The Impact of Reformation on North-East England

Home , Cuthbert Tunstall, Tobias Matthew

Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds , XLV: 1,March2008 Northern History, escape theconsequencesofAdam’sfirstsin. of Hippo’sfundamentallyerroneousdoctrinesoteriology:thatnohumancould ouring tostampoutwhatheregardedasthemostvisiblemanifestationofAugustine whereby wasenactedthewholeofsalvationhistory.Quiteliterally,heendeav- own feet,thebettertothoroughlyobliteratethisemblemofcivicreligiousceremony town’s StNicholaschurch;takingituponhimselftosmashtherelicpieceswithhis astically assistedthemintheirtaskofmutilatingtheCorpusChristishrine accomplice inRobertHorne(latertobecometheDeanofDurham).Forheenthusi- the visitorschargedtoenforceitarrivedinDurhamtheyfoundanextremelywilling ‘deface allpopisheornamentsinparishechurches’throughoutthekingdom.When dered as‘reformation’or‘reformations’. and seventeenthcenturieshasalsobeenmodified, so thattheyareincreasinglyren- ogy fortheeventsoccurringinEnglishandContinental Churchinthesixteenth of late-twentieth-and-early-twenty-first-centuryhistoricalscholarship.Theterminol- many, varied,shiftingandkaleidoscopic—illustratingtheambiguitiesparadoxes of Durham.Onthisevidence,itwouldseemthatDurhamwasripeforreformation. years andHornewasdeterminedthatitshouldbeutterlyexpungedfromthediocese this bleaktenethadloomedovertheChristianChurchformorethanathousand Ą 2007. ence on‘ThereceptionofContinental ReformationinBritainandIreland’attheBritishAcademySeptember Church ofDurhamBeforetheSuppression;Writtenin1593 Europe’s HouseDivided,1490–1700 discussion ofAugustine’spositiononthequestionsinandsalvation seeDiarmaidMacCulloch, archival recordsandextendingtoprintedliterary materialandbeyond.Itis based uponcentralarchivalrecords,tothesocial andcultural,drawingonlocal in (the)reformation(s)hasbroadenedoutfromthestrictly politicalandecclesiastical, I N 2 1 But, ofcourse,thisisfartoosimplistic.Interpretations‘TheReformation’are

The courseofthechangingterminology wassummedupbyPatrickCollinsoninhisopeningaddresstoaconfer- A DescriptionofAlltheAncientMonuments,RitesandCustomesBelonging orBeingeWithintheMonastical The University of Leeds, 2008 DOI: 10.1179/174587008X256601 DOI: The UniversityofLeeds,2008 THE

AUTUMN THE IMPACTOFREFORMATION ON NORTH-EASTENGLAND: of1547aroyalinjunctionwasissuedwhichincludedanorderto A PRELIMINARYSURVEY (2003),pp.106–10. University ofTeesside D IANA 2 N And,atthesametime,focusofinterest , ed.J.T.Fowler,SurteesSociety, EWTON 1 Groundedinthe‘tragedyofFall’, XV (1842),59.Fora Reformation: Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds people asawhole’. able elementsinpositionsofauthority,andradicallyreconstructtheoutlook ‘when centralgovernmentworkedwithcadresoftruebelieverstoundermineunreli- the EnglishChurchinasimilarmannertoChina’sculturalrevolution1960s, VI), witnessedan‘unprecedentedlyintensecampaign’totransformthecharacterof According toPeterMarshall,theyearsbetween1547and1553(thereignofEdward backbone oftheproposedstudy. believers’ vitaltoimplementingtheEdwardianreforms.Itisgoingbedifficult astically treadingthepartyline,wasanidealcandidatetolead‘cadreoftrue scopal andspiritualchancellor’svisitationbooks,togetherwithcorrectionbooks. the dioceseofDurhambefore1580.However,therearediocesanrecordssuchasepi- has exploitedextantchurchwardens’accounts.Unfortunately,therearenonefor and April1554. to anaudaciousplanwhichresultedinitstemporarydissolutionbetweenMarch1553 extent thathewasarrestedonhighlydubioustreasonchargesandhisdiocesesubject VIII’s reign,wasperceivedbytheEdwardianCouncilwithdeepsuspicion;to vative BishopCuthbertTunstall,whomanagedtosteerhiswaysafelythroughHenry model. Certainly,thepersoninhighestpositionofauthority,Durham’sconser- and visitationbooksofthearchdeacon ofNorthumberland,1619–1624. books (Northumberlandarchdeaconry),fourvolumes,1595–1618. visitation books:generalseries,threevolumes,1577–1587and1662–1670; andchancellor’svisitationcorrection of Durham’,NorthernHistory nance, CultureandIdentity Wales, c.1415–1642 Susan Brigden, the reformationapartfromChristopherHaigh, Northumberland. And therearesomeactandvisitationbookofthearchdeaconsDurham kingdom. to amajorstudyoftheimpactreformationonnorth-easternreaches proposed thatthisbroadbrushshouldbeappliedtothedioceseofDurhamleading 38 and SocietyintheBishopricofDurham, 1494 pline. Andthereisafinecollectionofprobaterecords. tithes, and,mostusefully,afewcasesconcerningritualanddoctrineorclergydisci- disputes, aswelldisputedfacultyapplicationsandpaymentofchurchrates concern casesrelatingtomoraloffences,defamation,matrimonialandprobate 10 7 6 5 4 3 9 8 Much ofthemostrecentworkaboutimpactreformationatparishlevel DUL, DDR/EJ/CC:Consistorycourt causesandgeneralrecords,1531–1854. DUL, DDR/A/ACD:Actandvisitationbookofthearchdeacon Durham, 1600–1619;DDR/A/ACN:Act D(urham) U(niversity)L(ibrary),DDR/EV/VIS/1–2:Durhamdiocesan episcopalandspiritualchancellor’s These includesomethathavealreadybeenpublishedinDianaNewton, In theplethoraofcurrentworkonreformationyears,therearesurprisingly fewregionalorlocalstudiesof David Loades,‘TheDissolutionof theDioceseofDurham,1553–54’,in Peter Marshall, DUL, DPRI:DurhamProbateRecords, 3 Thisarticleintroducesanumberofthethemesthatwillbeaddressed. London andtheReformation(Oxford,1989)GlanmorWilliams, (Oxford,2002). Reformation England,1480–1642 10 RobertHorne,ontheotherhand,withhisdestructivefeetenthusi- 6 Therearealsoconsistorycourtrecordsfrom1531. 9 (Woodbridge,2006)andNewton,‘TheClergy,IdentityLaySociety intheDiocese InmanyrespectsDurhamappearstofitrathernicelyintothis , XLIV (2007). THE

