Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

KwaZulu-Natal South Africa

Management Plan

Prepared by KwaZulu-Natal Biodiversity Stewardship Programme

Citation Johnson, I., Stainbank, M. and Stainbank, P. (2018). Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve Management Plan. Version 1.0.

AUTHORISATION

This Management Plan for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is approved:

TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE

KwaZulu-Natal MEC:

Economic Development, Environmental Affairs and Tourism

Recommended:

TITLE NAME SIGNATURE AND DATE

Chief Executive Officer:

EKZNW

Chairperson:

EKZNW, Biodiversity Conservation Operations Management Committee

Chairperson:

People and Conservation Operations Committee

Management Authority

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I

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AUTHORISATION I TABLE OF CONTENTS II LIST OF TABLES III LIST OF FIGURES III ABBREVIATIONS IV 1) BACKGROUND 1 1.1 Purpose of the plan 1 1.2 Structure of the plan 2 1.3 Alignment with METT 4 1.3 Introduction 4 1.4 The values of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 5 1.5 Adaptive management 7 2) DESCRIPTION OF INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE AND ITS CONTEXT 9 2.1 The legislative basis for the management of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 9 2.2 The regional and local planning context of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 10 2.3 The history of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 12 2.4 Ecological context of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 14 2.6 Socio-economic context 20 2.7 Operational management within Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 23 2.8 Summary of management issues, challenges and opportunities 24 3) STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 26 3.1 Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve vision 26 3.2 Objectives and strategic outcomes 26 4) ZONATION PLAN 28 4.1 Conceptual development guidelines 28 5) ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE 29 6) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK 30 6.1 Legal compliance and law enforcement 30 6.2 Buffer zone protection and regional management 31 6.3 Visitor management and tourism development 34 6.4 Conservation management 34 6.5 Operational management 39 7) MONITORING AND REPORTING 41 7.1 Annual monitoring 41 7.2 Annual protected area management plan implementation review 43 8) INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE’S ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION 44 8.1 Implementation of the management plan 44 8.2 Responsibilities in implementing the protected area management plan 45 8.3 Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve’s resource requirements 45

REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS OF TERMS APPENDIX B: LIST OF STATUTES TO WHICH THE INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE IS SUBJECT

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APPENDIX C: COPY OF INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE SG DIAGRAM AND PROCLAMATION (PENDING). APPENDIX D:VEGETATION TYPES AND SPECIES LISTS APPENDIX D1: KZN VEGETATION TYPES occurring within Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, their conservation status and protection. APPENDIX D2: PLANT SPECIES LIST for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve APPENDIX D3: GENERAL FAUNA LIST: Invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. APPENDIX D4: BIRD LIST APPENDIX E: PRO FORMA ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Land ownership of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 9 Table 2. Vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and their contribution to systematic biodiversity planning conservation targets...... 17 Table 3. List of alien invasive plants species found on Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 19 Table 4. Management challenges, issues and opportunities ...... 24 Table 5. Objectives and strategic outcomes for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 27 Table 6. Framework for legal compliance and law enforcement, and buffer zone protection and regional management...... 32 Table 7. Framework for visitor management, tourism development and conservation management. .. 36 Table 8. Framework for operational management...... 40 Table 9. Annual monitoring schedule for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 42

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Structure of the Management Plan...... 3 Figure 2. Regional location of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 5 Figure 3. The adaptive management cycle (Management Strategy Evaluation, 2009)...... 8 Figure 4. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and its constituent properties...... 10 Figure 5. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in the context of uMgungundlovu DM Critical Biodiversity Areas Map...... 11 Figure 6. Mean monthly rainfall and temperature data for the major Bioreseource units of Ingwehumbe...... 14 Figure 7. Map showing topography of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and its surrounds...... 15 Figure 8. Map showing the geology of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 16 Figure 9. Map showing the vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 17 Figure 10. Local municipality within which Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls ...... 21 Figure 11. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserveinfrastructure of rodas, bush camp and recreational cycle tracks...... 23 Figure 12. Zonation plan for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 28 Figure 13. Organisational structure for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve...... 30 Figure 14. Process for the implementation of the Management Plans...... 44

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ABBREVIATIONS

Amafa Amafa aKwaZulu-Natali (KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Heritage Agency) BCOMM Ezemvelo Biodiversity Conservation Operations Management Meeting BP Business Plan

CCA Community Conservation Area CDP Concept Development Plan CEO Chief Executive Officer

CRMP Cultural Resource Management Plan CMS Co-management Structure DAEARD KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Department of Agriculture, Environmental Affairs and Rural Development

DCO District Conservation Officer DEA National Department of Environmental Affairs DWA National Department of Water Affairs

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMF Environmental Management Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan

EWT Endangered Wildlife Trust Ezemvelo Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife FPA Fire Protection Association in terms of the National Veld and Forest Fire Act (No.1 of 1998)

GIS Geographical Information System IDP Municipal Integrated Development Plan IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature

MCM National Department of Marine and Coastal Management MEC Member of the Executive Council MOA Memorandum of Agreement

MOU Memorandum of Understanding NEMA National Environmental Management Act NPAES National Protected Area Expansion Strategy

NSBA National Spatial Biodiversity Assessment OIC Officer in Charge PA Protected Area

SAHRA South African Heritage Resources Agency SDF Municipal Spatial Development Framework SMME Small, Micro and Medium Enterprises

SMP Strategic Management Plan SWOT Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

WWF Word Wildlife Fund

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1) BACKGROUND

1.1 Purpose of the plan Management plans for biodiversity stewardship sites are strategic documents that provide the framework for the development and operation of biodiversity stewardship sites. Biodiversity stewardship offers varying levels of formal protection of land with nature reserves being the highest level of protection and a recognised protected area in terms of the National Environmental: Management Protected Areas Act, No. 57 of 2003. Because of the importance of its biodiversity and ecological functions, Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve qualified to be declared as a nature reserve in terms of the Act.

This management plan informs management at all levels, from the management authority through to support staff within partner organisations. The purpose of the management plan is to:

• Provide the primary strategic tool for management of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, informing the need for specific programmes and operational procedures. • Provide for capacity building, future thinking and continuity of management. • Enable the landowner to develop and manage Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in such a way that its values and the purpose for which it has been established are protected. • Ensure the effective management of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in accordance with relevant provincial, national and international norms and standards. • The plan outlines the implementation of the conditions laid out in the Protected Area Management Agreement for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, which are to: o Preserve the ecological integrity (including vulnerable and ecologically sensitive areas) of the nature reserve. o Conserve the biodiversity of the nature reserve. o Protect areas representative of all ecosystems, habitats and species naturally occurring there. o Protect threatened or rare species. o Assist in ensuring the sustained supply of environmental goods and services provided by the nature reserve. o Provide for the sustainable use of natural and biological resources. o Create or augment destinations for nature-based tourism. o Manage the interrelationship between the natural environment, human settlement and economic development.

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1.2 Structure of the plan Section 1: Provides an introduction and background to the management plan and Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. Section 2: Establishes the context of the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, providing the basis for the strategic and operational management frameworks that follow. Section 3: Sets out the vision and objectives for the biodiversity stewardship site. Section 4: Sets out the zonation of the biodiversity stewardship site, outlining the land uses in particular zones. Section 5: Describes the administrative structure that has been established to assist in managing Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. Section 6: Sets out the management targets that must be achieved in managing the nature reserve. Section 7: Sets out the monitoring measures required to determine if management targets are being met. Section 8: Describes the components that must be included in the annual plan of operation.

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ESTABLISHMENT OF THE CONTEXT

Introduction

Management issues, Description and challenges and context opportunities

STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Vision

Objectives

Key performance areas Strategic outcomes

Zonation plan

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

Administrative

framework Adaptive management Management Guiding principles activity

Management targets

Monitoring and reporting

Annual plan of operation

Figure 1. Structure of the Management Plan.

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1.3 Alignment with METT Management effectiveness is defined by the IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPAs) as the assessment of how well a protected area is being managed – primarily the extent to which it is protecting values and achieving goals and objectives (Hockings, Stolton & Dudley 2000; Hockings et al. 2006). The assessment of management effectiveness using the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT-SA Version 3, 2015) is not a management performance assessment but is intended to identify areas in which management effectiveness can be improved within a protected area and within the organisation managing the protected area.

As far as possible, this management plan has been aligned with the METT, which focuses on six elements of protected area management:

1. Understanding the context of existing values and threats. 2. Protected area planning and design. 3. The allocation of resources to the protected area. 4. The processes that are implemented in managing a protected area. 5. The outputs of management actions. 6. The outcomes or impacts of management actions.

It must be understood that not all aspects of the METT will be relevant to Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve but that the METT is able to identify areas in which to focus management activities in an effort to address deficiencies and improve management. It thus provides a baseline upon which future management effectiveness can be measured and improved.

1.3 Introduction The Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve (1031.059ha) is located in the south-east corner of the Pietermaritzburg and midlands region of the KwaZulu-Natal Midlands, approximately 15km south east of the village of Eston in KwaZulu- Natal, in a predominantly sugar cane growing area (Fig.2). The nature reserve is characterised by a variety of different vegetation types including the Critically Endangered KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld, Moist Coast Hinterland Grassland, Eastern Valley Bushveld, KZN Hinterland Thornveld and Eastern Scarp Forest that support large numbers of threatened and endemic species. The Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve provides an important example of these habitat types within the region. It falls within the Mkhambathini Local Municipality and the uMgungundlovu District Municipality. This region also forms part of one of the oldest conservancies, namely the Beaumont Eston Conservancy. This site will play a very important role in the conservation of vegetation types, especially the Critically Endangered KZN Sandstone Sourveld, as well as a large number of threatened and endemic plant and animal species.

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Figure 2. Regional location of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

1.4 The values of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve The values of a place are those remarkable attributes that exemplify it, which led to it being identified as a priority for the Biodiversity Stewardship Programme and to be proclaimed as a nature reserve. The values are important in planning and management, as they are the aspects of the place that must be protected. The values of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve include:

Natural values • Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve contains a large variety of vegetation types, including the Critically Endangered KZN Sandstone Sourveld, Moist Coast Hinterland Grassland, Eastern Valley Bushveld, KZN Hinterland Thornveld and Eastern Scarp Forest. Of note is the abrupt contrast from sandstone grassland to Valley Bushveld habitat. • Sense of space, beauty, views and vistas of the area. Species values • Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve provides suitable

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habitat for high numbers of endemic and threatened plant and animal species. Ecosystem service • The Mgwahumbe River and its tributaries that values flow through the property are an important part of Umkomaas catchment • The nature reserve is a large tract of functional natural habitat in a largely transformed region/landscape Ecosystem function • Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve has a significant values altitudinal gradient that facilitates climate change adaptation. • Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve has high habitat heterogeneity including grassland, bushveld, scarp forest, rivers, wetlands, waterfalls and cliffs. Socio economic • The large variety of recreational activities include: values mountain biking fly fishing (indigenous yellow fish), abseiling, hiking, bird watching, game viewing, 4x4 track, botanical walks, river lodge. Cultural and historic • A long history of people with strong ties to the values land.

Consistent with Section 17 of the Protected Areas Act, the purpose of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is to:

• Protect an ecologically viable, representative area of KZN Sandstone Sourveld, Eastern Scarp Forest, Moist Coast Hinterland Grassland, KZN Hinterland Thorn veld and Eastern Valley Bushveld and its associated biodiversity in efforts to achieve provincial and national protected area targets. • Protect the ecological integrity and functioning of ecosystems and water resources of the region. • Protect the biodiversity of the area, in particular threatened, rare and endemic species. • Contribute towards the ecological functioning of the Mgwahumbe River catchment and its associated water resources through the sustained supply of environmental goods and services. • Provide a destination for nature-based tourism that contributes to economic development in the region. • Ensure the sustainable use of natural resources including by hunting.

1.4.1 Protection of the values The protected area’s values, in particular those that underlie the functioning of its ecosystems and the protection of its rare and threatened species, will be given the highest degree of protection to ensure the persistence of these systems predominantly unaltered by human activity.

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1.4.2 Ecosystem-based management Decision-making associated with the protection of the reserve’s ecosystems will be scientifically based on internationally accepted principles and concepts of conservation biology. The protected area ecosystems will be managed with minimal interference to natural processes. Specific management may be desirable, when the structure or function of a habitat or ecosystem has been significantly altered by human induced impacts or previous management. Specific management will only be considered when this option is the best alternative available to restore ecological integrity.

Where directed management is required, it will be based on scientific research, and will employ techniques that emulate natural processes as closely as possible.

1.5 Adaptive management The preparation of this management plan has been undertaken based on the guiding principles of adaptive management, which is a structured, iterative process in which decisions are made using the best available information, with the aim of obtaining better information through monitoring of performance (Fig.3). In this way, decision making is aimed at achieving the best outcome based on current understanding, whilst accruing the information needed to improve future management. Adaptive management can lead to revision of a part or if necessary the whole management plan.

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Figure 3. The adaptive management cycle (Management Strategy Evaluation, 2009).

Adaptive management enables landowners and managers to:

i) Learn through experience. ii) Take account of, and respond to, changing factors that affect the biodiversity stewardship site. iii) Develop or refine management processes. iv) Adopt best practices and new innovations in biodiversity conservation management. v) Demonstrate that management is appropriate and effective.

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2) DESCRIPTION OF INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE AND ITS CONTEXT

2.1 The legislative basis for the management of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve There is a large body of legislation that is relevant to the management of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, but the primary legislation guiding the management of protected areas is the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (No.57 of 2003).

The Protected Areas Act establishes the legal basis for the creation and administration of protected areas in South Africa, as its objectives include provisions “for the protection and conservation of ecologically viable areas representative of South Africa’s biological diversity and its natural landscapes”. The Act sets out the mechanisms for the declaration of protected areas and the requirements for their management.

A detailed list of relevant legislation is provided in Appendix B. Landowners should familiarise themselves with the purpose and contents of the statutes and their subsequent amendments and regulations.

2.1.1 Proclamation status of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve Nature Reserve status was recommended for the Ingwehumbe site by the KZN Biodiversity Stewardship Review Panel on 4 Feb 2013 and approved by the KZN Biodiversity Stewardship Working Group on 7 Feb 2013, following a site assessment on 28 November 2012. The landowners of the properties comprising Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve have committed to proclaiming the site as a nature reserve in terms of Section 23 of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (No.57 of 2003). A copy of the gazette notice, proclaiming Ingwehumbe as a nature reserve will be provided in Appendix C.

Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve has been surveyed over the properties or parts thereof listed below (Fig.4).

Table 1. Land ownership of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

Landowner Registration Property Known name Title Deed SG diagram Size (ha) number description number

Electprops 39 96/10742/07 16734 Wingfield / T32354/1996 SG1631/1995 551.1185 Pty Ltd Kwagumbi

Malcolm IT 1084/01 17426 Priscilla Vale T57133/2002 SG1367/2001 858.4511 Stainbank Family Trust

Virginia Trust IT 1085/01 1/17425 Virginia Port. 1 T57134/2002 SG1366/2001 364.7704

Virginia Trust IT 1085/01 16732 Ngangeza T57134/2002 SG1516/1995 110.3643

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Figure 4. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and its constituent properties.

2.1.2 Invasive species control in terms of the Biodiversity Act In terms of Section 76 of the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act (No.10 of 2004), the management authority of a protected area must incorporate an invasive species control plan in the protected area management plan. This is addressed in Sections 3 and 4 below.

2.2 The regional and local planning context of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve 2.2.1 Regional and local planning framework

Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls within uMgungundlovu District Municipality and the Mkhambathini Local Municipality, which set the regional and local planning frameworks. The status of the reserve is reflected in the land use planning schemes. Almost the entire area of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is classified as CBA Irreplaceable Terrestrial and CBA Optimal Terrestrial according to uMgungundlovu District Municipality’s Critical Biodiversity Areas Map (Fig.5).

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Figure 5. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in the context of uMgungundlovu DM Critical Biodiversity Areas Map.

