1444 THE SUDAN

THE REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN JAMHURYAT ES-SUDAN CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT. The Sudan was proelaimed a sovereign independent republic on 1 Jan. . 1956. On 19 Dee. 1955 the Sudanese parliament passed unanimously a declaration tbat a fully inde· pendent state sbould be set up fortbwitb, and tbat a Couneil of State of 5 sbould temporarily assume tbe duties of Read of State. The Co-domini, tbe UK and Egypt, gave their assent on 31 Dee. 1955. For tbe history of tbe Condominium and the steps leading to independence, see 'l'HE STATESMAN'S YEAR-BooK, 1955, pp. 340-41. Nationalflag: Blue, yellow, green (horizontal). On 17 Nov. 1958 tbe Army took over the government. Tbe Couneil of State and the cabinet were dismissed, parliament and all poiitical parties were declared dissolved, and the provisional eonstitution was suspended. The supreme authority was vested in the Supreme Couneil of the Armed Forees under Lieut.-Gen. Ibrahim Abboud. On 25 Oet. 1964 President Abboud dissolved the Supreme Couneil and dismissed the Cabinet. On 30 Oet. President Abboud appointed a civilian Oabinet witb Ser al-Khatm Khalifa as Prime Minister. On 15 Nov. 1964 President Abboud resigned as chief oi' state and supreme eommander. In eonformity with the provisional eonstitution of 1956 a 5-member Oouncil of Sovereignty replaced the presidency. On 8 July 1965 the Oonstituent Assembly elected Ismail EI-Azhari as President of the Supreme Council; its otber member" are Abdel Rahman Abdoun, Felman Majok, Khidir Ramad and Abdullah Alfadil EI-Mahdi. Prime Minister: Sadik ei-Mahdi, Foreign Affairs and Justice: Mohamed Ibrahim Khalil. Defence and Information: Ahmed ei-Mahdi. On 9 Dee. 1965 the Constituent Assembly proseribed the Communist Party.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT. The Sudan is divided into 9 provinees and 84 loeal government areas. In eaeh provinee there is a provinee administration set up under the Provincial Administration Aet, 1960, and in each local govern• ment area there ia a local government authority set up under the Local Government Act, 1951. A Province Administration is eomposed of the commissioner, the province council and the province authority. The commissioner ia the chairman of the province authority and the head of all governmont officials in the provinee. The provinee couneil, warranted by the Council ofMinisterB, may be composed of ex-oificio members, members elected by and from loeal government authority panels and members appointed by the Government. A province council has eompetence to pass the province budget and has supervisory powers over local government authorities. The province authority is composed of the head representatives of the various central government ministries in the provinee. Its main funetion is the exeeution of the provinee couneil decisions. A local government authority is either a local government council warranted by the Council ofMinisters (59 areas) or a government official (25 areas). A local government couneil is two-thirds elected by residents in the area and one-third appointed by the Minister.

S. H. Steinberg (Ed.), The Statesman’s Year-Book © Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited 1967 TUE SUDAN 144[)

AREA AND POPULATION. The Sudan covers an area of 967,500 sq. miles (2·5m. sq. km). The Eritrea-Sudan frontier and thc frontier with the Cha,d and Centl'al African Republics have been delimited and demarcated, as also has thc grcater part of tho frontier with Ethiopia. The population according to the 1955-fJ6 ccnsus was 10,262,674. The estimate on 1 Jan. 1964 was 13,011,000. The population conBists mainly (two-thirds to four-fifths) of Moslem Arabs. and Nubians in I,he north ami Nilotic and Negro tribes in thc south. Area (in sq. miles) and population oI provinces (Jan. 1961 estimate), with inhabitants of provincial capitalö (Jan. 1964 ostimate) were as follows: Province Aren Population Oapital lnbabitants Bahr EI Ghaza! . 82,530 1,157,016 \Vau 11,000 Blue Nile 54,880 2,397,528 Wad Medani 57,000 Darfur 191,650 1,538,712 EI Fasher 30,000 Equatoria. 76,'\~5 I,04~,664 Jub~ 15.000 Kassala 131,528 1,097,376 Kassala 49,000 Khartoum 8,091 584.472 Khartoum 135,000 Kordofan 146,DöO 2,0Gl;616 EIObeid 60,000 Nortbern 184,200 1,013,880 EI Damer 7,000 Upper Nile 91,IUO 1,037,736 Malakal 1l,OOO