IMPACT –1660, ed.DavidMarcombe(Nottingham, 1987). c .1526–7–1858. Reformation andResistanceinTudorLancashire (Oxford,2003),p.58.

OF I

REFORMATION 8 Thismaterialwillprovidethe North-East England,1569–1625:Gover- The LastPrincipality.Politics,Religion Renewal andReformation: (Cambridge,1975), 7 Thesechiefly 4 5 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds ters there. cathedral inthe1560saccordingtoanaccountofGeorgeDobson,onechoris- and someofthe‘ancientmonuments’connectedwithitcertainlywerestillin ing intheNorthofEnglandwhenonprogress1541. in England.HenryVIIIhimselfexpressedhisdismayatthenumberofshrinesremain- evidence thattheinjunctionshadimmediateanddrasticeffecttheyelsewhere radical action. effects weremakingthemselvesfeltsufficientlytocausedeepconcernandprompt motivated byoppositiontothereligiouschangestakingplace,thisindicatesthattheir parish churches. kingdom, demonstratesthatfrom1536offeringsandimagesweredisappearing prepared torisktheirlivesinthePilgrimageofGrace,sameyear. in Durhamismorethancompensatedforbythefactthatthousandsofpeoplewere Durham CountyLocalHistorySociety (Durham,2000). (Oxford, 2001)anditsimpacton Durham ispresentedinMichaelBush, History religion’. declaring waronthecultofsaint,whichwas‘heartbeatmedievalpopular injunctions issuedbyHenryVIIIin1536.Thesehavebeendescribedaseffectively more difficulttoproveanegative. co-operation: evidencethatcarrieswithitconcomitantlimitations,alwaysbeing dence willhavetocomefromcourtrecordswhichprovideinstancesoflack co-operation comeslargelyfromchurchwardens’accounts.ForDurham,suchevi- the removalofallreligiousimageryfrommanyparishchurches,evidenceforthat at large.For,whilerecentstudieshaveshownthattheinjunctionsof1547resultedin to assessjusthowlargethecadreoftruebelieverswasindioceseDurham in indulgingiconoclasm.Aproto-aficionadoofre-cycling, heapparentlyconverted has beendescribedasthe‘greatvillainofGeneva gang’ he seemstohavebeenremarkablyrestrainedinthis particularaspectofhistask. to implementthe‘culturalrevolution’inDurhamthan hispredecessorhadbeen.Yet associate ofJohnKnox,BishopJamesPilkingtonwasamuchmorereliableleader collegiate churchofAucklandwhere‘heallowedbothshootingandbowling’. iconoclasm levelledagainsthim.Thisconcernedthesecularizationofredundant James Pilkington,whobecameBishopin1561,thereappearstobejustonechargeof 1560s, whenthediocesewasexposedtofullblastofreformationchangeunder 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 The Pilgrimagemayultimatelyhavefailedbutthereseemstobeenlittle The samedifficultyisencounteredinassessingreactionDurhamtotheearlier By contrast,DeanWilliamWhittingham—inthestamp ofDeanHorneandwho Fowler, J. F.Hodgson,‘TheChurchofAuckland StAndrew’, Dobson’s DrieBobbes The King’sBook1543 Recent accountsofthePilgrimageincludeR.W.Hoyle, Robert Whiting,‘AbominableIdols:ImagesandImageBreakingUnder HenryVIII’, Marshall, , XXXIII 11 Rites ofDurham 15 Yettheevidence,againfromchurchwarden’saccountselsewherein Reformation England (1982). And,throughoutthe‘highlychargedreligiousatmosphere’ofentire 12 Inthisinstance,though,theabsenceofchurchwardens’accounts , firstpub1607,ed.E.A.Horsman (Oxford,1958),p.83. , ed.T.A.Lacey(London,1895)p. xi. , p.169. , p.54. DIANA