According to the Environmental Management Framework for the uMgungundlovu District Municipality (INR 2017) as a declared Nature Reserve (Protected Area) the sensitivity level is very high and activities that would result in transformation or net loss of critical biodiversity elements should not be undertaken in this zone. Activities that are compatible with biodiversity management objectives and that would result in a nett increase in biodiversity should be supported. (p36) Maintain, enhance, and where possible, protect areas of high biodiversity value through sustainable development planning and land use management practices that promote biodiversity patterns and processes across a more connected and biodiverse landscape. (p38)

The uMgungundlovu District Municipal IDP recognises good tourism potential as a major strength identifies the farming area between Camperdown and Ezimwini (including the existing protected areas within Mkhambathini Municipality - Mpushini Protected Reserve, Camperdown Nature Reserve, Killarney Isle and Gwahumbe Game Reserve and Mid Illovo, Eston, Manderston and Tala Game Reserve Area) as an agri eco-tourism and food production area.

The Mkhambathini IDP (2016-2021 p99) states that he remaining undisturbed land should be protected wherever possible since it provides habitats for various species. The maintaining of indigenous habitats will assist towards augmenting biodiversity in the area.

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2.2.2 Protected areas expansion

A long term goal is to expand the reserve as the opportunities arise by identifying areas adjacent to Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve for possible expansion of the conservation area. The following properties have expressed interest in becoming recognised conservation areas Skiddaw, Scawfell, Gwahumbe Farm, Gwahumbe Game and Spa, Hope Valley, Giggleswick and Buckawbrau. These properties need to be engaged by the KZN Biodiversity Stewardship Programme.

2.3 The history of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve Origin of the name “Ingwehumbe” (Neil Hampson pers. comm. 2017)

“The name of the valley came to my attention about in 1990 as for years I had been trying to find out the meaning of the word Gwahumbe as it was spelt on the road signs and in all references. An old African man came to the farm one morning and asked permission to bless the spirits of his family at a site near to what we call the Waterfall. He told me that he had grown up in the valley and as a small boy herded the cattle along the river. He said his grandparents always warned them not to herd the cattle near the “Ingwe Hhumbe”. Ingwe meaning leopard and humbe meaning caves - “Leopard Caves”. So at last after many years the true name became known to me. It really made sense and ironically leopard are seen on regular occasions in the valley. In fact spoor of a leopard and cub were recorded by my ranger on the 18/3/2016”.

History of the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and surrounds

Historically, this region once formed part of the ancient elephant trail as they moved between their winter-feeding grounds in the mangrove swamps of what is now Durban, to their summer habitat, the nearby Byrne Valley. This trail was later utilised by Boer Pioneers as a wagon route from the Cape to Durban.

The area was settled by the Stainbank and Gurney families in the 1870s. Agriculture at the turn of the last century consisted of tobacco growing for which a factory was built in the Gwahumbe Valley.

The following notes on the history of the area were provided by Neil Hampson, a local resident whose family has lived in the area for many years. “Herewith a short resume of what I know and what I was told by my father Garnet Hampson who was one of the first managers to be employed by Willy Pearce the owner of the then Illovo Sugar Mill. • All cane was hauled by oxen on coco pan trucks on rails laid out for harvesting and then transferred to a narrow gauge trucks to be hauled down to the mill at Illovo. Some 500 head of oxen were grazed down the

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Gwahumbe Valley and also Hall’s Farm which is now Tala Reserve. My folks were engaged in 1938 and I have a picture of them sitting in a mule drawn trap close to where the old tobacco factory was. The tobacco was of a very high standard and won many top awards at the Royal Show in Pietermaritzburg. • I personally broke down the last Illovo dip tank in the valley in 1980 which was made of imported pig iron, a very strong type of cast iron. • Col. Montgomery was bequeathed the land, Ismont Farm by Queen Victoria for his services rendered to her Majesty in the British Fusiliers. He built his double story home to resemble a fort, complete with gun turrets and meter thick stone walls. The house has been occupied until 3 years ago when a freak hurricane destroyed it. Istere Montgomery and 2 daughters less than 3 years old lie buried at the top of Mount Langford on the farm Ismont. The dates on the graves are 1860. • The valley, prior to the arrival of Lantana was open Savannah, grasslands. • I am open to correction but my certificate of Natural Heritage Site No 1 is I think one of four or five registered in the Valley and signed by Mandela. • I have known the valley since a young boy of about 12 and spent many holidays with pellet guns, bare foot, swimming and exploring and doing what all boys dreamt of in those days. It has been an honour and privilege to have been able to conserve the part I have and my dream is that one day the entire 16 kilometers will become a Natural Heritage site in its entirety.”

Botanical collecting history of the area It is related that the Durban Herbarium was stocked in the late 1800’s from the valley. It was a hard day’s ride from Durban and many, many specimens of plants were sourced from this precious valley and I understand went on to the London Herbarium (most likely Kew). (Related to Neil Hampson by Neville Power of Arden Farm, Mid-Illovo, whose family name goes back to Powerscourt i.e. above the valley). Later, in the 1950’s, the area was again an important collecting site for botanists who contributed to the impressive plant species list (Appendix D).

1 Attempts to trace this number have so far been unsuccessful

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2.4 Ecological context of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

2.4.1 Climate and weather The Ingwehumbe area has relatively mild seasonal climatic patterns. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 738mm in the valley to 956mm at the higher altitudes, and occurs mostly during the spring and summer seasons, but with some rain in winter. Mist is common and adds additional moisture. Winters are generally very stable climatically and characterised by cold dry conditions. Some frost does occur.

Figure 6. Mean monthly rainfall and temperature data for the major Bioreseource units of Ingwehumbe.

2.4.2 Topography Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve altitudes range from higher lying areas of up to 845m above mean sea level, dropping rapidly down cliffs and steep slopes to the valley bottom along the course of the Mgwahumbe River to 291m asl., a total of 554m Fig.7). The topography of the area has an impact on management activities carried out on the reserve. Access to the valley bottom is difficult with the access road being steep and eroded in some areas. Only high clearance vehicles are used, with 4X4 vehicles required in some places. Due to the steep nature of the terrain appropriate drainage of roads and carefully planned burning regimes are important to prevent erosion.

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Figure 7. Map showing topography of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and its surrounds.

2.4.3 Geology and soils

The higher altitude plateau areas have shallow, nutrient-poor sandy soils derived from Ordovician Natal Group sandstones, with the dominant soil types being Inanda, Kranskop, Nomanci, Griffin and Hutton, which have a low susceptibility to erosion. The slopes and valley bottom are underlain by the sediments of the Karoo Supergroup with the mudstones, and the dominant soil types are Glenrosa and Mispah (Fig.8). These areas are highly susceptible to erosion

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Figure 8. Map showing the geology of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

2.4.4 Hydrology The large Mgwahumbe River, a major tributary of the Lovu River flows along the valley bottom of the reserve. Two perennial streams feed this river from the north. The water quality of the river is dependent on agricultural practices upstream, but is currently in good condition. The Gwahambe Clear Water project is working from river source. There are no major NFEPA wetlands within the nature reserve, but numerous smaller wetlands are present.

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2.4.5 Vegetation Five vegetation types are represented in the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve (Table 2 & Fig.9)

Table 2. Vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and their contribution to systematic biodiversity planning conservation targets.

Provincial % contribution Vegetation type Hectares target (ha) to target KZN Sandstone Sourveld 276 44918 0.62 Eastern Scarp Forest 220 7010 3.17 Moist Coast Hinterland Grassland 5 109388 0.00 KZN Hinterland Thornveld 159 38135 0.42 Eastern Valley Bushveld 371 78438 0.48 Total 1031

Figure 9. Map showing the vegetation types of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

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KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld (Critically Endangered) occurs in KwaZulu-Natal on elevated sandstone plateaus from Mapumulo near Kranskop in the north to St Faiths near Port Shepstone in the south, between 500-1100m. It is a short, species rich grassland with scattered low shrubs and geoxylic suffrutices on flat or rolling plateau tops and steep slopes. This vegetation type is classified as critically endangered by EzemveloKZNWildlife and the South African National Biodiversity Institute (Mucina and Rutherford 2006, Jewitt 2011). It is noteworthy that the contribution of Ingwehumbe more than doubles the current protected extent.

Eastern Scarp Forest occurs from near the Kei Mouth to southern Mpumalanga and from a biodiversity perspective is probably the most important forest type in South Africa (Boon, 2010). Biogeographically and in terms of biodiversity this is probably the most valuable forest type in South Africa with many endemic taxa.

Eastern Valley Bushveld is found in the deeply incised valleys of rivers between 100 and 1000m asl. In the Eastern Cape and KZN. Semi deciduous savanna woodlands in a mosaic with thickets, often succulent and dominated by species of Euphorbia and Aloe

KZN Hinterland Thornveld is found scattered immediately above eastern valley bushveld between 450 and 900m asl in river valleys. Open thornveld dominated by Acacia species on undulating plains on the upper reaches of river valleys.

2.4.7 Fire regime Current fire management is concentrated on maintaining the grasslands, where biennial block burning is more feasible than fire breaks. Perimeter breaks are burnt on perimeter of grasslands. The occurrence of wildfires is not as bad as in the past. The river, streams and forests act as natural barriers. Fire management agreements need to be put in place with neighbours to ensure that burning is cost effective and in line with management objectives e.g. burning of reserve boundary.

Uncontrolled fires in the Bushveld on steep slopes could result in erosion.

2.4.8 Invasive species There are currently very high levels of Lantana camara, and to a lesser extent Chromolaena odorata and Solanum mauritianum, on the steep slopes of the river valley. Small patches of Canna indica and an exotic Plectranthus sp. are present in the grasslands above the valley. Some Sesbania punicea is also present.

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Table 3. List of alien invasive plants species found on Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

Common name Scientific name CARA category

Lantana Lantana camara 1 Triffid weed Chromolaena odorata 1 Bugweed Solanum mauritianum 1 Indian shot Canna indica 1 Wattle Acacia mearnsii 1 Red Sesbania Sesbania punicea 1b

In terms of the NEM: Biodiversity Act (No.10 of 2004) and the Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act (CARA – No.43 of 1983), landowners are required to control and eradicate listed invasive alien species on their land. CARA categorises such plants on the following basis:

Category 1: Plants that may not be grown and must be eradicated.

Category 2: Plant species with commercial value, which may only be grown with a permit under controlled circumstances.

Category 3: Plants which have amenity value and which may be grown, but not planted, propagated or imported.

While weed control is active in the proposed nature reserve area using chemicals, inaccessibility of the very steep river banks is a huge challenge. Biocontrol agents need to be investigated as a method of control for these species. Lantana biocontrol has been tried but the agent is adversely affected by cold temperatures.

2.4.9 Plant species

The Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve area has been well collected by many KZN botanists over a long period and more than 600 species have been recorded (Appendix D2). These include five Endangered species, 11 Vulnerable species, 6 Near Threatened species, 11 Declining species and two Rare species. There are 16 KZN endemics and 82 SA endemics. There is also an unconfirmed report of the Critically Endangered Brachystelma natalense.

2.4.10 Mammalian fauna A variety of antelope including Oribi (Endangered), Bushbuck, Grey Duiker, Blue Duiker (Vulnerable) , Kudu, Eland and Common Reedbuck occur on Ingwehumbe. Leopard tracks, serval, caracal, cape clawless otter, aardwolf, black-backed jackal, genet, aardvark, water & white tailed mongoose, striped weasel, honey badger, grey and slender mongoose, cane rats, bushpig and warthog have also been recorded (Appendix D3).

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2.4.11 Avifauna Over 180 bird species have been recorded in this area. These range from forest species such as the trumpeter hornbill and narina trogon, waterfowl, a variety of raptors of which the Crowned Eagle is recorded to have bred in the valley for over twenty five years and Southern ground hornbill. Of particular note is Southern Ground Hornbill (Endangered) which bred on a ledge above the Ingwehumbe NR gorge until recently when the nesting site collapsed.A bird list from the neighbouring similar habitat Gwahumbe Game Reserve is included in Appendix D to note the species likely to be found on Ingwehumbe.

2.4.12 Herpetofauna (reptiles and amphibians) The following reptiles and amphibians are found on Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve: African Rock Python, Berg adder, Black mamba, Green mamba, Boomslang, Southern Brown Egg Eater Snake, Bush Squeaker, Flap Neck Chameleon, Bushveld Rain Frog, Common River Frog (Appendix D3).

2.4.13 Invertebrates A list of Invertebrates from EKZNW is included in Appendix D3. A number of the millipedes and molluscs are threatened and / or KZN endemics.

2.6 Socio-economic context

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Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls within the uMgungundlovu District Municipality and the Mkhambathini Local Municipality (Fig.10) which set the regional and local planning frameworks.

Figure 10. Local municipality within which Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve falls

The uMgungundlovu District Municipality 2015/16 Integrated Development Plan (IDP) highlights the good tourism potential and abundant water resources of the area. This emphasizes the importance of natural sites such as Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, which can ameliorate degradation upstream and continue to provide important ecosystem goods and services downstream.

The uMgungundlovu District Municipality EMP (2017) highlights tourism attraction as a strength and the importance of biodiversity conservation and the revenue generated by tourism associated with conservation as a key opportunity. Threats to the Mkhambathini Local Municipality outlined in a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis include growing pressure to protect sensitive vegetation such as Ngongoni and Valley Bushveld and that there is an increasing burden to protect the rivers and wetlands with limited resources available at the municipality. The official

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protection of such natural vegetation and riparian zones in a declared nature reserve such as Ingwehumbe will assist the Mkambathini Local Municipality in achieving its targets

The Mkhambathini Integrated Development Plan (2016 to 20121) comments on unemployment, inequitable access to land and poor environmental quality in the municipal precincts. These issues may include impacts on the boundary of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve and within the site and influence management of the nature reserve.

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2.7 Operational management within Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

2.7.1 Infrastructure Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve has minimal infrastructure other than access roads, a rustic river bush camp and recreational cycle tracks around the periphery (Fig.11).

Figure 11. Ingwehumbe Nature Reserveinfrastructure of rodas, bush camp and recreational cycle tracks..

2.7.2 Operational management The predominant land use on the site is natural and recreational, including mountain bike trails and fly-fishing, There are currently no agricultural production activities taking place within the Nature Reserve boundaries with the exception of a small areas of sugarcane that were not surveyed out. A

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non-commercial herd of 50 head of Nguni cattle graze in the reserve, and there are approximately 40 community cattle in the valley bottom

Routine road maintenance, alien plant control, and burning of firebreaks are carried out regularly.

Warthog and bushpig control is practised in order to maintain appropriate population levels.

Limited hunting takes place.

2.8 Summary of management issues, challenges and opportunities The following section summarises the key management issues and challenges outlined in the descriptive sections above, which must be addressed through the management plan. The issues and challenges have been grouped under key performance areas, which flow through the strategic and operational management frameworks that follow (Table 4).

