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Preventing Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI) for Musicians and Dancers Preventing Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI) for Musicians and Dancers A Resource Guide Preventing Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI) for Musicians and Dancers A Resource Guide June 6, 2002 About SHAPE SHAPE (Safety and Health in Arts Production and Entertainment) is an industry association dedicated to promoting health and safety in film and television production, theatre, dance, music, and other performing arts industries in British Columbia. SHAPE provides information, education, and other services that help make arts production and entertainment workplaces healthier and safer. For more information, contact: SHAPE (Safety and Health in Arts Production and Entertainment) Suite 280–1385 West 8th Avenue Vancouver, BC V6H 3V9 Phone: 604 733-4682 in the Lower Mainland 1 888 229-1455 toll-free Fax: 604 733-4692 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.shape.bc.ca © 2002 Safety and Health in Arts Production and Entertainment (SHAPE). All rights reserved. SHAPE encourages the copying, reproduction, and distribution of this document to promote health and safety in the workplace, provided that SHAPE is acknowledged. However, no part of this publication may be copied, reproduced, or distributed for profit or other commercial enterprise, nor may any part be incorporated into any other publication, without written permission of SHAPE. National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Robinson, Dan. Preventing musculoskeletal injury (MSI) for musicians and dancers : a resource guide Writers: Dan Robinson, Joanna Zander and B.C. Research. Cf. Acknowledgments. Includes bibliographical references: p. ISBN 0-7726-4801-8 1. Musculoskeletal system - Wounds and injuries - Prevention. 2. Entertainers - Wounds and injuries - Prevention. 3. Musicians - Wounds and injuries - Prevention. 4. Dancing injuries - Prevention. I. Zander, Joanna. II. Safety and Health in Arts Production and Entertainment (Organization). III. B.C. Research. III. Title. RD97.8.A77R62 2002 617.4'704452 C2002-960144-4 Preventing Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI) for Musicians and Dancers 1 Acknowledgments Thanks to the members of SHAPE’s Special Committee on Musculoskeletal Injury for helping develop and review this resource guide and to the organizations they represent: • Burt Harris, Pacific Music Industry Association • Day Helesic, Canadian Alliance of Dance Artists, BC Chapter • Jennifer Mascall, The Dance Centre • Gene Ramsbottom, Vancouver Musicians’ Association, Local 145, American Federation of Musicians of the United States and Canada Thanks also to: • Dan Robinson, Joanna Zander, and BC Research (researching and writing) • Rob Jackes, Linda Kinney, and Robyn Carrigan of SHAPE (coordinating and reviewing) • Kevin Sallows (coordinating and editing) • David Harrington of the Lynn Valley Orthopaedic and Sports Physiotherapy Centre (reviewing) • Workers’ Compensation Board (WCB) of British Columbia (reviewing) Thanks to the WCB for their permission to use source material from WCB health and safety publications, including the lifting illustration on page 29. Preventing Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI) for Musicians and Dancers 2 Contents About this resource guide................................................................................................... 5 Who should read this resource guide ................................................................................. 6 Part 1: Background What is musculoskeletal injury (MSI)?.............................................................................. 8 Risk factors....................................................................................................................... 11 General prevention and treatment .................................................................................... 13 References........................................................................................................................ 14 Part 2: Musicians and musculoskeletal injury (MSI) Overview.......................................................................................................................... 16 Tendon and muscle disorders (tendinitis, tenosynovitis, focal dystonia, muscle strain) ................................................. 19 Nerve compression or entrapment (carpal tunnel syndrome, cubital tunnel syndrome, thoracic outlet syndrome, sciatica).. 22 Preventing musculoskeletal injury for musicians............................................................. 24 Treating musculoskeletal injury for musicians ................................................................ 31 References........................................................................................................................ 33 Part 3: Dancers and musculoskeletal injury (MSI) Overview.......................................................................................................................... 36 Preventing musculoskeletal injury for dancers ................................................................ 40 Treating musculoskeletal injury for dancers .................................................................... 43 Nutrition ........................................................................................................................... 46 Bone injuries .................................................................................................................... 48 References........................................................................................................................ 50 Part 4: Musculoskeletal injuries (MSIs) prevalent in performers Overview.......................................................................................................................... 56 Jaw and head injuries: Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dysfunction ............................. 59 Shoulder injuries (rotator cuff injuries)............................................................................ 61 Shoulder injuries: Rotator cuff tears ................................................................................ 62 Shoulder injuries: Shoulder impingement syndrome ....................................................... 64 Hand and arm injuries: Carpal tunnel syndrome.............................................................. 66 Hand and arm injuries: Cubital tunnel syndrome............................................................. 69 Hand and arm injuries: Thoracic outlet syndrome ........................................................... 71 Hand and arm injuries: De Quervain’s syndrome............................................................ 73 Hand and arm injuries: Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) ........................................... 75 Hand and arm injuries: Medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow) ........................................ 77 Hand and arm injuries: Focal dystonia............................................................................. 79 Preventing Musculoskeletal Injury (MSI) for Musicians and Dancers 3 Joint injuries: Arthritis ..................................................................................................... 81 Hip injuries: Snapping hip syndrome (tight iliotibial band)............................................. 83 Knee injuries .................................................................................................................... 86 Knee injuries: Patellofemoral pain................................................................................... 88 Knee injuries: Knee sprains and strains ........................................................................... 90 Knee injuries: Meniscus tears .......................................................................................... 92 Back and neck injuries ..................................................................................................... 94 Back and neck injuries: Spondylolysis............................................................................. 96 Back and neck injuries: Back and neck pain.................................................................... 98 Lower leg and ankle injuries .......................................................................................... 100 Lower leg and ankle injuries: Shin splints, stress fractures, and stress reactions .......... 103 Lower leg and ankle injuries: Ankle sprains.................................................................. 106 Lower leg and ankle injuries: Posterior impingement syndrome (dancer’s heel) .......... 109 Lower leg and ankle injuries: Anterior impingement syndrome.................................... 111 Lower leg and ankle injuries: Achilles tendinitis........................................................... 113 Lower leg and ankle injuries: Subtalar subluxation ....................................................... 115 Foot and toe injuries....................................................................................................... 117 Foot and toe injuries: Stress fractures of the second metatarsal..................................... 118 Foot and toe injuries: Fractures of the fifth metatarsal (dancer’s fracture).................... 121 Foot and toe injuries: Cuboid subluxation ..................................................................... 123 Foot and toe injuries: Flexor hallucis longus tendinitis ................................................. 125 Foot and toe injuries: Blisters ........................................................................................ 128 Foot and toe injuries: Bunions ......................................................................................
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