NEWTON Archaeologia Aeliana,newser. The PilgrimageofGraceandthePolitics1530s 14 Durham andthePilgrimageofGrace , TheshrineofStCuthbert 17 —hadnocompunction XX Journal ofEcclesiastical (1899),169. 13 Inpart 16 An 39 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds and disgraceofallanncyentgoodlyreliques’. most injuriouslyburneandconsumethesameinhirfire’to‘notablecontempt destroyed atthehandsofDean’swife,MrsKatherineWhittingham.Forshe‘did tables wereenthusiasticallydestroyedandProtestantbookspubliclyburned. St Andrew,Sedgefield,LongNewtonandStockton.Atthesametime,communion Altars andholywaterstoneswerealsorestoredtochurchesatPittington,Auckland cemetery; whiletheholywatervatsreappearedfromanunknownwhereabouts. in thebackgardenofoneprebendariesandotherunderrubble from theirhidingplaces,suchasthetwoforcathedral,oneofwhichwashidden rites, andatStHelenAucklandawomanwas‘churched’.Altarstoneswererecovered Whitworth andLanchester.AtBrancepethababywaschristenedaccordingtotheold Auckland, LongNewton,ChesterleStreet,Monkwearmouth,Heighington, also witnessedtherevivalofpopishpractices,asdidthoseinBrancepeth,StHelen The churchesofStNicholas,Giles,OswaldandMargaret,inDurham, Cathedral, which,theycomplained,madeitdifficulttoseeorheartheproceedings. alluded tothe‘multitudes’ofpeoplewhoflockedobserverevivedservicesin put to‘profaneuses’inhiskitchen. rated tombswithimagesonthemintobuildingworksandhehadholywaterstones the fabricofcathedralchurchtomorepracticaluses.Forinstance,heincorpo- 40 Courts ofDurham,ed.J.Raine,SS, manner. in DurhamCathedral,aswellprocessions‘afterthecrosse’,traditional to themanydepositionstakenafterrebellion,massesandanthemsweresung both duringtheNorthernRisingof1569andinitsimmediateaftermath.According efforts torestorethefabricofCatholicChurchandreviveitsritespractices, identity. diary actdeprivedthepeopleofDurhamtheirsaint,italsoviolatedsense it wasseriouslydamaged,requiringfiveshillings’worthofrepairs, been carriedbytheDurhamcontingentinPilgrimageofGrace,duringwhich and Durham’sidentity.ForitdidnotsurvivetheProtestanticonoclasm.Having tion ofSaintCuthbert’s‘sumptuous’banner’;thatmostpotentsymbolCatholicism been describedasstrikingattheheartofone principal expressionsofmedieval rising wasparticularlysignificant.Thebanonparochial processions,whichhas The revivalofprocessions‘afterthecrosse’in traditionalmannerduringthe collapsed andtheauthoritiesindulgedinanorgyof revenge. within tendaysofthetriumphantcelebrationmass intheCathedral,rebellion 22 21 20 19 18 Notwithstanding thelostbannerofStCuthbert,thereisabundantevidence Account RollsoftheAbbeyDurham Ibid., pp.60–1,81–2. DUL, DDR/EJ/CCD/1/2,fols170, 177–9,180,182–183,187,190,196,200,203. These areinDUL,DDR/EJ/CCD/1/2, andprintedin Fowler, 21 Rites ofDurham Theseattractedwidespreadparticipation,asmorethanonedeponent , p.23.Andseealso,Newton, XXI THE (1845),136–205. , ed.J.T.Fowler,

IMPACT 18 Presumablythiswasalsothesceneofcrema-

OF II Depositions andOtherEcclesiastical Proceedingsfromthe

REFORMATION North-East England SS , C (1898),483. 20 Sothat,notonlyhadthisincen- , pp.120–23. 19 thebannerwas 22 Yet, Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds up untilthen.Thereisevidenceforplayscontributed bytheCooks’Ordinary(guild) in 1581(outlivingRobertHornebyacoupleofyears) theywerestillbeingperformed their members’relativepositionsintheurbancommunityandsenseofworth. nated inpageantsandplays,sponsoredbythevariousguildsdesignedtodisplay of Durham’,compiledinthetroubled1590s. and citiesofdurham,beforethesuppression’wasanimportantelement‘rites ‘the Auncientsolemnytieofprocessionvopncorpuschristidaywithinthechurch either abolishedoraltered,after(the)reformation.Andadetaileddescriptionof powerful effectonthecollectivememory,evenwhensuchritualsandfestivitieswere of Durham.TheCorpusChristicelebrationsinDurhamcontinuedtoexercisea feature ofDunelmianmemory,predicatedonthesaint’sabidinginterestinwelfare Cuthbert, whoselifeandlegacyhadevolvedintoacultthatwasthemostdefining and theyweredesignedtoreinforceparochialsentiments.InDurhamthismeantSt specifically distinctivenatureofthetownswheretheyweredevisedandperformed, incorporate thepotentsymbolismofStCuthbert.Assuch,theyclearlyunderlined symbiosis betweenthecivicandecclesiasticalauthorities,wereextendedinDurhamto shrine. ing bannersoftheirparticularoccupations,wheretheycongregatedatStCuthbert’s consecrated hostwasreturnedtothepriorychurch,accompaniedbygilds,carry- by StCuthbert’sbannerwheretheprior,conventandchoirmetitontheirknees.The procession ofallthechurchestown,topalacegreen.There,itwasjoined the cathedralchurch,‘allfynlyegilted’,wascarriedbyfourpriestsatheadofa brated thaninDurham,wherethe‘goodlyandrich’CorpusChristishrine,from of thekingdom.Arguably,therewasnowherewheretheyweremoresplendidlycele- very importantpartinlatemedievalreligiouslife,especiallythenorthernparts cessions wasanessentialpreludetotheCorpusChristifestivitieswhichplayeda p. 452. Alan H.Nelson, of self’. everyday living‘formedanimportantcontextfora citizen’s socialrelationsandsense tical responsibilitiesanddependencies,ceremony ritual,anditsstructuringof Because, aboveall,the‘preceptsandpracticesofciviccommunity’intermsprac- kind. Nodoubt,otherplaysconveyedsimilarmessagesofprofessionalself-esteem. they areportrayedastheagentsofGod,whocraftedshipthatwastosaveman- exhibits theclearprideofshipbuildersNewcastleintheirvocation:especiallyas For instance,thesurvivingtextofshipwrights’play,onstoryNoah’sArk, communal religion, post-Reformation Englandreconsidered’, ed. PeterClark(Cambridge,2000), 263,275,288;PhilipWithington,‘Tworenaissances:urbanpolitical culturein 8 (Middlesbrough,1998),esp.pp.3–7 andNewton, See also,JohnMcKinnell, 26 25 24 23 Newcastle alsoengagedinlavishCorpusChristicelebrations,wherethedayculmi- Vanessa Harding,‘Reformationand culture1540–1700’,in See, forinstance,Nelson,TheMedievalEnglishStage andNewton, Fowler, Eamon Duffy, 24 26 Thusthecelebrations,whichhadcometobeaclearmanifestationof Thus,whileNewcastle’sCorpusChristiplaysseem tohavecomeanend Rites ofDurham The MedievalEnglishStage,CorpusChristiPageantsandPlays The StrippingoftheAltars:TraditionalReligioninEngland,c.1400–c.1580 23 The SequenceoftheSacramentat Durham wasfeltacutelyinDurham.Themostsignificantofthesepro- , pp.107–8,andcitedasexemplifyingthepomplavishspectacleof theprocession, Historical Journal DIANA North-East England,pp.158–9.