The capital is Khartoum. Other important cities are: Omdurman (167,000), Khartoum Nortb (58,000), Port Sudan (57,000), Atbara (45,000), Kosti (30,000). RELIGION. Thc population of tbe 6 nortbern provinces is almost entircly Moslem (Sunni), tbc majority of the 3 sonthern provinces is pagan. There are small Christian eommunities, with 2 Coptic Bishops, a Greek Orthodox metropolitan, an Anglican bishop and assistant bishop, 4 Roman Catholic bishops and Greek Evangelical, Evangelieal and ~laronite congregations. In 1962 Protestants numbered about 95,000. Some of the foreign mis• sionaries were expellecl from the southern pl'Ovinces in March 1964. EDUCATION (1964--65). Private kindergartens had 2,210 pupils; govern• ment elementary schools, 315,189 boys am!151,684 girls; private elementary schools, 6,025 boys and 5,475 girls; government intermediate schools, 34,304 boys and 6,777 girls; private intermediate schools, 20,917 boys and 6,366 girls; government secondary schoolE, 13,506 boys and 2,449 girls; private secondary schools, 7,640 boys and 1,577 girls. Higher technical training was given to 839 boys ami 68 girls, lligher vocational training to 230 boys; teachers' training colleges had 1,733 male and 577 femalc students. Khartoum University had 2,100 stuclents.

HEALTH. Thc medical services of thc Ministry of Health maintain 72 hospitals, 1,138 dispensaries anel dressing stations, 56 health centres (with together 13,27S heds), and 422

Civil ju~licc ie administcred by tllC' C0\1118 constituted nudcr tho Civil Justice Orclillunce_ nafllely Ow H ii!11 Conrl nf Justicc--consieting of the Court 01 Appeal find .JUelg08 01 thc Ii igl, (nUtt. "itting as court,p, of original jurisdiction-and l'lOvince Courts---consisting of the Courts of Province and 1446 THE SUDAN

District Judges. The law administered is 'justice, equity and good con• science' in aJl cases where there ie no special enactment. Procedure is governed by the Civil J ustice Ordinance. Justice in personal matters for the Moslem population is administered by the Mohammedan law courts, which form the Sharia Divisions of the Court of Appeal, High Courts and Kadis Courts; Prcsidcnt of the Sharia Division is the Grand Kadi. The religious law of Islam is administcred by these courts in the mattors of inheritance, marriage, divorce, family relationship and charitable trosts. Oriminal justice is administered by the courts constituted under the Cod" of Criminal Procedure, narnely l\lajor Courts, Minor Courts and Magistrates' Courts. Scrious crimes are tried by Major Courts which are cornposed of a President and 2 members and have the power to pass the death sentence. Major Courts are, as a role, presided over by a Judge of the High Court appointed to a Provincial Circuit or a Province Judge. There is a right of appeal to the Chief Justice against any decision or order of a Major Court, and aJl its findings and senten ces are subject" to eonfirmation by hirn. The President of the Supreme Counei! of the Armed Forces has power to commute a capital sentence. The Chief Justice has power to remit any case subject to confirmation b.v him to the Court of Criminal Appeal composed of the Chief Justice and 2 Magistrates of the first dass one of whom has to be a Judge ofthe High Court. Lesser crimes are tried by Minor Courts consisting of 3 Magistrates and presided over by a Second Class Magistrate, and by Magistrates' Courts consisting of a single Magistrate or a bench of lay magistrates. In Pro• vinces in which circuits of the High Court exist the High Court Judge, in other cases the Province Judge, exercises an appellate jurisdiction and a general supervision over these courts. The greater part of the criminallaw is codified in the Sudan Penal Code. Local courts, constituted under the Native Courts Ordinance, 1932, and the Chiefs' Courts Ordinance. 1931, administer ci vi! and eriminal justiee in accordance with the native custom and deal with ofIences against specific ordinances; they work to some extcnt parallel with the state courts. Appeals lie to members of the state judiciary and ex-officio magistrates. and local courts are subject to supervision by them. Juvenile oJfences are dealt with by the 2 juvenile delinquent courts, con• stituted under the Code of Criminal Procedure, at Wad Medani and Omdur• man. All legislative enactments, ordinanees and regulations (previously printed in 4 vols.) have been reprinted (in 11 vols.) in English. A committee is undertaking its translation into Arabic.

