If You're Not That As an Asian Woman, You're Not Shit As an Asian
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DePaul University Via Sapientiae College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences 8-2016 “If you’re not that as an Asian woman, you’re not shit as an Asian woman.”: (re)negotiating racial and gender identities Andi T. Remoquillo DePaul University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd Recommended Citation Remoquillo, Andi T., "“If you’re not that as an Asian woman, you’re not shit as an Asian woman.”: (re)negotiating racial and gender identities" (2016). College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations. 221. https://via.library.depaul.edu/etd/221 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Via Sapientiae. It has been accepted for inclusion in College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Via Sapientiae. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “If You’re Not That as an Asian Woman, You’re Not Shit as an Asian Woman.” (Re)negotiating Racial and Gender Identities Andi T. Remoquillo M.A. Thesis CMS Citations Committee Chair: Sanjukta Mukherjee Second Reader: Robin Mitchell Third Reader: Ada Cheng June 2016 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments (4) Introduction (5) I. 1.1 Framing the project II. 1.2 Situating Myself in the Project III. 1. Literature Review IV. 1.3 Methodology V. 1.4 Summary of Chapters Chapter One: Establishing Asian Women as the Hypersexual Other Within U.S. Immigration Laws (35) 1.1 1924 National Origins Formula 1.2 War Brides Act of 1945 1.3 Immigration Act of 1952 1.4 Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 1.5 1986 Immigration and Reform Act Chapter Two: The Hypersexualization of Asian/Asian-American Women in Western Medias (57) 2.1 The Dragon Lady and the Lotus Flower: Terry and the Pirates to Yellowface Porn in Stag Film (1920s) 2.2 Asian-American women in U.S. pornography: (Re)establishing the hypersexual Other 2.3 Asian-American women in Hollywood: Where are they? 2.4 Asian-American men in Hollywood: Why Asian-American women are still being left behind 3 Chapter Three: (Re)negotiating Gender and Sexual Identities Within Intergenerational Relationships (83) 3.1 “We’re not like them”: Conceptualizing culture through establishing difference 3.2 “Just a look”: Communicating non-verbally about boys, sexuality, and relationships 3.3 “My mom warned me that if I ever got pregnant...”: How the threat of pregnancy is used as at-home sex education 3.4 “Just take me as white”: How transracially adopted Asian-American women grappled with race in a white household Chapter Four: Confronting, Resisting, and Challenging Gendered Racism in Romantic/Sexual Relationships (106) 4.1”So, are you kinky?”: Portrayals of Asian-American women in pornography and constructions of the hypersexualized Other 4.2 “I don’t know...I’ve just never been attracted to them”: Asian-American men and the discourse of Asian male effeminacy 4.3 “I love you, but I don’t know what to say”: Negotiating gendered racism with intimate partners 4.4 “Sometimes you just have to shut that shit down”: Strategies of self-protection against gendered racism Conclusion (127) Bibliography (137) 4 Acknowledgments I would first like to thank my thesis advisor, Dr. Sanjukta Mukherjee of the Women’s and Gender Studies Department at DePaul University. Dr. Mukherjee went above and beyond as an adviser, professor, and friend. The constant support, her willingness to meet me at any given time whether it be in her office or over a bowl of Pho in Uptown, her endless lists of scholars and articles that would strengthen my work, and ultimately, her belief in me as a student and a feminist scholar - all of the things that Dr. Mukherjee has done for me throughout this process have allowed me to exit the Master’s program at DePaul University with confidence, pride, and excitement for the future. I would also like to thank my second and third readers, Dr. Robin Mitchell of the Women’s and Gender Studies Department, and Dr. Ada Cheng of the Sociology Department. Dr. Mitchell’s passion and continuous demand for her students to “take up space” ignited a fire within me as an undergraduate student. This fire and Dr. Mitchell’s unwavering belief in me continues to guide me throughout my work and life, and reminds me that my voice always matters. Additionally, Dr. Cheng’s compassion, guidance, and hunger for adventure continuously encourages me to do what I love and never take no for an answer. To the Women’s and Gender Studies community at DePaul university - thank you for always providing a home away from home for me. Thank you to my amazing friends and family who remained by my side and supported me throughout the writing process. Additionally, I would like to give special recognition to my mother whose fiery spirit I was fortunate enough to inherit, and whose pride in me silenced any doubts that I have had in myself. If it weren’t for her, I would never have been able to carry out a project with this much heart. Lastly, I would like to thank the wonderful group of Asian-American women who participated in my research. Without their voices - their stories of family, joy, pain, and love - this project would have no value. I am beyond lucky to have had the privilege of listening to their experiences, and words cannot describe how grateful I am to be seen as deserving of their trust. 