NEWTON , XLIV (2001),p.252. Cambridge UrbanHistory, , TeessidePapersinNorthEastern History, North-East England (ChicagoandLondon,1974),p.34. , pp.159–60. (NewHaven,c.1992), vol. 2:1540–1840 41 25 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds English ProtestantChurchbeinglikenedtoa‘cuckoointhenest’. structures ofbishops,cathedrals,churchcourtsandmedievalparisheshaveledtothe revision. DoubtsaboutsquaringCalvinismwiththesurvivingCatholicecclesiastical However, likemosthistoricalorthodoxies,thisiscurrentlybeingsubjecttosome Calvinist consensus;whichcametoberegardedasalmostanhistoricalorthodoxy. kept onastrictlyreformedpath.Thiscoincidedwithperiodofso-calledJacobethan Matthew HuttonandTobias—ensuredthatthedioceseofDurhamwas well intothereignofJamesI—beginningwithPilkington,andincluding A seriesofradicallydisposedProtestantbishopsaftertheaccessionElizabeth,and forty years. before thetotalcollapseofparochialreligioninEdward’sreign. the performanceofCorpusChristiplaysinDorsetandDevonthoughout1540s, Haigh’s claimsforthesurvivalofparishreligioninfaceHenricianreformsand church 1570–1635’, J. Anderson(TorontoandManchester,1982),pp.58,62,63,71. at L942.82N536B(notfoliated).Theyareprintedin and 1581,areatTW544/72fos46,54–552.Thatof1579isinBrand MS10,inNewcastleCentralLibrary, ardly organisedcopiesofrecordsfromsixteenthcenturycompanies or ordinaries.Entriesrelatingto1575,1578 he settheclergyaneducationaltask,which,in1578, wasacommentaryonthegospel encourage thereceptionofprotestantismbyclergyand laityalike.Aswascustomary synods andgeneralchaptersweremeasuresdesigned toestablishconformityand to raiseeducationalstandardsamongtheclergy.Highonagendaathisgeneral Undaunted bythetask,Barnesseemstohavebeenespeciallydiligentinhisefforts Elizabethan andJacobeanChurch. long beenagrowingrecognitionthatthereweredifferenttypesofCalvinistinthe and theMasons’Ordinaryin1581. in 1575,theMillers’Ordinary1578,SlatersandBricklayers’1579, 42 Marcombe, the noseofGodandmenwhichtopurgefarpassethHercules’labours’. .whosestinkisgrievousin . . in alettertoLordBurghleyon11February1578,‘ the fiftyyearsfollowingrisingofnorthernearls. unattractive, remoteandpoorlyendowedlivings,whatevertheirchurchmanship, and subsequentbishopsofDurham,soughttosecureableProtestantpreachers,for and conformistProtestantsweremuchmorelikelytohavebeenerodedasPilkington, under thecontrolofaseriesCalvinistbishops,whiledifferencesbetweenPuritans 32 31 30 29 28 27 Bishop RichardBarnes,famouslylikenedthedioceseto‘thatAugiaeStabulum’, R. T.Kendall, D. MacCulloch, Haigh, The civicenrolmentbook,vol.3(1659–1669),intheTyneandWear ArchivesDepartment,containshaphaz- British Library,LansdowneMSS, 25, fols161–2. Jane Freeman,‘TheDistributionand UseofEcclesiasticalPatronageintheDioceseDurham,1558–1640’, in English Reformations:Religion,PoliticsandSocietyUndertheTudors Last Principality Calvin andEnglishCalvinismto1649 (Oxford,1979),pp.1–13;Lake,‘Calvinism andtheEnglish Past andPresent, The LaterReformationsinEngland, 1547–1603 , pp.171–2. THE CXIV

(1987). IMPACT 30 27 InDurham,however,thenestitselfwasfirmly ThisisconsiderablylongerthanChristopher

OF Records ofEarlyEnglishDrama:NewcastleuponTyne III

REFORMATION (Basingstoke,2001). (Oxford,1993),pp.156–60. 28 Itwaslongerby 29 Andtherehas 31 , ed. in 32 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds torily wasthevicarofPittington,RobertMurray. sermons ayearweregenerated. result, inaregiongenerallyconsideredtobedevoidofpreaching,overthreehundred that Catholicpracticeswerebeingutterlyeradicated. of ProtestantEngland’actuallyproducedthebabyduring1580s,asitwasthen fruit payments.SeeNationalArchives: PublicRecordOffice,E334. Change intheSixteenthandSeventeenth Centuries James Barmby,SS, Newcastle uponTynewasacaseinpoint. ing andstudyingofthescriptures’. of StMatthew,tobepresentedatthenextsynodasprooftheir‘progressinlearn- (he leftbookstothevalueof Murray wasclearlyoneofthecommitted‘cadretruebelievers’:beingwelleducated degree ofcomplianceinDurham.Buthowrepresentativewasthisoneparish?Robert appears toconfirmthiswithanencouragingamountofevidenceattestingthe those engagedinmovingit. in theriteofbaptism.Afurtherpaymentwasmade16 prominent positioninthechurchcommensuratewithdiminutionofitscentrality 1580. Forexample,in1588,2 the dioceseofDurham,throughitschurchwardens’accounts,whichareextantfrom Pittington thatwebegintogettantalizingglimpsesoftheimpactreformationon preachers selectedbyBarnestodeliveradditionalsermons.And,itisintheparishof and besidestheirownmonthlyquarterlysermonsinparishes’. preachers inthediocesetowhomheallocatedaseriesofsermonspreach‘over John Knox,whohadbeenthereintheearly1550s, andwerecontinued,when,in an alternativemodeled,toagreaterorlesserdegree, onJeanCalvin’sGeneva. rule bybishopscentredoncathedralcities.But,increasingly, townswerepresenting During Elizabeth’sreignchurchgovernanceretaineditsmedievalformofhierarchical records togetafullerpictureofthedioceseaswhole. cal reforms. Barnes, anddescribedashisrighthandmaninimplementingprogrammeofradi- of Pittington,WilliamMurray,wassponsoredbyJohnBarnes,brotherBishop passed BishopBarnes’stestandbeingaprolificpreacher.Whilehissuccessorasvicar 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 Amongst thosewhoperformedtheBishopofDurham’seducationaltasksatisfac- See also,Newton, Marshall, ODNB DUL, DPRI. Marshall, Churchwardens’ AccountsofPittingtonandOtherParishesintheDiocese ofDurhamfromA.D.1580to1700 Ibid., 72–3. Ibid., 81. Raine, . RichardBarnesbyDavidMarcombe. JohnBarneswasoneoftheguarantorsforWilliamMurray’sfirst Ecclesiastical Proceedings Reformation England Reformation 39 ButitwillrequireasustainedandextensiveinvestigationofDurham’s LXXXIV North-East England England,p.121. (1888),27. , p.150;Collinson, , p.70. 36 IthasbeenarguedthatPatrickCollinson’s‘birthpangs s . 6d £ , pp.127–31. 4 inhiswill,includingaGenevaBible) . waspaidfor‘shiftingthefont’;nodoubttoaless DIANA 33 Atthatsynod,Barnesalsochosethirtyleading (Basingstoke,1988for1986),p.ix. The BirthpangsofProtestantEngland:ReligiousandCultural

