Valuing Crop Biodiversity
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Valuing Crop Biodiversity On-farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change The International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) was established in 1975. IFPRI’s mission is: to identify and analyse alternative national and international strategies and policies for meeting food needs of the developing world on a sustainable basis, with particular emphasis on low-income countries, poor people and sound management of the natural resource base that supports agriculture; to make the results of its research available to all those in a position to use them; and to help strengthen institutions conducting research and applying research results in developing countries. IFPRI is one of 15 Future Harvest agricultural research centres and receives its principal funding from governments, private foundations and international and regional organizations, most of whom are members of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research. IFPRI 2033 K Street NW Washington, DC 20006 USA The International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) is an independent international scien- tific organization that seeks to improve the well-being of present and future generations of people by enhancing conservation and the deployment of agricultural biodiversity on farms and in forests. It is one of 15 Future Harvest Centres supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), an association of public and private members who support efforts to mobilize cutting-edge science to reduce hunger and poverty, improve human nutrition and health, and pro- tect the environment. IPGRI has its headquarters in Maccarese, near Rome, Italy, with offices in more than 20 other countries worldwide. The Institute operates through four programmes: Diversity for Livelihoods, Understanding and Managing Biodiversity, Global Partnerships, and Improving Livelihoods in Commodity-based Systems. IPGRI Via dei Tre Denari 472/a 00057 Maccarese Rome, Italy The geographical designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IFPRI, IPGRI or the CGIAR con- cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Similarly, the views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of these organizations. Mention of a proprietary name does not constitute endorsement of the product and is given only for information. Valuing Crop Biodiversity On-farm Genetic Resources and Economic Change Edited by Melinda Smale Research Fellow International Food Policy Research Institute Washington DC USA and Senior Economist International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Rome Italy CABI Publishing In association with International Food Policy Research Institute International Plant Genetic Resources Institute Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi-publishing.org ©CAB International 2006. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Valuing crop biodiversity : on-farm genetic resources and economic change / edited by Melinda Smale. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-083-5 (alk. paper) 1. Crops--Germplasm resources. 2. Crops--Germplasm resources--Economic aspects. 3. Plant innovations. 6. Farms, Small. I. Smale, Melinda. II. Title. SB123.3.V35 2005 631.5’23--dc22 2005002725 ISBN 0 85199 083 5 978 0 85199 083 5 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn Contents About the Authors vii Foreword Joachim von Braun and Emile Frison xiv Acknowledgements xvi PART I INTRODUCTION 1. Concepts, Metrics and Plan of the Book 1 M. Smale PART II PRIVATE VALUE: STATED PREFERENCES OF FARMERS 2. Crop Valuation and Farmer Response to Change: Implications 17 for In Situ Conservation of Maize in Mexico G.A. Dyer 3. Farmer Demand for Agricultural Biodiversity in Hungary’s Transition 32 Economy: A Choice Experiment Approach E. Birol, A. Kontoleon and M. Smale 4. An Attribute-based Index of Coffee Diversity and Implications for On-farm Conservation in Ethiopia 48 E. Wale and J. Mburu PART III PRIVATE VALUE: REVEALED PREFERENCES OF FARMERS 5. Missing Markets, Migration and Crop Biodiversity in the 63 Milpa System of Mexico: A Household-farm Model M.E. Van Dusen 6. Explaining the Diversity of Cereal Crops and Varieties Grown on Household Farms in the Highlands of Northern Ethiopia 78 S. Benin, M. Smale and J. Pender v vi Contents 7. Demand for Cultivar Attributes and the Biodiversity of Bananas on Farms in Uganda 97 S. Edmeades, M. Smale and D. Karamura 8. Explaining Farmer Demand for Agricultural Biodiversity in 119 Hungary’s Transition Economy E. Birol, M. Smale and Á. Gyovai 9. Rural Development and the Diversity of Potatoes on Farms in 146 Cajamarca, Peru P. Winters, L.H. Hintze and O. Ortiz PART IV PUBLIC VALUES, VILLAGES AND INSTITUTIONS 10. Managing Rice Biodiversity on Farms: The Choices of Farmers 162 and Breeders in Nepal D. Gauchan, M. Smale, N. Maxted and M. Cole 11. Determinants of Cereal Diversity in Villages of Northern Ethiopia 177 B. Gebremedhin, M. Smale and J. Pender 12. Social Institutions and Seed Systems: The Diversity of Fruits 192 and Nuts in Uzbekistan M.E. Van Dusen, E. Dennis, J. Ilyasov, M. Lee, S. Treshkin and M. Smale 13. Community Seed Systems and the Biodiversity of Millet Crops 211 in Southern India L. Nagarajan and M. Smale 14. Seed Supply and the On-farm Demand for Diversity: A Case Study 233 from Eastern Ethiopia L. Lipper, R. Cavatassi and P. Winters 15. Institutions, Stakeholders and the Management of Crop Biodiversity 251 on Hungarian Family Farms G. Bela, B. Balázs and G. Pataki 16. Cooperatives, Wheat Diversity and the Crop Productivity in 270 Southern Italy S. Di Falco and C. Perrings PART V CONCLUSIONS 17. Scope, Limitations and Future Directions 280 M. Smale, L. Lipper and P. Koundouri 18. An Annotated Bibliography of Applied Economics Studies about Crop 296 Biodiversity In Situ (On Farms) P. Zambrano and M. Smale Index 310 About the Authors Bálint Balázs is a sociologist, a social historian and a PhD student of the Institute of Environmental and Landscape Management at St István University, Gödöllo´´, Hungary. He has an MA in Soci- ology from the Faculty of Social Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, and an MA in Modern History from the Central European University, Budapest. Currently, his research focuses on social aspects of agrobiodiversity, exploring the interface and dynamics between social, eco- nomic and ecological systems. He is also working on the application of participatory social science methodology in several research projects ranging from environmental sociology to organic farm- ing policy and sustainable rural development. Györgyi Bela is an economist and a researcher of the Institute of Environmental and Landscape Management at St István University, Gödöllo´´, Hungary. She is specialized in social and economic valuation of nature and in environmental decision support tools. She is responsible for coordinat- ing various research projects on environmental valuation of biodiversity, wetlands and the impact assessment of multifunctional agriculture. Ekin Birol is a Research Associate of the Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge; a Fellow of Homerton College; and an Affiliate Lecturer at the Department of Economics, Uni- versity of Reading. She has been working as an economics consultant for the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and the International Food Policy Research Institute for several years, focusing on economics methods for analysis of agricultural biodiversity on farms. She was awarded a PhD in Economics (2004), an MPhil in Economics with a concentration in econometrics and development economics (2001) and an MSc in Environmental and Resource Economics (1999), all from University College London. Her main research interests include sustainable use and management of agrobiodiversity, and conservation and sustainable management of wetlands. Samuel Benin is an Agricultural Economist/Research Fellow with the International Food Policy Research Institute, currently based in Kampala, Uganda. He leads a research project to inform the design and implementation of programmes supporting the United States Agency for Interna- tional Development Expanded Sustainable Economic Opportunities for Rural Sector Growth in Uganda, as well as the Government of Uganda’s plan for the modernization of agriculture and eradication of poverty. Between 1999 and 2003, he worked with the International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, first as Postdoctoral Scientist and then Scientist lead- ing research projects to identify policy, institutional and technological strategies for sustainable land management and enhancing technology