FINANCE. Revenue and expenditure in Sudanese pounds (1:S1 = ;EI 08. 6d.) for financial years ending 30 Junc: 1962-63 ' 1963-64 ' 1964-65 ' 1965-66 1 1966-67 1 Revenue. 61,034,473 67,228,368 73,565,821 78,541,631 79,042,000 Expenditure 52,152,337 58,209,328 56,963,930 72,114,000 83,267,000

1 E:stimntes.

The chief sources of revenue in 1965-66 were indirect taxation from custom duties on imports and royalties on exports (fS34,680,440) and profits on trading concerns, rai!ways, shares on cotton schemes (fSI5,114,270). TEE SUDAN 1447

The main items of expenditure were education (~S6,462,830), public works (1:S3,883,666), health (~S4,833,160), communications (1:86,469,786), agri• culture (fS4,195,376) and defence (1:S14,129,602). The total external dcbt of the country at the end of 1964 was ~S44,751,000. DEFENCE. The Army is organized in 13 infantry battalions, 1 armoured regiment and 2 artillery regiments. The equipment used to be British but is being replaced by German guns, rifles and cars. Total strength, 17,000. A Navy was established in 1962 with a nucleus of 4 patrol boats built in Yugoslavia. The Air :Force has received 8 Jet Provost trainers, 7 piston.engined Provost and 4 Egyptian-built Gomhouria trainers, 2 0-47s, 3 Pembroke light transports and 4 Fokker Troopship transports. PRODUCTION. The 10-year plan 1961/62-1970/71 envisages a total expenditure on social and economic development of ~S287·3m. Of this sum, 30% is to be spent on agriculture, 30% on social services, 22% on transport and communications, 15% on industry and mining. Projects include the construction of 2 dams (Roseiris and Khasm el Girba) and the extension of the railway network. Agriculture. In the Sudan, a predominently agricultural country, cotton is by far the most important cash crop on which the Sudan depends for earning foreign currency. The two types of cotton grown in the Sudan are: (a) long staple sakellaridis and sakel types (derivatives of sakellaridis), grown in Gezira, White Nilc, Abdel Magid and private pump schemes; (b) short staple, mainly American types, in Equatoria and Nuba Mountains, generally by rain cultivation. Total production of all types in 1964-65 was 797,205 bales. Area (in feddans) Crop (in kantars) Cotton production 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 (a) Egyptian Types Sudan Gezira Board . 483,701 508,478 508,228 1,862,776 1,163,987 1,798,318 Abdel Magid (WNSB) 10,040 10,040 12.282 26,368 21,385 33,101 'Vhite Nile Scheme Board . 10,074 11,020 14.005 42,538 42,096 65,569 Private Scheme and Sagias • 208,088 200,399 211,833 987,605 655.920 832,231 Gash Delta 21,204 4,943 586 10,058 2;202 Melut Scheme . 2,860 2,695 4,947 4,249 (h) American Types American, irrigated (pumps) 8,098 7,649 7,753 29,504 26,147 29,424 American (fiood) • 8,822 17,832 84.511 9,855 13,515 114,834 American, rain groWD 315,905 286,220 225.679 394,923 260,763 248,402 ------Total .1,065,932 1,049,441 1,067,572 3,363,627 2,190,962 3,125,928 1 Of 315 rotls seed cotton. Other products of the Sudan include groundnuts, sesame, dates, hides and skins, melonseeds, oil-cakes, dura, pulses, seed oil, castor seed, camels, cattle and sheep. The Rural Water Supplies and Soil Oonservation Board, set up in Oct. 1944, was in May 1956 replaced by the Land Use and Rural Water Develop• ment Board and an executive department. Livestock (1,000 heads): Cattle,6,916; sheep, 6,946; goats,5,788; camels, 1,410; donkeys, 500; horses, 200. Forestry. Thc forests of the Sudan, their extent and dominant species are approximately as follows: (1) desert, 728,800 sq. km; (2) semi-desert, 491,000 sq. km (Acacia Tortilis, Naerua cmssifolia); (3) woodland savannah: 1448 THE SUDAN