Table 4. Management challenges, issues and opportunities

Key Issue that must be addressed Opportunities performance area

Raise awareness in the region about the importance of the reserve, its ecology and species. Contribute towards the income generation of the nature reserve. Identification of appropriate activities that Existing MTB, hiking, 4x4 trail, may be developed to encourage Mdolwana/Wingfield bush Tourism visitors to the nature reserve. camp, bird watching, fishing development (catch and release) botanical and visitor walks, nature clubs. management Identification of infrastructure required to Road access and maintenance of support visitor activities within the cycle and hiking trails and of nature reserve. bush camp Provision of opportunities for schools and Infrequent day trips walking on groups to use the reserve for trails environmental education. Environmental education Not at present Development of specific management If needed in conjunction with measures for rare and endangered EKZNW species such as Oribi and Southern Ground Hornbills that occur within the Conservation nature reserve. management Management of introduced game species NA Livestock management. Limited numbers not likely to increase due to limited carrying capacity. Rangeland condition assessment and

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Key Issue that must be addressed Opportunities performance area stocking rates may be carried out. Control of infestations of invasive plant Chemical and biocontrol. Identify species listed in terms of the accessible areas that can be Biodiversity Act and infestations of controlled in planned manner indigenous problem plant species within financial constraints. including bush encroachment Investigation biological control agents. Opportunities for working for water programme. Herbicide assistance through stewardship. Control of bush encroachment Current control by chemical and fire Development of a fire management regime As per Fire Protection Association that adopts an ecological approach to burning whilst ensuring adequate levels of safety. Erosion control and rehabilitation As required Administrative structure, formation of Malcolm Stainbank Landowner, management authority, multiple Pete Stainbank Landowner and landowners directors of Wingfield Nature Reserve current landowners. A management authority needs to be a legally constituted entity and to be assigned. Operational (Landowners association) management Staff training and capacity Ongoing training of staff in conjunction with farm activities e.g. chemicals, alien control, conservancy field rangers training. Revision important. Maintenance of infrastructure Ongoing as required

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3) STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The following strategic framework is aimed at providing the basis for the protection, development and operation of the biodiversity stewardship site over the next five years and has been prepared collaboratively through a process involving the landowner, the biodiversity stewardship facilitator and Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.

The vision describes the overall long-term goal for the operation, protection and development of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. The objectives and strategic outcomes that follow are intended to provide the basis for the achievement of the vision. The objectives provide a broad description of the goals for each key performance area. The strategic outcomes, which flow from the objectives, set out what is needed to achieve the objectives, based on the management challenges, issues and opportunities described in Section 2 above.

3.1 Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve vision The ecological value of the Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve extends beyond its immediate surrounds, where it fulfils an important role in regional conservation and the provision of ecosystem services. The natural beauty, ecological value, habitat and species diversity and the presence of high numbers of threatened and endemic species, make the reserve an important biodiversity asset to the province. Its successful conservation relies on its protection, the management of its resources and infrastructure, and the support of its neighbours and the community living in their surrounds.

3.2 Objectives and strategic outcomes An objective has been identified for each of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve key performance areas, which follow from the management challenges, issues and opportunities, and relate to the important functions and activities necessary to protect, develop and manage it effectively. The objectives have then been translated into strategic outcomes, which form the basis for the management activities and targets set out in the operational management framework, described in Section 6 below. Table 5 sets out the key performance areas, the objective for each key performance area and the strategic outcomes, required to realise the objectives.

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Table 5. Objectives and strategic outcomes for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

Key performance area Objective Strategic outcome

Legal compliance and law Appropriate legal protection of the Nature Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve complies with the requirements of the PA act enforcement Reserve There is adequate control and law enforcement within the site. Use of SAPS, conservancy, Farmwatch, tribal Control of illegal activities e.g. plant harvesting authority and Community Police Forum and poaching

Control of alien species and protection of alien free areas .

Buffer zone protection and Explore opportunities to consolidate the Capture of buffer zone considerations in local and regional plans. regional management protection of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve’s Cooperate with neighbouring biodiversity stewardship sites, where there is an alignment of biodiversity boundaries and its surrounds. conservation goals and objectives.

Visitor management Develop opportunities for ecotourism activities Investigate and implement appropriate ecotourism opportunities. that afford revenue and cost-recovery to the nature reserve.

Conservation management Protect the ecosystem functioning, ecological Critical ecological processes and functions are maintained within the nature reserve. integrity, habitat and species of the nature Rare and threatened species management is undertaken using the best available scientific knowledge. reserve through active interventions based on Fire management is undertaken based on ecological principles and the recommendations of studies undertaken principles of adaptive management. for the site. Protect and manage the threatened, rare, Adequate fire safety within the nature reserve is ensured. vulnerable and endemic species to ensure their Game management is undertaken based on ecological principles and best management practices that seek to continued survival. optimise the game species mix and numbers. Invasive alien plant species control measures are implemented in the nature reserve in a planned and systematic manner. Operational management Infrastructure maintenance: Well maintained roads, trail network and bush camp Adequate finances are provided for the An annual budget is provided for the maintenance of the reserve protection of the reserve.

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4) ZONATION PLAN The purpose of the zonation of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is to control the intensity and type of use within it, in efforts to ensure the overriding goals of production and biodiversity conservation are met. On this basis, within some zones, the permissible intensity of use will be relatively higher than in others.

Figure 12. Zonation plan for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

4.1 Conceptual development guidelines

4.1.1 Limited use zone This zone is designated for areas in which activities are to be limited to low-

impact ecotourism uses and conservation management interv entions. Motor vehicle access into parts of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, for management purposes is allowed in this zone, together with visitor access to the camp. Controlled camping is allowed. Low level management infrastructure such as patrolling observation points will also be allowed in this zone. The objective of this zone is to enable access and usage of the nature reserve whilst limiting the impacts of this.

4.1.2 Moderate use zone This zone covers areas that encompass key zones for the development of management infrastructure and relatively high levels of visitor usage.

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Furthermore, this zone is designated for areas of relatively high vehicle usage such as for visitors travelling to and from the main lodge/s within the nature reserve. The objective of this zone is to accommodate lodge-style developments and to enable the development of operational management infrastructure such as stores, maintenance areas and staff housing within the nature reserve.

Permissible activities for these two zones:

• Development of lodges. • Development of roads infrastructure in compliance with environmental law requirements. • Maintenance of the main access roads through the nature reserve. • Development of the nature reserve’s park management facilities comprising infrastructure such as entrances, staff housing, offices, workshops and storehouses.

• Grazing of livestock, at stocking rates at or below the commercial stocking rate.

Non-permissible activities:

• Introduction of non-indigenous grasses, trees or shrubs for landscaping purposes.

• Ploughing of land.

5) ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE A recommended organisational structure for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is set out in Figure 13. The figure identifies the role of the site’s landowners and their staff together with key partners such as Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife.

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Landowners

Management Authority Shared team: management Ingwehumbe Nature programmes such as alien plant Reserve Land clearing, burning, erosion control Management Association and law enforcement. Existing farm labour

Management Advisory Forum: Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife NGO partners Other governmental partners

District Conservation Botanical Society of SA Department of Unit Agriculture

Biodiversity Endangered Wildlife Working for Water Stewardship Unit Trust

Eco-advice Unit Working on Fire

Figure 13. Organisational structure for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

6) OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK This section translates the strategic framework described in Section 3 above into management activities and targets, which will be used to inform annual plans of operation and the resources required to implement them. The management targets will form the basis for monitoring of performance in implementing the plan and are thus measurable.

6.1 Legal compliance and law enforcement Through the landowners of the biodiversity stewardship site, the management authority has been mandated to enforce laws related to the conservation of the site, which prohibit particular activities. In fulfilling this role, the managers of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve will adhere to the following guiding principles:

• All reasonable efforts must be made to ensure the effective conservation of biodiversity within and on the boundaries of the nature reserve.

• Law enforcement efforts should be coordinated with the relevant authorities including the South African Police Service in addressing offences and breaches of the law.

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• Law enforcement at the site will be undertaken through surveillance, monitoring and appropriate reaction in the event of an offence.

6.2 Buffer zone protection and regional management In order to safeguard the biodiversity within the nature reserve and to counter any threatening processes or edge effects, appropriate land uses in the surrounds of the reserve should be encouraged. Actions may also be taken to secure the boundaries of the reserve through protected area expansion mechanisms and local planning tools. In ensuring the protection of its biodiversity, the following guiding principles will be adopted in terms of buffer zone protection and regional management: • Appropriate actions must be taken to manage threatening processes and edge effects on the nature reserve’s boundaries and beyond them. • The reserve’s managers will endeavour to assist the local and district municipalities in determining appropriate land uses and development strategies in the areas surrounding the nature reserve.

The operational requirements for law enforcement, and buffer zone protection and regional management are set out in Table 6 below.

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Table 6. Framework for legal compliance and law enforcement, and buffer zone protection and regional management.

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Landowner Partner responsibility responsibility

NATURE RESERVE DECLARATION

Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve Declaration of the site in terms of correct title deed Legal protection of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve ▪ No declaration of Year 1 Completion and EKZNW to ensure is a legally declared nature information and Surveyor General diagrams as a in terms of the Protected Areas Act. Title deed Ingwehumbe Nature signature of legal signature of legal Reserve. reserve. Nature Reserve in terms of the Protected Areas Act. endorsement must be achieved. documents documents by MEC ▪ No title deed endorsement on declared properties

LAW ENFORCEMENT

There is adequate law Develop an integrated security strategy for the nature Creation of cooperative structures with law ▪ Frequent recovery of Development of Support to reserve, which ensures collaboration with all relevant enforcement officials (SAPS EKZNW and private snares. enforcement within the Year 1 strategy landowner institutions. security companies, Mid -Illovo community nature reserve. ▪ Arson fires. police forum). ▪ Recorded losses of game species. Ensure that staff are equipped and trained to Regular patrols covering the full extent of the Implementation of a Prosecution of ▪ Recorded losses of known undertake patrols within the nature reserve for law nature reserve. system of patrols Individuals caught rare and endangered Year 1- enforcement purposes. Prosecution of any offender caught committing species. ongoing committing an Implement a programme of patrols of the nature an offence. offence reserve and its boundaries.

BUFFER ZONE, PROTECTED AREA EXPANSION AND REGIONAL MANAGEMENT

Status of the reserve Ensure that the Nature Reserve status of Ingwehumbe Engagement with Retention of existing compatible land uses, such Land uses that lead to land Engagement with reflected in land use is included in the development of local and district as game and livestock farming, in the areas transformation, Ongoing municipalities in municipalities in planning schemes municipality IDPs, SDFs and LUMS in an effort to ensure around the reserve. fragmentation and loss of developing local and developing local and habitat. regional plans. compatible land uses in the areas around the nature regional plans.

reserve.

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Identify areas adjacent to the Determine options for cooperation with adjoining Engagement with interested landowners to Ecological isolation of Communication Support the reserve reserve for possible inclusion properties (Skiddaw, Scawfell, Gwahumbe Farm, expand the reserve as the opportunities arise. Ingwehumbe Nature with neighbours with expansion (expansion) of the Nature Gwahumbe Game and Spa, Hope Valley, Giggleswick, Reserve. opportunities Reserve Buckawbrau properties are interested and need to be Encroachment of engaged). Ongoing incompatible land uses around the reserve

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6.3 Visitor management and tourism development In developing tourism within the biodiversity stewardship site, the following guiding principles should be adhered to:

• Tourism products must be appropriate to the site’s values and must not threaten its biodiversity or ecological function. • In developing tourism products, requirements for environmental authorisation must be considered and adhered to. • Tourism products should be designed to capitalise on the unique beauty and biodiversity features of the site. • Tourism products should be developed in response to tourism market demands and opportunities within the site and should be carefully assessed to determine their viability.

6.4 Conservation management

6.4.1 Ecosystem management

The 2011 version of the KwaZulu-Natal systematic biodiversity plan identifies provincial conservation targets. The conservation of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve contributes towards the achievement of a portion of some of these targets (Table 2). Targets will continue to be updated as knowledge develops about the ecology of areas, connectivity between them, and other process requirements for ecosystems, communities and species. On this basis, the conservation targets should be viewed as a set of working hypotheses around which conservation planning and evaluation can take place. The conservation targets highlight the importance of the reserve, particularly for the conservation of the KZN Sandstone Sourveld and Eastern Scarp Forest, and for the conservation of several key species. Where possible, specific conservation and monitoring strategies should be established for species for which conservation targets have been set.

The detailed operational requirements for visitor management and ecosystem management are set out in Table 7 below.

6.4.2 Fire management Fire plays an important role in southern African ecology, and has important effects on vegetation composition, primary productivity and nutrient cycling. In developing a fire management strategy for the site, the following guiding principles should be adhered to:

• Burning should be undertaken in such a way that it maintains spatial and temporal heterogeneity within the landscape. • A patch mosaic of burnt and un-burnt areas should be maintained.

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• The burning of areas should be undertaken in such a way that promotes patchy burns (i.e. within the block being burnt, some patches will remain un-burnt rather than aiming for a complete burn). • Burning must be undertaken with consideration of the biodiversity conservation requirements of the site and the need to protect rare and endangered species. • Burning and fire management must be undertaken in a safe manner that is legally compliant with the National Veld and Forest Fire Act (No.101 of 1998).

6.4.3 Invasive plant control A listed invasive species means any species, which is listed in terms of section 70 of the Biodiversity Act, whose establishment and spread occurs outside of its natural distribution range. In undertaking invasive plant control, the following guiding principles will be adhered to:

• Invasive plant control will require an ongoing programme that prioritises key infestations along water courses, drainage lines and upper catchment areas. • Initial clearing efforts should focus on containing infestations that are most likely to spread into new areas. • All follow-up requirements must be strictly adhered to otherwise the problem will be exacerbated. • Strategic partnerships and poverty relief programmes such as the Working for Water programme should be utilised.

6.4.4 Soil erosion control In addressing soil erosion, the following guiding principles should be adhered to:

• Areas impacted by soil erosion should be stabilised and re-vegetated with indigenous plant species to prevent the spread of listed invasive plant species. • Areas susceptible to soil erosion, or showing early signs of soil erosion such as loss of vegetation cover, must be managed to prevent soil erosion.

The detailed operational requirements for conservation management are set out in Table 6.3 below.

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Table 7. Framework for visitor management, tourism development and conservation management.

Landowner Partner Timing Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern responsibility responsibility

VISITOR MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

Development of tourism MTB, hiking, trail running, bush camp (18 bed), natural Maintenance of current visitor levels Decrease in visitor Development and Assistance with history groups numbers opportunities that generate Year 3 maintenance of marketing and revenue for the site. infrastructure for advertising tourism.

CONSERVATION AND ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT

Critical ecological processes ▪ Ensure that the vegetation types within the reserve ▪ Undertake periodic game counts to monitor ▪ Ecological degradation Undertake game Technical advice and and functions are maintained and being managed optimally for biodiversity numbers of habitat and/or counts. support. conservation. decrease in species within the reserve. ▪ Modify game species mix and numbers if they Year 5 are found to be negatively impacting on numbers biodiversity.

Rare and threatened species ▪ Ensure that the nature reserve is included in or are ▪ Participation in expert groups e.g. Oribi ▪ Declining numbers of Engage with NGOs, Engage with NGOs, management is undertaken aware of research that is being conducted on Working Group rare and endangered partners and partners and relevant rare and endangered species. species that occur using the best available ▪ Re-introduction of rare and threatened tertiary institutions tertiary institutions ▪ Adopt procedures for the management of rare and species that historically would have occurred within the nature scientific knowledge. to participate in to encourage endangered species, based on available literature within Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. reserve. and known best practices. relevant groups and targeted research.

participate in Ongoing targeted research.

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Landowner Partner Timing Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern responsibility responsibility

FIRE MANAGEMENT

Fire management is ▪ Implement a burning regime in accordance with the ▪ Establishment of a series of internal ▪ Burning more than 33% recommendations of the phytosociological firebreaks to facilitate the recommended of the reserve annually. undertaken based on Advice in planning evaluation and any other assessments undertaken burning regime. Year 1 - Implementation of ecological principles and the the annual burning of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve. ▪ Burning approximately one-third of the ongoing the burning regime recommendations of studies programme reserve each year, following a period of rest undertaken for the site. or alleviated pressure.