IV NEWTON 41 ItsPuritanassociationshadbegunwith 35 37 Murraywasalsooneofthe TheevidencefromPittington d . forbreadanddrink 38 andhaving 34 Asa 43 , ed. 40 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds 1620s) therewere‘someprivateconventiclesinandaboutthattown’. ‘at myfirstentranceuponpastoralchargeinthetownofNewcastle’(inlate however, ThomasJackson,theincumbentofStNicholas,inNewcastle,observedthat exist forDurham(thoughtheremaybeevidenceinthecourtrecords).Yearslater, in thedioceseofChesterwasnotuntil1605,while,unfortunately,recordsdo were knowntobetakingplaceinEssex,fromthe1570s,earliestexample in thenorthernpartsofkingdomthansouth.Forinstance,whereasthey ticles, orhouseholdgatheringsforprayerandBiblereading,weremuchlessprevalent less polarizeddichotomybetweenPuritansandconformistProtestants.Forconven- President oftheCouncilinNorth, ister tothePuritansofNewcastlein1587,probablybyEarlHuntingdon, of Newcastle.Inturn,theprominentPuritan,JohnUdall,was‘called’northtomin- congregation ontheGenevanmodel;thus,furtherenergizingradicalProtestants not excludetheministersofGod’. be madetobelongMagistrates’,butthat,‘fromthis careandwatchfulnesswemust .andmust . explained that‘thiswatchingandwakingheremaybeextendedfurther. in creatingagodlytown.Usingtheanalogyofwatchmanatcitygatehe Jenison, alecturerthere,addressedtherespectiverolesofmagistratesandministers ‘marprelate tracts’. Village: Terling1525–1700 Town intheSeventeenthCentury 371, 551. vii–xvi, andfurtherbiographicaldetails‘writtenbyalateFellowofCorpus Christicollege’(Oxford1884),pp.ix, History Society, had restoredepiscopacytotheScottishKirk. arrival ofScottishexilesescapingfromtheconsequences‘blackacts’,which St Nicholas,whereheremaineduntilhisdeath,in1584.Thiscoincidedwiththe 1568, thePuritanJohnMacbraywasinstitutedtotown’sprincipalchurchof 44 Cross in theNorthernTowns’, Psalm 127.1(London,1630),pp.6–9;D.J.Lamburn, ‘“DiggingandDunging”:SomeAspectsofLayInfluence Popery andprofanity’inthedioceseatlarge. harmonious relationshipofgodlybishopandmagistrateintheirmutualfightagainst thew, hasbeenacknowledgedashaving‘madetangiblethatProtestantidealofthe Jerusalems, beaconsofgodlypietyandorder’. of godlyministersandmagistratesaspiringtoturntheircommunitiesinto‘new and socialcontrolnotwithstanding,Newcastledidseemtoconformtheimage Newcastle andBerwick,whereinKnox,Mackbray,Udalhadsowntheirtares)’. clergy, ‘camebutlatelyintothenorthernparts(unlessitwereintownesof it clearthatanotherPuritanpracticeof‘prophesying’,apublicconferencethe 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 Yet, inasimilarfashiontothedioceseaswhole,Newcastlealsodemonstrated The currentdebateaboutthepreciserelationshipbetweenpatternsofPuritanism Kenneth Fincham, Detailed casestudiesthatdemonstratethisincludeDavidUnderdown, ‘Some particularsofDrJackson’slifefromA.Wood’sAthenæOxoniensis’, in P. Collinson, Claire Cross,‘NoblepatronageintheElizabethanchurch’,HJ, See, GordonDonaldson,‘ScottishPresbyterianExilesinEngland, 1584–8’, RecordsoftheScottishChurch Robert Jenison, , ed.DianaWood(Woodbridge,1999). XIV The ElizabethanPuritanMovement (1960–62),67–80. The CitiessafetieoraFruitfulTreatise (andUsefulfortheseDangerousTimes):aTreatiseon Prelate asPastor;theEpiscopateof JamesI(Oxford,1990),p.80. 44 (1979). Life andThoughtintheNorthernChurch, c.1100–c.1700.EssaysinHonourofClaire (1992)andKeithWrightsonDavidLevine, THE

IMPACT 48 RobertJenisonattendedEmmanuelCollege, 43 (1967),p.407. onlytodieinexileforhiscontributionthe