(a) low rain, 691,000 sq. km (Acacia mdiJera, Acacia seyal, Acacia senegal, cambretum), (b) high rain, 347,000 sq. km (AnogeissU8, Khaya, Isoberlinia); (4) flood region, 246,000 sq. km (Papyrus); (5) montane vegetation, 6,000 sq. km (Podocarpu8, Olea). The types 2 and 3 (a) are the only local sources of fuel (firewood and charcoal). More than 20m. cu. metres offirewood are consumed annually. The average annual production of sawn timbel' is 1m. cu. ft, which con• stitutes about 50% of the Sudan requirements of sawn timber and includes all thc sleeper requircments of Sudan Railways and the Sudan Gezira Board. Different tree speeies oi' softwood are used for afforestation to pI'oduce the future demand of the Sudan of softwood. In 1962 nearly 13,000 acres were afIorested. Gum arabic, mainly hashab gum from Acacia senegal, is the sole forest pro• duce exported from the Sudan on a major scale. About 50,000 tons (95% of the total world supply) are exported annually fetehing about ;ES6m. It ranks as the second cash crop to cotton. The bulk of gum production originates from Kordofan, Darfur. Kassala and Blue Nile Provinces. A forest research and education institute has been established by the Sudan Government in co-operation with the United Nations Special Fund. Mining. The following minerals are known to ex;"t in the Sudan: Gold, graphite, sulphur, chromite (18,600 metrie tons in 1963), iron-ore, man• ganese-ore, eopper-ore, zine-ore, fluorspar, natron, gypsum and anhydrite, magnesite, asbestos, tale, halite, kaolin, white miea, coal, diatomite (kiesel guhr), limestone and dolomite, pumiee, lead-ore, wollastonite, blaek sands, vermieulite pyrites. Gold is being exploited on a small scale at Deweishat (south of Wadi Halfa) and at Birkateib (in Kassala Provinee); alluvial gold is oeeasionally exploited in Southern Fung and Equatoria_ Total gold produetion in 1963, 900 troy oz. Iron-ore has been smelted in the past, on a very limited scale and by primitive methods, in the Eastern and Southern Provinees. Iron-ore mining in the northern Red Soa hills started in 1965, and some 30,000 tons were exported to Europe in the first yeal'. Copper at Hofrat en Nahas was mined in the 19th Century; the mine has been leased to foreign interests for exploitation. A few thousand tons of medium-grade manganese-ore have been shipped annually sinee 1956. Mining and processing of white mica, !IS an industry, is beginning to be established. Vermieulites, mined near Sinkat in Kassala Province, ia beginning· to find its way into foreign marketa. Salt pans at Port Sudan supply the whole needs of the country, and considerable quantities of salt are exported annually; output, 1962, 57,870 metric tons. Mining of chromite from the Ingessena Hills, southern Blue Nile Provinee, com• meneed in 1962. Quartz and marble for glass and tile manufacture is being quarried in the Red Sea Hills. Marble is quarried for cement manufaeture in Atbara (Northern Provinee) and Rabak on the vVhite Nile. An ashestos deposit in Qala EI Nahal in Kassala province is heing ex• amined hy a foreign concern.

COMMERCE. Total trade for calendar years. in ;ES: 1961 1962 1963 1965 1965 Imports 1 82,862,152 90,836,476 99,235,452 95,489,991 72,288,651 Exports. li9,080,893 74,616,027 77,114,637 67,099,816 67,138,552 Re-exports 3,098,063 4,845,626 1,673,992 1,531,686 817,682 1 Including government imports. TRE SUDAN 1449

Principal items of imports and exports ('luantities in motric tons, value in ;\;Sl,OOO): Qu;mtity Value 1904 1965 1.964 1965 Imports: Cotton picce-goods 8,H28 H,457 6,417 6,391 Motor fuel 115,386 81,835 1,386 987 Sugar ]21,248 18G,70n 8,775 4,998 Motor vehicles . 6,338 3,708 Piece-goods, art. textiles 3,286 2,796 1,U62 1,873 Tea. 10,765 10,116 3,643 3,374 Wheat 110ur 52,221 49,892 1,898 1,527 Sacks, jute (1,000) 15,757 19,441 1,758 2,381 Timber (cu. metres) 47,806 24,481 1,706 938 Coffee 11)59 \1,501 1,833 1,307 Cigarettes' and tobac~o 754 542 1,199 1,019 l.'i:achinery 14,360 9,281 Fertilizers 56,065 77)i36 1,250 2,141 Exports: Cotton, ginned . 114,646 106,361 32,570 31,195 Gurn Arabic 48,012 52,608 6,455 7,206 Sesame 101,410 70,588 6,454 4,750 Groundnuts 156,452 159,376 ü,182 8,596 Dura 61,233 111,700 1,539 2,442 Cottonseed 47,334 65,292 1,239 1,859 Animal feeding ~tuil' : 89,924 77,452 4,129 3,958 Vegetable oils 12,262 11,268 1,073 1,145