Adequate fire safety within Firebreaks maintained of adequate extent, at the Compliance with the National Veld and Forest Inadequate personnel or correct time of the year and weather conditions. Fires Act. equipment. the nature reserve is Ensure that staff is trained and that adequate Wildfires spreading from ensured. Implement a fire management regime based on firefighting equipment is available at the site. the site to neighbouring Year 1 - ecological advice Membership of the local Fire Protection Association. properties. ongoing Ecological degradation resulting from inappropriate burning

INVASIVE PLANT CONTROL

Achievement of a significant Implement concerted, sustained control efforts in Map extent of alien plant infestation Spread of existing levels of Implementation of Advice in planning reduction in levels of identified areas of heavy invasive plant infestation. Reduction ongoing infestation of listed invasive plant for alien invasive invasive plant infestations in Undertake suitable rehabilitation measures, including . invasive species. control measures plant control re-vegetation using indigenous plant species, to Persistence of existing the nature reserve. Engage with appropriate support programmes Assistance in prevent soil erosion, following clearing of invasive infestations. Year 5 plant species. clearing and the New infestations of listed provision of training, Develop partnerships with Working for Water and invasive species. other strategic programmes. equipment and chemicals

SOIL EROSION CONTROL

Implementation of Identify the requirements for soil erosion control and Implementation of soil erosion control Further erosion of Implementation of Advice in planning rehabilitation within the site especially in relation to measures in areas in which plant cover is low, impacted areas. Year 1 - procedures to identify, soil erosion control for soil erosion

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Landowner Partner Timing Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern responsibility responsibility rehabilitate and manage roads and cycle tracks. which are susceptible to erosion. Sedimentation impacts in ongoing measures control areas that have been Implement soil erosion control and rehabilitation watercourses and wetland Maintenance of roads and trails to avoid measures, focussing on areas that are impacting on areas. significantly impacted by soil erosion. watercourses or that are growing larger. erosion. Undertake preventative measures in areas with low plant cover that may be at risk of soil erosion.

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6.5 Operational management

6.5.1 Grazing management Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve currently has minimal grazing by livestock. Approximately 35 head of community owned cattle graze in the grassland. If these numbers are increased a veld condition assessment should be carried out to determine optimal stocking rate for conservation. Population numbers of game species are not accurately known although annual game counts are carried out by the Conservancy. In the event of game numbers being increased for hunting or tourism it may be necessary to establish carrying capacity for the Reserve.

6.5.2 Financial and human resources The nature reserve cannot be effectively managed without adequate sustained funding and sufficient human resources. The following guiding principles should be adhered to: • Adequate funding must be provided for the management of the nature reserve to ensure its sustained functioning. • Trained and experienced staff must be available to the reserve.

6.5.3 Infrastructure development and management In order for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve to operate appropriately, adequate infrastructure need to be developed and maintained both for management and tourism purposes. In addressing infrastructure needs at the site, the following guiding principles will be adhered to:

• Infrastructure must be maintained to avoid any damage to the environment and ensure the safety of staff and visitors to the site. • Infrastructure must be provided to ensure the effective management and operation of the nature reserve.

The detailed requirements for operational management are set out in Table 8 below.

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Table 8. Framework for operational management.

Strategic outcome Management activities Management targets Indicators of Concern Timing Landowner Partner responsibility responsibility

HUMAN AND FINANCIAL RESOURCES

The site is adequately Employ sufficient, appropriately skilled staff to meet Ensuring that an adequate budget is available to Inadequate resources to Undertaking Assistance in resourced for its effective the management and operational requirements of the manage the reserve. manage of the site. management providing resources site. management and operation. Year 3 activities to manage the site Undertake regular training and skills development to ensure that staff is able to effectively complete their duties.

INFRASTRUCTURE

All infrastructure at the site Ensure that adequate maintenance is undertaken to Undertake regular maintenance of all facilities Environmental, health or Implementation of a Provision of advice is adequately maintained. maintain facilities and infrastructure in an adequate and infrastructure. safety incidents regular and support condition. associated with Year 1 - maintenance inadequately maintained ongoing facilities and infrastructure.

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7) MONITORING AND REPORTING Monitoring and reporting is a critical component of the adaptive management cycle. It enables the effective assessment of management interventions and, if necessary, can be used to direct modifications of management in an effort to achieve the outcomes required.

7.1 Annual monitoring The annual monitoring schedule should be designed to monitor the implementation of aspects of the management plan. It should be designed to be straightforward and relatively easy to implement by on-site staff.

Records should be maintained of key management interventions and of problem events or incidents such as uncontrolled access, poaching, illegal plant collection or uncontrolled/arson fires.

Scientific monitoring programmes may be established to monitor specific management interventions such as measures for the protection of flagship species. Most of the outcomes of the monitoring process will be captured in an annual report, which will be used to inform the following year’s annual plan of operation.

On this basis, a monitoring schedule for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve is set out in Table 9.

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Table 9. Annual monitoring schedule for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve.

Management issue Parameters to be monitored Monitoring measures Monitoring frequency Responsibility Reporting requirements

Law enforcement Schedule of patrols Written record Regular patrols as Annual report required Landowner Recovery of snares Photographs/written record Weekly Annual report

Illegal incidents Photographs/written record Per event Record of event

Fire management Burning of firebreaks as part of fire management Written Annually Annual report Burning of blocks as part of controlled burning record/map/photography Annually Annual report Landowner Unplanned wildfires Written Per event Record of event record/map/photography

Invasive plant control Areas subject to invasive plant control

State of areas in which invasive plants have been Photographs/written record Quarterly Annual report eradicated Landowner Records of labour hours/days Written record Annually Annual report

Herbicide usage Written record Annually Annual report

Conservation targets Incidents related to flagship species Photographs/written record Per event Landowner Record of event

Facilities and infrastructure State of roads and paths Photographs/written records Annually Landowner Annual report

State of facilities and service infrastructure Maintenance report Annually Annual report Landowner Pollution events Photographs/written records Per event Record of event

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7.2 Annual protected area management plan implementation review The purpose of undertaking an annual review of implementation of the protected area management plan will be to:

• Determine how effectively the management plan has been implemented. • Assist in determining the focus for the annual plan of operation and the setting of appropriate time frames and budgets. • Enable effective adaptive management by identifying changes and modifying management interventions.

The minutes of the annual management meeting will form the basis of the report on the management plan review. The minutes should include records of recommendations for update/changes to the five‐year plan so that when the five‐year plan is revised for the subsequent five years, these recommendations can be assessed and included where necessary.

INGWEHUMBE NATURE RE SERVE MANAGEMENT PLAN

8) INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE’S ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION Each year an annual plan of operation will be prepared, based on the objectives, strategic outcomes, management activities and targets contained in the management plan.

8.1 Implementation of the management plan

Formal adoption of the Management Plan Periodic external audit of Budgeting process the management plan

Annual management meeting

Update and amendment of Annual management plan Annual plan of management plan objectives, strategic operation implementation outcomes, management review activities and targets

Biennial management plan review

Figure 14. Process for the implementation of the Management Plans.

Each year an annual management meeting is to be held for the biodiversity stewardship site. In terms of the implementation of the management plan, the purpose of the annual management meeting for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve will be to:

• Finalise the annual report, as part of the annual management plan review described in Section 7.2 above. • As part of the annual performance review, determine the need to modify or change any of the management plan’s objectives, strategic outcomes, management activities or targets. • Determine management activities for the coming year and to set goals for the year, based on the key performance areas set out in the management plan. • Determine how budgets will be spent in an effort to achieve the goals for each of the quarters of the coming year.

The minutes and notes of the annual management meeting will be compiled in an annual plan of operation, which will include all of the information, set out

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above, and will determine what management activities need to be completed for the coming year, based on the management plan. A pro forma annual plan of operation is set out in Appendix E.

8.2 Responsibilities in implementing the protected area management plan In the tables in the operational management framework, the responsibilities for the completion of management activities are identified. In many cases the people responsible for implementing the activities will be in attendance at the annual management meeting and the requirements for the achievement of the management activities can be discussed and agreed to at the meeting. In some cases, however, the management activities may be required to be referred to an individual or another partner to ensure that they implement the management activity.

8.3 Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve’s resource requirements In developing annual plans of operation for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve the resource requirements, associated with management activities and targets set out in the operational management framework must be considered and budgeted for. The following section broadly identifies the issues that must be considered in determining adequate human resources, funds and equipment for the site.

8.3.1 Staff and equipment Annual plans of operation must consider the staff and equipment needs to undertake the following activities:

• Administration and management of the site. • Patrolling of the site and its boundaries. • An annual burning programme and firefighting response to wildfires. • An ongoing invasive plant species control programme. • An ongoing soil erosion control and rehabilitation programme. • Ecological monitoring and data capture. • Maintenance of roads, paths and fences within the site. • Maintenance of facilities and infrastructure within the site. • Capture of visitor information and statistics. • Community liaison and cooperation. • Environmental interpretation and education.

8.3.2 Projects In addition to the requirements for annual recurrent funding for the issues outlined above, there will be a need to identify funding requirements for the following capital projects:

• Review of the roads network and potential costs associated with re- alignment, reconstruction and rehabilitation.

INGWEHUMBE NATURE RE SERVE MANAGEME N T P L A N 45

References Acocks, J.P.H. (1975) Veld Types of South Africa. Memoir of the Botanical Survey of South Africa No.40. Department of Agricultural Technical Services, Pretoria.

Armstrong, A.J. & Hamer, M.L. 2015. English names of the millipedes (Diplopoda) of KwaZulu-Natal. African Invertebrates. 56(1): 147-159.

Boon, R. (2010) Pooley’s Trees of eastern South Africa. Flora and Fauna Publ. Trust. Durban.

Carbutt, C. and Goodman, P.S. (2010) Assessing the Management Effectiveness of State-owned, Land-based Protected Areas in KwaZulu-Natal. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife unpublished report, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 1-67.

Camp, K.G.T. (1998) The bioresource units of KwaZulu-Natal. Cedara report N/A95/32. KZN Department of Agriculture.

Cowan, G.I. (2006) Guidance for the development of management plans in terms of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act (Act 57 of 2003). Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Pretoria.

Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (2008) The National Protected Area Expansion Strategy 2008-2012. Pretoria.

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (2010) KZN Protected Area Expansion Strategy and Action Plan (2009-2028). Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife unpublished report, Pietermaritzburg. pp. 1-63.

Goodman P.S. (2011) Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife Norms and Standards: Surveillance and Monitoring Plans for Biodiversity. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife unpublished report, Pietermaritzburg.

Hardy, M.B., Barnes, D.L., Moore, A. and Kirkman, K.P. (1999) The management of different types of veld. In Tainton, N.M. (ed) Veld Management in South Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg.

Herbert, D. & Kilburn, D. 2004. Field guide to the land snails and slugs of eastern South Africa. Pietermaritzburg: Natal Museum.

INR 2017 Final Environmental Management Framework for the uMgungundlovu District Municipality: Volume II – Environmental Sensitivity Zones and Assessment Guideline.

Mkhambathini Municipality Integrated Development Plan. 2015 to 2021

Mucina, L. and Rutherford, M.C. (eds.) (2006). The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.

INGWEHUMBE NATURE RE SERVE MANAGEME N T P L A N 46

O’Connor, T.G. and Bredenkamp, G.J. (1997) Grassland. In Cowling, R.M., Richardson, D.M. and Pierce, S.M. (eds) Vegetation of Southern Africa. Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.

Raimondo, D., VonStaden,L., Foden,W., Victor, J.E.,Helme,N.A., Turner,R.C., Kamundi, D.A. & Manyama, P.A. (eds) (2009). SANBI Red List of South African plants. http://redlist.sanbi.org/

Scott-Shaw, C.R. (1999) Rare and threatened plants of KwaZulu-Natal and neighbouring regions. KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Services, Pietermaritzburg.

Scott-Shaw, C.R and Escott, B.J. (Eds) (2011) KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Pre- Transformation Vegetation Type Map – 2011. Unpublished GIS Coverage [kznveg05v2_1_11_wll.zip], Biodiversity Conservation Planning Division, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, P. O. Box 13053, Cascades, Pietermaritzburg, 3202.

Stolton, S., Hockings, M., Dudley, N., MacKinnon, K., Whitten, T. and Leverington, F. (2007) Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool: reporting progress at protected area sites (2nd edition). World Bank and WWF Forest Alliance.

Trollope, W.S.W. (1999) Veld Burning. In Tainton, N.M. (ed) Veld Management in South Africa. University of Natal Press, Pietermaritzburg. uMgungundlovu District Municipality. 2017. Integrated Development Plan (IDP) for uMgungundlovu District Municipality. The Comprehensive 2017/2018 to 2021/2022 Five-Year IDP- 4th Generation.

INGWEHUMBE NATURE RE SERVE MANAGEME N T P L A N 47

Appendix A

APPENDIX A: DEFINITIONS OF TERMS

Alien species Species or genotypes, which are not indigenous to Ntsikeni Nature Reserve and the surrounding area including hybrids and genetically altered organisms.

Biodiversity The variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part and also includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems (as per the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 [Act No. 10 of 2004]). Bioprospecting In relation to indigenous biological resources, means any research on, or development or application of, indigenous biological resources for commercial or industrial exploitation, and includes – the systematic search, collection or gathering of such resources or making extractions from such resources for purposes of such research, development or application (as per the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 [Act No. 10 of 2004])

Board The KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Board as defined by the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act, 1997 (Act No.9 of 1997).

Buffer zone An area surrounding a protected area that has restrictions placed on its use or where collaborative projects and programmes are undertaken to afford additional protection to the nature reserve. Co- The term ‘Co-management’ must be understood within the context of Section 42 of management the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003). Cultural As defined in Article 1 of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO) 1972 , ‘cultural heritage heritage’ is considered as “monuments, architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, which are of (…) value from the point of view of history, art or science, groups of buildings, groups of separate or connected buildings which, because of their architecture, their homogeneity or their place in the landscape, are of significance from the point of view of history, art or science, sites, works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological sites which are of (…) value from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological point of view.” For the purpose of this IMP, living heritage features such as mountains, pools, rivers, boulders, etc. as well as palaeontological features are included under this definition.

Ecotourism The travel to natural areas to learn about the way of life and cultural history of people, the natural history of the environment, while taking care not to change the environment and contributing to the economic welfare of the local people (adapted from a definition of ecotourism by Hecto Ceballos Lascurain).

Ecological The sum of the biological, physical and chemical components of an ecosystem and integrity its products, functions and attributes (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]). Ecosystem A dynamic complex of animal, plant and micro-organism communities and their non-living environment interacting as a functional unit (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).

Appendix A

Ecosystem As defined in Section 1 of the National Environmental Management: Protected services Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003) as “environmental goods and services” meaning: a. Benefits obtained from ecosystems such as food, fuel and fibre and genetic resources. b. Benefits from the regulation of ecosystem processes such as climate regulation, disease and flood control and detoxification. c. Cultural non-material benefits obtained from ecosystems such as benefits of a spiritual, recreational, aesthetic, inspirational, educational, community and symbolic nature;” For the purposes of this IMP, sustainable water production is also specifically included under this definition. Environmental The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, degradation water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the loss of species or undesirable reduction of species population numbers from a specific area from an environmental health perspective Ezemvelo KZN Nature Conservation Service as established in terms of the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Wildlife Conservation Management Act No. 9 of 1997. Indigenous In relation to a specific protected area, means a species that occurs, or has species historically occurred, naturally in a free state of nature within that specific protected area, but excludes a species introduced in that protected area as a result of human activity (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).

Invasive Means any species whose establishment and spread outside of its natural species distribution range – a. Threaten ecosystems, habitats or other species or have a demonstrable potential to threaten ecosystems, habitats or other species. b. May result in economic and environmental harm or harm to human health. (As per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]). Joint The agreed co-ordination of management and/or management actions by management landowners and/or mandated managers on their individual or combined properties in order to achieve common management objectives. Local Any community of people living or having rights or interests in a distinct community geographical area (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]).

Management In relation to a protected area, includes control, protection, conservation, maintenance and rehabilitation of the protected area with due regard to the use and extraction of biological resources, community-based practices and benefit sharing activities in the area in a manner consistent with the Biodiversity Act (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003).

Appendix A

Management In relation to a protected area, means the organ of state or other institution or authority person in which the authority to manage the protected area is vested (as per the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]). Monitoring The collection and analysis of repeated observations or measurements to evaluate change in status, distribution or integrity in order to track the impacts of directed management implemented to achieve a stated management objective. Nature The conservation of naturally occurring ecological systems, the sustainable conservation utilisation of indigenous plants and animals therein, and the promotion and maintenance of biological diversity (as per the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act, 1997 [Act No.9 of 1997]).