REFORMATION 46 42 TheBishopofDurham,TobyMat- 47 Threeoftheseexilesestablisheda MeanwhileinNewcastle,Robert III (1960),12. Fire fromHeaven:LifeinanEnglish Poverty andPietyinanEnglish Works ofThomasJackson,i, 45 But,hemade Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds p. 85. NA: PRO,SP14/88/235.AndseeNewton, NH flourishing inNewcastlewasreportedconcurrentlywithfearsthatthe RiverTynewasindangerofblockingup. William Morton,vicarofNewcastle,toSirRalphWinwood,Secretary ofState,in1616.Thefactthatpoperywas AA p. 118. of itscivicdignitariesandarespectfulcrowd. even buriedaccordingtoCatholicritesatAllSaints’churchinthecity,undereyes and harbourerofpriests,DorothyLawson,wholivedbytheTynefrom1616,was Catholic ladiesmarriedtoprincipalmenofNewcastleandGateshead.Therecusant reported that‘poperyflourishes’inNewcastle,andheprovidedthenamesofnine Archdeacon ofDurham,WilliamMorton(writingunderthenameZethBridges), but onethathidesit’. Newcastle —despitethefactthathewasdescribedas‘inclinedinwardlytopopery Jenison’s uncle,William,wassheriffandmayormemberofparliamentfor strating thecomplexitiesofperceivingPuritansassoleagentssocialcontrol, ment ofNewcastle;hisfather,Ralph,hadservedasmayorandsheriff.Yet,demon- .forhisstypand’. . severall sumes. impressed hiscongregationthattheywere‘contentwillinglietopayquarterliethose views. HereturnedtoNewcastlesometimebefore1620,asalecturer,whereheso Cambridge, wherehewastutoredbySamuelWard,amoderatePuritanofCalvinistic Northumberland thoroughly partisanpatronsintheconflictbetween Calvinistsandanti-Calvinists long beforehisarrivalinDurham.Indeed,hehas been describedasoneofthetwo so closelyknitwiththemhewasvirtuallyindistinguishablefromthem. Burghley that‘[t]hetowneofNewcastellareallPapistes,saveAnderson’andhewas 1574, SirWilliamFleetwood,Pilkington’sprincipallegaladviser,lamentedtoLord real cohesionandorganization’. .its . until theoppositionofBishopNeile,in1620s,whichgave‘movement. Newcastle continuedtomakeitspresencefelt,albeitas‘oneofunconnectedactivity’, Westminster School the arch-criticofEdwardianreformationandPuritanism,WilliamCamden,at the mostconservativeaspectsofElizabethanchurch,andbeforethatapupil described astheprincipalcentreforreligiousandsecularceremonialwhichenshrined part ofhalfacentury.AsonetimeDeanWestminsterabbey—whichhasbeen completely differentstampfromtheseriesofPuritanbishopsinDurhamforbest In 1617,thefifty-fiveyearoldRichardNeilebecameBishopofDurham.Hewasa 54 53 52 51 50 49 In fact,muchofthetown’sgovernmentwasinhandsRomanCatholics. , newser. J. F.Merritt,‘ThecradleofLaudianism? WestminsterAbbey,1558–1630’,JEH Roger Howell,NewcastleandthePuritanRevolution. AStudyoftheCivilWarinNorthEngland(Oxford,1967), NA: PRO,SP14/88/235;W.Palmes, NA: PRO,SP12/107/77.citedinW.D.H.Longstaffe,‘TheAttemptto AnnexGatesheadtoNewcastlein1575’, NA: PRO,StatePapers14/88/235. T. Sopwith, II (1858),299.Amoreprosaicconjunctionofeconomicandreligious concerns wasinaletterfrom A HistoricalandDescriptiveAccountofAllSaintsChurchinNewcastle uponTyne(Newcastle,1826), , ed.G.B.Richardson(Newcastle, 1851),pp.52–54. 54 —Neile’scredentialsasaproponentofArminianism wereset 50 Life ofMrsDorothyLawsonSt Antony’s nearNewcastle-upon-Tynein 53 DIANA , 49 XLIV Jenison’sfamilywasprominentinthegovern- , 44–5.

