Bus Karo a Guidebook on Bus Planning & Operations Table of Contents
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BUS KARO A GUIDEBOOK ON BUS PLANNING & OPERATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5 CHAPTER 1: KEY FACTORS FOR GOOD BUS TRANSPORT 5 1.1 Lessons Learned From International Reforms 8 1.2 Key Factors For Implementing Successful Bus System Reforms 13 1.3 Policies & Financing Of Bus Transport In India 17 1.4 Examining Restructuring Efforts In Indian Cities 28 CHAPTER 2: ROUTE PLANNING BASED ON DEMAND ASSESSMENTS 28 2.1 Identifying Public Transport Corridors 29 2.2 Collection Of Mobility Data 31 2.3 Analysis Of Mobility Data 35 2.4 Tutorial Exercises 36 2.5 Service Plan Optimization 39 CHAPTER 3: INFRASTRUCTURE AND BUS TRANSPORT 40 3.1 Segregated Roadways 41 3.2 Segregated Road Infrastructure - International Examples 43 3.3 Bus Station Improvements 45 3.4 Catalog Of Bus Stops From Around The World 47 3.5 Terminals And Depots 48 CHAPTER 4: BETTER VEHICLES FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT 48 4.1 Vehicle Size & Capacity 50 4.2 Doorways 50 4.3 Floor Height 52 4.4 Bus Fuel Type 53 4.5 Buses In The Indian Market 57 CHAPTER 5: TECHNOLOGY 57 5.1 Traffic Signal Priority 59 5.2 Electronic Fare Collection 60 5.3 GPS-based Bus Management 62 CHAPTER 6: CONTRACTS AND TENDERS 63 6.1 Types Of Contracts 68 6.2 International Contracting Strategies 70 6.3 Indore Contracting CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 72 CHAPTER 7: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 72 7.1 Capital Costs 73 7.2 Operating Costs 76 7.3 Acceptable Subsidy Use 77 7.4 London Subsidies ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 80 CHAPTER 8: MONITORING SYSTEMS 80 8.1 Performance Monitoring – India Examples 85 8.2 Performance Monitoring – London Example I would like to begin by thanking the team at the Foreign & Commonwealth Office, Saba Kalam and Anurag Mishra. The funding for this work comes from the Strategic Programme Fund (SPF) - 87 APPENDIX A: CITY CASE STUDY REPORTS Low Carbon High Growth Programme of the Foreign & Commonwealth Office. 88 Case Study 1 – London I would like to thank Dario Hidalgo for his assistance in creating the framework for the 105 Case Study 2 – Sao Paulo guidebook, Ashwin Prabhu, Prajna Rao, Vamsee Modugola and Jeremy Cogan for assisting in research, writing and editing the contents of the guidebook, Tahira Thekaekara and Amit Bhatt 119 Case Study 3 – Seoul for coordinating and managing all the administrative efforts and David Cooper, Ethan Arpi and 132 Case Study 4 – Mumbai Kavita Ramakrishnan for coordinating and managing the design and layout of the guide. 148 Case Study 5 – Indore 157 Case Study 6 – Ahmedabad I would like to also thank John Barry, Nick Bromley, Nigel Hardy and Stefan Trinder at Transport for London (TfL) for reviewing the London case study, Karl Fjellstorm at Institute for Transportation 170 Case Study 7 – Bangalore & Development Policy (ITDP) China for reviewing the Seoul case study, Dr. Eduardo Vasconcellos at Associação Nacional dos Transportes Públicos (ANTP) Brasil, Dr. Luis Antonio Lindau at CTS 185 APPENDIX B: TUTORIAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS Brasil and German Freiberg at CTS Mexico for reviewing the Sao Paulo case study. 191 APPENDIX C: INDORE BUS SPECIFICATIONS The India case studies are based on interviews with Mr. P K Garg at Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), Mr. Victor Nagaonkar at Bombay Electric Supply and Transport 202 APPENDIX D: USER SURVEYS (BEST), Prof. Shivanand Swamy at Centre for Environment Planning and Technology (CEPT) and Mr. Chandramauli Shukla, Mr. S C Garg and Mr. Vivek Shrotriya at Atal Indore City Transport 202 Example 1: Passenger User Survey Questions Services Limited (AICTSL). I thank them for the time and information they provided. 202 Example 2: Transantiago User Perception Survey (Santiago, Chile) I would like to thank Dr. Robin King and Ms. Sujaya Rathi at Center for Study of Science, 206 APPENDIX E: GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS Technology & Policy (CSTEP), Dr. Ashish Verma at Center for Infrastructure, Sustainable Transport and Urban Planning (CiSTUP), Santosh Kodukula at GTZ and Chris Kost at Institute for 207 APPENDIX F: REFERENCES Transportation & Development Policy (ITDP) for peer reviewing this guidebook and providing valuable comments and suggestions. 214 LIST OF FIGURES A special thanks to Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Lohia at the Ministry of Urban Development for showing 216 LIST OF TABLES faith in the abilities of our team and providing continuous support through this endeavour. 