Neighbouring The communities and people permanently living in the local municipal area/s community bordering onto the Nature Reserve. Natural As defined in Article 2 of the World Heritage Convention (UNESCO) 1972 ‘natural heritage heritage’ is as: “natural features consisting of physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of (…) value from the aesthetic or scientific point of view, geological and physiographical formations and precisely delineated areas which constitute the habitat of threatened species of animals and plants of (…) value from the point of view of science or conservation, natural sites or precisely delineated natural areas of (…) value from the point of view of science, conservation or natural beauty.” For the purposes of this IMP, this would include the required ecological integrity of the protected area for the production of ecosystem services. Partnerships A co-operative and / or collaborative arrangement between the Game Reserve management / EKZNW and a third party that supports the achievement of the Game Reserve management objectives. Protected • Means any area declared or proclaimed as such in terms of section 3 or listed areas in the Second Schedule to the KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act, 1997 (Act No. 9 of 1997); or • Means any of the protected areas referred to in section 9 of the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 (Act No. 57 of 2003). Protected area Is the management body that deals with the day-to-day management of the management protected area and is chaired by the OIC. committee Ramsar Means: “The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, signed in Convention Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty, which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources.” (There are presently 158 Contracting Parties to the Convention, the Convention has broadened its scope to cover all aspects of wetland conservation and wise use, recognising wetlands as ecosystems that are extremely important for biodiversity conservation in general and for the well-being of human communities.)

Appendix A

Stakeholders/ These are interested individuals or groups concerned with or affected by an activity interested and its consequences. These include the authorities, local communities, investors, parties work force, consumers, environmental interest groups and the general public. According to the National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004), “stakeholder” means a person, an organ of state or a community contemplated in section 82 (1) (a), or an indigenous community contemplated in section 82(1) (b). Surveillance The collection and analysis of single or repeated measurements to establish status or distribution or integrity at a point in time in the absence of a specific management context or objective. Sustainable In relation to the use of a biological resource, means the use of such resource in a way and at a rate that would not lead to its long-term decline; would not disrupt the ecological integrity of the ecosystem in which it occurs; and would ensure its continued use to meet the needs and aspirations of present and future generations of people (as per National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act, 2004 (Act No. 10 of 2004). Wilderness Means an area designated in terms of section 22 or 26 for the purpose of retaining area an intrinsically wild appearance and character, or capable of being restored to such and which is undeveloped and roadless, without permanent improvements or human habitation (as defined by the National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 2003 [Act No. 57 of 2003]). World Means a World Heritage Site as defined in the World Heritage Convention Act, No. heritage site 49 of 1999 under Chapter 1, section 1 subsection (xxiv).

Appendix B

APPENDIX B: LIST OF STATUTES TO WHICH THE INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE IS SUBJECT Biodiversity and Cultural Resource Management and Development:

• Animals Protection Act [No. 71 of 1962] • Atmospheric Pollution Prevention Act [No. 45 of 1965] • Conservation of Agricultural Resources Act [No. 43 of 1983] • Constitution of the Republic of South Africa [No. 108 of 1996] • Criminal Procedures Act [1977] • Environment Conservation Act [No. 73 of 1989] • Forest Act [No. 122 of 1984] • Hazardous Substances Act [No. 15 of 1973] • KwaZulu Nature Conservation Act [No. 8 of 1975] • KwaZulu-Natal Heritage Management Act [No. 10 of 1997] • KwaZulu-Natal Nature Conservation Management Act [No. 9 of 1997] • National Environmental Management Act [No. 107 of 1998] • National Environmental Management: Biodiversity Act [No. 10 of 2004] • National Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act [No. 57 of 2003] • National Forests Act [No. 84 of 1998] • National Heritage Resources Act [No. 25 of 1999] • National Water Act [No. 36 of 1998] • National Water Amendment Act [No. 45 of 1999] • National Veld and Forest Fire Act [No 101 of 1998] • Nature Conservation Ordinance [No. 15 of 1974]

General Management:

• Development Facilitation Act [No. 67 of 1995] • Disaster Management Act [No. 57 of 2002] • Fire Brigade Services Act [No. 99 of 1987] • Local Government: Municipal Systems Act [No. 32 of 2000] • National Road Traffic Act [No. 93 of 1996] • National Building Standards Act [No. 103 of 1977] • Natal Town Planning Ordinance [No. 27 of 1949] • Occupational Health and Safety Act [No. 85 of 1993] • KwaZulu-Natal Planning and Development Act [No. 5 of 1998] • Water Services Act [No. 108 of 1997]

Financial Management:

• Public Finance Management Act [No. 1 of 1999]

Appendix B

Human Resource Management:

• Basic Conditions of Employment Act [No. 75 of 1997] • Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act [No. 53 of 2003] • Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act [No. 130 of 1993] • Employment Equity Act [No. 55 of 1998] • Labour Relations Act [No. 66 of 1995] • Occupational Health and Safety Act [No. 85 of 1993] • Pension Funds Act [No. 24 of 1956] • Skills Development Act [No. 97 of 1998] • Skills Development Levies Act [No. 9 of 1999] • Unemployment Insurance Act [No. 63 of 2001]

Appendix C

APPENDIX C: COPY OF INGWEHUMBE NATURE RESERVE SG DIAGRAM AND PROCLAMATION (Pending).

Appendix C

Appendix D

APPENDIX D:VEGETATION TYPES AND SPECIES LISTS

APPENDIX D1: KZN VEGETATION TYPES occurring within Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve, their conservation status and protection. Moist Coast Eastern KwaZulu-Natal KwaZulu-Natal Eastern Scarp Forests : KZN Veg Type Name Hinterland Valley Hinterland Sandstone Sourveld Southern Coastal Scarp Forest Grassland Bushveld Thornveld KZN Biome Grassland Grassland Savanna Forest Savanna Veld Type Sourveld Sourveld Sweetveld Sweetveld SANBI Veg Type Code Gs 21 Gs 20 SVs 6 FOz 5 SVs 3 SANBI Veg Type Name KwaZulu-Natal Ngongoni Veld Eastern Valley Scarp Forest KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld Bushveld Hinterland Thornveld SANBI Biome Savanna Savanna Savanna Forest Savanna Cons Target (%) 25 25 25 61.61 25 Cons Target (ha) 44918 109388 78438 7010 38135 Provincial Veg Area (ha) 179671 437552 313750 11378 152541 Remaining natural habitat as at 2008 (ha) 20566 160315 213704 8827 99761 Remaining natural habitat as at 2008 (%) 11.4 36.6 68.1 77.6 65.4 Transformed habitat as at 2008 (ha) 159105 277237 100046 2551 52780 Transformed habitat as at 2008 (%) 88.6 63.4 31.9 22.4 34.6 Remaining natural habitat with patches <= 18591 155595 212268 8827 98637 4 ha removed, as at 2008 (ha) Remaining natural habitat with patches <= 10.3 35.6 67.7 77.6 64.7 4 ha removed, as at 2008 (%) Conservation status (Criterion A with Critically Endangered Endangered Least Least Threatened Least Threatened patches <= 4ha removed) Threatened Total protected Area (ha) 194 791.8 605.6 570 397.3 Total Protected Area (%) 0.1 0.2 0.2 5 0.3 Target met by PA's No No No No No

Appendix D

APPENDIX D2: PLANT SPECIES LIST for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status Threatened / Endemic Alien ACANTHACEAE Adhatoda andromeda (Lindau) C.B.Clarke ACANTHACEAE Asystasia gangetica (L.) T.Anderson ACANTHACEAE Barleria gueinzii Sond. ACANTHACEAE Barleria ovata E.Mey. ex Nees ACANTHACEAE Barleria repens Nees ACANTHACEAE Blepharis integrifolia (L.f.) E.Mey. ex Schinz ACANTHACEAE Crabbea hirsuta Harv. ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera clinopodia Nees ACANTHACEAE Dicliptera heterostegia Nees ACANTHACEAE Dyschoriste burchellii (Nees) Kuntze ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa ciliata (Nees) Lindau ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa cooperi C.B.Clarke SA ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa grantii C.B.Clarke ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa hypoestiflora Lindau ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa ovata (Nees) Lindau ACANTHACEAE Isoglossa woodii C.B.Clarke SA ACANTHACEAE Justicia betonica L. ACANTHACEAE Justicia campylostemon (Nees) T.Anderson ACANTHACEAE Justicia protracta (Nees) T.Anderson ACANTHACEAE Phaulopsis imbricata (Forssk.) Sweet subsp. imbricata ACANTHACEAE Rhinacanthus gracilis Klotzsch ACANTHACEAE Ruellia cordata Thunb. ACANTHACEAE Sclerochiton odoratissimus Hilliard SA ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia atriplicifolia E.Mey. ex Nees ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia dregeana Nees ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia natalensis Hook. ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia neglecta Sond. ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia pondoensis Lindau ACANTHACEAE Thunbergia venosa C.B.Clarke Rare KZN ACHARIACEAE Kiggelaria africana L. ACHARIACEAE Rawsonia lucida Harv. & Sond. AGAPANTHACEAE Agapanthus campanulatus F.M.Leight. AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum bowkeri Baker AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum comosum (Thunb.) Jacques AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum cooperi (Baker) Nordal AGAVACEAE Chlorophytum krookianum Zahlbr. AIZOACEAE Delosperma lineare L.Bolus ALLIACEAE Tulbaghia acutiloba Harv. AMARANTHACEAE Cyathula cylindrica Moq. var. cylindrica AMARYLLIDACEAE Boophone disticha (L.f.) Herb. DECLINING AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum macowanii Baker Declining AMARYLLIDACEAE Crinum moorei Hook.f. VU SA AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus breviflorus Harv.

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

AMARYLLIDACEAE Cyrtanthus contractus N.E.Br. AMARYLLIDACEAE Haemanthus albiflos Jacq. SA AMARYLLIDACEAE Haemanthus deformis Hook.f. NT SA AMARYLLIDACEAE Scadoxus puniceus (L.) Friis & Nordal ANACAMPSEROTACEAE Talinum caffrum (Thunb.) Eckl. & Zeyh. ANACARDIACEAE Ozoroa paniculosa (Sond.) R.Fern. & A.Fern. ANACARDIACEAE Protorhus longifolia (Bernh.) Engl. ANACARDIACEAE Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. subsp. caffra (Sond.) Kokwaro ANACARDIACEAE Searsia chirindensis (Baker f.) Moffett ANACARDIACEAE Searsia dentata (Thunb.) F.A.Barkley ANACARDIACEAE Searsia discolor (E.Mey. ex Sond.) Moffett ANACARDIACEAE Searsia rehmanniana (Engl.) Moffett ANEMIACEAE Mohria sp ANNONACEAE Monanthotaxis caffra (Sond.) Verdc. ANNONACEAE Uvaria caffra E.Mey. ex Sond. APIACEAE Alepidea amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh. VU SA APIACEAE Alepidea peduncularis A.Rich. DDT SA APIACEAE Centella glabrata L. APIACEAE Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng.) Cham. & Schltdl. APIACEAE Lichtensteinia interrupta (Thunb.) Sond. SA APIACEAE Pimpinella caffra (Eckl. & Zeyh.) D.Dietr. APOCYNACEAE Asclepias cultriformis (Harv. ex Schltr.) Schltr. APOCYNACEAE Asclepias flexuosa (E.Mey.) Schltr. SA APOCYNACEAE Asclepias gibba (E.Mey.) Schltr. var. gibba APOCYNACEAE Aspidoglossum ovalifolium (Schltr.) Kupicha APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma barberae Harv. ex Hook.f. APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma natalense (Schltr.) N.E.Br. CR KZN APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma pulchellum (Harv.) Schltr. NT KZN APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma pygmaeum (Schltr.) N.E.Br. subsp. pygmaeum APOCYNACEAE Brachystelma rubellum (E.Mey.) Peckover APOCYNACEAE Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan APOCYNACEAE Cryptolepis capensis Schltr. APOCYNACEAE Cryptolepis oblongifolia (Meisn.) Schltr. APOCYNACEAE Oncinotis tenuiloba Stapf APOCYNACEAE Pachycarpus concolor E.Mey. subsp. Concolor APOCYNACEAE Raphionacme galpinii Schltr. APOCYNACEAE Raphionacme hirsuta (E.Mey.) R.A.Dyer APOCYNACEAE Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R.Br. APOCYNACEAE Woodia verruculosa Schltr. VU KZN APOCYNACEAE Xysmalobium sp APOCYNACEAE Xysmalobium undulatum (L.) Aiton f. var. undulatum ARACEAE Stylochaeton natalensis Schott ARALIACEAE Cussonia nicholsonii Strey SA ARALIACEAE Cussonia spicata Thunb. ARECACEAE Phoenix reclinata Jacq. ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus africanus Lam. ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus falcatus L.

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus laricinus Burch. ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus plumosus Baker ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus racemosus Willd. ASPARAGACEAE Asparagus virgatus Baker ASPHODELACEAE Aloe arborescens Mill. ASPHODELACEAE Aloe cooperi Baker ASPHODELACEAE Aloe ecklonis Salm-Dyck (incl. A. krausii) ASPHODELACEAE Aloe ferox Mill. ASPHODELACEAE Aloe linearifolia A.Berger NT ASPHODELACEAE Aloe maculata All. ASPHODELACEAE Aloe minima Baker ASPHODELACEAE Bulbine latifolia (L.f.) Schult. & J.H.Schult. ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia buchananii Baker KZN ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia gracilis Baker SA ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia laxiflora Kunth SA ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia linearifolia Baker ASPHODELACEAE Kniphofia northiae Baker ASTERACEAE Afroaster hispida (Thunb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt ASTERACEAE Afroaster serrulatus (Harv.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt ASTERACEAE Athrixia phylicoides DC. ASTERACEAE Baccharoides adoensis (Sch.Bip. ex Walp.) H.Rob. ASTERACEAE Berkheya bergiana Söderb. SA ASTERACEAE Berkheya bipinnatifida (Harv.) Roessler ASTERACEAE Berkheya echinacea (Harv.) O.Hoffm. ex Burtt Davy ASTERACEAE Berkheya macrocephala J.M.Wood ASTERACEAE Berkheya maritima J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans SA ASTERACEAE Berkheya rhapontica (DC.) Hutch. & Burtt Davy ASTERACEAE Berkheya setifera DC. ASTERACEAE Berkheya speciosa (DC.) O.Hoffm. ASTERACEAE Berkheya umbellata DC. SA ASTERACEAE Callilepis laureola DC. ASTERACEAE Callilepis leptophylla Harv. DECLINING ASTERACEAE Caputia medley-woodii (Hutch.) B.Nord. & Pelser ASTERACEAE Chromolaena odorata (L.) R.M.King & H.Rob. Alien ASTERACEAE Dicoma anomala Sond. ASTERACEAE Distephanus angulifolius (DC.) H.Rob. & B.Kahn ASTERACEAE Distephanus anisochaetoides (Sond.) H.Rob. & B.Kahn ASTERACEAE Euryops brevipapposus M.D.Hend. ASTERACEAE Euryops laxus (Harv.) Burtt Davy ASTERACEAE Felicia erigeroides DC. SA ASTERACEAE Gazania krebsiana Less. ASTERACEAE Gazania rigens (L.) Gaertn. var. uniflora (L.f.) Roessler ASTERACEAE Gerbera ambigua (Cass.) Sch.Bip. ASTERACEAE Gerbera piloselloides (L.) Cass. ASTERACEAE Gerbera viridifolia (DC.) Sch.Bip. ASTERACEAE Gymnanthemum corymbosum (L.f.) H.Rob. ASTERACEAE Gymnanthemum crataegifolium (Hutch.) H.Rob.

