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Anti-Microbial Activity of Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts of Some Traditionally Important Medicinal Plants Research Article

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Anti-Microbial Activity of Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts of Some Traditionally Important Medicinal Plants Research Article Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 62(2), May - June 2020; Article No. 24, Pages: 148-156 ISSN 0976 – 044X Research Article Anti-microbial Activity of Hydro-alcoholic Extracts of Some Traditionally Important Medicinal Plants 1*S.K.Gunavathy, 2H.Benita Sherine, 3N.Muruganantham, 4R.Govindharaju 1* Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Srimad Andavan Arts and Science College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University) Tiruchirappalli - 620 005, Tamil Nadu, India. 2Assistant Professor, PG & Research Department Chemistry, Periyar E.V.R. College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University) Tiruchirappalli - 620 023, Tamil Nadu, India. 3,4PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Thanthai Hans Roever College (Autonomous), (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Perambalur - 621 220, Tamil Nadu, India. *Corresponding author’s E-mail: [email protected] Received: 06-03-2020; Revised: 24-05-2020; Accepted: 30-05-2020. ABSTRACT Plants are the rich natural source of bioactive compounds. The more diversified composition of the plants makes their role as biomedicine. These bioactive molecules are often lethal to both plants and animals. Based on ethnomedical use, the leaves Plectranthus mollis, Elaeagnus conferta and Grewia tilaefolia leaf extracts were extracted successively with organic solvents. These plants are reported to exhibit relaxant activity on smooth and skeletal muscles, and has cytotoxic and anti-tumour promoting activity, and can be used in the treatment of cancer. These crude extracts were screened for their toxic potential against three Gram- positive bacteria, five Gram- negative bacteria and two fungus by using disc diffusion method. The hydro alcoholic extracts of the plant possessed significant antimicrobial activities on both Gram- positive and Gram- negative bacteria. The hydro alcoholic of the plant exhibited prominent activities against all the tested bacteria. Hydro alcoholic extracts also showed considerable activity against fungus and bacteria. The leaves extracts of the plant were found more active against the microorganisms. Keywords: Elaeagnus umbellata, extracts, fungi, yeast, antibiotic discs. INTRODUCTION organisms and shows the zone of inhibition in the range of 20-35mm. The essential oil can serve as an antibacterial lectranthus is a large and widespread genus of agent1. Lamiaceae family with a diversity of ethnobotanical P uses. In traditional medicine, the juice of stem and Essential oils are natural, complex volatile compound leaves of Plectranthus hadiensis which is mixed with honey mixtures characterized by a strong odour. Essential oils are is taken as a remedy for diarrhea. The aim of the present composed mainly of terpenoids, including monoterpenes study is to determine the chemical composition of the and sesquiterpenes, their oxygenated derivatives and a essential oil from the seed of P. hadiensis and to evaluate variety of molecules such as aliphatic hydrocarbons, acids, antimicrobial efficacy of the oil. The essential oil of the alcohols, aldehydes, acyclic esters or lactones, and seeds from P. hadiensis is obtained by hydro-distillation exceptionally nitrogen- and Sulphur containing and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass compounds and coumarins. Known for their antimicrobial spectrometry (GC/MS). It results in the identification of 25 medicinal properties and their fragrance, they are compounds representing 99.3%, of the total oil. The main invariably used in preservation of foods and as compound is Piperitone oxide (33.33%). Antibacterial antimicrobial, analgesic, sedative, anti-inflammatory, activity of the essential oil of P. hadiensis is tested against spasmolytic and local anesthetic remedies2-3. The genus two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria, using Plectranthus consists of 300 species, distributed from zone of inhibition method. The essential oils inhibit the Africa to Asia and Australia4. Plectranthus mollis Elaeagnus conferta Grewia tilaefolia Figure 1: Plant Sample images International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net 148 Available online at www.globalresearchonline.net ©Copyright protected. Unauthorised republication, reproduction, distribution, dissemination and copying of this document in whole or in part is strictly prohibited. