Chapter 1
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 1 Chapter 1 Outline 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology 1.2 Structural and functional organization of the human body A. 11 Organ Systems 1.3 Characteristics of Life 1.4 Biomedical Research 1.5 Homeostasis A. Negative feedback B. Positive feedback 1.6 Terminology and the Body plan A. Body Position B. Directional terms C. Body parts and regions D. Planes E. Body Cavities F. Serous Membranes
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 2 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy Physiology • Scientific discipline that • Scientific investigation of investigates body the processes or functions of living things. structure & examines the • Goal: relationship between – Understand & predict body’s structure and function responses to stimuli – Understand how the body maintains conditions with a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment. Study of the human body encompasses both because they are highly interwoven.
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 3 Various types of study:
• Anatomy: • Physiology: – Developmental Anatomy – Cell Physiology • Embryology – Systemic Physiology – Cytology – Neurophysiology • Histology – Cardiovascular – Gross Anatomy physiology • Regional – Exercise physiology • Systemic Usually physiological – Surface Anatomy study is systemic – Anatomical Anomalies because functions occur in multiple places in the body. – Pathology
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 4 Anatomical Imaging
1. Radiograph 2. Ultrasound 3. Computed tomography 4. Dynamic subtraction angiography 5. Magnetic resonance imaging 6. Positron emission tomography • Table 1.1 Page 3
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 5 1.2 Struc & Fxnl Organization- Human Body
1. Chemical Level: Involves interactions of atoms coming 2. Cellular Level: together to form more Basic structural & 3. Tissue Level: complex molecules. fxnal units of plants & A group of similar cells & animals the materials surrounding them, this combination determines its fxn.
6. Organism: 5. Organ System: Any living thing 4. Organ Level: Group of organs that Struc composed of 2 or considered as a whole together perform a more tissue types that with all 11 organ systems common fxn or set of perform 1 or more fxns. working together. fxns and are therefore seen as a unit.
Urinary bladder
6 Chapter 1: The Human Organism The 11 Organ Systems
1. Integumentary System 7. Nervous System 2. Skeletal System 8. Endocrine System 3. Muscular System 9. Cardiovascular System 4. Lymphatic System 10.Urinary System 5. Respiratory System 11.Reproductive System 6. Digestive System
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 7 Organ Systems of the Body Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System
Anatomy: Anatomy: Anatomy: • Skin, hair, nails, & • Bones, ligaments, joints, & • Skeletal muscle & tendons sweat glands associated cartilages Physiology: Physiology: Physiology: • Produces body movements • Provides protection • Provides protection & • Maintains posture • Prevents water loss support • Produces body heat • Helps produce • Allows body movements vitamin D • Produces blood cells • Stores minerals and fats
8 Chapter 1: The Human Organism Organ Systems of the Body Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System
Anatomy: Anatomy: Anatomy: • Lymph nodes, lymphatic • Lungs & Respiratory • Mouth, esophagus, stomach, vessels, & other lymphatic passages intestines, & accessory organs Physiology: organs Physiology: • Exchange carbon Physiology: • Maintains fluid balance dioxide for oxygen • Mechanical & chemical • Removes foreign substances • Regulates blood pH digestion from blood & lymph • Absorbs nutrients • Combats disease • Elimination of wastes • Absorbs fat from digestive tract Chapter 1: The Human Organism 9 Organ Systems of the Body Nervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System
Anatomy: Anatomy: Anatomy: • Brain, spinal cord, nerves, & • Glands (ex/ adrenal gland) • Heart, blood vessels, & blood sensory receptors Physiology: Physiology: Physiology: • Major regulatory system • Transports • Major regulatory system • MANY fxns • Nutrients • Detects sensations • Influences • Gases • Controls • Growth • Waste products • Movements • Metabolism • Hormones • Physiological • Reproduction • Plays a role in the immune processes response • Intellectual functions • Plays a role in body temperature regulation Chapter 1: The Human Organism 10 Organ Systems of the Body Urinary System Reproductive System
FEMALE MALE Anatomy: Anatomy: Anatomy: • Ovaries, Vagina, Uterus, • Testes, Penis, Ducts, & • Kidneys, Bladder, and Mammary glands, & Accessory structures Associated ducts associated structures Physiology: Physiology: Physiology: • Produces and transfers • Removes waste from blood • Produces oocytes sperm to female • Regulates • Site of: • Produces hormones that • Blood pH • Fertilization influence sexual • Ion balance • Fetal development functions & behaviors • Water balance • Produces milk for newborn • Produces hormones that influence sexual functions & behaviors Chapter 1: The Human Organism 11 1.3 Characteristics of Life
1. Organization 4. Growth Condition in which the Increase in the size or # of parts of an organism have cells resulting in overall specific relationships to enlargement of all or part each other and those parts of an organism interact to perform specific fxns 5. Development
Changes an organism 2. Metabolism undergoes through time All chemical reactions that beginning with fertilization take place in an organism and ending with death
3. Responsiveness 6. Reproduction Organism’s ability to detect Production of new cells or changes (D’s) in it’s new organisms internal or external environments and adjust to those D’s
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 12 1.4 Biomedical Research • Although we use alternative methods for understanding the functions of the body (for example animal or cell studies), and these have lead to ground breaking advances in technology and health care, some things require human subjects of study. Although these methods are helpful they are not exacting, such that misinformation can occur.