Principal sources of import into the Sudan in 1965 (in fSlm.); UK (16'9), Japan (6'7), India (5'6). Principal countries of export from the Sudan: Germany (7-8), Italy (7-1), UK (6'2). Trade with UK (in n,ooo sterling), British Board of Trade returns: 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 Imports to UK 12,561 12,230 8,772 7,728 4,927 Exports from UR 23,698 28,215 20,028 16,554 16,315 Re-exports from UK 188 186 174 184 102

COMMUNICATIONS. Railways. The main railway lines run from Khartoum to EI Obeid via Wad Medani, Sennar Junction, Kosti and Er Rahad (701 km); Er Rahad to Nyala via Abu Zabad, Babanousa and Ed• Daein (698 km); Sennar Junction to Kassala via Gedaref (455 km) and to Roseires via Singa (220 km); Kassala to Port Sudan via Haiya Junction and Sinkat (550 km); Khartoum to Wadi Halfa via Shendi, EI Dammer, Atbara, Berber and Abu Hamad Junction (924 km); Abu Hamad to Karima (248 km); Atbara to Haiya Junction (271 km); Babanousa to Wau (444 km). The main flow of exports and imports is to and from Port Sudan via A tbara and Kassala. The totallength of line open for trafik was 5,403 km as at 31 July 1965. The gauge ia 3 ft. 6 in. Shipping. Supplementing the railways are regular river steamer services of the Sudan Railways, between Karima and Dongola, 319 km; from Khar• tourn to Kosti, 319 km; from Kosti to Juba, ],436 km, and from Kosti to Garnbeila, 1,069 km. Port Sudan i8 the country's only seaport; it is equipped with 13 berths. Roads. Boads in Northern Sudan, other than town roads, are only cleared tracks mostly impassable directly after rain. In Upper Nilc Province motor traffie is Jimiteu mostly to tho months Jan.-May. In Equatoria and Bahr El GhazaJ Provinces there are a number of good gravclJed roads with 1450 THE SUDAN permanent bridges whieh can be used all the year round, though minor roads bccome impassable after rain. Notes on Motoring in the Sudan is obtainable from the Under Secretary, Ministryof Interior, KhartoUID, or the Sudan Embassy in Landon, to whom application should be made for per4 mission to motor through the Sudan. Post and Teleco11l11lunication (1965). There are 129 permanent post and telegraph offices, 23 travelling post and telegraph offices, 1 branch office and 167 agencies. There are 27 wireless telegraph and 99 radio·telephone stations, 130 telephone exchanges 136 of them automatie) and 340 telephone call boxes; number of telephones in 1966 was 37,019 (21,924 in Khartoum). There are 2 transmitting stations and 10 radio·beacon stations. Aviation. Sudan Airways is a government·owned airline, with its head• quarters in Khartoum, operating domestie and international services. The latter include services to Asmara, Addis Ababa, Aden, Jiddah, Cairo, Athens, Rome, Frankfurt, London, Beirut, Nairobi and Entebbe. In 1964 Sudan Airways carried 104,824 passengers and 1,541,857 kg of mail and freight.

MONEY. The monetary unit is the Sudanese pound (2S) divided into 100 piastres and 1,000 milliemes. Sudanese bank-notes of 2S10, ;l;S5, ;l;SI, 50 piastres and 25 piastres have replaced Egyptian notes. The following Sudanese coins are in circulation: P. 10,5,2; m/ms 10,5,2, 1. Egyptian and British coins were withdrawn from circulation by the end of May 1958. Currency in circulation at 28 Feb. 1967 totalled ;l;S43·6m. BANKING. The Bank of Sudan opened in Feb. 1960 with an authorized capital of ;l;SI·5m. as the central bank of the country; it has the sole right to issue currency. The Bank of Sudan and the Credit Lyonnais on 20 Jan. 1963 signed an agreement to set up a new bank, EI Nilein Bank, with an authorized capital of ;l;S4m., of which ;l;S3m. will be fully paid before the bank starts operation. Barclays Bank DCO maintains 16 branches in thc Sudan; Ottoman Bank, 5 branches; Credit Lyonnais, 3; Bank Mi sr, 8; Arab Bank, 3; the Com• mercial Bank of Ethiopia, 1 branch. The Sudan Commercial Bank, the only commercia.l bank incorporated in the Sudan, opened in 1960 in Kha.rtoum and maintains 4 branches. The Agricultural Bank of Sudan, which is state• owned, was established in 1958 and thc Industrial Bank in 1961. The post office savings bank had 114,902 depositors each with an average balance of ;l;S56 as at Dec. 1963.