217 AUTHORS 2 EMBARQ: Bus Karo: A Guidebook on Bus Planning & Operations EMBARQ: Bus Karo: A Guidebook on Bus Planning & Operations 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY KEY FACTORS FOR GOOD BUS TRANSPORT passengers travel on more than 6,800 scheduled buses, EXECUTIVE CHAPTER 1: over more than 700 routes [1]. Bus services in London are provided by private companies which compete for route SUMMARY tenders and operate under contract to London Bus Services KEY FACTORS Limited, a division of the public transport authority Transport for London (TfL). Gross cost contracts with performance based financial incentives are used [2]. Since 2000, In the last decade more than a dozen world cities have innovations in technology that are raising the efficiency and FOR GOOD BUS increased usage of the bus system and public transport in transformed their mobility through bus based public capability of bus transport systems. Chapter 6 examines general has been a major goal of the municipal transport solutions. Three advancements have made this innovations in contracts and tendering that can improve government in London [3]. In order to achieve this, bus transformation possible - operational efficiency within city bus agencies. Chapter 7 TRANSPORT service levels have been increased dramatically, with the explores the role of financial analysis and acceptable subsidy number of bus-kilometres operated having gone up by over 1. Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in its modern avatar. use. Finally, Chapter 8 discusses performance monitoring a third between 2000-01 and 2007-08 [4]. Additionally, a techniques that can incentivize quality improvements and 2. Increased affordability of technology such as GPS devices large number of initiatives have been employed to improve respond to user feedback. Planners and decision makers can gain considerable and centralized control equipment along with fare collection the quality of bus services. These measures include curbside insight by observing city-wide bus system reforms in devices, making close monitoring of system operations and bus-only lanes, signal priority for buses, and a contact-less The development of this guidebook parallels efforts of the major world cities. We start by synthesizing information continuous improvement possible. Government of India's Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban smart card system for fare collection. As a result, bus learned from case studies of London (Europe), Sao Paulo patronage has significantly increased over the past decade, Renewal Mission (JnNURM) to become a source of financing (Latin America) and Seoul (Asia). All reviewed systems 3. Belief by local leadership that bus based solutions can for the procurement of new buses nationwide. Cities across an outcome unique amongst cities in the developed world. address the mobility needs of a city. improved system wide ridership, significantly improved In the period between 2000-01 and 2007-08, annual bus- the country that have received these buses are beginning to conditions for commuters and produced other positive incorporate them into their existing fleets or are starting passenger-kilometres increased by 59% [4]. In the same Case studies and planning guides for bus rapid transit externalities such as reduced air pollution and improved entirely new public bus companies to operate them. We period, the number of annual passenger boardings systems have been widely published and used in the last few traffic safety. The reforms were undertaken amidst varying hope our case studies, recommendations, and coverage of increased by 46% [4]. This increase in bus ridership years. However, not much has been done to document city political, economic and social contexts. The main focus of specific methodologies will serve as a helpful reference to contributed to a net 7% shift in journey-stages from private wide bus systems reforms attempted in the last decade. the reviews was to identify the common elements to public modes of transport during the same period [5]. these cities and states as they set up new agencies, operate responsible for the success of these city-wide reforms. the buses, monitor their performance and develop Chapter 1 of our guide begins with an introduction to and an Ultimately, seven aspects or commonalties stood out as the Sao Paulo overview of three international locations where citywide frameworks for continuous system improvement. key factors for implementing successful bus system reforms reforms have been implemented with notable praise: across the three cities. The Sao Paulo bus system, run by SPTrans, recorded a daily EMBARQ's production of this guidebook continues our London, Sao Paulo, and Seoul. A common theme appears average of over 7.4 million boardings in 2007 [6]. The commitment to supporting the development of and seven aspects stand out as the key factors for This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section implementation of the city-wide bus system reform, initiated environmentally and financially sustainable transport implementing successful reforms across the three cities. introduces each of the three international case study cities in 2001 under the leadership of Mayor Marta Suplicy, solutions in Indian cities. Like the leaders in London, Sao These are strong political leadership, local technical and compares the performance of their bus systems. The consisted of a very large planning and implementation effort Paulo, and Seoul, we believe investing in bus based public planning, implementing bus priority, use of new second section examines the seven common strengths of involving 39 private bus providers, 6,000 co-operatives of transport can solve the mobility needs of a city in addition to technologies, innovations in contracting and tendering, these three systems.