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AFRAM newservices REPRINTS 271 West 125 St., #310 Village of Harlem, NY 10027-4424

Brutha Abdul AlkaljmatAmerican African studies N\~G\\~\' Am)ricaUtAfricanlstudies Unl verSl y o:r '1'0 ed'o .~ 21 university Hall (2100) 2801 Bancrof~Ave6· Toledo, 0 H ~360

Haven't forgotten about you. Brother Malcolm and our plight won't allow iJ to happen.

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'", Deares t AFRAMily Melfv}~: 5/10/00 Many. of· you had b~en advi~'ld by TIle that Twas. to undergo a Biopsy Surglcal Explor2_tlon re: 1JIO s trate Cancer. 'I 'have be-~n '8n a- capsul a day for, perhaps,the pa~t four years. '

My only son, David, accompanied IT-::> - as is required for Ambula­ tory Suggery. He aided me pSy"Chologic2lly, spiritually ml, praye2 fully in preparing for the future - good news; bad uews, etc. As I sat with him, Italked about my childhood of having been raiSE on Harlem st. in Your..gstown, 0 E a:r;d the Village nature of the relationships CD that one block long eytended family; 7 Blacks, L~ whites. My granc.par--nts on my mother's side resided on the a. SaMe block. My granhnother Wei,S, like the Queen Mother ()fJil the block. She could ,qet anvbod-v credit at Grf;enblat's store ever~ though she didh't ~ave the m;~ey to pay, if required. She was Royalty.

e fo r c~ 1,- ~1..:J t' " W'-' U 1 -ller ,:eat:- 0:r: ne Ll ~lng Room Couch on Xmas Day, 1936 w~e~ we went ~o lDvlte her ~o our house for breakfast and festi­ vltles. She was Mattie Fitzpatrick Rousseau. Her husband, Bud Rousseau and I spent a great deal of time together. He was watching me practise basketball - u~ing a rubber ball and a buck: -~ w~en I 100k8d over and h~washa~ing a stroke! I carried his t bible to church every Sl.lr~day ~ , - ,

I shared lliuch rr~cre _with. David who'- s eem?d to have '"3. keen interes t in the roots of his today's achievement. But, after dressing for the surgery, it turns out that I had not takeU_l a Chest X-Ray, a Urine Test, an Electro cardiograph test (Heart) and a :3loocTest. Th:-:.refore the Surgery - for which I now emotionally, prepared was postponed until 7:30 A.M7 Tues., May 30, 2000- 28 days later - to wait, worry, etc. Naturally, I was pissed but David stepped in, to~k over, met my Dr. - while I COi

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" , FORTY LIVES FOR FREEDOM n the are in~cribed the names of 40 people who lost their those who, in the sacrifice of their own lives, brought anew awareness of the struggle to O lives in the struggle for freedom between 1954 and 1968. people all over the,wo.rld. " . They include those who were targeted for death because of their civil'rights activities;, Thechr~mology below briefly describes their lives anc.i liSts the key events of the those who were random victims of yigilantes determined to halt the movement; and movement. ' - . ' '