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

ASTERACEAE Helichrysum acutatum DC. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum adenocarpum DC. subsp. adenocarpum ASTERACEAE Helichrysum allioides Less. SA ASTERACEAE Helichrysum appendiculatum (L.f.) Less. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum aureonitens Sch.Bip. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum aureum (Houtt.) Merr. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum auriceps Hilliard SA ASTERACEAE Helichrysum cooperi Harv. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum decorum DC. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum grandibracteatum M.D.Hend. ASTERACEAE Helichrysum griseum Sond. SA ASTERACEAE Helichrysum herbaceum (Andrews) Sweet ASTERACEAE Helichrysum inornatum Hilliard & B.L.Burtt KZN ASTERACEAE Helichrysum krookii Moeser ASTERACEAE Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less. var. nudifolium ASTERACEAE Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less. var. oxyphyllum (DC.) Beentje ASTERACEAE Helichrysum nudifolium (L.) Less. var. pilosellum (L.f.) Beentje ASTERACEAE Helichrysum odoratissimum (L.) Sweet ASTERACEAE Helichrysum oreophilum Klatt ASTERACEAE Helichrysum panduratum O.Hoffm. var. panduratum SA ASTERACEAE Helichrysum pannosum DC. EN SA ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella aristata (DC.) H.Rob. ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella hirsuta (DC.) H.Rob. ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella nudicaulis (DC.) H.Rob. ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella oligocephala (DC.) H.Rob. ASTERACEAE Hilliardiella pinifolia (Lam.) H.Rob ASTERACEAE Laggera crispata (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood ASTERACEAE Macledium zeyheri (Sond.) S.Ortíz subsp. argyrophyllum (Oliv.) S.Ortíz SA

ASTERACEAE Pseudognaphalium sp ASTERACEAE Schistostephium crataegifolium (DC.) Fenzl ex Harv. ASTERACEAE Senecio bupleuroides DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio coronatus (Thunb.) Harv. ASTERACEAE Senecio deltoideus Less. ASTERACEAE Senecio discodregeanus Hilliard & B.L.Burtt ASTERACEAE Senecio erubescens Aiton ASTERACEAE Senecio glaberrimus DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio macroglossus DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio oxyriifolius DC. subsp. Oxyriifolius ASTERACEAE Senecio serratuloides DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio speciosus Willd. ASTERACEAE Senecio tamoides DC. ASTERACEAE Senecio umgeniensis Thell. KZN ASTERACEAE Senecio variabilis Sch.Bip. SA ASTERACEAE Tagetes minuta L. Alien ASTERACEAE Ursinia nana DC. ASTERACEAE Ursinia tenuiloba DC. SA ASTERACEAE Vernonia galpinii Klatt

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens flanaganiae Hemsl. VU SA BALSAMINACEAE Impatiens hochstetteri Warb. subsp. hochstetteri BEGONIACEAE Begonia dregei Otto & A.Dietr. EN SA BEGONIACEAE Begonia homonyma Steud. EN SA BIGNONIACEAE Tecomaria capensis (Thunb.) Spach BORAGINACEAE Cordia caffra Sond. BORAGINACEAE Cynoglossum geometricum Baker & C.H.Wright BORAGINACEAE Echium sp Alien BORAGINACEAE Ehretia rigida (Thunb.) Druce SA BORAGINACEAE Heliotropium amplexicaule Vahl Alien BORAGINACEAE Myosotis sp. BRASSICACEAE Capparis fascicularis DC. BRASSICACEAE Capparis tomentosa Lam. BRASSICACEAE Cleome monophylla L. BRASSICACEAE Heliophila elongata (Thunb.) DC. BRASSICACEAE Maerua cafra (DC.) Pax BRASSICACEAE Maerua racemulosa (A.DC.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. BRASSICACEAE Maerua rosmarinoides (Sond.) Gilg & Gilg-Ben. BURSERACEAE Commiphora harveyi (Engl.) Engl. BURSERACEAE Commiphora woodii Engl. BUXACEAE Buxus natalensis (Oliv.) Hutch. CACTACEAE Rhipsalis baccifera (J.S.Mill.) Stearn subsp. mauritiana (DC.) Barthlott CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia grandiflora Brehmer SA CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia huttonii (Sond.) Thulin CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia krebsii Cham. subsp. krebsii CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia paucidentata Schinz CAMPANULACEAE Wahlenbergia undulata (L.f.) A.DC. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Dianthus zeyheri Sond. CARYOPHYLLACEAE Silene burchellii Otth CASUARINACEAE Casuarina equisetifolia L. Alien CELASTRACEAE Lauridia tetragona (L.f.) R.H.Archer CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia buxifolia (L.) Szyszyl. CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia harveyana Loes. subsp. harveyana CELASTRACEAE Gymnosporia nemorosa (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Szyszyl. CELASTRACEAE Maytenus acuminata CELASTRACEAE Maytenus peduncularis CELASTRACEAE Maytenus undata CLUSIACEAE Garcinia gerrardii Harv. ex Sim COLCHICACEAE Sandersonia aurantiaca Hook. Declining COMBRETACEAE Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. COMBRETACEAE Combretum kraussii Hochst. COMBRETACEAE Combretum molle R.Br. ex G.Don COMMELINACEAE Commelina africana L. var. africana COMMELINACEAE Commelina erecta L. COMMELINACEAE Commelina modesta Oberm. COMMELINACEAE Cyanotis speciosa (L.f.) Hassk. CONVOLVULACEAE Convolvulus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea pellita Hallier f. CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea simplex Thunb. CONVOLVULACEAE Ipomoea wightii (Wall.) Choisy var. wightii CRASSULACEAE Crassula acinaciformis Schinz CRASSULACEAE Crassula alba Forssk. CRASSULACEAE Crassula dependens Bolus CRASSULACEAE Crassula ericoides Haw. SA CRASSULACEAE Crassula expansa Dryand. CRASSULACEAE Crassula inandensis Schönland & Baker f. SA CRASSULACEAE Crassula orbicularis L. SA CRASSULACEAE Crassula pellucida L. subsp. alsinoides (Hook.f.) Toelken CRASSULACEAE Crassula pellucida L. subsp. marginalis (Dryand. in Aiton) Toelken SA CRASSULACEAE Crassula perfoliata L. CRASSULACEAE Crassula perforata Thunb. subsp. perforata SA CRASSULACEAE Crassula sarmentosa Harv. var. sarmentosa SA CRASSULACEAE Crassula vaginata Eckl. & Zeyh. subsp. vaginata CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe crenata (Andrews) Haw. CRASSULACEAE Kalanchoe rotundifolia (Haw.) Haw. CUCURBITACEAE Coccinia mackenii Naudin ex C.Huber CUCURBITACEAE Cucumis hirsutus Sond. CUCURBITACEAE Cucumis zeyheri Sond. CUCURBITACEAE Gerrardanthus tomentosus Hook.f. VU KZN CYATHEACEAE Alsophila dregei (Kunze) R.M.Tryon CYPERACEAE Cyperus albostriatus Schrad. CYPERACEAE Cyperus dives Delile DENNSTAEDTIACEAE Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn subsp. aquilinum DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea cotinifolia Kunth DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea dregeana (Kunth) T.Durand & Schinz DIOSCOREACEAE Dioscorea sylvatica Eckl. VU DIPSACACEAE Cephalaria oblongifolia (Kuntze) Szabó SA DIPSACACEAE Cephalaria pungens Szabó DIPSACACEAE Scabiosa columbaria L. EBENACEAE Diospyros austro-africana De Winter var. rubriflora (De Winter) De Winter EBENACEAE Diospyros lycioides Desf. EBENACEAE Diospyros villosa (L.) De Winter SA ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum emarginatum Thonn. ERYTHROXYLACEAE Erythroxylum pictum E.Mey. ex Sond. SA EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha glabrata Thunb. EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha glandulifolia Buchinger ex Meisn. EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha peduncularis E.Mey. ex Meisn. EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha punctata Meisn. EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha depressinerva (Kuntze) K.Schum. EUPHORBIACEAE Acalypha villicaulis Hochst. EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia cordata Bernh. SA EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia hirsuta (Sond.) Müll.Arg. EUPHORBIACEAE Clutia pulchella L. EUPHORBIACEAE Croton sylvaticus Hochst.

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia ericoides Lam. SA EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia grandidens Haw. EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia gueinzii Boiss. EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia ingens E.Mey. ex Boiss. EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia kraussiana Bernh. SA EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia striata Thunb. EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia tetragona Haw. SA EUPHORBIACEAE Euphorbia triangularis Desf. EUPHORBIACEAE Tragia glabrata (Müll.Arg.) Pax & K.Hoffm. var. glabrata EUPHORBIACEAE Tragia meyeriana Müll.Arg. FABACEAE Abrus laevigatus E.Mey. FABACEAE Aeschynomene micrantha DC. FABACEAE Albizia adianthifolia (Schumach.) W.Wight FABACEAE Alysicarpus rugosus (Willd.) DC. FABACEAE Argyrolobium baptisioides (E.Mey.) Walp. SA FABACEAE Argyrolobium harveyanum Oliv. FABACEAE Argyrolobium longifolium (Meisn.) Walp. VU KZN FABACEAE Argyrolobium pauciflorum Eckl. & Zeyh. SA FABACEAE Argyrolobium stipulaceum Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Aspalathus chortophila Eckl. & Zeyh. SA FABACEAE Baphia racemosa (Hochst.) Baker SA FABACEAE Calpurnia aurea (Aiton) Benth. subsp. Aurea FABACEAE Calpurnia sericea Harv. FABACEAE Chamaecrista capensis (Thunb.) E.Mey. var. capensis FABACEAE Chamaecrista comosa E.Mey. FABACEAE Chamaecrista mimosoides (L.) Greene FABACEAE Chamaecrista plumosa E.Mey. FABACEAE Crotalaria dura J.M.Wood & M.S.Evans subsp. dura NT SA FABACEAE Crotalaria lanceolata E.Mey. subsp. lanceolata FABACEAE Crotalaria natalitia Meisn. var. natalitia FABACEAE Dalbergia armata E.Mey. FABACEAE Dalbergia obovata E.Mey. FABACEAE Desmodium setigerum (E.Mey.) Benth. ex Harv. FABACEAE Eriosema distinctum N.E.Br. SA FABACEAE Eriosema kraussianum Meisn. FABACEAE Eriosema populifolium Benth. ex Harv. subsp. populifolium EN KZN FABACEAE Eriosema salignum E.Mey. FABACEAE Erythrina humeana Spreng. FABACEAE Erythrina latissima E.Mey. FABACEAE Erythrina lysistemon Hutch. FABACEAE Erythrina zeyheri Harv. FABACEAE Indigofera grata E.Mey. KZN FABACEAE Indigofera hedyantha Eckl. & Zeyh. FABACEAE Indigofera hilaris Eckl. & Zeyh. var. hilaris FABACEAE Indigofera micrantha E.Mey. FABACEAE Indigofera rubroglandulosa Germish. SA FABACEAE Indigofera tristis E.Mey.

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

FABACEAE Leobordea corymbosa (E.Mey.) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. FABACEAE Leobordea foliosa (H.Bolus) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. FABACEAE Leobordea pulchra (Dümmer) B.-E.van Wyk & Boatwr. FABACEAE Pseudarthria hookeri Wight & Arn. var. hookeri FABACEAE Rhynchosia caribaea (Jacq.) DC. FABACEAE Rhynchosia cooperi (Harv. ex Baker f.) Burtt Davy FABACEAE Rhynchosia totta (Thunb.) DC. var. totta FABACEAE Rhynchosia villosa (Meisn.) Druce SA FABACEAE Schotia brachypetala Sond. FABACEAE Senegalia ataxacantha (DC.) Kyal. & Boatwr. FABACEAE Senna pendula (Willd.) H.S.Irwin & Barneby Alien FABACEAE Sesbania punicea (Cav.) Benth. Alien FABACEAE Tephrosia capensis (Jacq.) Pers. FABACEAE Tephrosia inandensis H.M.L.Forbes EN KZN FABACEAE Tephrosia macropoda (E.Mey.) Harv. FABACEAE Tephrosia shiluwanensis Schinz FABACEAE Tephrosia sp FABACEAE Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Gallaso FABACEAE Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. subsp. kraussiana (Benth.) Kyal. & Boatwr. FABACEAE Vigna vexillata (L.) A.Rich. FABACEAE Zornia capensis Pers. subsp. capensis FABACEAE Zornia linearis E.Mey. GENTIANACEAE Sebaea junodii Schinz GENTIANACEAE Sebaea natalensis Schinz GENTIANACEAE Sebaea sedoides Gilg GERANIACEAE Pelargonium luridum (Andrews) Sweet GERANIACEAE Pelargonium schlechteri R.Knuth SA GESNERIACEAE Streptocarpus haygarthii N.E.Br. ex C.B.Clarke SA GESNERIACEAE Streptocarpus polyanthus Hook. KZN GUNNERACEAE Gunnera perpensa L. Declining HETEROPYXIDACEAE Heteropyxis natalensis Harv. HYACINTHACEAE Albuca setosa Jacq. HYACINTHACEAE Albuca virens (Ker Gawl.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt subsp. virens HYACINTHACEAE Dipcadi viride (L.) Moench HYACINTHACEAE Drimia robusta Baker HYACINTHACEAE Eucomis autumnalis (Mill.) Chitt. Declining HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria humifusa (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria leptophylla (Baker) S.Venter HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria ovatifolia (Baker) Jessop subsp. ovatifolia SA HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria sandersonii (Baker) S.Venter & T.J.Edwards HYACINTHACEAE Ledebouria zebrina (Baker) S.Venter HYACINTHACEAE Merwilla plumbea (Lindl.) Speta NT HYACINTHACEAE Ornithogalum graminifolium Thunb. HYACINTHACEAE Schizocarphus nervosus (Burch.) Van der Merwe HYPERICACEAE Hypericum aethiopicum Thunb. HYPERICACEAE Hypericum lalandii Choisy HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis angustifolia Lam.

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis argentea Harv. ex Baker HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis colchicifolia Baker SA HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis costata Baker HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis filiformis Baker HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis hemerocallidea Fisch., C.A.Mey. & Avé-Lall. DECLINING HYPOXIDACEAE Hypoxis rigidula Baker ICACINACEAE Apodytes dimidiata E.Mey. ex Arn. subsp. dimidiata ICACINACEAE Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Kuntze ICACINACEAE Pyrenacantha scandens Planch. ex Harv. IRIDACEAE Aristea abyssinica Pax IRIDACEAE Aristea ecklonii Baker IRIDACEAE Aristea torulosa Klatt IRIDACEAE Crocosmia pottsii (McNab ex Baker) N.E.Br. SA IRIDACEAE Dierama argyreum L.Bolus SA IRIDACEAE Dierama latifolium N.E.Br. IRIDACEAE Dietes butcheriana Gerstner IRIDACEAE Dietes iridioides (L.) Sweet ex Klatt IRIDACEAE Freesia laxa (Thunb.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning IRIDACEAE Gladiolus dalenii Van Geel subsp. dalenii IRIDACEAE Gladiolus ecklonii Lehm. IRIDACEAE Gladiolus inandensis Baker SA IRIDACEAE Gladiolus longicollis Baker subsp. longicollis IRIDACEAE Moraea elliotii IRIDACEAE Moraea inclinata IRIDACEAE Tritonia disticha (Klatt) Baker SA IRIDACEAE Tritonia gladiolaris (Lam.) Goldblatt & J.C.Manning IRIDACEAE Watsonia confusa Goldblatt SA IRIDACEAE Watsonia densiflora Baker SA JUNCACEAE Juncus lomatophyllus Spreng. JUNCAGINACEAE Triglochin elongata Buchenau LAMIACEAE Aeollanthus parvifolius Benth. LAMIACEAE Ajuga ophrydis Burch. ex Benth. LAMIACEAE Leonotis dubia E.Mey. LAMIACEAE Leonotis intermedia Lindl. LAMIACEAE Leonotis leonurus (L.) R.Br. LAMIACEAE Mentha longifolia (L.) Huds. LAMIACEAE Ocimum obovatum E.Mey. ex Benth. LAMIACEAE Plectranthus barbatus Andrews Alien LAMIACEAE Plectranthus ciliatus E.Mey. ex Benth. LAMIACEAE Plectranthus fruticosus L'Hér. LAMIACEAE Plectranthus grallatus Briq. LAMIACEAE Plectranthus hadiensis (Forssk.) Schweinf. ex Spreng. LAMIACEAE Plectranthus hereroensis Engl. LAMIACEAE Plectranthus verticillatus (L.f.) Druce LAMIACEAE Pycnostachys reticulata (E.Mey.) Benth. LAMIACEAE Rabdosiella calycina (Benth.) Codd LAMIACEAE Rotheca hirsuta (Hochst.) R.Fern.