V NEWTON 52 Nevertheless,thePuritanfactionin , LII (2001),626,627,644. 51 In1616,the 45 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds to appointRichardHunt,whowasnotofadispositionopposehisbishop. Cradock. Thenon-residentDean,AdamNewton,resignedin1620,enablingNeile in 1620.ForNeilereplacedthemwiththemoresympatheticGabrielClarkeandJohn cellor ofDurham,ClementColmore,in1619,andtheArchdeacon,WilliamMorton, ‘beauty ofholiness’thathadbeenlostsincereformation. background, andwasnotanativeofDurham, Liverpool Univ.1981),pp.481sqq. (Leicester, 1976)p.40. Change. PersonnelandAdministrationoftheChurchinEngland1500–1642 divines aroundtheArchbishopofCanterbury,GeorgeAbbot. ers whentheyacttheirinchantments’. .bynecromancersandsorcer- . .[and] . . as beingusedbytheManicheesandpagans. while theirpracticeoffacingeastduringthecommunion servicewas‘abominable, that reekedofpopery.Hedescribedhisopponentsas‘mangyArminianhellhounds’, Cosin forspendingtwohours,uplongladders,lightingthemall)andotherchanges tration ofthesacrament,whichheparticularlydeplored),burningcandles(hemocked removal ofthecommuniontable,playingmusic(especiallyduringadminis- tise muchinuseoflate)andprayingtowardstheeast’.Smartrailedagainst into thecathedralchurch,‘especiallyoferectingaltars,andcringingtothem,(aprac- prebendary, wasaccusedofintroducing‘severallpopishceremoniesandpractises’ speeches ofMrJohnCosens,andsomeotherhiscompanions’.Cosin,fellow Edinburgh, togetherwithasixpage‘historicalnarrationofsomenotoriousactsand increasing rage;culminatinginasermondeliveredtheCathedralon27July1628. the prebendaryoffourthstall,PeterSmart,whovoicedhisdisapprovalwith vociferous criticofthematerialandliturgicalchangesmadetoCathedralwas developments werenotmetbyuniversalapprovalfromtheprebendaries.Themost Neile couldnotpackthechapterwithsupporters,however,whichmeantthatrecent at Courtandintheuniversities. 46 Correspondence: withOtherPapers IllustrativeofHisLifeandTimes of DurhambyOnePeterSmart, A PreabandThere,July27.1628 p. 203 and readinesstorewardlocalclerics’. Cathedral througha‘judiciousblendofdoctrinalconsiderations,familyloyalty available tohim,there.Accordingly,hemadeprebendalappointmentsinDurham Durham bymeansofexploitingtheunusuallyconcentrateddegreepatronage about byNeile, Matthew, couldnotexertanysignificantlimitinginfluenceoverthechangesbrought from archiepiscopalvisitation.Thus,theveteranCalvinistArchbishopofYork,Toby advantage ofasurvivingpalatineprivilegeenjoyedbybishopsDurham:freedom society throughthisexerciseofpatronageandbymarriage.Hewasalsoabletotake 60 59 58 57 56 55 Opposition tothesechangesinDurhamwasminimizedbythedeathsofChan- Entitled M. J.Tillbrook,‘AspectsoftheGovernment andSocietyofCountyDurham,1558–1642’(unpub.Ph.D. thesis, See, AndrewW.Foster,‘TheFunctionofaBishop:theCareerRichard Neile,1562–1640’,in Michael Tillbrook,‘ArminianismandSocietyinCountyDurham,1617–1642’, inMarcombe, Fincham, The VanitieandDowne-fallofSuperstitious Ceremonies:Or,ASermonPreachedintheCathedralChurch Tillbrook, inMarcombe, Prelate asPastor,p.197.Neile’santi-CalvinistgroupinDurhamwasmatchedbythecircle ofPuritan The vanitieanddowne-fallofsuperstitiousceremonies,itwaspublishedin 58 asDurhambecamethesettingforreintroductionofmuch Last Principality THE

IMPACT 55 , p.205. Hequicklycultivatedananti-Calvinistgroupin 56

60 Althoughhewasfromarelativelyhumble OF AccordingtoSmart,Cosinhad‘violently

REFORMATION 57 Neileassimilatedhimselfintocounty , ed.G.Ornsby,SS, (Edinburgh,1628).Seealso,John Cosin, , ed.RosemaryO’DayandFelicityHeal LII (1869),esp.184,195. Last Principality Continuity and 59 , Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds presbyterian covenantingarmywereoffendedbyit. For in1641or42,itrequiredrepairafterbeingbrokenbytheScots,implyingthat have beenmovedbackintoitstraditionalpositioninthesouthwestofchurch. Byshoppricke ofDurham’. .areliketooverthrowthewhole . with theresultthat‘PoperyandSuperstition . inforced theobservationofthoseceremonies,goingaboutchurchlikeamadman’ and divisionsinthenorth-easternparts. The finalthemeistheextenttowhichconfessional differencescreatedtensions Pittington wasvested. which nodoubtreflectedthatofthedeanandchapter, inwhosegifttheparishof from thatattheendofsixteenthcenturyunderRobertandthenWilliamMurray, been acompleteshiftinthedoctrinalcomplexionofPittington1620sand30s a totalof and adornedwithfringes.Thecostofthematerialsmakingthemup,cameto forms werebought,forchurchwardensandotherstokneelat,coveredwithkersey in Pittington’schurchwardens’accounts. Archbishop ofYork. altars wasnotenforceduntil1632–3inthenorthernprovince,byRichardNeile,now very earlyon,ormaybe,even,tohaveanticipatedit.Forthepolicyofrailedeast-end wise (north-south),andrailedoff.Pittingtonappearstohavecompliedwiththis to havecommuniontablessituatedpermanentlyattheeastendofchancel,altar had beenremovedasaconsequenceofreformation.Oneaspectthiswasdrive bury, WilliamLaud,toreintroducethekindofceremonialismintoChurchthat was aconcertedeffort,instigatedbyKingCharlesIandhisArchbishopofCanter- rather thanmovingitbackwardsandforwards.However,throughoutthe1630s,there north-south alignmentofaltars),manychurcheskeptthetabletherepermanently the chancelforcelebrationofcommunion,pointingeast-west(asopposedto Given thatthePrayerBookstipulatedcommuniontablesshouldbebroughtinto at theeastendofchurch,fromleast1631or32ifnotevenearlierin1626to27. stand atthecommuniontable—whichimpliesthatwasinafixedposition, mats’ wereboughtforthecommuniontable. parish inthe1620sand30sfromthatof1580s90s.In1626or27,two‘stool picture emergingfromPittington’schurchwardens’accountswasofaratherdifferent imposed onareluctantdiocese,throughcourtandotherrecords.Butcertainly,the 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 It hasyettobeseenhowfarweretheseinnovationspushedthroughandthen This hasalsobeendealtwithinNewton, Ibid., p.191. Ibid., p.190. Marshall, Ibid., p.186. Barmby, Smart, Vanitie andDowne-fall. Churchwardens’ AccountsofPittington £ Reformation England 1 s . 8 d . 63 64 Theforms(alsoknownasdesks)weredesignedspecificallyto Certainly,by1639or40,thetablewasbeingcalled‘thealtar’ , p.201. 61 NH, DIANA

