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Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences

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Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences Open Access Maced J Med Sci electronic publication ahead of print, published on October 11, 2019 as https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.542 ID Design Press, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.542 eISSN: 1857-9655 Review Article Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences Muhammad Ashraf Nazir1*, Asim Al-Ansari1, Nabeela Abbasi2, Khalid Almas1 1Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia; 2Department of Oral Biology, Rawal Institute of Health Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan Abstract Citation: Ashraf Nazir MA, Al-Ansari A, Abbasi N, Almas BACKGROUND: Smoking is associated with various systemic conditions and contributes to a huge financial K. Global Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adolescents and burden to economies around the world. Its Adverse Oral Health Consequences. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.542 AIM: The study aimed to evaluate global data about the prevalence of tobacco use among male and female Keywords: Tobacco use; Oral health conditions; adolescents and to discuss smoking-related oral complications. Adolescence; Global prevalence; Cigarette smoking *Correspondence: Muhammad Ashraf Nazir. Department METHODS: The prevalence data of tobacco use among adolescents (13-15 years) was retrieved from the World of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Health Organization (Global Health Observatory). The World Bank’s statistics about gross national income (GNI) Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected] per capita were used to categorise low-income, lower-middle-income, upper-middle-income, and high-income countries. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched to gather updated evidence Received: 23-Aug-2019; Revised: 04-Sep-2019; Accepted: 05-Sep-2019; Online first: 11-Oct-2019 about the adverse consequences of smoking on oral health among adolescents. Copyright: © 2019 Muhammad Ashraf Nazir, Asim Al- Ansari, Nabeela Abbasi, Khalid Almas. This is an open- RESULTS: The prevalence of tobacco use was 19.33%, and there were 23.29% of male and 15.35% female access article distributed under the terms of the Creative smoker adolescents in 133 countries (p < 0.001). The highest prevalence of tobacco use in male (24.76%) and Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0) female (19.4) adolescents was found in high-income countries. Significantly higher proportions of male adolescents were smokers than female counterparts in low-income, lower-middle-income, and upper-middle- Funding: This research did not receive any financial support income (p < 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in tobacco use between male and Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no female adolescents in high-income countries. Low-income countries had the lowest prevalence (14.95%) of competing interests exist tobacco use, while high-income countries had the highest prevalence estimates (22.08). Gingivitis (72.8%), gingival bleeding (51.2%), oral malodor or halitosis (39.6%) is common oral conditions among smoker adolescents. Smoking habit is significantly associated with dental caries, periodontal disease, hairy tongue, smoking-related melanosis, and hyperkeratosis among adolescents. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of tobacco use among male and female adolescents around the globe. Available evidence suggests a strong association between smoking and compromised oral health among adolescents. Globally, measures should be taken to prevent and control the menace of tobacco use to reduce systemic and oral complications. Introduction economic cost of smoking was US$ 1436 billion around the globe in 2012 (equal to 1.8% of the annual gross domestic product of the world) which accounted Exposure to tobacco is associated with for both direct health care expenditures and loss of increased morbidity and mortality among children productivity [3]. around the world [1]. Smoking contributes to Cigarettes contain about 600 ingredients, they increased risk of asthma, bronchitis, tuberculosis, produce 7000 chemicals on combustion, and 69 of inflammatory bowel disease, and leukaemia in these chemicals can cause carcinomas. Nicotine is children [1]. Moreover, children exposed to second- one of the toxic chemicals found in tobacco smoke [4]. hand smoke may demonstrate structural and It is documented that nicotine exposure among functional impairment in arteries that can lead to adolescents can affect the central nervous system premature atherosclerosis and adverse long-term and can cause cognitive functional and developmental effects on the cardiovascular system [2]. Economic impairment which can be of great concern considering burden of smoking is enormous on individuals and the long-term use of tobacco [5]. Besides, adolescents healthcare systems. A recent study found that the _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 1 Review Article _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ may develop symptoms of dependence sooner and at among adolescents (13-15 years) were retrieved from lower levels of tobacco consumption [6]. There is a the Global Health Observatory, the World Health reciprocal relationship between diminished autonomy Organization [15]. Data were collected from 133 and frequency of smoking, and even the consumption countries since 2007. Many of these countries have of one cigarette can prompt the loss of autonomy in data collected in multiple years (more than one data), adolescents [7]. however latest data were used. The countries with data collected in 2006 and beyond were excluded The initiation and establishment of smoking from the study. To evaluate the ecological impact of behaviour frequently occur during adolescence, and 9 the income of countries (Gross national income (GNI) of 10 children start smoking by the age of 18 years [8]. per capita) on the prevalence of tobacco use, we Globally, about 80,000 to 100,000 children use compared data among low-income, lower-middle- tobacco per day [9]. Several factors are associated income, upper-middle-income, and high-income with smoking which includes the influence of smoker countries. According to the World Bank (2017), the peers and smoker parents, genetic factors, and low countries with a GNI per capita of ≤ $1,025 are socioeconomic status [10]. Moreover, there is defined as low-income countries; those with a GNI per sufficient evidence about the role of tobacco capita between $1,026 and $4,035 as lower-middle- advertisement in causing the onset and continuation income countries, those with a GNI per capita of smoking among adolescents [8]. Smoking initiation between $4,036 and $12,475 as upper-middle-income in the early age is associated with regular smoking in countries, and those with a GNI per capita of ≥ adulthood [11]. This underscores the importance of $12,476 as high-income countries. controlling the habit of smoking during adolescence so that immediate and long-term complications can be For this review, PubMed (Medline) was prevented in adolescents and adults, respectively. searched to retrieve studies about tobacco use and its impact on oral tissues. Using the library resources of Oral conditions pose significant public health Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Scopus and problems and can negatively affect systemic health Web of Science databases were searched. Search and quality of life of individuals [12]. Globally, through Embase was also carried out to ensure a untreated oral conditions affected 2.5 billion people in comprehensive search of related studies. Further, the 1990 which rose to 3.5 in 2015 [13]. According to the reference lists of retrieved studies were searched to Global Burden of Disease Study (2017), oral obtain more information regarding the topic of the conditions accounted for 1.83 million disability- review. The literature review gathered recent studies, adjusted life-years, an increase of 21.4 % during the mostly published during the last ten years, to provide past decade (2007-2017) [14]. It was estimated that updated information. Data from animal studies, case the cost of dental treatment was $102 billion and 1.6 series, and case reports were excluded. Medical million school days were missed because of acute Subject Headings (MeSH)/keywords such as dental conditions in 2009 in the U.S. [8]. “smoking”, “tobacco”, “nicotine”, “caries”, “decay”, There is widespread use of tobacco among “cavities”, “gingival”, “periodontal”, “halitosis”, “oral adolescents which enormously contributes to a high malodor”, “cancers”, “carcinoma”, “oral health”, and burden of oral and systemic diseases. Therefore, the “oral conditions,” were used to retrieve relevant present review aimed to evaluate global data about studies. the prevalence of tobacco use during adolescence Statistical analyses of the data were and to discuss oral complications commonly seen performed using SPSS Version 22.0 (IBM Corp. among smoker adolescents. The review utilised most Armonk, NY, USA). Mann Whitney U test was updated evidence about the adverse effects of conducted to make comparisons between the smoking on oral health among
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