5 Introduction Asian-American Women’s Sexual and Gender Identities in the Contemporary U.S. Situating the project Within this project, I analyze the ways in which Asian-American women are (re)negotiating their gender and sexual identities in contemporary U.S. While any use of the term “Asian- American women” may present itself as a blanket statement that collapses all Asian-American women into one easily digestible identity category that assumes each woman experiences the world around them in the same manner, my intent is to challenge that very notion. My use of the term “Asian-American woman” acknowledges, confronts, and engages with the ways in which Asian-American women in the contemporary U.S. have been continuously re-homogenized by and within dominating Western discourses, discourses that often inform the ways in which Asian-American women themselves are constructing “Asianness” and “femininity” in potentially reductive, underdeveloped, and sometimes harmful ways. On the other hand, my use of the term is also in such a way that highlights moments in which individual women and women as a collective group are (re)imagining the meanings of Asianness and femininity, and are navigating their ways within these Western constructs. My research is organized into three primary domains: representations of Asian-American women in U.S. media, intergenerational communication, and intimate relationships. However, it is crucial to understand that while we may discuss these three domains separately, there is never a moment in which they exist as mutually exclusive for Asian-American women’s everyday lives. Both “Asian” and “woman” are concepts that continue to be homogenized within the 6 contemporary U.S., often constructing those that fall under either or both identities with little nuance or complexity. Furthermore, the homogenization of these constructs often leave little to no room for individual expression or acknowledgement of one’s individual agency. The quest for more nuanced and complex understandings of what it means to be Asian-American and a woman continues within and outside of feminist academia, and a need for such a project can be easily exemplified by the internet. Today, the internet has grown to be one of the richest sites from which a consumer can both absorb and contribute to the discourses of gender, race, and sexuality. The internet, in this sense, is not simply a creation of individual imagination, but a curation comprised of already existing bodies, sounds, and art that are reflective of one’s cultural modernity (Cho 2015). Therefore, in order to exemplify how contemporary Western cultures (re)produce particular constructions of Asian-American women, I implore you to type in the words “Asian women” into the Google Search engine. What do you find? Now type in the words “Asian girls” into the same search engine; what do you find? Take this simple research even a step further, and venture into the pool of images that Google provides when searching for “Asian women” and “Asian girls.” What can you tell me about what you have found; are you at all surprised by your findings? “50 of the Hottest Asian Girls On the Internet,” “Hot Asian Girl Undressing,” “22 Things to Know Before Dating an Asian Girl,” “4 Reasons You Shouldn’t Date Asian Girls,” and, “American Man Makes a Living ‘Getting Laid’ by Asian Women.” These are the titles of the top five links when searching for Asian women and girls. Similarly, you will find that the Google image results do not significantly differ depending on whether or not Asian “girl” or “woman” was specified - both yield images of attractive (young) Asian women who were posing 7 seductively in very little to no clothing. While we see here how “girl” and “woman” are collapsed into one nearly indistinguishable category for Asians, we also immediately see how the term “Asian” is used as a means to describe the content of the website, article, or video. Yet, we have no idea if the “Asian” woman who is advertised as undressing is Korean, Japanese, Filipina, etc., or if there is a specific group of Asian girls that “you” (presumably a straight, white, male audience) should not date as the article suggests, or if all types of Asian women are undateable.