XLIV , p.181. 67 65 . Anditseemsthatdifferencesinconfessional

VI Meanwhile,itseemsthatthefontmaywell NEWTON 62 Andin1631or32,framesfortwo 66 Allofwhichsuggeststherehad 47 Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds one’s religionisprobablythemostpotentofideologies) observesthatindividuals ciple, orevenasenseofinconsistency.Adiscussion ofideologyandidentity(and advocate ofNewcastle’sinterests,toHuntingdon. mitted Puritan.Moreover,in1592,AndersonhadrecommendedSanderson,asan Puritan andhewasrabidlyhostiletoCatholics:butAnderson,too,adeeplycom- Henry Andersonduringhistermasmayor.Sandersonwasanardentandzealous Huntingdon, andwhowasadiligent‘discovererofseminaries’,hadbeenremovedby been approvedbytheArchbishopofYork,BishopDurhamandEarl many issuesoverwhichtheyclashedwasthefactthatschoolmaster,whohad tion forDurham, Catholic. ter ofthePuritanarchdeaconEastRidingYorkshire,andvociferouslyanti- educated atthePuritanChristChurch,Oxford,marriedtoMaryRemington,daugh- representation in1621and1624,closecollaborationwithSirHenryAnderson, Richard NeilechampionedthecountyofDurham’sdrivetosecureparliamentary outlook didnotnecessarilyprecludeco-operationinotherrespects.Forexample, 48 rmvlett ftefrtmn .’,inWorksofThomasJackson, . primeval estateofthefirstman. treatise oftheDivineEssenceandAttributes’ writtenin1628–9.Thiswasachaptermuchlonger‘Treatise onthe Puritan patron. college foundedin1624byWilliamHerbert,thirdEarlofPembrokeandastaunch in whosegiftitlay.Pembroke,towhichJacksonwaselectedvice-president,a puritanical’. HisprefermenttotheDurhamlivingwasthroughPembrokeCollege, was muchfollowedandadmiredforhisexcellentwayofpreaching,whichthen up abeneficeinCountyDurham,1622,beforemovingtoStNicholaswhere‘he who werealreadycommittedtosacramentalismorArminianism.Hereturnedtake he waslaterelectedpresident,throughthegoodofficesofBishopsNeileandLaud, godly ministers—in1595.HemovedtoCorpusChristi,thefollowingyear,where in Witton,Durham,toattendQueen’sCollege,Oxford—theprincipalseminaryfor a similarchangeofview.HebeganhiscareerasPuritan,leavingbirthplace, willing toaltertheirreligiousposition.InNewcastle,ThomasJacksonexperienced by capitalizingonthefactthatsomeofexistingprebendariesinDurhamwere shared confessionaloutlook. And ultimately,itwascommercialconsiderationsandrivalriesthatoverrodeany scope hadbeenshakenandallianceswithinmunicipalcirclestransformed. Puritanism; predestination. a treatisehehadwrittenindefenceoffreewill,and againstthecentralplankof when hededicatedtotheEarlofPembrokefirst, butnotthesecond,partof also Henry,hadbeenlockedinanotoriousconflictwithHenrySanderson. marked contrasttothesituationin1590s.Then,SirHenryAnderson’sfather, 72 71 70 69 68 But thechangeindoctrinalpositionoftheseclerics doesnotimplyalackofprin- Neile hadbeenablefurthertostrengthenhispositionwithindioceseafter1617, Historical ManuscriptsCommission, See Newton, For Neile’scollaborationwithAndersonsee,AndrewW.Foster,‘The StruggleforParliamentaryRepresenta- D ako’ idcto fhmef...[n .answertoMrBurton’sexceptiontakenagainst apassageinhis . .[in] . ‘Dr Jackson’svindicationofhimself . Works ofThomasJackson 68 ThisconcordbetweentheArminianNeileandPuritanAndersonwasin North-East England c. 1600–1641’, inMarcombe, 71 Jackson’spersonalconversionwasprobablymade in thelate1620s, , I , vii–xvi,xxxix–li. 72 , chapter5,foranaccountofthis. THE Marquis ofSalisburyManuscripts,

IMPACT Last Principality

REFORMATION . IX 70 , ix,354–384. Sincethen,though,thekaleido- IV , 208–10. 69 Ofthe Published by Maney Publishing (c) University of Leeds the moneyshouldgotopoor. his soulwiththeprovisothat‘ifsameobitbyorderoflawbeabrogatedhereafter’ wills, suchasthatoftheKentishyeomanwhoestablishedananniversaryservicefor reformation years.The‘calculationsofrisk’thatweremadecanbeobservedthrough matter, whichwasofoverridingconcerntothosenegotiatingchangesinthe as beliefsandpracticesveeredfromonepositiontothenextbackagainover can hangontotheiridentityunquestioningly. particular outlook,evenifsocietychanges,isnonsense,becausenogroupofpeople ‘an annihilationoftheiridentity’. defend anideologybecause‘theybelievethealternativeischaos’whichcouldleadto (1860), 37–39. the phenomenaintwentiethandtwenty-first. and seventeenthcenturieswereascomplexvariedareconclusionsdrawnabout struction oftheChurch,itwouldseemthatresponsestoreformationinsixteenth to reformation.Comparedwiththe‘cadreoftruebelievers,’intentonradicalrecon- time, thesafestoption,ratherthanengaginginanykindofintellectualresponse hedging theirbetsseemedtohavebeenmorepressingconcernand,atthesame ‘all manerofdewtiesaslaweshallpemitt’,regardinghisburial. churche andChristenburiall’.Andtwenty-fiveyearslater,hisson,Thomas,calledfor stipulation thatisshouldbe‘asshallappertainetoth’orderandcustumeofthe Barnard Castle,leftinstructionsabouttheintermentofhisbody,withcatch-all 75 74 73 In theend,itwasknottyproblemofhowbesttosafeguardone’simmortalsoul, Wills andInventoriesfromtheRegistry atDurham Marshall, Peter duPreez, Reformation England,p.100;Duffy, Social psychologyofpolitics,ideology andthehumanimage 73 DIANA However,forpeopletoremaincommitteda 74 Stripping oftheAltars Similarly,in1555,AmbroseMiddleton,of ,

NEWTON III , ed.J.Hodgson(1906),12;ibid, II, ed.W.Greenwell , pp.553–4. (Oxford,1982),p.48. 75 FortheMiddletons 49