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 13 1.5 Homeostasis
• The existence & maintenance of a relatively constant environment in the human body that is suitable to support life. – Set-point= perfection – Normal range= we can live with
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 14 1.5 Homeostasis: 2 systems are used to maintain this balance
1. Negative Feedback 2. Positive Feedback • Primary (1o) fxn • 1o fxn increase maintain homeostasis deviations from norm. and decrease any • Few in the body deviations from the norm. • MOST are harmful – Leads body away from homeostasis and in worst case into death – Abnormal = Blood Loss – Normal = Labor
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 15 Parts of Feedback Systems
Control Center Once that Evaluates incoming choice is made information & makes a choice. When something is wrong this is what decides which action must be taken
Receptor Effector
•Monitors/watch Helps carry out the es something action that will: and reports its 1. Increase deviation findings from homeostasis 2. Stop deviation from homeostasis
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 16 Negative FB
Receptor Baroreceptor in Blood Vessels Decrease BP
Nerve Impulses
Decrease the Control Center Output of Heart Rate Brain- Interprets input Nerve Impulses
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 17 Positive FB
Stretching of Receptors the Cervix “Stretch Sensitive”
Output
*Birth* No more stretching No more feedback
Effector: Uterus Control Center Contraction Brain- Interprets input Cervix Stretches
Output Oxytocin
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 18 Terminology and Body Plan 1. Anatomical Position – Erect facing forward arms on the side with palms facing forward 2. Supine – Lying face up 3. Prone – Lying face down
• Directional Terms • Body parts and regions • Planes • Body Cavities • Serous Membranes
19 Chapter 1: The Human Organism Directional Terms • •
Lateral Medial
• • Anterior(Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) • •
Superficial Deep
• •
Superior(cephalic) Inferior (Caudal)
• • Proximal Distal
20 Chapter 1: The Human Organism
Directional Terms • •
Lateral Medial
• • Anterior(Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal)
21 Chapter 1: The Human Organism
Directional Terms • •
Lateral Medial
• • Anterior(Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal)
• • Superior(cephalic) Inferior (Caudal)
22 Chapter 1: The Human Organism
Directional Terms • •
Lateral Medial
• • Anterior(Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal)
• • Superior(cephalic) Inferior (Caudal)
• • Proximal Distal
23 Chapter 1: The Human Organism
Directional Terms • •
Lateral Medial
• • Anterior(Ventral) Posterior (Dorsal) • •
Superficial Deep
• •
Superior(cephalic) Inferior (Caudal)
• • Proximal Distal
24 Chapter 1: The Human Organism
Body Parts • • •
CentralRegion LowerLimb UpperLimb • • •
Trunk Neck Head
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Chapter 1: The Human Organism Abdominal Regions
4 Quadrants 9 Regions
Right Left hypochondriac Epigastric hypochondriac region region region Right Left upper upper Right Left quadrant quadrant lumbar Umbilical lumbar region region region Right Left lower lower Right Left quadrant quadrant Hypogastric iliac iliac region region region
Chapter 1: The Human Organism 26 Sections of an organ Planes Transverse Plane
Sagittal Sagittal Plane • • •
Oblique Cross Section Longitudinal thatisn’t aright angle • • •
Anyanglethealong longaxis angleRightto it’s longaxis Alongit’s longaxis
Coronal Coronal
plane
• • •
Transverse/Horizontal Sagittal Coronal/Frontal • • • • Right andRight left halves Front andhalves back Meidan Top andbottom halves
-
perfecthalves
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Chapter 1: The Human Organism Body Cavities •
Ventral • •
AbdominopelvicCavity Thoracic • • • •
Abdominal Pelvic Pleural Mediastinum • Pericardial
Dorsal • •
Spinal Cranial
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Chapter 1: The Human Organism Serous Membranes SerousMembranes B. A. Linethe trunk’s cavities causedbyfriction organsfrom damage lubricateandprotect andB thathelps secretedbetween A There is afluidthat Visceral Parietal • • Coversthe Organ Linesthe walls
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Chapter 1: The Human Organism