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res., 62(2), May - June 2020; Article No. 24, Pages: 148-156 ISSN 0976 – 044X In India, about 30 Plectranthus species are known5, of which eczema, colic, respiratory disorders, painful urination, P. amboinicus, P. vettiveroides, P. barbatus, P. mollis, P. insomnia, and convulsions18-20. Clinical studies of the plant coetsa, and P. incanus are the most common species used and the forskolin constituent support these traditional in the traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine since ancient uses, but also indicate it may have therapeutic benefit in times to cure many disorders and diseases6,7. asthma, angina, psoriasis, and prevention of cancer Phytochemical studies of the genus reveals that Indian metastases21. Plectranthus species are rich in essential oil. The essential The aim of the present study was to identify chemical oil is obtained only from very few species P. amboinicus composition of the essential oil of P. mollis and to evaluate Lour., P. barbatus Andrews, P. fruticosus L He, P. incanus antimicrobial efficacy of the oil. The essential oil of the Link, P. japonicus Burm. F., P. melissoides Benth. P. rugosus flowering aerial parts of P. mollis was obtained by hydro- Wall and their composition have been reviewed and distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped reported8. with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas Plectranthus hadiensis is reportedly cultivated in Tamil chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Nadu on river banks and sandy loams. The root and stem of Twentyseven compounds were identified, which comprised this plant has a quite distinct and specific aroma. The herb 98.6% of the total constituents. The main compound was accepts as the source of Hribera (Iruveli) in Kerala is Coleus identified as fenchone (32.3%), followed by α-humulene zeylanicus (Benth.) Cramer (syn. Plectranthus zeylanicus (17.3%), piperitenone oxide (8.5%), cis-piperitone oxide Benth). This species is reportedly an endemic taxon of Sri (6.0%) and E-β-farnesene (5.9%). The oil was found rich in Lanka, where it is known by the Sinhalese name Iruveriya, oxygenated monoterpenes type constituents (52.0%), the juice of stem and leaves of which is mixed with honey is followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (40.2%), taken as a remedy for diarrhea. This plant belongs to the oxygenated sesquiterpenes (4.9%), and monoterpene Lamiaceae family and is used in Ayurveda. So far only one hydrocarbons (1.5%). Antimicrobial activity of the essential report on its phytochemical analysis9 was available and that oil of P. mollis was tested against six Gram-positive and to no reports are available with respect to its essential oil. eight Gram-negative bacteria, and three fungi, by using the Recently in our laboratory we studied the essential oil tube dilution method. The oil was active against the tested composition from the aerial parts of P. hadiensis. This Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi at a prompts us to carry out the present work to study the concentration range of 0.065±0.008- 0.937±0.139mg/mL, essential oil from the seeds of P. hadiensis. 0.468±0.069-3.333±0.527 mg/mL and 0.117±0.017- 0.338±0.062mg/mL, respectively. The present study Dental caries is associated with acidogenic and aciduric revealed that the oil constituents somehow were bacteria that adhere to the tooth surface as an oral biofilm qualitatively similar and quantitatively different than earlier (dental plaque)10. Because this pathology can destroy reports from different parts of the world. The essential oil dental hard tissues11-12, it has become a major public health of P. mollis has found to be antimicrobial activity which can concern worldwide. The most efficient way to prevent be usefulness in the treatment of various infectious caries and periodontal diseases is to reduce and eliminate diseases caused by bacteria and fungi 22. bacterial accumulation on the top of and between teeth by brushing the teeth on a daily basis and conducting periodic Biological screening is an important step in the evaluation dental cleaning or prophylaxis. Unfortunately, most people of medicinal plants activity23. Thus, any phytochemical fail to maintain a sufficient level of oral hygiene13, which has investigation of a given plant will reveal a spectrum of its called for the use of oral products containing antimicrobial bioactive chemical constituents. Natural products ingredients as a complementary measure to diminish represent virtually inexhaustible reservoir of molecules, biofilm formation on the tooth surface14. most of which are hardly explored and could constitute lead molecules for new antimalarial drugs, such as artemisinin, Chlorhexidine has been the most effective antiplaque agent isolated from Artemisia annua24. Historically, tested to date, but some reversible local side effects have pharmacological screening of compounds of natural or led dentists to recommend its use for short periods only15. synthetic origin has been the source of innumerable Several other antimicrobial agents including fluorides, therapeutic agents. Random screening as tool in phenol
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