de la Italia fascista. Al mismo tiempo, sin embargo, la FUCI tiene un significado más amplio para el estudio de la política católica y las ideas intelectuales dentro de Italia, ya que una proporción notablemente grande de los futuros democratacristianos que gobernarían los destinos del país después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial recibió mucho de su formación intelectual en las filas de la federación. -
Florence February 2016 Piero Malvestiti
Florence February 2016 Piero Malvestiti © European University Institute - Historical Archives of the European Union, 1994-2016 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. Where prior permission must be obtained for the reproduction or use of textual and multimedia information (sound, images, software, etc.), such permission shall cancel the abovementioned general permission and indicate clearly any restrictions on use. More informations about Terms and Conditions of Use Historical Archives of the European Union 2 Piero Malvestiti Table of contents Piero Malvestiti ______________________________________________________________________________________________5 Prima guerra mondiale, antifascismo e Resistenza ___________________________________________________________6 Esilio in Svizzera, Resistenza e Repubblica dell'Ossola _________________________________________________________7 Corrispondenza del periodo clandestino ______________________________________________________________ 10 Stampa del periodo clandestino _____________________________________________________________________ 11 Attività politica e pubblicistica del secondo dopoguerra _____________________________________________________ 12 Sottosegretario alle Finanze (governo De Gasperi IV) _______________________________________________________ 17 Sottosegretario al Tesoro (governi De Gasperi V e VI) _______________________________________________________ 17 Comitato IMI-ERP ________________________________________________________________________________ -
I GOVERNI ITALIANI ( 25 Luglio 1943 - 6 Agosto 1970)
Settembre- Ottobre 1970 756. Governi 1943-1970 I GOVERNI ITALIANI ( 25 luglio 1943 - 6 agosto 1970) DALLA CADUTA DEL FASCISMO ALLA ASSEMBLEA COSTITUENTE 0 I• MINISTERO BADOGLIO (25 Luglio 1943 - 17 aprile 1944) ( ) Pr esid. Consiglio: PIETRO BADOGLIO - Affari Ester i: RAFFAELE GUA RIGLIA - PIETRO BADOGLIO - Interno: UMBERTO RICCI - VITO R.EALE - Africa italiana: MELCHIADE GABBA - PIETRO BADOGLIO - Giustizia: GAETANO AZZARITI - ETTORE CASATI - F inanze: DOMENI CO BARTOLINI - GUIDO JUNG - Guerra: ANTONIO SORICE - TADDEO ORLANDO -Marina: RAFFAELE DE COURTEN -Aeronautica: RENATO SANDALLI - Educazione Nazionale: LEONARDO SEVERI - GIOVANNI CUOMO - Lavori Pubblici: ANTONIO ROMANO- RAFFAELE DE CARO - Agricoltura e Foreste: ALESSANDRO BRIZI - FALCONE LUCIFERO - Co mtmicazioni: FEDERICO AMOROSO - TOMMASO SICILIANI - I ndustr ia, Commercio e Lavoro: LEOPOLDO PICCARDI - EPICARMO CORBINO - Cultura popolare: CARLO GALLI - GIOVANNI CUOMO - Scambi e Valute: GIOVANNI ACANFORA- GUIDO JUNG - Produzione bellica: CARLO FA V AGROSSA - Alto commissario per la Sardegna: PINNA - Alto commissa rio per la Sicilia: FRANCESCO MUSOTTO - Alto commissario per l'epum zlone nazionale: TITO ZANffiONI - Commissario generale per l'alimenta zione: CAMll;RA. n• MINISTERO BADOGLIO (22 aprile 1944 - 18 giugno 1944) P·resid. Consiglio: PIETRO BADOGLIO - Ministri senza portafoglio: BE NEDETTO CROCE, CARLO SFORZA, GIULIO RODINO, PIETRO MANCI NI, PALMIRO TOGLIATTI - Esteri: PIETRO BADOGLIO - Interno: SAL VATORE ALDISIO • Africa italiana: PIETRO BADOGLIO - Giustizia : VINCENZO ARAN·GIO-RUIZ - Finanze: QUINTO QUINTIERI - Guer ra : TADDEO ORLANDO - Marina: RAFFAELE DE COURTEN - Aeronautica: RENATO SANDALLI - Pubblica Istruzione: ADOLFO OMODEO - Lavori Pubblici: ALBERTO TARCHIANI - Agricoltura e Foreste: FAUSTO GUL LO - Comunicazioni: FRANCESCO CERABONA - I ndustria e Commercio: ATTILIO DI NAPOLI - ALto commissario per le sanzioni contro iL fasci smo: CARLO SFORZA - Alto commissario per l'assistenza morale e mate riale dei profughi di guerra: TITO ZANIBONI. -