1954 ENFORCE SCHOOL DESEGRE­ IN SCHOOLHOUSE DOOR TO JULY 2,1964 1966 .' GATION - lITTLE ROCK, AR STOP UNIVERSITY INTEGRATION PRESIDENT JOHNSON SIGNS MAY 17,1954 SAMUEL LEAMON: YOUNGE JR., Sl.JPREME,COURIOUTLAWS 1959 MEDGAREVERS, who directed a student civil rights activist, was ' SCHOOL SEGREGATION IN NAACP operatkms in , LT. COL. LEMUEL PENN, a Wash­ fatally shot by a white gas station BROWN VS. BOARD OF MACK CHARLES PARKER, 23, was. was leading a campaign for integra~ ington, D.C., educator, was driving owner following an argument over EDUCATION accused of raping a white woman. tion in Jackson when he was shot , home from U.S. Army Reserves , ' segregafed restrooms. ' Three days before his case was set for and killed by a sniper at.his home. Jraining when he.was shot and killed 'J~ARY 3; 196~ 1955 trial, a masked mob took him from JUNE 12,1963 ' . by Klansmen ill a passing car. Tuskegee;Alab~a ; his jail cell, beat him, shot him, and Jackson, Mississippi JULY 11, 1964 ' ' REV. GEORGE LEE, one o'f the first , , VERNON FERDINAND DAHMER, threw him in the Pearl River. Colbert, Georgia black peopl~registered to vote in AUGUST 28,1963 'Wealthy businessman; Qffered to , APRIL 25,1959 a Humphreys County, used his pulpit 250,000 AMERICANS , pay poll taxesJor-Qiose ~ho 'couldn't POlllarville, Mississippi ·1965 and his pripting press to urge others ON \\(ASHINGTON FOR CIVil afford-the fee reqO,k~dto_vote,Tl1e to vote. White officials offered Lee 1960· RIGHTS JIMMIE LEE' JACKSON was beaten night afte~ a,J!ldlo'~tatlon broad~- , protecti~m on the condition he 'end and shot by'state troopers as he tried cast~tD;h~;r~ ~ff~r, his home wa,s ADDIE MAE COLLINS,DENISE his voter registration efforts,but Lee FEBRUARY 1, 1960 to protect his grandfather and mother' firebombed. Dahmer died later frem ' McNAIR, CAROLE ROBERTSON refused ancJ. was murdered. BLACK STUDENTS STAGE SIT-IN from a trooper attack on civil rights severe burns. and CYNTHIA WESLEY were get­ MAY 7, 1955 AT 'WHITES ONLY' LUNCH marchers. His death led to the Selma­ JANUARY 10, 1966 ting ready for church services when a Belzoni, Mississippi COUNTER - GREENSBORO, NC Montgomery ma.rch and the eventual Hatt;iesburg, Mississippi bomb exploded at the Sixteenth passage of the Voting Rights Act. was shot dead on DECEMBER 5, 1960 , Street Baptist Church, killing all four , who had FEBRUARY 26,1965 the courthouse lawn by a white man . SUPREME COURT OUTlAWS ofthe school-age girls. The church , worked most of his life as a caretaker Marion, in broad daylight while dozens of SEGREGATION IN BUS had been a center for ciyil rights on a plantation, had no involvement people watched. The killer was never TERMINALS meetings and marches. MARCH 7, 1965 in civil rights work. He was murdered indicted because no one would SEPTEMBER 15,1963 ' STATE TROOPERS BEAT BACK bYKlansmeri who thought they could admit they saw a white man shoot a 1961 Birmingham, Alabama, MARCHERS AT EDMUND' divert attention from a civil rights black man. Smith had organized PETTUS BRIDGE - SELMA, AL , march 'by killing a black person. MAY 14,1961 , 13, was blacks to vote ina recent electio~. JUNE 10, 1966 ATTACKED riding on the handlebars of his REV. , a Unitarian AUGUST 13, 1955 Natchez, Mississippi IN ALABAMA WHILE TESTING brother's bicycle when he was fatally minister from Boston, was among Brookhaven" Mississippi COMPLIANCE WITH BUS shot by white teen-agers. The white many white clergymen who joined CLARENCE TRIGGS was a brick­ EMMETT LOUIS TILL, a 14-year­ DESEGREGATION LAWS youths had come from a segregation­ the Selma marchers after the attack layer who had attended civil rights oM boy on vacation from Chicago, ist rally held in the aftermath of the by state troopers at the Edmund meetings sponsored by_ the Congress , who worked with reportedly flirted with a white Sixteenth Street Baptist Church Pettus Bridge. Reeb was beaten to of Racial Equality. He was found civil rights leader to help woman in a store. That night, two bombing. death by white men while he walked dead on a roadside, shot through the register black voters, was killed bra men took Till from his bed, beat SEPTEMBER 15, 1963 down a Selma street. head. state legislator who claimed self­ him, shot him, and dumped his body . Birmingham, Alabama MARCH 11, 1965 JULY 30, 1966 defense and was never arrested. Louis in the Tallahatchie River. An all- Selma, Alabama Bogalusa, Louisiana Allen, a black man who witnessed white jury found the men innocent 1964 the murder, was later also killed. MARCH 2~, 1965 of murder. 1967 SEPTEMBER 25,1961 JANUARY.23, 1964 CIVIL RIGHTS MARCH FROM AUGUST 28, )955 Liberty, Mississippi POll TAX OUTlAWED IN . SELMA TO MONTGOMERY WHMLEST JACKSON,'the treasur­ Money, Mississippi FEDERAL ELECTIONS COMPLETED er of his local NAACF chapter, was JOHN EARL REESE, 16, was dancing one of many blacks who received 1962 , who witnessed tIie' VIOLA GREGG LIUZZO, a house­ in a cafe when white men fired shots threatening Klan notices at his job. APRIL 1, 1962 murder of civil rights workerHer~ wife and mother from Detroit, drove into the windows. Reese was killed After Jackson was promoted to a CIVil RIGHTS GROUPS JOIN bert Lee, endured years of threats, alone to Alabama to help with the and tWo others were wounded. The position previously reserved for FORCES TO LAUNCH VOTER jailings and harassment. He was Selma march after seeing televised shootings were part of an attempt by whites, a bomb was planted in his REGISTRATION DRIVE making final arrangements to mo~e reports of the attack at the Edmund whites to terrorize blacks into giving car. It exploded minutes after he left North on the day he was kille:i. Pettus Bridge. She was driving up plans ror a new school. CPL. ROMA.J.