DIPLOMATIC REPRESENTATIVES The Sudan ma.intains embassics in Algeria, Belgium, Chad (also for Central African Republic), Congo (Leo.) (also for Congo (Br.) and Gabon), Ethiopia, France (also for Netherlands, Spain, and Switzerland), Greece, Ghana (also for Liberia, Mall, Guinea, Senegal, Sierra Leone and Upper Volta), India (also for Ceylon), Iraq (also for Turkey and Jordan), Italy (also for Albania and Austria), Kenya, Kuwait, Lebanon (also for Syria), Nigeria (also for Dahomey, Cameroun and Niger), Pakistan (also for China), Saudi Arabia (also for Yemen), Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, USSR (also for Czechoslo• vakia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland and Rumania), UAR (also for Libya, THE SUDAN 1451

Moroeeo and Tunisia), UK, USA (also fol' Argentina), Yugoslavia (also für Cyprus). OF THE SUDAN IN GREAT BRITAIN (Sudan House, Cleveland Row, SWI) Ambassador: Jamal Mohamed Ahmed (accredited 2 Nov. 1965). Cour1sellor: Bushra Hamid Gabrcldar. Service Attacke: Col. Mohallled Al Baghir Ahmed. First Secretary: Abdul Aziz Sayed Taha. CuEtural Attache: Ahmcd Mohamllled Saad. CommerC'ial Attacke: Tawfik EI Tigani Abu Groon. OF GREAT BRITAIN IN THE SUDAN Ambassador: Sir Robert Fowler, KCMG. Counsellor: G. F. N. Reddaway, CBE (Commercial). Service Attacke: Lieut.·Col. D. A. Heath. First Seeretaries: O. G. Griffith, MVO (Head of Chancery); J. A. Speares; R. F. Coleman (Consul); A. Ibbott (Information); R. L. Morris, OBE (Labour, resides at Beirut); O. I. Green (Civii Air). There is also a Consul at Port Sudan.

OF TnE SUDAN IN THE USA (3421l\Iassachusettes Ave., Washington, D.C., 20007) Ambassador: (vacant). First Seeretaries: Ahllled Nur (Charge d'Affairs); Omar Gorani. Cultural Attacke: Zeind Abdin EI Hussein. Commercial AtlacM: Mohamed EI Amin Mirghani. OF THE USA IN THE SUDAN Ambassador: William M. Weathersby. Deputy Chief of Mission: Thomas M. Recknagel. Heads of Sections: James D. Moffett (Politieal); James H. Ashida (Economic); Charles H. Barr (Consular); Charles E. Higdon (Administratl:ve); William O. Cooper (AID). Service AttacMs: Capt. Devon M. Hizer (Navy, resident in Cairo), Col. Marshall W. Bakel' (Army), Lieut.·Col. Robert A. Nolan (Air, resident in Addis Ababa).

Books of Reference STATlSTlCAI, INFORMATION. The Director 01 Statistics, PO Box 700, Khartoum; The Director 01 Information, Central Office oi Information, PO Box 291, Khartoum. Sudan Almanac. Khartoum (annu.l) Trf~~firectory ofthe Republic ofthe Sudan; with Who'. Who in lhe Sudan. 8th ed. London, Duncan, J. S. B., The Sudan's Path to Independence. London, 1957 Fabunni, L. A., The Sudan in Anglo.Egyptian Relations. London and New York, 1060 Fawzi, Saad Bd-Din, The LabouT Movement in th.e Sudan, 1946-55. R. lust. of Int. AlIaü8, 1057 Gaitskell, A., Gezira. London, 1959 Henderson, K. D. D., Pile Sudan Republir. London, 1965 HUl, R., Sudan transport: a ltistory of railu"ay, marine and river ~ervices. aup, 1965 Holt, P. M., A modern histOT!f 0/ the 1)'udan. Ncw York, 1961 .Tackson, H. C., Behind [he JIl(ldern Sudan. London, 1956 Lebon, J. II. G., Land 'llse in Sudan. nude, 1965 Macmicbael, Sir H. A., 'Pile Anplo-Egyplian Sudan. London, 1954 Said, Beshir M., 1'he Sudan. London, 1965 ~I'othill~ J. n., Agriculture in the Sudan. aup, 1952 Trimingham. J. S., I siam in the Sudan. London, 1943