16 Luglio 1953 Il Presidente Della Repubblica Riceve in Udienza Alle
16 luglio 1953 Il Presidente della Repubblica riceve in udienza alle ore : 9,50 - l'On. Sen. Dr. Umberto ZANOTTI BIANCO (alla Palazzina) 10,45 - l'On. Dr. Alcide DE GASPERI, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri : per prestare giuramento a norma dell'Art. 93 della Costituzione, (nello studio); 11,00 - l'On. Avv. Attilio PICCIONI, Vice Presidente del Consiglio dei Mini= stri e i sottoindicati nuovi Ministri: per la prestazione del giura= mento a norma dell'Art. 93 della Costituzione (nella Sala della Madonna della Seggiola) : - On. Prof. Amintore FANFANI, Ministro dell'Interno - On. Prof. Guido GONELLA, Ministro di Grazia e Giustizia - On. Prof. Giuseppe PELLA, Ministro del Bilancio e ad interim per il Tesoro - On. Avv. Ezio VANONI, Ministro delle Finanze - On. Prof. Giuseppe CODACCI PISANELLI, Ministro della Difesa - On. Prof. Giuseppe BETTIOL, Ministro della Pubblica Istruzione - On. Avv. Giuseppe SPATARO, Ministro dei Lavori Pubblici - On. Avv. Rocco SALOMONE, Ministro dell'Agricoltura e Foreste - On. Prof. Giuseppe TOGNI, Ministro dei Trasporti - On. Avv. Umberto MERLIN, Ministro delle Poste e Telecomunicazioni - On. Avv. Silvio GAVA, Ministro dell'Industria e Commercio - On. Avv. Leopoldo RUBINACCI, Ministro del Lavoro e Previdenza Sociale - On. Avv. Paolo TAVlANI, Ministro del Commercio con l'Estero - On. Avv. Bernardo MATTARELLA, Ministro della Marina Mercantile - On. Dr. Pietro CAMPILLI, Ministro senza portafoglio, con mansioni di Presidente del Comitato dei Ministri per la Cassa del Mezzo giorno e per le aree dpresse del Centro Nord. 19 luglio 1953 CAPRAROLA Il Presidente della Repubblica riceve in udienza alle ore 13,30, trattenendolo a colazione, Monsignor BARBIERI. 20 luglio 1953 CAPRAROLA Il Presidente della Repubblica riceve in udienza, alle ore 20,30, trattenendoli a pranzo : - l'On. -
The 18 April 1948 Italian Election: Seventy Years on Page 1 of 4
LSE European Politics and Policy (EUROPP) Blog: The 18 April 1948 Italian election: Seventy years on Page 1 of 4 The 18 April 1948 Italian election: Seventy years on Italy’s election on 4 March was far from the first Italian election campaign to have generated high levels of interest across the rest of Europe. Effie G. H. Pedaliu writes on the seventieth anniversary of one of Italy’s most significant and controversial elections: the 1948 Italian general election, which pitted the country’s Christian Democrats against the Popular Democratic Front in which the Italian Communist Party, the largest communist party outside the Soviet Union, was the dominant partner. The sound and fury unleashed by the populist onslaught in Italy’s recent general election on 4 March 2018 may obscure the seventieth anniversary of one of the country’s most significant, controversial and decisive general elections, that of 18 April 1948. The 1948 election was the first general election since Mussolini’s ‘march on Rome’ in 1922 and Italians were going to the ballot box not just to elect a government, but also to determine the political orientation of their country. The result would not only shape the future of Italy, but it was also considered to be critical to the survival of the West and the post WWII liberal democratic order. Italians faced a straight choice: to vote either for Alcide de Gasperi’s Christian Democrats or Palmiro Toglatti’s and Pietro Nenni’s Popular Democratic Front in which the Italian Communist Party, the largest communist party outside the Soviet Union, was the dominant partner.