~ DUCKSWORTH J'K., work one day, killing him instantly. APRIL 7, 1964 marchers back to Selma from OCTOBER 22,1955 a military police officer stationed in FEBRUARY 27,1967 Liberty, Mississippi Montgomery when she was shot and Mayflower, Texas Maryland, was on leave to visit his sick Natchez, Mississippi killed by a Klansmen in a passing car. wife when he was ordered off a bus REV. BRUCE KLUNDER was among DECEMBER 1, 1955 MARCH 25, 1965 BENJAMIN BROWN, a former civil by a police officer and shot dead. The civil rights activists who protested ARRESTED FOR , Selma Highway, Alabama rights organizer, was watching a police officer may have mistaken the building of a segregated school REFUSING TO GIVE UP HER student protest'from the sidelines DuCksworth for a "freedom rider" who by placing their bodies in the way of ONEAL MOORE was one of tw9 SEAT ON A BUS TO A WHITE when he was hit by stray gunshots, was testing bus desegregation·laws. construction equipment. Klunder black deputies hired by white MAN - MONTGOMERY, Al from police who fired into the crowd. APRIL 9, 1962 was crushed to death when a bull­ officials in an attempt to appease MAY12,1967 DECEMBER 5, 1955 Taylorsville, Mississippi dozer backed over him. civil rights demands. Moore and his Jackson, Mississippi APRIL 7,1964 partner Creed Rogers were on patrol SEPTEMBER 30, 1962 BEGINS Cleveland, Ohio when they were blasted with gunfire OCTOBER 2, 1967 RIOTS ERUPT WHEN JAMES from a passing car. Moore was killed MEREDITH; A BLACK STUDENT, HENRY HEZEKIAH DEE and and Rogers was wounded. SWORN IN AS FIRST BLACK. 1956 ,ENROLLS AT OLE MISS CHARLES EDDIE MOORE were JUNE 2,1965 SUPREME COURT JUSTICE NOVEMBER 13, 1956 killed by Klansmen who believed'the PAUL GUIHARD, a reporter for a Bogalusa, Louisiana SUPREME COURT BANS two were part of a plot to arm blacks French news service, was killed by 1968 SEGREGATED SEATING ON in the area. (There was no such plot.) JULY 9,1965 gunfire from a white mob during MONTGOMERY BUSES Their bodies were found during a Cor~GRESS PASSES VOTING SAMUEL EPHESIANS protests over the admission of James massive search for the missing civil RIGHTS ACT OF 1965 HAMMOND JR., DELANO Meredith to the University- of 1957 rights workers Chaney, Goodman HERMAN MIDDLETON and MIssissippi. ' ' and Schwerner. WILLIE BREWSTER was on his way HENRY EZEKIAL SMITH were shot WILLIE EDWARDS JR, a truck driver, SEPTEMBER 30, 1962 MAY 2, 1964 home from work when he was shpt, andkill.~ by police who fired on was on ills way to work when he was' , Oxford, Mississippi Meadville, Mississippi and killed by white men. The men: student 'demonstrators. at the South stopped by four Klansmen. The men belonged to the NatiQnal States Rights Car~lina State College campus: thought Edwards was another man 1963 JUNE 20, 1964 Party, a violent neo-Nazi group whose , "FEBRUARY 8,>196'8 ' ' who they believed was dating a white BRINGS had been invQlved in church,,", South. Carolina , a post­ m~bers Orang~~urg, woman. They forced 'Edwards at 1,000 YOUNG CIVil RIGHTS man from , was shot and bombings and murders of blacks; ',,,, '" .• ' , ", ER KING JR gunpoint to jump off a bridge into VOLUNTEERS,TO'MISSISSIPPI JULY 18, 1965 ' 'DR.'MART~N-LUTH , ,.,a killed during a one-man march. against the Alabama River. Edwards' body Anniston, Alabama " Iiardst ministeJ;', was a major atchi~ segregation. Moore had planneq. to JAMES EARL CHANEY, ANDREW was found three months later. teet. of the ~ivil rights movement. He deliver a letter to the governor of Mis­ GOODMAN, and MICHAEL JONATHAN MYRICK DANIELS, JANUARY 23, 1957 led and inspired major non-violent sissippi urging an end to intolerance. HENRY SCHWERNER, young civil an Episcopal SeminarYstudent in ' Montgomery, Alabama desegregation campaigns, in~luding APRIL 23,1963 rights "';'orkers, were arrested by a Boston, had come to Alabama to , those iI)Montgomery and Birming­ .A.ttal1a) Alabama deputy shc)';[f and then released into help with blac~ voter registration la ' AUGUST 29, 1957 ham. He won the Nobel Peace Prize; CONGRESS PASSES FIRST the hands of Klansmen who had Lowndes County. He wa~'arrested at MAY 3,1963 He' was assassinated as he prepared to CIVil RIGHTS ACT SINCE plotted their murders. They were a demonstration, jailed jn Hayneville BIRMINGHAM POLICE ATTACK iead a deJTlonstration in Memphis. RECONSTRUCTION shot, and their bodies were buried in and then suddenly released. MARCHING CHILDREN WITH APRW4, 1968' . an earthen dam. Moments after his release, he was, SEPTEMBER 24, 1957 DOGS AND FIREHOSES MentPhis, Tennessee' JUNE 21, 1964 shot to death by a deputy sheriff. PRESIDENT EISENHOWER JUNE 11, 1963 . Philadelphia, Mississippi AUGUST 20, 1965 ORDERS FEDERAL TROOPS TO ALABAMA GOVERNOR STANDS Hayn~ville, Alabama

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