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

LAMIACEAE Stachys aethiopica L. LAMIACEAE Stachys natalensis Hochst. LAMIACEAE Stachys nigricans Benth. LAMIACEAE Syncolostemon argenteus N.E.Br. KZN LAMIACEAE Syncolostemon densiflorus Benth. SA LAMIACEAE Syncolostemon parviflorus E.Mey. LAMIACEAE Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd LAMIACEAE Teucrium kraussii Codd LAMIACEAE Tinnea galpinii Briq. LAURACEAE Cryptocarya latifolia Sond. Declining SA LAURACEAE Cryptocarya woodii Engl. LINACEAE Linum thunbergii Eckl. & Zeyh. LOBELIACEAE Cyphia elata Harv. LOBELIACEAE Lobelia flaccida (C.Presl) A.DC. subsp. flaccida LOBELIACEAE Monopsis decipiens LOBELIACEAE Monopsis stellarioides LOGANIACEAE Strychnos decussata (Pappe) Gilg LOGANIACEAE Strychnos madagascariensis Poir. LYCOPODIACEAE Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic.Serm. MAESACEAE Maesa lanceolata Forssk. MALPIGHIACEAE Acridocarpus natalitius A.Juss. Declining MALVACEAE Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch. var. rotundifolia MALVACEAE Dombeya tiliacea (Endl.) Planch. MALVACEAE Grewia lasiocarpa E.Mey. ex Harv. SA MALVACEAE Grewia occidentalis L. var. occidentalis MALVACEAE Hermannia depressa N.E.Br. MALVACEAE Hermannia grandistipula (Buchinger ex Hochst.) K.Schum. MALVACEAE Hermannia woodii Schinz MALVACEAE Hibiscus aethiopicus MALVACEAE Hibiscus diversifolius MALVACEAE Hibiscus pedunculatus MALVACEAE Hibiscus pusillus MALVACEAE Hibiscus surattensis MALVACEAE Hibiscus trionum MALVACEAE Pavonia columella Cav. MALVACEAE Sida rhombifolia L. subsp. rhombifolia MALVACEAE Waltheria indica L. MELASTOMATACEAE Dissotis canescens (E.Mey. ex R.A.Graham) Hook.f. MELASTOMATACEAE Dissotis princeps (Kunth) Triana MELIACEAE Ekebergia capensis Sparrm. MELIACEAE Ekebergia pterophylla (C.DC.) Hofmeyr MELIACEAE Melia azedarach L. Alien MELIACEAE Trichilia dregeana Sond. MELIACEAE Turraea floribunda Hochst. MELIANTHACEAE Greyia sutherlandii Hook. & Harv. MEMECYLACEAE Memecylon natalense Markgr. SA MOLLUGINACEAE Psammotropha mucronata (Thunb.) Fenzl

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

MOLLUGINACEAE Psammotropha myriantha Sond. MORACEAE Ficus burtt-davyi Hutch. MORACEAE Ficus glumosa Delile MORACEAE Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. MORACEAE Ficus natalensis Hochst. MORACEAE Ficus sur Forssk. MYRICACEAE Morella brevifolia (E.Mey. ex C.DC.) Killick MYRSINACEAE Rapanea melanophloeos (L.) Mez Declining MYRTACEAE Eugenia albanensis Sond. MYRTACEAE Eugenia sp A MYRTACEAE Eugenia sp B MYRTACEAE Eugenia zuluensis Dummer MYRTACEAE Syzygium cordatum Hochst. ex C.Krauss subsp. cordatum OCHNACEAE Ochna arborea Burch. ex DC. OCHNACEAE Ochna serrulata (Hochst.) Walp. OLEACEAE Jasminum multipartitum Hochst. ONAGRACEAE Ludwigia octovalvis (Jacq.) P.H.Raven ONAGRACEAE Oenothera sp Alien OPHIOGLOSSACEAE Ophioglossum reticulatum L. ORCHIDACEAE Bonatea speciosa (L.f.) Willd. ORCHIDACEAE Diaphananthe millarii (Bolus) H.P.Linder VU SA ORCHIDACEAE Disa chrysostachya Sw. ORCHIDACEAE Disa nervosa Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Disa woodii Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia angolensis (Rchb.f.) Summerh. ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia hians Spreng. var. hians ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia ovalis Lindl. var. ovalis ORCHIDACEAE Eulophia parviflora (Lindl.) A.V.Hall ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria dives Rchb.f. ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria falcicornis (Burch. ex Lindl.) Bolus ORCHIDACEAE Habenaria lithophila Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Mystacidium capense (L.f.) Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Mystacidium venosum Harv. ex Rolfe ORCHIDACEAE Orthochilus ensatus (Lindl.) Bytebier ORCHIDACEAE Orthochilus foliosus (Lindl.) Bytebier ORCHIDACEAE Orthochilus welwitschii Rchb.f. ORCHIDACEAE Polystachya pubescens (Lindl.) Rchb.f. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium longicauda Lindl. ORCHIDACEAE Satyrium neglectum Schltr. subsp. woodii (Schltr.) A.V.Hall ORCHIDACEAE Stenoglottis woodii Schltr. ORCHIDACEAE Tridactyle bicaudata (Lindl.) Schltr. OROBANCHACEAE Alectra capensis Thunb. OROBANCHACEAE Buchnera simplex (Thunb.) Druce OROBANCHACEAE Graderia scabra (L.f.) Benth. OROBANCHACEAE Sopubia simplex (Hochst.) Hochst. OROBANCHACEAE Striga bilabiata (Thunb.) Kuntze subsp. bilabiata OXALIDACEAE Oxalis latifolia Kunth Alien

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

OXALIDACEAE Oxalis semiloba Sond. subsp. semiloba OXALIDACEAE Oxalis smithiana Eckl. & Zeyh. PASSIFLORACEAE Adenia gummifera (Harv.) Harms var. gummifera Declining PASSIFLORACEAE Basananthe sandersonii (Harv.) W.J.de Wilde PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora suberosa L. Alien PASSIFLORACEAE Passiflora subpeltata Ortega Alien PEDALIACEAE Ceratotheca triloba (Bernh.) Hook.f. PHYLLANTHACEAE Bridelia micrantha (Hochst.) Baill. PHYLLANTHACEAE Phyllanthus glaucophyllus Sond. PIPERACEAE Peperomia retusa (L.f.) A.Dietr. PIPERACEAE Piper capense L.f. var. capense PITTOSPORACEAE Pittosporum viridiflorum Sims PLANTAGINACEAE Plantago lanceolata L. PLUMBAGINACEAE Plumbago auriculata Lam. POLYGALACEAE Muraltia lancifolia Harv. SA POLYGALACEAE Polygala amatymbica Eckl. & Zeyh. POLYGALACEAE Polygala hottentotta C.Presl POLYGALACEAE Polygala rehmannii Chodat POLYGALACEAE Polygala virgata Thunb. POLYGONACEAE Rumex sp PROTEACEAE Protea caffra Meisn. PROTEACEAE Protea roupelliae Meisn. PROTEACEAE Protea simplex E.Phillips PTERIDACEAE Pellaea calomelanos (Sw.) Link PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes arguta (Müll.Arg.) Hutch. PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes gerrardii Hutch. PUTRANJIVACEAE Drypetes natalensis (Harv.) Hutch. var. natalensis RANUNCULACEAE Clematis brachiata Thunb. RANUNCULACEAE Anemone bracteata (Harv. ex J.Zahlbr.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt SA RANUNCULACEAE Ranunculus sp RHAMNACEAE Ziziphus mucronata Willd. subsp. mucronata RHIZOPHORACEAE Cassipourea gummiflua Tul. var. verticillata (N.E.Br.) J.Lewis VU ROSACEAE Agrimonia procera Wallr. ROSACEAE Rubus ludwigii Eckl. & Zeyh. ROSACEAE Rubus sp* Alien RUBIACEAE Agathisanthemum chlorophyllum (Hochst.) Bremek. var. chlorophyllum KZN RUBIACEAE Anthospermum streyi Puff Rare SA RUBIACEAE Burchellia bubalina (L.f.) Sims RUBIACEAE Canthium ciliatum (Klotzsch) Kuntze RUBIACEAE Canthium inerme (L.f.) Kuntze RUBIACEAE Coddia rudis (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Verdc. RUBIACEAE Conostomium natalense (Hochst.) Bremek. RUBIACEAE Eriosemopsis subanisophylla Robyns VU SA RUBIACEAE Hyperacanthus amoenus (Sims) Bridson RUBIACEAE Oldenlandia herbacea (L.) Roxb. RUBIACEAE Pachystigma venosum Hochst. RUBIACEAE Pavetta bowkeri Harv. SA

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status RUBIACEAE Pavetta capensis (Houtt.) Bremek. subsp. komghensis (Bremek.) Kok SA

RUBIACEAE Pavetta gracilifolia Bremek. RUBIACEAE Pentanisia angustifolia (Hochst.) Hochst. RUBIACEAE Pentanisia prunelloides (Klotzsch ex Eckl. & Zeyh.) Walp. RUBIACEAE Psychotria capensis (Eckl.) Vatke RUBIACEAE Richardia brasiliensis Gomes Alien RUBIACEAE Rothmannia capensis Thunb. RUBIACEAE Rothmannia globosa (Hochst.) Keay RUBIACEAE Spermacoce natalensis Hochst. RUBIACEAE Tricalysia capensis (Meisn. ex Hochst.) Sim RUBIACEAE Tricalysia lanceolata (Sond.) Burtt Davy RUBIACEAE Vangueria infausta Burch. subsp. infausta RUSCACEAE Dracaena aletriformis (Haw.) Bos RUSCACEAE Eriospermum mackenii (Hook.f.) Baker RUSCACEAE Eriospermum ornithogaloides Baker RUTACEAE Calodendrum capense (L.f.) Thunb. RUTACEAE Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook.f. ex Benth. var. anisata RUTACEAE Ptaeroxylon obliquum (Thunb.) Radlk. RUTACEAE Teclea gerrardii I.Verd. RUTACEAE Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G.Don RUTACEAE Zanthoxylum davyi (I.Verd.) P.G.Waterman SALICACEAE Casearia gladiiformis Mast. SALICACEAE Dovyalis rhamnoides (Burch. ex DC.) Burch. & Harv. SALICACEAE Homalium rufescens Benth. SALICACEAE Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. subsp. grandifolia SANTALACEAE Thesium natalense Sond. SAPINDACEAE Allophylus dregeanus (Sond.) De Winter SA SAPINDACEAE Allophylus africanus P.Beauv. var. africanus SAPINDACEAE Hippobromus pauciflorus (L.f.) Radlk. SAPOTACEAE Englerophytum natalense (Sond.) T.D.Penn. SAPOTACEAE Vitellariopsis marginata (N.E.Br.) Aubrév. SCROPHULARIACEAE Hebenstretia comosa Hochst. SCROPHULARIACEAE Nemesia denticulata (Benth.) Grant ex Fourc. SCROPHULARIACEAE Buddleja dysophylla (Benth.) Radlk. SCROPHULARIACEAE Buddleja salviifolia (L.) Lam. SCROPHULARIACEAE Diclis reptans Benth. SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago hyssopifolia E.Mey. SA SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago peduncularis E.Mey. SA SCROPHULARIACEAE Selago tarachodes Hilliard SA SCROPHULARIACEAE Tetraselago natalensis (Rolfe) Junell SCROPHULARIACEAE Zaluzianskya microsiphon (Kuntze) K.Schum. SCROPHULARIACEAE Zaluzianskya natalensis Bernh. SELAGINELLACEAE Selaginella dregei (C.Presl) Hieron. SMILACACEAE Smilax anceps Willd. SOLANACEAE Cestrum laevigatum Schltdl. Alien SOLANACEAE Datura sp* Alien SOLANACEAE Lycium sp

Conservation FAMILY Species Endemic status

SOLANACEAE Solanum macrocarpon L. SOLANACEAE Solanum mauritianum Scop. Alien

SOLANACEAE Solanum campylacanthum Hochst. ex A.Rich. subsp. panduriforme (Drège ex Dunal) SOLANACEAE Solanum terminale Forssk. STILBACEAE Anastrabe integerrima E.Mey. ex Benth. SA STILBACEAE Halleria lucida L. THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon anthylloides (L.f.) Meisn. SA THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon caffer Meisn. THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon calocephalus (C.A.Mey.) Domke SA THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon capitatus (L.f.) Burtt Davy THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon kraussianus (Meisn.) Burtt Davy var. kraussianus THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon macropetalus (Meisn.) Meisn. KZN THYMELIACEAE Lasiosiphon splendens (Meisn.) Endl. THYMELIACEAE Passerina corymbosa Eckl. ex C.H.Wright SA THYMELIACEAE Peddiea africana Harv. TYPHACEAE Typha capensis (Rohrb.) N.E.Br. ULMACEAE Celtis africana Burm.f. ULMACEAE Celtis gomphophylla Baker ULMACEAE Chaetacme aristata Planch. ULMACEAE Trema orientalis (L.) Blume VERBENACEAE Lantana camara L Alien VERBENACEAE Lantana rugosa Thunb. VERBENACEAE Lippia javanica (Burm.f.) Spreng. VIOLACEAE Hybanthus enneaspermus (L.) F.Muell. VITACEAE Cissus fragilis E.Mey. ex Kunth SA VITACEAE Cyphostemma sp VITACEAE Rhoicissus rhomboidea (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Planch. VITACEAE Rhoicissus tomentosa (Lam.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. VITACEAE Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild & R.B.Drumm. ZAMIACEAE Encephalartos natalensis R.A.Dyer & I.Verd. NT SA ZAMIACEAE Stangeria eriopus (Kunze) Baill. VU ZAMIACEAE Encephalartos villosus Lem.

Appendix D

APPENDIX D3: GENERAL FAUNA LIST: I nvertebrates, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Common name Scientific name Conservation status INVERTEBRATES Grasshopper Odontomelus eshowe Flat toothed Shagreened Camaricoproctus planidens Millipede Cristulate Black Millipede Doratogonus cristulatus KZN endemic Natal Black Millipede Doratogonus natalensis Vulnerable / KZN endemic Millipede Doratogonus peregrinus Ruby-footed Black Millipede Doratogonus rubipodus Endangered / KZN endemic Visible Keeled Millipede Gnomeskelus spectabilis Urban Lumpy Keeled Millipede Gnomeskelus tuberosus urbanus Destroyed Slender Spined Spinotarsus destructus Millipede Glomerate Slender Spined Spinotarsus glomeratus Millipede Maritzburg Slender Spined Spinotarsus maritzburgensis Millipede Durban Agate Snail Cochlitoma semidecussata KZN endemic Warty Hunter Snail Gulella euthymia KZN endemic Partitioned Hunter Snail Gulella separata KZN endemic

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS African Rock Python Python sebae Protected Black mamba Dendroaspis polylepis Boomslang Dispholidus typus Bush Squeaker Arthroleptis wahlbergi Bushveld Rain Frog Breviceps adspersus Common River Frog Afrana angolensis Flap Neck Chameleon Chameleo dilepsis Green mamba Dendroaspis angusticeps Leguaan Varanus niloticus Southern Brown Egg Eater Snake Dasypeltis inornata

MAMMALS Aardvark Orycteropus afer Aardwolf Proteles cristata Black backed Jackal Canis mesomelas Blue Duiker Philantomba monticola Vulnerable Bushbuck Tragelaphus scriptus Bushpig Potamochoerus larvatus Caracal Caracal caracal Clawless Otter Aonyx capensis Near Threatened / Protected Common Genet Genetta genetta

Common Reedbuck Redunca arundinum Common Slender Mongoose Herpestes sanguineus Eland Tragelaphus derbianus Greater Cane Rat Thryonomys swinderianus Grey Duiker Sylvicapra grimmia Grey Mongoose Herpsetes pulverulentus Honey Badger Mellivora capensis Decreasing / Protected Kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros Leopard Panthera pardus Vulnerable Oribi Ourebia ourebi Endangered Rock Hyrax Procavia capensis Serval Leptailurus serval Protected Striped Weasel Poecilogale albinucha Vervet Monkey Chlorocebus pygerythrus Warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus Water Mongoose Atilax paludinosus Decreasing

Appendix D APPENDIX D4 : BIRD LIST

(List from Eston / MidIllovo and Gwahumbe Reserve Bird Check List - Updated 30/08/2015)

BIRDS Common name Scientific name Endemics Apalis, Bar-throated Apalis thoracica Apalis, Yellow-breasted Apalis flavida Barbet, Acacia Pied Tricholaema leucomelas x Barbet, Black-collared Lybius torquatus Barbet, Crested Trachyphonus vaillantii Batis, Cape Batis capensis x Batis, Chinspot Batis molitor Bee-eater, Little Merops pusillus Bishop,Southern Red Euplectes orix Blackcap, Bush Lioptilus nigricapillus x Bokmakierie Telophorus zeylonus Boubou, Southern Laniarius ferrugineus Brownbul, Terrestrial Phyllastrephus terrestris Bulbul, Dark-capped (Black-eyed) Pycnonotus tricolor Brubru Nilaus afer Bulbul, Sombre Andropadus importunus Bulbul, Yellowbellied Chlorocichla flaviventris Bunting, Golden Breasted Emberiza flaviventris Bushshrike, Grey-headed Malaconotus blanchoti Bushshrike, Olive Chlorophoneus olivaceus Bushshrike, Orange-breasted Chlorophoenussulfureopectus Bustard, Stanleys Neotis denhami Buttonquail, Kurrichane Turnix syvatica Buttonquail, Blackrumped Turnix hottentotta Buzzard, Jackal Buteorufofuscus x Camaroptera, Green-backed Camaroptera brachyura Canary, Brimstone Crithagra sulphurata Canary, Bully Serinus sulphuratus Canary, Cape Serinus canicollis Canary, Yellow-fronted(-eyed) Crithagramozambica Canary, Streaky-headed Serinus gularis Chat, Familiar Oenanthe familiaris Thamnolaea

Chat, Mocking cinnamomeiventris Cisticola, Croaking Cisticola natalensis Cisticola, Fantailed Cisticola juncidis Cisticola, Lazy Cisticola aberrans Cisticola, Levaillant’s Cisticola tinniens Cisticola, Rattling Cisticola chiniana Cisticola, Wailing Cisticola lais Cisticola, Zitting Cisticola juncidis Coot, Red-knobbed Fulica cristata Cormorant, Reed (Long-tailed) Microcarbo africanus Cormorant, White-breasted Phalacrocorax lucidus

Coucal,Burchell’s Centropus burchellii x Crake, African Crex egregia Crake, Black Amaurornis flavirostra Crane, Wattled Grus caranculatus EN Crane, Blue Anthropoides paradiseus x Crane, Crowned Balearica regulorum Crow, Pied Corvus albus Crow, black Corvus capensis Cuckoo, African Cuculus gularis Cuckoo, Redchested Cuculis solitarius Cuckoo, Great spotted Clamator glandularius Cuckoo, Jacobin Clamator jacobinus Cuckoo, Emerald Chrysococcyx cupreus Cuckoo, Klaas Chrysococcyx klaas Cuckoo, Black Cuculus clamosus Cuckoo, Diederik Chrysococcyx caprius Cuckoo, Red-chested Cuculus solitarius Cuckooshrike, Black Campephaga flava Cuckooshrike, grey Coracina caesia Cuckooshrike, White-breasted Coracina pectoralis Darter, African Anhinga rufa Dove,Emerald-spottedWood Turtur chalcospilos Dove, Laughing Spilopelia senegalensis Dove, Red-eyed Streptopelia semitorquata Dove,Ring-necked (Cape Turtle) Streptopelia capicola Dove, Tambourine Turtur tympanistria Dikkop, Spotted Burhinus capensis Dove, Namaqua Oena capensis Dove, Cinnamon Aplopelia larvata Drongo, Fork-tailed Dicrurus adsimilis Drongo, Square-tailed Dicrurus ludwigii Duck, African Black Anas sparsa Duck, White-faced Whistling Dendrocygna viduata Duck, Yellow-billed Anas undulata Eagle, African Fish Haliaeetus vocifer Eagle, Crowned Stephanoaetus coronatus Eagle, Long-crested Lophaetus occipitalis Egret, Great (White) Ardea alba Egret, Little Egretta garzetta Falcon, Lanner Falco biarmicus Finch, Cuckoo Anomalospiza imberbis Firefinch, Red-billed Lagonosticta senegala Fiscal, Southern (Fiscal Shrike) Lanius collaris Endangered Finfoot, African Podica senegalensis Flufftail Buffspotted Sarothura elegans Flycatcher,African Dusky Muscicapa adusta Flycatcher,African Paradise Terpsiphone viridis Fkycatcher, Blue-grey Muscicarpa caerulescens Flycatcher, Blue-mantled Crested Trochocercus cyanomelas

Flycatcher, Fiscal Melaenornis silens Flycatcher, Southern Black Melaenornis pammelaina Francolin, Coqui Peliperdix coqui Francolin, Shelley’s Scleroptila shelleyi Francolin, Redwing Francolinus levaillantii Francolin Natal Francolinus natalensis Goose, Egyptian Alopochen aegyptiaca Goshawk, African Accipiter tachiro Grassbird, Cape Sphenoeacus afer x Grebe, Little (Dabchick) Tachybaptus ruficollis Greenbul, Sombre Antropadus importunus Guineafowl, Helmeted Numida meleagris Hamerkop Scopus umbretta Harrier, African Marsh Circus ranivorus Harrier-Hawk, Polyboroides typus African(Gymnogene) Heron, Black-headed Ardea melanocephala Heron, Grey Ardea cinerea Honeyguide, Greater Indicator indicator Honeyguide, Lesser Indicator minor Honeyguide, Scaly-throated Indicator variegatus Hoopoe, African Upupa africana Hornbill, Crowned Tockus alboterminatus Hornbill,Southern Ground Bucorvus leadbeateri EN Hornbill, Trumpeter Bycanistes bucinator Ibis, African Sacred Threskiornis aethiopicus Ibis, Hadada (Hadeda) Bostrychia hagedash Jacana, African Actophilornis africanus Kestrel, Eastern Redfooted Falco amurensis Kestrel, Rock Falco rupicolis Kingfisher, African Pygmy Ispidina picta Kingfisher, Brown-hooded Halcyon albiventris Kingfisher, Giant Megaceryle maxima Kingfisher, Malachite Corythornis cristatus Kingfisher, Pied Ceryle rudis Kite, Black-winged (-shouldered) Elanus caeruleus Kite, Yellow-billed Milvus aegyptius Lapwing,Blacksmith (Plover) Vanellus armatus Lark, Rufous-naped Mirafra africana Longclaw,Cape (Orange-throated) Macronyx capensis x Longclaw, Yellow-throated Macronyx croceus Mannikin, Bronze Lonchura cucullata Martin, Brown-throated Riparia paludicola Martin, Rock Ptyonoprogne fuligula Moorhen,Common Gallinula chloropus Mousebird, Speckled Colius striatus Myna, Indian Acridotheres tristis Neddicky Cisticola fulvicapilla Nightjar, Fiery-necked Caprimulgus pectoralis

Oriole, Black-headed Oriolus larvatus Ostrich, Common Struthio camelus Owl, African Grass Tyto capensis Owl, Spotted Eagle- Bubo africanus Owl,Western Barn Tyto alba Owl, Whitefaced Otus leucotis Owl, Cape Eagle Bubo capensis Owl, Spotted Eagle- Bubo africanus Petronia, Yellow-throated Gymnoris superciliaris Pigeon, African Green Treron calvus Pigeon,African Olive (Rameron) Columba arquatrix Pigeon,Speckled (Rock) Columba guinea Pipit, African Anthus cinnamomeus Pipit, Plain-backed Anthus leucophrys Pipit, Richards Anthus cinnamomeus Pipit, Striped Anthus lineiventris Plover, Crowned Vanellis coronatus Plover, Blackwing Vanellus melanopterus Prinia, Spotted Prinia hypoxantha Prinia, Tawny-flanked Prinia subflava Puffback,Black-backed Dryoscopus cubla Quail, Common Coturnix coturnix Quail, Harlequin Coturnix delagorguei Quail, Blue Coturnix adansonii Raven, White-necked Corvus albicollis Robin, Brown Scrub Cercotrichas signata x Robin, White-browed Scrub Cercotrichas leucophrys Robin-Chat, Cape Cossypha caffra Robin-Chat,Red-capped (Natal) Cossypha natalensis x Robin, Chorister Cossypha dichroa Robin, Starred Pogonocichla stellata Roller, European Coracias garrulus Roller, Purple Coracias naevea Ruff/Reeve Philomachus pugnax Sandpiper, Common Actitis hypoleucos Saw-wing, Black Psalidoprocne pristoptera Seedeater, Streaky-headed Crithagra gularis Shrike, Red-backed Lanius collurio Shrike, Fiscal Lanius collaris Shrike, Redbacked Lanius collurio Shrike, Puffback Dryoscopus cubla Snipe, Ethiopian Gallinago nigripennis Sparrow, Cape Passer melanurus Sparrow, House Passer domesticus Sparrow, Southern Grey-headed Passer diffuses Sparrow, Yellow-throated Petronia superciliaris Sparrowhawk, Black Accipiter melanoleucus Spurfowl, Natal (Francolin) Pternistis natalensis Starling, Black-bellied Notopholia corrusca

Starling, Cape (Glossy) Lamprotornis nitens Starling, Pied Spreo bicolor Starling, Red-winged Onychognathus morio Starling,Violet-backed (Plum-col) Cinnyricinclus leucogaster Stonechat, African Saxicola torquatus Sunbird,Amethyst (Black) Chalcomitra amethystina Sunbird, Collared Hedydipna collaris Sunbird, Greater Double-collared Cinnyris afer Sunbird, Grey Cyanomitra veroxii Sunbird, lesser double-collared Nectarini chalybea Sunbird, Malachite Nectarinia famosa Sunbird, Olive Cyanomitra olivacea Sunbird, Scarlet-chested Chalcomitra senegalensis Sunbird,Southern Double-collared Cinnyris chalybeus x Sunbird, White-bellied Cinnyris talatala Swallow,Barn (European) Hirundo rustica Swallow, Whitethroated Hirundo albigularis Swallow, Black sawwing Psalidoprocne holomelus Swallow, Greater Striped Cecropis cucullata Swallow, Lesser Striped Cecropis abyssinica Swallow, White-throated Hirundo albigularis Swift, African Black Apus barbatus Swift, Alpine Apus melba Swift,Common (European) Apus apus Swift, White-rumped Apus caffer Swift, little Apus affinis Swift, Palm Cypsiuris parvus Tchragra, Blackcrowned Tchagra senegala Tchagra, Southern Tchagra tchagra x Thrush, Cape Rock Monticola rupestris x Thrush, Groundscraper Turdus litsitsirupa Thrush, Kurrichane Turdus libonyana Thrush,Olive Turdus olivaceus Tinker Barbet, Red-fronted Pogoniulus pusillus Tit, Southern Black Melaniparus niger Trogon,Narina Apaloderma narina Turaco, Knysna (Loerie) Tauraco corythaix x Turaco, Purple-crested (Loerie) Tauraco porphyreolophus Wagtail,African Pied Motacilla aguimp Wagtail,Cape Motacilla capensis Wagtail,Mountain (Long-tailed) Motacilla clara Wagtail, Pied Motacilla aguimp Warbler, Barratt’s Bradypterus barratti x Warbler, Little Rush Bradypterus baboecala Warbler, Willow Phylloscopus trochilus Warbler, Yellow-throated Woodland Phylloscopus ruficapilla Warbler, Garden Sylvia borin Warbler, Giant Reed Acrocephalus arundinaceus

Warbler, Yellow Chloropeta natalensis Warbler, African Sedge Bradypterus baboecala Waxbill, Blue Uraeginthus angolensis Waxbill, Common Estrilda astrild Waxbill, Orange-breasted Amandava subflava Waxbill,Swee Coccopygia melanotis Weaver,Cape Ploceus capensis x Weaver,Dark-backed (Forest) Ploceus bicolor Weaver,Eastern Golden (Yellow) Ploceus subaureus Weaver, Holub’s Golden Ploceusxanthops Weaver, Spectacled Ploceusocularis Weaver, Thickbilled Amblyospiza albifrons Weaver,Masked Ploceus velatus Weaver, Village Ploceus cucullatus White-eye,Cape Zosterops capensis Whydah, Pin-tailed Vidua macroura Widow, Whitewinged Euplectes albonotatus Widowbird,Fan-tailed (Red- should) Euplectes axillaris Widowbird, Red-collared Euplectes ardens Widowfinch, Black Vidua funerea Woodhoopoe, Scimitarbilled Rhinopomastus cyanomelus Wood Hoopoe,Green (Red-billed) Phoeniculus purpureus Woodpecker, ground Geocolaptes olivaceus Woodpecker,Cardinal Dendropicos fuscescens Woodpecker, Golden-tailed Campethera abingoni Woodpecker, Olive Dendropicos griseocephalus Wryneck, Red-throated Jynx ruficollis

Appendix E

APPENDIX E: PRO FORMA ANNUAL PLAN OF OPERATION Notes of a management meeting for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve held at … on … Present:

Apologies:

CC:

Appendix E

Table 1 Progress and goals set for Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve

Management target 2019/20 Progress 2020/21 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

LEGAL COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT

Legal declaration of the entire extent of Ingwehumbe Nature Reserve in terms of Year 1 MEC - EDTEA the Protected Areas Act.

Implement appropriate standard operating procedures and processes in Year 1 Landowner responding to illegal incidents.

Regular patrols covering the full extent Ongoing Landowner of the nature reserve.

Prosecution of any offender caught Ongoing Landowner committing an offence.

TOURISM PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

An assessment of what visitor activities and supporting infrastructure could be Year 2 Landowner developed at the reserve.

Provision of supporting infrastructure Year 2 Landowner for visitor activities

CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT

Undertake periodic rangeland With assistance assessments to determine the state of from the the habitat and the influence of Biodiversity Year 2 Landowner management interventions. Srewardship Unit and the Dept of Agric.

Maintenance of optimum population numbers of rare and endangered Ongoing Landowner species within the nature reserve

Appendix E

Compliance with the National Veld and Requires support Ongoing Landowner Forest Fires Act. from Eco-advice

Ongoing control and eradication of all listed invasive species to a point where Requires support only maintenance control is required. from the 10 - 25% reduction in Lantana camara Year 5 Landowner Ecological Advice infestation levels in five years. and Alien Plant 25% reduction in infestations of all Control Units other listed invasive plants in five years.

Implementation of soil erosion control Requires support measures in areas in which plant cover from the Ongoing Landowner is low, which are susceptible to erosion. ecological advice unit

Management target 2019/20 Progress 2020/21 goals Completion date Responsibility Action

OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT

Inclusion of a cost estimate in the Annually Landowner Annual Plan od Operation...

Regular scheduled maintenance of all Ongoing Landowner facilities, assets and infrastructure.

Appropriately functioning infrastructure With assistance that does not cause harm to the from the Ongoing Landowner environment Biodiversity Stewardship Unit